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Wikipedia

Canary Islands

January 07, 2023

"Canary Island" redirects here. For the locality in Australia, see Canary Island, Victoria.

The Canary Islands (/kəˈnɛəri/; Spanish: Canarias, pronounced [kaˈnaɾjas]), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and they are the most populous special territory of the European Union.[5][6]

Canary Islands
Canarias (Spanish)
Autonomous community
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: Himno de Canarias
"Anthem of the Canaries"
Location of the Canary Islands relative to the Spanish mainland
Coordinates: 28°N 16°W / 28°N 16°W / 28; -16Coordinates: 28°N 16°W / 28°N 16°W / 28; -16
Country Spain
Largest cityLas Palmas de Gran Canaria
CapitalLas Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife[1]
ProvincesLas Palmas, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Government
 • PresidentÁngel Víctor Torres (PSC–PSOE)
Area
 • Total7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi)
 • Rank1.88% of Spain; ranked 13th
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total2,172,944
 • Rank8th
 • Density290/km2 (750/sq mi)
 • Percentage
4.58% of Spain
DemonymsCanarian
canario/-a (Spanish)
Time zoneUTC (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)
ISO 3166 code
Most populated islandTenerife[3]
Official languageSpanish
Statute of Autonomy7 November 2018
ParliamentCanarian Parliament
Congress seats15 (of 350)
Senate seats14 (of 265)
HDI (2018)0.861[4]
very high · 15th
Websitewww.gobcan.es

The seven main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, and El Hierro. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including those of Salmor, Fasnia, Bonanza, Garachico, and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as "the Fortunate Isles".[7] The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia.[8] Because of their location, the Canary Islands have historically been considered a link between the four continents of Africa, North America, South America, and Europe.[9]

In 2019, the Canary Islands had a population of 2,153,389,[3] with a density of 287.39 inhabitants per km2, making it the eighth most populous autonomous community of Spain. The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands: around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria.

The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year. This is due to their beaches, subtropical climate, and important natural attractions, especially Maspalomas in Gran Canaria, Teide National Park, and Mount Teide (a World Heritage Site) in Tenerife. Mount Teide is the highest peak in Spain and the third tallest volcano in the world, measured from its base on the ocean floor.[10][11] The islands have warm summers and winters warm enough for the climate to be technically tropical at sea level.[12] The amount of precipitation and the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and elevation. The archipelago includes green areas as well as desert areas. The islands' high mountains are ideal for astronomical observation, because they lie above the temperature inversion layer. As a result, the archipelago boasts two professional observatories: Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife, and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma.[13]

In 1927, the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces. In 1982, the autonomous community of the Canary Islands was established. The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are, jointly, the capital of the islands.[14][15] Those cities are also, respectively, the capitals of the provinces of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, except for a brief period in the 1910s.[16] Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927, Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927, it was ordered by decree that the capital of the Canary Islands would be shared between two cities, and this arrangement persists to the present day.[17][18] The third largest city in the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a World Heritage Site) on Tenerife.[19][20][21] This city is also home to the Consejo Consultivo de Canarias, which is the supreme consultative body of the Canary Islands.[22]

During the Age of Sail, the islands were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, which sailed that far south in order to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds.[23][24]

Etymology

The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands, Canaria – presumably Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the island Canaria contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".[25]

Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii, though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs.[26] The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms. It is thought that the aborigines of Gran Canaria called themselves "Canarios".[27] It is possible that after being conquered, this name was used in plural in Spanish, i.e., as to refer to all of the islands as the Canarii-as.[27]

The name of the islands is not derived from the canary bird; rather, the birds are named after the islands.

Physical geography

 
Map of the Canary Islands
 
Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo
 
Panoramic view of Gran Canaria, with Roque Nublo at the left and Roque Bentayga at the center

Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago. Gran Canaria, with 865,070 inhabitants, is both the Canary Islands' second most populous island, and the third most populous one in Spain after Tenerife (966,354 inhabitants) and Majorca (896,038 inhabitants).[28] The island of Fuerteventura is the second largest in the archipelago and located 100 km (62 mi) from the African coast.

The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.[29] The Canary Islands is the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region.[8] The archipelago consists of seven large and several smaller islands, all of which are volcanic in origin.[30]

According to the position of the islands with respect to the north-east trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species form laurisilva forests.

As a consequence, the individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct microclimates. Those islands such as El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a climate which is influenced by the moist Canary Current. They are well vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub-tropical laurisilva forest. As one travels east toward the African coast, the influence of the current diminishes, and the islands become increasingly arid. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the islands which are closest to the African mainland, are effectively desert or semi desert. Gran Canaria is known as a "continent in miniature" for its diverse landscapes like Maspalomas and Roque Nublo. In terms of its climate Tenerife is particularly interesting. The north of the island lies under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated, while the south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de las Américas and Los Cristianos is arid. The island rises to almost 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level, and at altitude, in the cool relatively wet climate, forests of the endemic pine Pinus canariensis thrive. Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands, like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree, Dracaena draco are endemic, as noted by Sabin Berthelot and Philip Barker Webb in their work, L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries (1835–50).[31]

Climate

The climate is warm subtropical and generally semidesertic, moderated by the sea and in summer by the trade winds.[32] There are a number of microclimates and the classifications range mainly from semi-arid to desert. According to Köppen,[33] the majority of the Canary Islands have a hot desert climate (BWh) and a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), caused partly due to the cool Canary Current. There also exists a subtropical humid climate which is very influenced by the ocean in the middle of the islands of La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma, where laurisilva cloud forests grow.[34]

Climate data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife 35m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.6
(76.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.5
(70.7)
Average low °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 31.5
(1.24) 		35.4
(1.39) 		37.8
(1.49) 		11.6
(0.46) 		3.6
(0.14) 		0.9
(0.04) 		0.1
(0.00) 		2.0
(0.08) 		6.8
(0.27) 		18.7
(0.74) 		34.1
(1.34) 		43.2
(1.70) 		225.7
(8.89)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 7.2 6.9 5.5 2.9 0.9 0.2 0.8 2.7 6.1 8.8 9.4 59.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 178 186 221 237 282 306 337 319 253 222 178 168 2,887
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[35]
Climate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.2
(75.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.2
(70.2)
Average low °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.2
(64.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(1.0) 		24
(0.9) 		13
(0.5) 		6
(0.2) 		1
(0.0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		9
(0.4) 		16
(0.6) 		22
(0.9) 		31
(1.2) 		151
(5.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 5 22
Mean monthly sunshine hours 184 191 229 228 272 284 308 300 241 220 185 179 2,821
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[36] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[37]
Climate data for San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1981–2010) 632 m – Tenerife North Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.8
(62.2)
Average low °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.2
(59.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.0
(55.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 80
(3.1) 		70
(2.8) 		61
(2.4) 		39
(1.5) 		19
(0.7) 		11
(0.4) 		6
(0.2) 		5
(0.2) 		16
(0.6) 		47
(1.9) 		81
(3.2) 		82
(3.2) 		517
(20.2)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 10 10 10 7 4 3 3 5 10 10 12 95
Mean monthly sunshine hours 150 168 188 203 234 237 262 269 213 194 155 137 2,410
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[38]
Climate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.8
(76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.4
(70.5)
Average low °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.9
(64.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 16.6
(0.65) 		19.9
(0.78) 		14.7
(0.58) 		7.4
(0.29) 		1.1
(0.04) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.1
(0.00) 		1.3
(0.05) 		3.6
(0.14) 		11.9
(0.47) 		26.3
(1.04) 		30.3
(1.19) 		133.3
(5.23)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.9 3.5 15.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 193 195 226 219 246 259 295 277 213 214 193 195 2,725
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[37]
Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.5
(74.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.3
(74.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.8
(69.4)
Average low °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.2
(64.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 49
(1.9) 		57
(2.2) 		33
(1.3) 		19
(0.7) 		7
(0.3) 		2
(0.1) 		1
(0.0) 		1
(0.0) 		12
(0.5) 		41
(1.6) 		70
(2.8) 		80
(3.1) 		372
(14.5)
Average rainy days 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 2 5 7 8 40
Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 146 177 174 192 188 222 209 187 175 140 138 2,106
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[39]

Geology

 
Humid laurel forest in La Gomera
Main article: Geology of the Canary Islands

The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets were originally volcanic islands, formed by the Canary hotspot.[40] The Canary Islands is the only place in Spain where volcanic eruptions have been recorded during the Modern Era, with some volcanoes still active (El Hierro, 2011).[41] Volcanic islands such as those in the Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic debris avalanches and landslides.[42] The island chain's most recent eruption occurred at Cumbre Vieja, a volcanic ridge on La Palma, in 2021.[43]

The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island.[44] All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery.[45] The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and continued to the present day. The current islands reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands were once considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division, but are nowadays recognized as being related to a magmatic hot spot.[46]

In the summer of 2011 a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast–southwest. In October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km (1+1⁄4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported.[47]

The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands:

 
Mount Teide, the highest mountain in Spain at 3,715 metres (12,188 feet), is also one of the most visited National Parks in the world.[48][49][50][51]
Mountain Elevation Island
m ft
Teide 3,715 12,188 Tenerife
Roque de los Muchachos 2,426 7,959 La Palma
Pico de las Nieves 1,949 6,394 Gran Canaria
Pico de Malpaso 1,501 4,925 El Hierro
Garajonay 1,487 4,879 La Gomera
Pico de la Zarza 812 2,664 Fuerteventura
Peñas del Chache 670 2,200 Lanzarote
Aguja Grande 266 873 La Graciosa
Caldera de Alegranza 289 948 Alegranza
Caldera de Lobos 126 413 Lobos
La Mariana 256 840 Montaña Clara

Natural symbols

Main article: List of animal and plant symbols of the Canary Islands

The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird Serinus canaria (canary) and the Phoenix canariensis palm.[52]

National parks

Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. Two of these have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the other two are part of Biosphere Reserves. The parks are:[53]

Park Island Area Year of Designation UNESCO Status
Caldera de Taburiente National Park La Palma 46.9 km2 (18.1 sq mi) 1954 Part of the La Palma Biosphere Reserve since 2002
Garajonay National Park La Gomera 39.86 km2 (15.39 sq mi) 1981 World Heritage Site since 1986
Teide National Park Tenerife 189.9 km2 (73.3 sq mi) 1954 World Heritage Site since 2007
Timanfaya National Park Lanzarote 51.07 km2 (19.72 sq mi) 1974 Part of the Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve since 1993

Teide National Park is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain. Located in the geographic centre of the island of Tenerife, it is the most visited national park in Spain. In 2010, it became the most visited national park in Europe and second worldwide.[48][49] The park's highlight is the Teide volcano; standing at an altitude of 3,715 metres (12,188 ft),[54] it is the highest elevation of the country and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base. In 2007, the Teide National Park was declared one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

Politics

 
Municipalities in the Las Palmas Province
 
Municipalities in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province

Governance

The regional executive body, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, is presided over by Ángel Víctor Torres (PSOE), the current President of the Canary Islands.[55] The latter is invested by the members of the regional legislature, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, that consists of 70 elected legislators. The last regional election took place in May 2019.[56]

The islands have 14 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected (3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, and 1 each for Lanzarote (including La Graciosa), Fuerteventura, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro) while the other 3 are appointed by the regional legislature.[57]

Political geography

The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two provinces (provincias), Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) are capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an island council named Cabildo Insular. Each island is subdivided into smaller municipalities (municipios); Las Palmas is divided into 34 municipalities, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is divided into 54 municipalities.[58]

The international boundary of the Canaries is one subject of dispute in the Morocco Spain relations. Moreover, in 2022 the UN has declared the Canary Island's territorial waters as Moroccan coast and Morocco has authorised gas and oil exploration in what the Canary Islands states to be Canarian territorial waters and Western Sahara waters.[59] Morocco's official position is that international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, since the Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community with equal status to the European ones. Under the Law of the Sea, the only islands not granted territorial waters or an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation or do not have an economic life of their own, which is not the case of the Canary Islands.[citation needed]

Canarian nationalism

Main article: Canarian nationalism

There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands, but their popular support is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares.[citation needed] According to a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (53.8%) consider themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 24% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. Only 6.1% of the respondents consider themselves only Canarian while 7% consider themselves only Spanish.[60]

Defence

Main article: Military of the Canary Islands

The defence of the territory is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces. As such, various components of the Army, Navy, Air Force and the Civil Guard are based in the territory.

History

Ancient and pre-Hispanic times

Main article: Canary Islands in pre-colonial times

Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals; for example, the giant lizard (Gallotia goliath), the Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats,[61] and giant prehistoric tortoises, Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.

Although the original settlement of what are now called the Canary Islands is not entirely clear, linguistic, genetic, and archaeological analyses indicate that indigenous peoples were living on the Canary Islands at least 2000 years ago but possibly one thousand years or more before, and that they shared a common origin with the Berbers on the nearby North African coast.[62][63][64] Reaching the islands may have taken place using several small boats, landing on the easternmost islands Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. These groups came to be known collectively as the Guanches, although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife.[65]

 
A selection of artefacts unearthed from the Lomo de los Gatos site on Gran Canaria

As José Farrujia describes, 'The indigenous Canarians lived mainly in natural caves, usually near the coast, 300-500m above sea level. These caves were sometimes isolated but more commonly formed settlements, with burial caves nearby'.[66] Archaeological work has uncovered a rich culture visible through artefacts of ceramics, human figures, fishing, hunting and farming tools, plant fibre clothing and vessels, as well as cave paintings. At Lomo de los Gatos on Gran Canaria, a site occupied from 1,600 years ago up until the 1960s, round stone houses, complex burial sites, and associated artefacts have been found.[67] Across the islands are thousands of Libyco-Berber alphabet inscriptions scattered and they have been extensively documented by many linguists.[68][69]

The social structure of indigenous Canarians encompassed 'a system of matrilineal descent in most of the islands, in which inheritance was passed on via the female line. Social status and wealth were hereditary and determined the individual's position in the social pyramid, which consisted of the king, the relatives of the king, the lower nobility, villeins, plebeians, and finally executioners, butchers, embalmers, and prisoners'. Their religion was animist, centring on the sun and moon, as well as natural features such as mountains.[66]

Exploration

The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Carthaginians. King Juba II, Caesar Augustus's Numidian protégé, is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world. According to Pliny the Elder, Juba found the islands uninhabited, but found "a small temple of stone" and "some traces of buildings".[70] Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early first century AD.[71] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.[citation needed]

The names given by Romans to the individual islands were Ninguaria or Nivaria (Tenerife), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Pluvialia or Invale (Lanzarote), Ombrion (La Palma), Planasia (Fuerteventura), Iunonia or Junonia (El Hierro) and Capraria (La Gomera).[72]

From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Majorca, Portugal and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Majorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400.

 
Reconstruction of a Guanche settlement of Tenerife

Castilian conquest

Main articles: Conquest of the Canary Islands, Kingdom of the Canary Islands, Crown of Castile, and Kingdom of Portugal

In 1402, the Castilian colonisation of the islands began with the expedition of the French explorers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to Lanzarote. From there, they went on to conquer Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. These invasions were 'brutal cultural and military clashes between the indigenous population and the Castilians' lasting over a century due to formidable resistance by indigenous Canarians.[63] Professor Mohamed Adhikari has defined the conquest of the islands as a genocide of the Guanches.[73][74]

Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord. It was not a simple military enterprise, given the aboriginal resistance on some islands. Neither was it politically, since the particular interests of the nobility (determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands) conflicted with those of the states, particularly Castile, which were in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the Crown against the nobility.[75]

 
Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured native Guanche kings of Tenerife to the Catholic Monarchs

Historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands:

Aristocratic conquest (Conquista señorial). This refers to the early conquests carried out by the nobility, for their own benefit and without the direct participation of the Crown of Castile, which merely granted rights of conquest in exchange for pacts of vassalage between the noble conqueror and the Crown. One can identify within this period an early phase known as the Betancurian or Norman Conquest, carried out by Jean de Bethencourt (who was originally from Normandy) and Gadifer de la Salle between 1402 and 1405, which involved the islands of Lanzarote, El Hierro and Fuerteventura. The subsequent phase is known as the Castilian Conquest, carried out by Castilian nobles who acquired, through purchases, assignments and marriages, the previously conquered islands and also incorporated the island of La Gomera around 1450.

Royal conquest (Conquista realenga). This defines the conquest between 1478 and 1496, carried out directly by the Crown of Castile, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, who armed and partly financed the conquest of those islands which were still unconquered: Gran Canaria, La Palma and Tenerife. This phase of the conquest came to an end in the year 1496, with the dominion of the island of Tenerife, bringing the entire Canarian Archipelago under the control of the Crown of Castile.

 
Casa de Colón (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), which Christopher Columbus visited during his first trip

Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was fully conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448 Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator, an action that was accepted by neither the natives nor the Castilians. Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary Islands were under Portuguese control, the crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. In 1479, Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which settled disputes between Castile and Portugal over the control of the Atlantic. This treaty recognized Castilian control of the Canary Islands but also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde islands, and gave the Portuguese rights to any further islands or lands in the Atlantic that might be discovered.

The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not achieve complete control until 1496, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. As a result of this 'the native pre-Hispanic population declined quickly due to war, epidemics, and slavery'.[76] The Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.

After the conquest and the introduction of slavery

 
Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by William Dampier during his voyage to New Holland in 1699
 
Coat of arms of the Castilian and Spanish Realm of Canary Islands

After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane; then wine, an important item of trade with England. Gran Canaria was conquered by the Crown of Castile on 6 March 1480, and Tenerife was conquered in 1496, and each had its own governor. There has been speculation that the abundance of Roccella tinctoria on the Canary Islands offered a profit motive for Jean de Béthencourt during his conquest of the islands. Lichen has been used for centuries to make dyes. This includes royal purple colors derived from roccella tinctoria, also known as orseille.[77]

 
Slave-driving in order to sell into enforced labour

The objective of the Spanish Crown to convert the islands into a powerhouse of cultivation required a much larger labour force. This was attained through a brutal practice of enslavement, not only of indigenous Canarians but large numbers of Africans who were forcibly taken from North and Sub-Saharan Africa.[78] Whilst the first slave plantations in the Atlantic region were across Madeira, Cape Verde, and the Canary Islands, it was only the Canary Islands which had an indigenous population and were therefore invaded rather than newly occupied.[79]

This agriculture industry was largely based on sugarcane and the Castilians converted large swaths of the landscape for sugarcane production, and the processing and manufacturing of sugar, facilitated by enslaved labourers.[80] The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria became a stopping point for the Spanish traders, as well as conquistadors, and missionaries on their way to the New World. This trade route brought great wealth to the Castilian social sectors of the islands and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe. As the wealth grew, enslaved African workers were also forced into demeaning domestic roles for the rich Castilians on the islands such as servants in their houses.[81] Research on the skeletons of some of these enslaved workers from the burial site of Finca Clavijo on Gran Canaria have showed that 'all of the adults buried in Finca Clavijo undertook extensive physical activity that involved significant stress on the spine and appendicular skeleton' that result from relentless hard labour, akin to the physical abnormalities found with enslaved peoples from other sugarcane plantations around the world.[76] These findings of the physical strain that the enslaved at Finca Clavijo were subjected to in order to provide wealth for the Spanish elite has inspired a poem by British writer Ralph Hoyte, entitled Close to the Bone.[82]

The method of forcibly relocating Africans to the Canary Islands in order to provide intensive labour, the first time this had been attempted, was looked at favourably by other European powers and was the inspiration behind the Transatlantic Slave Trade whereby around 12 million Africans were taken from their homelands in order to enter forced labour as plantation workers and domestic servants in the Americas over a period of 400 years.

As a result of the huge wealth generated by enslaved labour, magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century. Civilian architecture survives in forms such as Casas de los Sánchez-Ochando or Casa Quintana.

The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers. Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585.

The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch Revolt. A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der Does, attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite, near the city.

The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. 300 Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.

In 1618 the Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves.[83] Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.

18th to 19th century

 
Amaro Pargo (1678–1741), corsair and merchant from Tenerife who participated in the Spanish treasure fleet (the Spanish-American trade route)

The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's Caribbean colonies. Low sugar prices in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, reinvigorating the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and rum were sold in American ports such as Veracruz, Campeche, La Guaira and Havana, among others.[84]

By the end of the 18th century, Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories, such as Havana, Veracruz, and Santo Domingo,[85] San Antonio, Texas[86] and St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.[87][88] These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration during the 19th and first half of the 20th century, primarily to the Americas. Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela. Also, thousands of Canarians moved to Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of Spain. Deeply entrenched traditions, such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of Hatillo, Puerto Rico, are an example of Canarian culture still preserved in Puerto Rico. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba.[89] During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American attack, but no such event took place.

Romantic period and scientific expeditions

 
Coast El Golfo, El Hierro

Sirera and Renn (2004)[90] distinguish two different types of expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they term "the Romantic period":

First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the following travellers:

  • J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt. Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions.
  • Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands.
  • Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide
  • the Baudin-Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects.

The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among these, the key exponents were the following:

Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase".

Early 20th century

 
The port of Las Palmas in 1912

At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes.

30 November 1833 the Province of Canary Islands had been created with the capital being declared as Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[91] The rivalry between the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces on 23 September 1927.[92]

During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, Marxist and anarchist workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organisations were a minority and fell easily to Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War.

Franco regime

Main article: Francoist Spain

In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe.[93]

During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland.[94][Note 1] The planned operation was known as Operation Pilgrim.[95]

Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist parties.

During the Ifni War, the Franco regime set up concentration camps on the islands to extrajudicially imprison those in Western Sahara suspected of disloyalty to Spain, many of whom were colonial troops recruited on the spot but were later deemed to be potential fifth columns and deported to the Canary Islands. These camps were characterised by the use of forced labour for infrastructure projects and highly unsanitary conditions resulting in the widespread occurrence of tuberculosis.[96]

Self-governance

 
Auditorio de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, and an icon of contemporary architecture in the Canary Islands, (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
 
Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions (pre 31 January 2020)

After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria, the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement, and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule.[97]

After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982, with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won. In the 2007 elections, the PSOE gained a plurality of seats, but the nationalist Canarian Coalition and the conservative Partido Popular (PP) formed a ruling coalition government.[98]

Capitals

At present, the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain that has two capitals: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, since the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands [es] was created in 1982.[14][15]

The political capital of the archipelago did not exist as such until the nineteenth century. The first cities founded by the Europeans at the time of the conquest of the Canary Islands in the 15th century were: Telde (in Gran Canaria), San Marcial del Rubicón (in Lanzarote) and Betancuria (in Fuerteventura). These cities boasted the first European institutions present in the archipelago, including Catholic bishoprics.[99] Although, because the period of splendor of these cities developed before the total conquest of the archipelago and its incorporation into the Crown of Castile never had a political and real control of the entire Canary archipelago.

 
Overview of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
 
View of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

The function of a Canarian city with full jurisdiction for the entire archipelago only exists after the conquest of the Canary Islands, although originally de facto, that is, without legal and real meaning and linked to the headquarters of the Canary Islands General Captaincy.

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was the first city that exercised this function. This is because the residence of the Captain General of the Canary Islands was in this city during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[100] In May 1661, the Captain General of the Canary Islands, Jerónimo de Benavente y Quiñones, moved the headquarters of the captaincy to the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna on the island of Tenerife.[101] This was due to the fact that this island since the conquest was the most populated, productive and with the highest economic expectations.[102] La Laguna would be considered the de facto capital of the archipelago[103] until the official status of the capital of Canary Islands in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was confirmed in the 19th century, due in part to the constant controversies and rivalries between the bourgeoisies of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for the economic, political and institutional hegemony of the archipelago.[104]

Already in 1723, the Captain General of the Canary Islands Lorenzo Fernandez de Villavicencio had moved the headquarters of the General Captaincy of the Canary Islands from San Cristóbal de La Laguna to Santa Cruz de Tenerife. This decision continued without pleasing the society of the island of Gran Canaria.[105] It would be after the creation of the Province of Canary Islands in November 1833 in which Santa Cruz would become the first fully official capital of the Canary Islands (De jure and not of de facto as happened previously).[17][18] Santa Cruz de Tenerife would be the capital of the Canary archipelago until during the Government of General Primo de Rivera in 1927 the Province of Canary Islands was split in two provinces: Las Palmas with capital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife with capital in the homonymous city.

Finally, with the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands in 1982 and the creation of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, the capital of the archipelago between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is fixed, which is how it remains today.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of the Canary Islands, Canary Islanders, and Spanish immigration to Cuba
Population history[106]
YearPop.±% p.a.
1768 155,763—    
1787 168,928+0.43%
1797 173,865+0.29%
1842 241,266+0.73%
1860 237,036−0.10%
1887 301,983+0.90%
1900 364,408+1.46%
1920 488,483+1.48%
1940 687,937+1.73%
1960 966,177+1.71%
1981 1,367,646+1.67%
1990 1,589,403+1.68%
2000 1,716,276+0.77%
2010 2,118,519+2.13%
2011[107]2,082,655−1.69%
2012 —    
2013 —    
2014[108] 2,104,815—    
2015[109]2,128,647+1.13%
2016 —    
2017 2,154,905—    
2018[110] 2,127,685−1.26%
2019 2,153,387+1.21%
2021 2,172,944+0.45%

The Canary Islands have a population of 2,153,389 inhabitants (2019), making it the eighth most populous of Spain's autonomous communities.[3] The total area of the archipelago is 7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi),[111] resulting in a population density of 287.4 inhabitants per square kilometre.

The population of the islands according to the 2019 data are:[3]

The Canary Islands have become home to many European residents, mainly coming from Italy, Germany and the UK. Because of the vast immigration to Venezuela and Cuba during the second half of the 20th century and the later return to the Canary Islands of these people along with their families, there are many residents whose country of origin was Venezuela (66,593) or Cuba (41,807). Since the 1990s, many illegal migrants have reached the Canary Islands, Melilla and Ceuta, using them as entry points to the EU.[112][113][114]

Population of the Canary Islands 2019
Birthplace Population Percent
Canary Islands 1,553,517 72.1
Rest of Spain 176,302 8.2
Total, Spain 1,735,457 80.6
Foreign-born 417,932 19.4
Americas 201,257 9.3
Venezuela 66,573 –
Cuba 41,792 –
Colombia 31,361 –
Argentina 17,429 –
Uruguay 8,687 –
Rest of Europe 154,511 7.2
Italy 39,469 –
Germany 25,921 –
United Kingdom 25,339 –
Africa 38,768 1.8
Morocco 24,268 –
Asia 23,082 1.1
China 9,848 –
Oceania 314 0.0
Total 2,153,389 100.0
Source[113][115]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Canary Islands
 
Basilica of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patroness of the Canary Islands) in Candelaria, Tenerife

The Catholic Church has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands. There are also several other religious communities.

Roman Catholic Church

The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic (76.7%)[116] with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants.

The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur[117] and José de Anchieta.[118] Both born on the island of Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil.

The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:

Other religions

Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims.[119] Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community.[120] For its part, there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago.

Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism.[119] Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion.[119] Also present are Buddhism,[119] Judaism,[119] Baháʼí,[119] African religion,[119] and Chinese religions.[119]

According to Statista in 2019, there are 75,662 Muslims in Canary Islands.[121]

Statistics

The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows:[122]

  • Catholic 84.9%
  • Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
  • Other religions 1.7%

Population genetics

Main article: Canarian people § Population genetics

Islands

Ordered from west to east, the Canary Islands are El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote. In addition, north of Lanzarote are the islets of La Graciosa, Montaña Clara, Alegranza, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste, belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago, and northeast of Fuerteventura is the islet of Lobos. There are also a series of small adjacent rocks in the Canary Islands: the Roques de Anaga, Garachico and Fasnia in Tenerife, and those of Salmor and Bonanza in El Hierro.

El Hierro

Main article: El Hierro

El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km2 (103.75 sq mi), making it the second smallest of the major islands, and the least populous with 10,798 inhabitants. The whole island was declared Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde. Also known as Ferro, it was once believed to be the westernmost land in the world.

Fuerteventura

Main article: Fuerteventura
 
Barranco de Pecenescal – Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km2 (640 sq mi), is the second-most extensive island of the archipelago. It has been declared a Biosphere reserve by Unesco. It has a population of 113,275. Being also the most ancient of the islands, it is the one that is more eroded: its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble, at a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del Rosario.

Gran Canaria

Main article: Gran Canaria
 
View of Fataga, Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria has 846,717 inhabitants. The capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (377,203 inhabitants), is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km2 (600 sq mi). In the center of the island lie the Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet) and Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet). On the south of the island are the Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria), these are the biggest tourist attractions.

La Gomera

Main article: La Gomera

La Gomera has an area of 369.76 km2 (142.77 sq mi) and is the second least populous island with 21,136 inhabitants. Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera. Garajonay's National Park is located on the island.

Lanzarote

Main article: Lanzarote

Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the most ancient of the archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It has a surface of 845.94 km2 (326.62 sq mi), and a population of 149,183 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife, with 56,834 inhabitants.

Chinijo Archipelago

Main article: Chinijo Archipelago

The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa, Alegranza, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. It has a surface of 40.8 km2 (15.8 sq mi), and only La Graciosa is populated, with 658 inhabitants. With 29 km2 (11 sq mi), La Graciosa, is the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries, and the major island of the Chinijo Archipelago.

La Palma

Main article: La Palma

La Palma, with 81,863 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km2 (273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. For long it showed no signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. On September 19, 2021, the volcanic Cumbre Vieja on the island erupted.[123] It is the second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos at 2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as its highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma (known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz") is its capital.

Tenerife

Main article: Tenerife
 
San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1880 (Tenerife)

Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi), the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. In addition, with 904,713 inhabitants it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: the capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a World Heritage Site). San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the second city of the island is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the University of La Laguna. Teide, with its 3,715 metres (12,188 feet) is the highest peak of Spain and also a World Heritage Site. Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977.

La Graciosa

Main article: La Graciosa

Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain, located 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río. It was formed by the Canary hotspot. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo). It is administrated by the municipality of Teguise. In 2018 La Graciosa officially became the eighth Canary Island.[124][125][126] Before then, La Graciosa had the status of an islet, administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote. It is the smallest and least populated of the main islands, with a population of about 700 people.

Data

Flag Coat of arms Island Capital Area (km2) Population (2010) Population Density (people/km2)
    El Hierro Valverde 268.71 10,960 40.79
    Fuerteventura Puerto del Rosario 1,660 103,492 62.34
    Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1,560.1 845,676 542.07
    La Gomera San Sebastián 369.76 22,776 61.6
    Lanzarote Arrecife 845.94 141,437 167.2
    La Palma Santa Cruz de La Palma 708.32 86,324 121.87
    Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2,034.38 906,854 445.76
– – La Graciosa Caleta de Sebo 29.05 658 22.65
– – Alegranza – 10.3 – –
– – Isla de Lobos – 4.5 – –
– – Montaña Clara – 1.48 – –
– – Roque del Este – 0.06 – –
– – Roque del Oeste – 0.015 – –

Economy and environment

See also: Tourism in the Canary Islands, List of companies based in the Canary Islands, and Island country § Natural resources
Tourism in the Canary Islands[127]
Year Visitors
2009
(Jan–Jun)		 4,002,013
2008 9,210,509
2007 9,326,116
2006 9,530,039
2005 9,276,963
2004 9,427,265
2003 9,836,785
2002 9,778,512
2001 10,137,205
2000 9,975,977
1993 6,545,396
Largest by
Country (2008) 		Population
Germany 2,498,847
United Kingdom 3,355,942
 
The dunes of Maspalomas in Gran Canaria is one of the tourist attractions.
 
Banana plantation in San Andrés y Sauces

The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cochineal, sugarcane, grapes, vines, dates, oranges, lemons, figs, wheat, barley, maize, apricots, peaches and almonds.

Water resources are also being overexploited, due to the high water usage by tourists.[128] Also, some islands (such as Gran Canaria and Tenerife) overexploit the ground water. This is done in such degree that, according to European and Spanish legal regulations, the current situation is not acceptable. To address the problems, good governance and a change in the water use paradigm have been proposed. These solutions depend largely on controlling water use and on demand management. As this is administratively difficult and politically unpalatable, most action is currently directed at increasing the public offer of water through import from outside; a decision which is economically, politically and environmentally questionable.[129]

To bring in revenue for environmental protection, innovation, training and water sanitation a tourist tax was considered in 2018, along with a doubling of the ecotax and restrictions on holiday rents in the zones with the greatest pressure of demand.[130]

The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of foreign direct investment, mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near €11 billion in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds).[citation needed] Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than five jobs.[citation needed]

Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and natural gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end of 2016. Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's energy needs.[131] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction, and the project was scrapped.[132]

Despite currently having very high dependence on fossil fuels, research on the renewable energy potential concluded that a high potential for renewable energy technologies exists on the archipelago. This, in such extent even that a scenario pathway to 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 has been put forward.[133]

The Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of Britons, 22% of Spanish (from outside the Canaries), and 21% of Germans). Among the islands, Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually, followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote.[10][11] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide), receives over 2.8 million visitors annually.[134]

The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan.

The islands, as an autonomous region of Spain, are in the European Union and the Schengen Area. They are in the European Union Customs Union but outside the VAT area.[135] Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 7%, an increased tax rate of 13.5%, a reduced tax rate of 3% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services. Consequently, some products are subject to additional VAT if being exported from the islands into mainland Spain or the rest of the EU.

Canarian time is Western European Time (WET) (or GMT; in summer one hour ahead of GMT). So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland Spain and the same as that of the UK, Ireland and mainland Portugal all year round.

Tourism statistics

The number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands had been in 2018 16,150,054 and in the year 2019 15,589,290.[136]

Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air in 2019, by island of destination
Rank Island Number of Visitors
1 Tenerife 5,889,454
2 Gran Canaria 4,267,385
3 Lanzarote 3,065,575
4 Fuerteventura 2,023,196
5 La Palma 343,680
Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air, by island of destination
Month Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Tenerife La Palma
2020 May 0 0 0 0 0
2020 April 0 0 0 0 0
2020 March 99,407 71,988 141,692 208,696 11,531
2020 February 215,054 175,618 387,432 528,873 31,996
2020 January 209,769 149,140 405,208 512,153 36,618
2020 524,230 396,746 934,332 1,249,722 80,145
2019 December 256,733 168,717 416,723 526,258 35,515
2019 November 231,995 159,352 405,715 487,576 29,614
2019 October 258,722 175,472 354,718 484,905 24,506
2019 September 235,534 154,056 291,855 432,241 21,106
2019 August 273,783 175,153 328,921 501,712 26,465
2019 July 270,438 171,819 333,530 481,976 22,059
2019 June 242,901 159,945 274,881 451,244 18,266
2019 May 230,821 140,370 261,250 423,740 19,447
2019 April 256,776 179,318 324,647 484,097 32,927
2019 March 295,614 201,556 447,905 579,224 39,570
2019 February 272,428 164,970 403,123 513,880 32,162
2019 January 239,830 172,468 424,117 522,601 42,043
2019 3,065,575 2,023,196 4,267,385 5,889,454 343,680
2018 December 258,185 171,248 420,041 519,566 34,266
2018 November 256,755 163,189 410,456 513,953 40,401
2018 October 265,950 207,176 397,411 541,492 27,865
2018 September 249,877 181,272 326,673 451,957 22,094
2018 August 260,216 206,718 370,232 516,048 28,054
2018 July 258,746 208,723 374,844 485,961 23,453
2018 June 233,824 181,406 301,068 448,667 19,384
2018 May 245,563 159,808 285,178 421,763 22,702
2018 April 266,433 184,772 347,043 488,679 30,675
2018 March 299,270 223,478 441,620 572,515 35,369
2018 February 246,215 181,218 396,707 484,485 40,282
2018 January 222,283 184,199 438,555 503,856 50,215
2018 3,063,317 2,253,207 4,509,828 5,948,942 374,760
Source (05/2020):[136]

GDP statistics

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Canary Islands in 2015 was €40,923 million, €19,222 per capita. The figures by island are as follows:[137]

GDP by island in million euros
Island GDP
Tenerife 17,615
Gran Canaria 15,812
Lanzarote 3,203
Fuerteventura 2,298
La Palma 1,423
La Gomera 394
El Hierro 178

Transport

Current fleet

 
A Binter Canarias Embraer 195 E2 at the Galician airport of Vigo. Binter is the biggest airline of the Canary Islands and labels itself as the flag carrier of the Autonomous Community (Líneas Aéreas de Canarias).
 
Bus Station—Estación de Guaguas also known as El Hoyo (The hole), on the left, out of the image—at San Telmo Park, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and other roads. For a road map see multimap.[138] Traffic congestion is sometimes a problem in Tenerife and on Grand Canaria.[139][140][141]

Large ferry boats and fast ferries link most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of passengers, cargo, and vehicles. Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil. Fast ferries travel in excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph); conventional ferries travel in excess of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph), but are slower than fast ferries.[citation needed] A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about two and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour.[142]

The largest airport is the Gran Canaria Airport. Tenerife has two airports, Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport.[143] The island of Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands through its two airports.[144] The two main islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) receive the greatest number of passengers.[145] Tenerife 6,204,499 passengers and Gran Canaria 5,011,176 passengers.[146]

The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands,[147] while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly, it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay.[148] The port's facilities include a border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port of Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[149] The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported.[149]

The SS America was beached at the Canary islands on 18 January 1994. However, the ocean liner broke apart after the course of several years and eventually sank beneath the surface.

Rail transport

The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and is currently the only one in the Canary Islands, travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna.

Three more railway lines are being planned for the Canary Islands:

Airports

Ports

 
Port of Las Palmas, the largest port in the Canary Islands

Health

See also: List of hospitals in Spain § Canary Islands

The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands. The majority of the archipelago's hospitals belong to this organization:[153]

Wildlife

 
Canary Island spurge in Fuerteventura

Prehistoric fauna

 
Skull of Tenerife giant rat (Canariomys bravoi). It was an endemic species that is now extinct.

Before the arrival of the Aborigines, the Canary Islands were inhabited by a variety of endemic animals, such as extinct giant lizards (Gallotia goliath), giant tortoises (Centrochelys burchardi and C. vulcanica),[154] and Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats (Canariomys bravoi and C. tamarani),[155] among others. Extinct birds known only from Pleistocene and Holocene age bones include the Canary Islands quail (Coturnix gomerae), Dune shearwater (Puffinus holeae), Lava shearwater (P. olsoni), Trias greenfinch (Chloris triasi), Slender-billed greenfinch (C. aurelioi) and the Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri).[156] In addition are some unidentified bird eggshell fragments from the Miocene of Lanzarote, which have been suggested to be from an extinct ratite species.[157]

Terrestrial wildlife

See also: List of non-marine molluscs of the Canary Islands, List of reptiles of the Canary Islands, and List of Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands

With a range of habitats, the Canary Islands exhibit diverse plant species. The bird life includes European and African species, such as the black-bellied sandgrouse; and a rich variety of endemic (local) taxa including the:

Terrestrial fauna includes geckos, wall lizards, and three endemic species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant lizard: the El Hierro giant lizard (or Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard), La Gomera giant lizard, and La Palma giant lizard. Mammals include the Canarian shrew, Canary big-eared bat, the Algerian hedgehog (which may have been introduced) and the more recently introduced mouflon. Some endemic mammals, the lava mouse, Tenerife giant rat and Gran Canaria giant rat, are extinct, as are the Canary Islands quail, long-legged bunting, the eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff and the giant prehistoric tortoises; Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.

Marine life

Main article: Marine life of the Canary Islands
 
A loggerhead sea turtle, by far the most common species of marine turtle in the Canary Islands

The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands.

Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark, ray, moray eel, bream, jack, grunt, scorpionfish, triggerfish, grouper, goby, and blenny. In addition, there are many invertebrate species, including sponge, jellyfish, anemone, crab, mollusc, sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber and coral.

There are a total of five different species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the endangered loggerhead sea turtle.[158] The other four are the green sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle and Kemp's ridley sea turtle. Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually migrating. However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory.

Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare and not well-known species (see more details in the Marine life of the Canary Islands). Hooded seals[159] have also been known to be vagrant in the Canary Islands every now and then. The Canary Islands were also formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world, the Mediterranean monk seal.

Native flora gallery

Holidays

 
The Dance of the Dwarves is one of the most important acts of the Lustral Festivities of the Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves in Santa Cruz de La Palma.
 
Dancers with typical costume in El Tamaduste (El Hierro)
 
Band of Agaete in the Traída del Agua (Gran Canaria)

Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national, others are regional holidays and others are of insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands, based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, held on 30 May 1983, is commemorated with this day.

The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows:[160]

Date Name Data
1 January New Year International festival.
6 January Epiphany Catholic festival.
March or April Holy Thursday and Holy Friday Christian festival.
1 May International Workers' Day International festival.
30 May Canary Islands Day Day of the autonomous community. Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands.
15 August Assumption of Mary Catholic festival. This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain. Popularly, in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of the Canary Islands) is celebrated.[161][162]
12 October Fiesta Nacional de España (Día de la Hispanidad) National Holiday of Spain. Commemoration of discovery of the Americas.
1 November All Saints' Day Catholic festival.
6 December Constitution Day Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum, 1978.
8 December Immaculate Conception Catholic festival. The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain.
25 December Christmas Christian festival. Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth.

In addition, each of the islands has an island festival, in which it is a holiday only on that specific island. These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island. Organized chronologically are:[163]

Date Island Saint/Virgin
2 February Tenerife Our Lady of Candelaria
5 August La Palma Our Lady of the Snows
8 September Gran Canaria Our Lady of the Pine
15 September Lanzarote Our Lady of Dolours
Third Saturday of the month of September Fuerteventura Our Lady of the Peña
24 September El Hierro Our Lady of the Kings
Monday following the first Saturday of October La Gomera Our Lady of Guadalupe

The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival. It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tourist Festival of International Interest) and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro, the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote, Los Indianos de La Palma, the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura.

Science and technology

 
Gran Canaria space tracking station

In the 1960s, Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14 ground stations in the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to support the NASA space program. Maspalomas Station, located in the south of the island, took part in a number of space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon landings and Skylab. Today it continues to support satellite communications as part of the ESA network.[164]

Because of the remote location, a number of astronomical observatories are located in the archipelago, including the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and the Temisas Astronomical Observatory on Gran Canaria.

Tenerife is the home of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries). There is also an Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (Antonio González Bio-Organic Institute) at the University of La Laguna. Also at that university are the Instituto de Lingüística Andrés Bello (Andrés Bello Institute of Linguistics), the Centro de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), the Instituto Universitario de la Empresa (University Institute of Business), the Instituto de Derecho Regional (Regional Institute of Law), the Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (University Institute of Political and Social Sciences) and the Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales (Institute of Tropical Diseases). The latter is one of the seven institutions of the Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET, "Network of Research of Centers of Tropical Diseases"), located in various parts of Spain. The Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands) is based in Tenerife.[citation needed]

Sports

 
Heliodoro Rodríguez López Stadium in Tenerife, the stadium with the largest field area in the Canary Islands[165][166]
 
Gran Canaria Stadium, the biggest sports venue in the Canary Islands[167]

A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling (lucha canaria) has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements.[168]

Another sport is the "game of the sticks" (palo canario) where opponents fence with long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks.[168]

Furthermore, there is the shepherd's jump (salto del pastor). This involves using a long stick to vault over an open area. This sport possibly evolved from the shepherd's need to occasionally get over an open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep.[168]

The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife (founded in 1912) and UD Las Palmas (founded in 1949). As of the 2018/2019 season, both Tenerife and Las Palmas play in Segunda División. When in the same division, the clubs contest the Canary Islands derby. There are smaller clubs also playing in the mainland Spanish football league system, most notably UD Lanzarote and CD Laguna, although no other Canarian clubs have played in the top flight.

The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of annual competitive long-distance events including CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail on Tenerife, Transvulcania on La Palma, Transgrancanaria[169] on Gran Canaria, and the Half Marathon des Sables on Fuerteventura. A yearly Ironman Triathlon has been taking place on Lanzarote since 1992.[170][171]

Notable athletes

See also

History

Geography

Culture

References

Notes

  1. ^ "So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days' notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships, ready to seize the Canary Islands, by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U-boats, and contact with Australasia round the Cape, if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards."

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  3. ^ a b c d "Real Decreto 743/2019, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2019". BOE (in Spanish). 27 December 2019. from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
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References

  • Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-45690-8
  • Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Canary Islands after the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early-Sixteenth Century, Oxford U. Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-19-821888-3; ISBN 0-19-821888-5
  • Sergio Hanquet, Diving in Canaries, Litografía A. ROMERO, 2001. ISBN 84-932195-0-9
  • Martin Wiemers: The butterflies of the Canary Islands. – A survey on their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) – Linneana Belgica 15 (1995): 63–84 & 87–118

Further reading

  • Borgesen, F. (1973). "Marine Algae from the Canary Islands". Taxon. 22 (1): 150. doi:10.2307/1218064. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1218064.
  • Børgesen, Frederik; Frémy, Pierre (1925). Marine algae from the Canary Islands, especially from Teneriffe and Gran Canaria. Høst in Komm. OCLC 1070942615.
  • Gill, Robin (1994). J.T., Greensmith (ed.). Tenerife, Canary Islands. [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-62-9. OCLC 31214272.
  • * Greensmith, Trevor (2000). Lanzarote, Canary Islands. [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-74-2.
  • Paegelow, Claus (2009). Bibliografie Kanarische Inseln = Canary Islands bibliography. Bremen: Paegelow. ISBN 978-3-00-028676-6. OCLC 551948019.

External links

  • Canary Islands Government
  • Official Tourism Website of the Canary Islands
January 07, 2023
canary, islands, canary, island, redirects, here, locality, australia, canary, island, victoria, ɛər, spanish, canarias, pronounced, kaˈnaɾjas, also, known, informally, canaries, spanish, autonomous, community, archipelago, atlantic, ocean, macaronesia, their,. Canary Island redirects here For the locality in Australia see Canary Island Victoria The Canary Islands k e ˈ n ɛer i Spanish Canarias pronounced kaˈnaɾjas also known informally as the Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean in Macaronesia At their closest point to the African mainland they are 100 kilometres 62 miles west of Morocco They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain The islands have a population of 2 2 million people and they are the most populous special territory of the European Union 5 6 Canary Islands Canarias Spanish Autonomous communityFlagCoat of armsAnthem Himno de Canarias Anthem of the Canaries source source Location of the Canary Islands relative to the Spanish mainlandCoordinates 28 N 16 W 28 N 16 W 28 16 Coordinates 28 N 16 W 28 N 16 W 28 16Country SpainLargest cityLas Palmas de Gran CanariaCapitalLas Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1 ProvincesLas Palmas and Santa Cruz de TenerifeGovernment PresidentAngel Victor Torres PSC PSOE Area Total7 493 km2 2 893 sq mi Rank1 88 of Spain ranked 13thPopulation 2021 2 Total2 172 944 Rank8th Density290 km2 750 sq mi Percentage4 58 of SpainDemonymsCanariancanario a Spanish Time zoneUTC WET Summer DST UTC 1 WEST ISO 3166 codeICES CNMost populated islandTenerife 3 Official languageSpanishStatute of Autonomy7 November 2018ParliamentCanarian ParliamentCongress seats15 of 350 Senate seats14 of 265 HDI 2018 0 861 4 very high 15thWebsitewww wbr gobcan wbr esThe seven main islands are from largest to smallest in area Tenerife Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Lanzarote La Palma La Gomera and El Hierro The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets including La Graciosa Alegranza Isla de Lobos Montana Clara Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este It also includes a number of rocks including those of Salmor Fasnia Bonanza Garachico and Anaga In ancient times the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles 7 The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain and the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia 8 Because of their location the Canary Islands have historically been considered a link between the four continents of Africa North America South America and Europe 9 In 2019 the Canary Islands had a population of 2 153 389 3 with a density of 287 39 inhabitants per km2 making it the eighth most populous autonomous community of Spain The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands around 43 on the island of Tenerife and 40 on the island of Gran Canaria The Canary Islands especially Tenerife Gran Canaria Fuerteventura and Lanzarote are a major tourist destination with over 12 million visitors per year This is due to their beaches subtropical climate and important natural attractions especially Maspalomas in Gran Canaria Teide National Park and Mount Teide a World Heritage Site in Tenerife Mount Teide is the highest peak in Spain and the third tallest volcano in the world measured from its base on the ocean floor 10 11 The islands have warm summers and winters warm enough for the climate to be technically tropical at sea level 12 The amount of precipitation and the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and elevation The archipelago includes green areas as well as desert areas The islands high mountains are ideal for astronomical observation because they lie above the temperature inversion layer As a result the archipelago boasts two professional observatories Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma 13 In 1927 the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces In 1982 the autonomous community of the Canary Islands was established The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are jointly the capital of the islands 14 15 Those cities are also respectively the capitals of the provinces of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768 except for a brief period in the 1910s 16 Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands In 1927 it was ordered by decree that the capital of the Canary Islands would be shared between two cities and this arrangement persists to the present day 17 18 The third largest city in the Canary Islands is San Cristobal de La Laguna a World Heritage Site on Tenerife 19 20 21 This city is also home to the Consejo Consultivo de Canarias which is the supreme consultative body of the Canary Islands 22 During the Age of Sail the islands were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas which sailed that far south in order to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds 23 24 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Physical geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Geology 2 3 Natural symbols 2 4 National parks 3 Politics 3 1 Governance 3 2 Political geography 3 3 Canarian nationalism 3 4 Defence 4 History 4 1 Ancient and pre Hispanic times 4 2 Exploration 4 3 Castilian conquest 4 4 After the conquest and the introduction of slavery 4 5 18th to 19th century 4 6 Romantic period and scientific expeditions 4 7 Early 20th century 4 8 Franco regime 4 9 Self governance 4 10 Capitals 5 Demographics 5 1 Religion 5 1 1 Roman Catholic Church 5 1 2 Other religions 5 1 3 Statistics 5 2 Population genetics 6 Islands 6 1 El Hierro 6 2 Fuerteventura 6 3 Gran Canaria 6 4 La Gomera 6 5 Lanzarote 6 5 1 Chinijo Archipelago 6 6 La Palma 6 7 Tenerife 6 8 La Graciosa 7 Data 8 Economy and environment 8 1 Tourism statistics 8 2 GDP statistics 9 Transport 9 1 Current fleet 9 2 Rail transport 9 3 Airports 9 4 Ports 10 Health 11 Wildlife 11 1 Prehistoric fauna 11 2 Terrestrial wildlife 11 3 Marine life 11 4 Native flora gallery 12 Holidays 13 Science and technology 14 Sports 14 1 Notable athletes 15 See also 15 1 History 15 2 Geography 15 3 Culture 16 References 16 1 Notes 16 2 Citations 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External linksEtymology EditThe name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae meaning Islands of the Dogs a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands Canaria presumably Gran Canaria According to the historian Pliny the Elder the island Canaria contained vast multitudes of dogs of very large size 25 Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas named in Roman sources as Canarii though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs 26 The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands coat of arms It is thought that the aborigines of Gran Canaria called themselves Canarios 27 It is possible that after being conquered this name was used in plural in Spanish i e as to refer to all of the islands as the Canarii as 27 The name of the islands is not derived from the canary bird rather the birds are named after the islands Physical geography Edit Map of the Canary Islands Hacha Grande a mountain in the south of Lanzarote viewed from the road to the Playa de Papagayo Panoramic view of Gran Canaria with Roque Nublo at the left and Roque Bentayga at the center Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago Gran Canaria with 865 070 inhabitants is both the Canary Islands second most populous island and the third most populous one in Spain after Tenerife 966 354 inhabitants and Majorca 896 038 inhabitants 28 The island of Fuerteventura is the second largest in the archipelago and located 100 km 62 mi from the African coast The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores Cape Verde Madeira and the Savage Isles 29 The Canary Islands is the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region 8 The archipelago consists of seven large and several smaller islands all of which are volcanic in origin 30 According to the position of the islands with respect to the north east trade winds the climate can be mild and wet or very dry Several native species form laurisilva forests As a consequence the individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct microclimates Those islands such as El Hierro La Palma and La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a climate which is influenced by the moist Canary Current They are well vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub tropical laurisilva forest As one travels east toward the African coast the influence of the current diminishes and the islands become increasingly arid Fuerteventura and Lanzarote the islands which are closest to the African mainland are effectively desert or semi desert Gran Canaria is known as a continent in miniature for its diverse landscapes like Maspalomas and Roque Nublo In terms of its climate Tenerife is particularly interesting The north of the island lies under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated while the south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de las Americas and Los Cristianos is arid The island rises to almost 4 000 m 13 000 ft above sea level and at altitude in the cool relatively wet climate forests of the endemic pine Pinus canariensis thrive Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree Dracaena draco are endemic as noted by Sabin Berthelot and Philip Barker Webb in their work L Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries 1835 50 31 Climate Edit The climate is warm subtropical and generally semidesertic moderated by the sea and in summer by the trade winds 32 There are a number of microclimates and the classifications range mainly from semi arid to desert According to Koppen 33 the majority of the Canary Islands have a hot desert climate BWh and a hot semi arid climate BSh caused partly due to the cool Canary Current There also exists a subtropical humid climate which is very influenced by the ocean in the middle of the islands of La Gomera Tenerife and La Palma where laurisilva cloud forests grow 34 Climate data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife 35m 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 21 0 69 8 21 2 70 2 22 1 71 8 22 7 72 9 24 1 75 4 26 2 79 2 28 7 83 7 29 0 84 2 28 1 82 6 26 3 79 3 24 1 75 4 22 1 71 8 24 6 76 3 Daily mean C F 18 2 64 8 18 3 64 9 19 0 66 2 19 7 67 5 21 0 69 8 22 9 73 2 25 0 77 0 25 5 77 9 24 9 76 8 23 4 74 1 21 3 70 3 19 4 66 9 21 5 70 7 Average low C F 15 4 59 7 15 3 59 5 15 9 60 6 16 5 61 7 17 8 64 0 19 5 67 1 21 2 70 2 21 9 71 4 21 7 71 1 20 3 68 5 18 4 65 1 16 6 61 9 18 4 65 1 Average rainfall mm inches 31 5 1 24 35 4 1 39 37 8 1 49 11 6 0 46 3 6 0 14 0 9 0 04 0 1 0 00 2 0 0 08 6 8 0 27 18 7 0 74 34 1 1 34 43 2 1 70 225 7 8 89 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 8 0 7 2 6 9 5 5 2 9 0 9 0 2 0 8 2 7 6 1 8 8 9 4 59 4Mean monthly sunshine hours 178 186 221 237 282 306 337 319 253 222 178 168 2 887Source Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 35 Climate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 20 8 69 4 21 2 70 2 22 3 72 1 22 6 72 7 23 6 74 5 25 3 77 5 26 9 80 4 27 5 81 5 27 2 81 0 26 2 79 2 24 2 75 6 22 2 72 0 24 2 75 6 Daily mean C F 18 1 64 6 18 4 65 1 19 3 66 7 19 5 67 1 20 5 68 9 22 2 72 0 23 8 74 8 24 6 76 3 24 3 75 7 23 1 73 6 21 2 70 2 19 3 66 7 21 2 70 2 Average low C F 15 3 59 5 15 6 60 1 16 2 61 2 16 3 61 3 17 3 63 1 19 2 66 6 20 8 69 4 21 6 70 9 21 4 70 5 20 1 68 2 18 1 64 6 16 5 61 7 18 2 64 8 Average precipitation mm inches 25 1 0 24 0 9 13 0 5 6 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 4 16 0 6 22 0 9 31 1 2 151 5 9 Average precipitation days 1 mm 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 5 22Mean monthly sunshine hours 184 191 229 228 272 284 308 300 241 220 185 179 2 821Source World Meteorological Organization UN 36 Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 37 Climate data for San Cristobal de La Laguna 1981 2010 632 m Tenerife North AirportMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 16 0 60 8 16 7 62 1 18 2 64 8 18 5 65 3 20 1 68 2 22 2 72 0 24 7 76 5 25 7 78 3 24 9 76 8 22 5 72 5 19 7 67 5 17 1 62 8 20 5 68 9 Daily mean C F 13 1 55 6 13 4 56 1 14 5 58 1 14 7 58 5 16 1 61 0 18 1 64 6 20 2 68 4 21 2 70 2 20 7 69 3 18 9 66 0 16 5 61 7 14 3 57 7 16 8 62 2 Average low C F 10 2 50 4 10 0 50 0 10 7 51 3 10 9 51 6 12 0 53 6 14 0 57 2 15 7 60 3 16 6 61 9 16 5 61 7 15 2 59 4 13 3 55 9 11 5 52 7 13 0 55 4 Average rainfall mm inches 80 3 1 70 2 8 61 2 4 39 1 5 19 0 7 11 0 4 6 0 2 5 0 2 16 0 6 47 1 9 81 3 2 82 3 2 517 20 2 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 11 10 10 10 7 4 3 3 5 10 10 12 95Mean monthly sunshine hours 150 168 188 203 234 237 262 269 213 194 155 137 2 410Source Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 38 Climate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 21 7 71 1 22 0 71 6 23 1 73 6 23 1 73 6 23 9 75 0 25 4 77 7 27 7 81 9 28 4 83 1 27 9 82 2 26 8 80 2 24 8 76 6 22 8 73 0 24 8 76 6 Daily mean C F 18 4 65 1 18 5 65 3 19 3 66 7 19 5 67 1 20 4 68 7 22 1 71 8 24 0 75 2 24 7 76 5 24 5 76 1 23 4 74 1 21 5 70 7 19 7 67 5 21 4 70 5 Average low C F 15 2 59 4 15 0 59 0 15 6 60 1 16 0 60 8 17 0 62 6 18 8 65 8 20 2 68 4 21 1 70 0 21 1 70 0 20 0 68 0 18 2 64 8 16 5 61 7 17 9 64 2 Average rainfall mm inches 16 6 0 65 19 9 0 78 14 7 0 58 7 4 0 29 1 1 0 04 0 1 0 00 0 1 0 00 1 3 0 05 3 6 0 14 11 9 0 47 26 3 1 04 30 3 1 19 133 3 5 23 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 1 8 2 2 1 9 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 1 6 1 9 3 5 15 1Mean monthly sunshine hours 193 195 226 219 246 259 295 277 213 214 193 195 2 725Source Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 37 Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 20 6 69 1 20 7 69 3 21 2 70 2 21 6 70 9 22 6 72 7 24 1 75 4 25 5 77 9 26 3 79 3 26 6 79 9 25 5 77 9 23 5 74 3 21 8 71 2 23 3 74 0 Daily mean C F 18 1 64 6 18 0 64 4 18 5 65 3 18 9 66 0 20 0 68 0 21 7 71 1 23 1 73 6 23 9 75 0 24 0 75 2 22 8 73 0 20 9 69 6 19 3 66 7 20 8 69 4 Average low C F 15 5 59 9 15 3 59 5 15 7 60 3 16 2 61 2 17 4 63 3 19 2 66 6 20 7 69 3 21 4 70 5 21 3 70 3 20 2 68 4 18 3 64 9 16 7 62 1 18 2 64 7 Average rainfall mm inches 49 1 9 57 2 2 33 1 3 19 0 7 7 0 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 12 0 5 41 1 6 70 2 8 80 3 1 372 14 5 Average rainy days 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 2 5 7 8 40Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 146 177 174 192 188 222 209 187 175 140 138 2 106Source Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia 39 Geology Edit Humid laurel forest in La Gomera Main article Geology of the Canary Islands The seven major islands one minor island and several small islets were originally volcanic islands formed by the Canary hotspot 40 The Canary Islands is the only place in Spain where volcanic eruptions have been recorded during the Modern Era with some volcanoes still active El Hierro 2011 41 Volcanic islands such as those in the Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic debris avalanches and landslides 42 The island chain s most recent eruption occurred at Cumbre Vieja a volcanic ridge on La Palma in 2021 43 The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island 44 All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years four of them Lanzarote Tenerife La Palma and El Hierro have historical records of eruptions since European discovery 45 The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous and continued to the present day The current islands reached the ocean s surface during the Miocene The islands were once considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division but are nowadays recognized as being related to a magmatic hot spot 46 In the summer of 2011 a series of low magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro These had a linear trend of northeast southwest In October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km 1 1 4 mi south of Restinga This eruption produced gases and pumice but no explosive activity was reported 47 The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands Mount Teide the highest mountain in Spain at 3 715 metres 12 188 feet is also one of the most visited National Parks in the world 48 49 50 51 Mountain Elevation Islandm ftTeide 3 715 12 188 TenerifeRoque de los Muchachos 2 426 7 959 La PalmaPico de las Nieves 1 949 6 394 Gran CanariaPico de Malpaso 1 501 4 925 El HierroGarajonay 1 487 4 879 La GomeraPico de la Zarza 812 2 664 FuerteventuraPenas del Chache 670 2 200 LanzaroteAguja Grande 266 873 La GraciosaCaldera de Alegranza 289 948 AlegranzaCaldera de Lobos 126 413 LobosLa Mariana 256 840 Montana ClaraNatural symbols Edit Main article List of animal and plant symbols of the Canary Islands The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird Serinus canaria canary and the Phoenix canariensis palm 52 Serinus canaria Phoenix canariensisNational parks Edit Caldera de Taburiente National Park La Palma Four of Spain s thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands more than any other autonomous community Two of these have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the other two are part of Biosphere Reserves The parks are 53 Park Island Area Year of Designation UNESCO StatusCaldera de Taburiente National Park La Palma 46 9 km2 18 1 sq mi 1954 Part of the La Palma Biosphere Reserve since 2002Garajonay National Park La Gomera 39 86 km2 15 39 sq mi 1981 World Heritage Site since 1986Teide National Park Tenerife 189 9 km2 73 3 sq mi 1954 World Heritage Site since 2007Timanfaya National Park Lanzarote 51 07 km2 19 72 sq mi 1974 Part of the Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve since 1993Teide National Park is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain Located in the geographic centre of the island of Tenerife it is the most visited national park in Spain In 2010 it became the most visited national park in Europe and second worldwide 48 49 The park s highlight is the Teide volcano standing at an altitude of 3 715 metres 12 188 ft 54 it is the highest elevation of the country and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base In 2007 the Teide National Park was declared one of the 12 Treasures of Spain Politics Edit The Province of Las Palmas The Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Municipalities in the Las Palmas Province Municipalities in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Governance Edit The regional executive body the Parliament of the Canary Islands is presided over by Angel Victor Torres PSOE the current President of the Canary Islands 55 The latter is invested by the members of the regional legislature the Parliament of the Canary Islands that consists of 70 elected legislators The last regional election took place in May 2019 56 The islands have 14 seats in the Spanish Senate Of these 11 seats are directly elected 3 for Gran Canaria 3 for Tenerife and 1 each for Lanzarote including La Graciosa Fuerteventura La Palma La Gomera and El Hierro while the other 3 are appointed by the regional legislature 57 Political geography Edit The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two provinces provincias Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife whose capitals Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife are capitals of the autonomous community Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an island council named Cabildo Insular Each island is subdivided into smaller municipalities municipios Las Palmas is divided into 34 municipalities and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is divided into 54 municipalities 58 The international boundary of the Canaries is one subject of dispute in the Morocco Spain relations Moreover in 2022 the UN has declared the Canary Island s territorial waters as Moroccan coast and Morocco has authorised gas and oil exploration in what the Canary Islands states to be Canarian territorial waters and Western Sahara waters 59 Morocco s official position is that international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries since the Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy In fact the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community with equal status to the European ones Under the Law of the Sea the only islands not granted territorial waters or an exclusive economic zone EEZ are those that are not fit for human habitation or do not have an economic life of their own which is not the case of the Canary Islands citation needed Canarian nationalism Edit Main article Canarian nationalism There are some pro independence political parties like the National Congress of the Canaries CNC and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands but their popular support is almost insignificant with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares citation needed According to a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas when asked about national identity the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands 53 8 consider themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures followed by 24 who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish Only 6 1 of the respondents consider themselves only Canarian while 7 consider themselves only Spanish 60 Defence Edit Main article Military of the Canary Islands The defence of the territory is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces As such various components of the Army Navy Air Force and the Civil Guard are based in the territory History EditAncient and pre Hispanic times Edit Main article Canary Islands in pre colonial times Guanche mummy of a woman 830 AD Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre Santa Cruz de Tenerife Before the arrival of humans the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals for example the giant lizard Gallotia goliath the Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats 61 and giant prehistoric tortoises Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica Although the original settlement of what are now called the Canary Islands is not entirely clear linguistic genetic and archaeological analyses indicate that indigenous peoples were living on the Canary Islands at least 2000 years ago but possibly one thousand years or more before and that they shared a common origin with the Berbers on the nearby North African coast 62 63 64 Reaching the islands may have taken place using several small boats landing on the easternmost islands Lanzarote and Fuerteventura These groups came to be known collectively as the Guanches although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife 65 A selection of artefacts unearthed from the Lomo de los Gatos site on Gran Canaria As Jose Farrujia describes The indigenous Canarians lived mainly in natural caves usually near the coast 300 500m above sea level These caves were sometimes isolated but more commonly formed settlements with burial caves nearby 66 Archaeological work has uncovered a rich culture visible through artefacts of ceramics human figures fishing hunting and farming tools plant fibre clothing and vessels as well as cave paintings At Lomo de los Gatos on Gran Canaria a site occupied from 1 600 years ago up until the 1960s round stone houses complex burial sites and associated artefacts have been found 67 Across the islands are thousands of Libyco Berber alphabet inscriptions scattered and they have been extensively documented by many linguists 68 69 The social structure of indigenous Canarians encompassed a system of matrilineal descent in most of the islands in which inheritance was passed on via the female line Social status and wealth were hereditary and determined the individual s position in the social pyramid which consisted of the king the relatives of the king the lower nobility villeins plebeians and finally executioners butchers embalmers and prisoners Their religion was animist centring on the sun and moon as well as natural features such as mountains 66 Exploration Edit The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians the Greeks and the Carthaginians King Juba II Caesar Augustus s Numidian protege is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world According to Pliny the Elder Juba found the islands uninhabited but found a small temple of stone and some traces of buildings 70 Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early first century AD 71 That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands using Mogador as their mission base citation needed The names given by Romans to the individual islands were Ninguaria or Nivaria Tenerife Canaria Gran Canaria Pluvialia or Invale Lanzarote Ombrion La Palma Planasia Fuerteventura Iunonia or Junonia El Hierro and Capraria La Gomera 72 From the 14th century onward numerous visits were made by sailors from Majorca Portugal and Genoa Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312 The Majorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400 Reconstruction of a Guanche settlement of Tenerife Castilian conquest Edit Main articles Conquest of the Canary Islands Kingdom of the Canary Islands Crown of Castile and Kingdom of Portugal In 1402 the Castilian colonisation of the islands began with the expedition of the French explorers Jean de Bethencourt and Gadifer de la Salle nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile to Lanzarote From there they went on to conquer Fuerteventura 1405 and El Hierro These invasions were brutal cultural and military clashes between the indigenous population and the Castilians lasting over a century due to formidable resistance by indigenous Canarians 63 Professor Mohamed Adhikari has defined the conquest of the islands as a genocide of the Guanches 73 74 Bethencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord It was not a simple military enterprise given the aboriginal resistance on some islands Neither was it politically since the particular interests of the nobility determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands conflicted with those of the states particularly Castile which were in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the Crown against the nobility 75 Alonso Fernandez de Lugo presenting the captured native Guanche kings of Tenerife to the Catholic Monarchs Historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands Aristocratic conquest Conquista senorial This refers to the early conquests carried out by the nobility for their own benefit and without the direct participation of the Crown of Castile which merely granted rights of conquest in exchange for pacts of vassalage between the noble conqueror and the Crown One can identify within this period an early phase known as the Betancurian or Norman Conquest carried out by Jean de Bethencourt who was originally from Normandy and Gadifer de la Salle between 1402 and 1405 which involved the islands of Lanzarote El Hierro and Fuerteventura The subsequent phase is known as the Castilian Conquest carried out by Castilian nobles who acquired through purchases assignments and marriages the previously conquered islands and also incorporated the island of La Gomera around 1450 Royal conquest Conquista realenga This defines the conquest between 1478 and 1496 carried out directly by the Crown of Castile during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs who armed and partly financed the conquest of those islands which were still unconquered Gran Canaria La Palma and Tenerife This phase of the conquest came to an end in the year 1496 with the dominion of the island of Tenerife bringing the entire Canarian Archipelago under the control of the Crown of Castile Casa de Colon Las Palmas de Gran Canaria which Christopher Columbus visited during his first trip Bethencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera but it would be many years before the island was fully conquered The natives of La Gomera and of Gran Canaria Tenerife and La Palma resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century In 1448 Maciot de Bethencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal s Prince Henry the Navigator an action that was accepted by neither the natives nor the Castilians Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary Islands were under Portuguese control the crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese In 1479 Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcacovas which settled disputes between Castile and Portugal over the control of the Atlantic This treaty recognized Castilian control of the Canary Islands but also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores Madeira and the Cape Verde islands and gave the Portuguese rights to any further islands or lands in the Atlantic that might be discovered The Castilians continued to dominate the islands but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches they did not achieve complete control until 1496 when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernandez de Lugo As a result of this the native pre Hispanic population declined quickly due to war epidemics and slavery 76 The Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile After the conquest and the introduction of slavery Edit Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by William Dampier during his voyage to New Holland in 1699 Coat of arms of the Castilian and Spanish Realm of Canary Islands After the conquest the Castilians imposed a new economic model based on single crop cultivation first sugarcane then wine an important item of trade with England Gran Canaria was conquered by the Crown of Castile on 6 March 1480 and Tenerife was conquered in 1496 and each had its own governor There has been speculation that the abundance of Roccella tinctoria on the Canary Islands offered a profit motive for Jean de Bethencourt during his conquest of the islands Lichen has been used for centuries to make dyes This includes royal purple colors derived from roccella tinctoria also known as orseille 77 Slave driving in order to sell into enforced labour The objective of the Spanish Crown to convert the islands into a powerhouse of cultivation required a much larger labour force This was attained through a brutal practice of enslavement not only of indigenous Canarians but large numbers of Africans who were forcibly taken from North and Sub Saharan Africa 78 Whilst the first slave plantations in the Atlantic region were across Madeira Cape Verde and the Canary Islands it was only the Canary Islands which had an indigenous population and were therefore invaded rather than newly occupied 79 This agriculture industry was largely based on sugarcane and the Castilians converted large swaths of the landscape for sugarcane production and the processing and manufacturing of sugar facilitated by enslaved labourers 80 The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria became a stopping point for the Spanish traders as well as conquistadors and missionaries on their way to the New World This trade route brought great wealth to the Castilian social sectors of the islands and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe As the wealth grew enslaved African workers were also forced into demeaning domestic roles for the rich Castilians on the islands such as servants in their houses 81 Research on the skeletons of some of these enslaved workers from the burial site of Finca Clavijo on Gran Canaria have showed that all of the adults buried in Finca Clavijo undertook extensive physical activity that involved significant stress on the spine and appendicular skeleton that result from relentless hard labour akin to the physical abnormalities found with enslaved peoples from other sugarcane plantations around the world 76 These findings of the physical strain that the enslaved at Finca Clavijo were subjected to in order to provide wealth for the Spanish elite has inspired a poem by British writer Ralph Hoyte entitled Close to the Bone 82 The method of forcibly relocating Africans to the Canary Islands in order to provide intensive labour the first time this had been attempted was looked at favourably by other European powers and was the inspiration behind the Transatlantic Slave Trade whereby around 12 million Africans were taken from their homelands in order to enter forced labour as plantation workers and domestic servants in the Americas over a period of 400 years As a result of the huge wealth generated by enslaved labour magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy prosperous period The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island s finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century Civilian architecture survives in forms such as Casas de los Sanchez Ochando or Casa Quintana The Canaries wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501 while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585 The most severe attack took place in 1599 during the Dutch Revolt A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12 000 men commanded by Pieter van der Does attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria the city had 3 500 of Gran Canaria s 8 545 inhabitants The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz which guarded the harbor The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city and the Castillo surrendered but not the city The Dutch moved inland but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite near the city The Dutch then laid siege to the city demanding the surrender of all its wealth They received 12 sheep and 3 calves Furious the Dutch sent 4 000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brigida 300 Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria attempting to burn it down The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas on the southern coast of Gran Canaria San Sebastian on La Gomera and Santa Cruz on La Palma but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew In 1618 the Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves 83 Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797 when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July The British were repulsed losing almost 400 men It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm 18th to 19th century Edit Amaro Pargo 1678 1741 corsair and merchant from Tenerife who participated in the Spanish treasure fleet the Spanish American trade route The sugar based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain s Caribbean colonies Low sugar prices in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands A new cash crop cochineal cochinilla came into cultivation during this time reinvigorating the islands economy During this time the Canarian American trade was developed in which Canarian products such as cochineal sugarcane and rum were sold in American ports such as Veracruz Campeche La Guaira and Havana among others 84 By the end of the 18th century Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories such as Havana Veracruz and Santo Domingo 85 San Antonio Texas 86 and St Bernard Parish Louisiana 87 88 These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration during the 19th and first half of the 20th century primarily to the Americas Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40 000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela Also thousands of Canarians moved to Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of Spain Deeply entrenched traditions such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of Hatillo Puerto Rico are an example of Canarian culture still preserved in Puerto Rico Similarly many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba 89 During the Spanish American War of 1898 the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American attack but no such event took place Romantic period and scientific expeditions Edit Coast El Golfo El Hierro Sirera and Renn 2004 90 distinguish two different types of expeditions or voyages during the period 1770 1830 which they term the Romantic period First are expeditions financed by the States closely related with the official scientific Institutions characterised by having strict scientific objectives and inspired by the spirit of Illustration and progress In this type of expedition Sirera and Renn include the following travellers J Edens whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions Louis Feuillee 1724 who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands Jean Charles de Borda 1771 1776 who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide the Baudin Ledru expedition 1796 which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives Among these the key exponents were the following Alexander von Humboldt 1799 Buch and Smith 1815 Broussonet Webb Sabin Berthelot Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770 1830 as one in which In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase Early 20th century Edit The port of Las Palmas in 1912 At the beginning of the 20th century the British introduced a new cash crop the banana the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes 30 November 1833 the Province of Canary Islands had been created with the capital being declared as Santa Cruz de Tenerife 91 The rivalry between the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces on 23 September 1927 92 During the time of the Second Spanish Republic Marxist and anarchist workers movements began to develop led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio However outside of a few municipalities these organisations were a minority and fell easily to Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War Franco regime Edit Main article Francoist Spain In 1936 Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War Franco quickly took control of the archipelago except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso on La Gomera Though there was never a war in the islands the post war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe 93 During the Second World War Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland 94 Note 1 The planned operation was known as Operation Pilgrim 95 Opposition to Franco s regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist leftist parties During the Ifni War the Franco regime set up concentration camps on the islands to extrajudicially imprison those in Western Sahara suspected of disloyalty to Spain many of whom were colonial troops recruited on the spot but were later deemed to be potential fifth columns and deported to the Canary Islands These camps were characterised by the use of forced labour for infrastructure projects and highly unsanitary conditions resulting in the widespread occurrence of tuberculosis 96 Self governance Edit Auditorio de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava and an icon of contemporary architecture in the Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions pre 31 January 2020 After the death of Franco there was a pro independence armed movement based in Algeria the Movement for the Independence and Self determination of the Canaries Archipelago MAIAC In 1968 the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule 97 After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982 with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament In 1983 the first autonomous elections were held The Spanish Socialist Workers Party PSOE won In the 2007 elections the PSOE gained a plurality of seats but the nationalist Canarian Coalition and the conservative Partido Popular PP formed a ruling coalition government 98 Capitals Edit At present the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain that has two capitals Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria since the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands es was created in 1982 14 15 The political capital of the archipelago did not exist as such until the nineteenth century The first cities founded by the Europeans at the time of the conquest of the Canary Islands in the 15th century were Telde in Gran Canaria San Marcial del Rubicon in Lanzarote and Betancuria in Fuerteventura These cities boasted the first European institutions present in the archipelago including Catholic bishoprics 99 Although because the period of splendor of these cities developed before the total conquest of the archipelago and its incorporation into the Crown of Castile never had a political and real control of the entire Canary archipelago Overview of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria View of Santa Cruz de Tenerife The function of a Canarian city with full jurisdiction for the entire archipelago only exists after the conquest of the Canary Islands although originally de facto that is without legal and real meaning and linked to the headquarters of the Canary Islands General Captaincy Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was the first city that exercised this function This is because the residence of the Captain General of the Canary Islands was in this city during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 100 In May 1661 the Captain General of the Canary Islands Jeronimo de Benavente y Quinones moved the headquarters of the captaincy to the city of San Cristobal de La Laguna on the island of Tenerife 101 This was due to the fact that this island since the conquest was the most populated productive and with the highest economic expectations 102 La Laguna would be considered the de facto capital of the archipelago 103 until the official status of the capital of Canary Islands in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was confirmed in the 19th century due in part to the constant controversies and rivalries between the bourgeoisies of San Cristobal de La Laguna and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for the economic political and institutional hegemony of the archipelago 104 Already in 1723 the Captain General of the Canary Islands Lorenzo Fernandez de Villavicencio had moved the headquarters of the General Captaincy of the Canary Islands from San Cristobal de La Laguna to Santa Cruz de Tenerife This decision continued without pleasing the society of the island of Gran Canaria 105 It would be after the creation of the Province of Canary Islands in November 1833 in which Santa Cruz would become the first fully official capital of the Canary Islands De jure and not of de facto as happened previously 17 18 Santa Cruz de Tenerife would be the capital of the Canary archipelago until during the Government of General Primo de Rivera in 1927 the Province of Canary Islands was split in two provinces Las Palmas with capital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife with capital in the homonymous city Finally with the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands in 1982 and the creation of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands the capital of the archipelago between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is fixed which is how it remains today Demographics EditMain articles Demographics of the Canary Islands Canary Islanders and Spanish immigration to Cuba Population history 106 YearPop p a 1768155 763 1787168 928 0 43 1797173 865 0 29 1842241 266 0 73 1860237 036 0 10 1887301 983 0 90 1900364 408 1 46 1920488 483 1 48 1940687 937 1 73 1960966 177 1 71 19811 367 646 1 67 19901 589 403 1 68 20001 716 276 0 77 20102 118 519 2 13 2011 107 2 082 655 1 69 2012 2013 2014 108 2 104 815 2015 109 2 128 647 1 13 2016 20172 154 905 2018 110 2 127 685 1 26 20192 153 387 1 21 20212 172 944 0 45 The Canary Islands have a population of 2 153 389 inhabitants 2019 making it the eighth most populous of Spain s autonomous communities 3 The total area of the archipelago is 7 493 km2 2 893 sq mi 111 resulting in a population density of 287 4 inhabitants per square kilometre The population of the islands according to the 2019 data are 3 Tenerife 917 841 Gran Canaria 851 231 Lanzarote 152 289 including the population of La Graciosa Fuerteventura 116 886 La Palma 82 671 La Gomera 21 503 El Hierro 10 968The Canary Islands have become home to many European residents mainly coming from Italy Germany and the UK Because of the vast immigration to Venezuela and Cuba during the second half of the 20th century and the later return to the Canary Islands of these people along with their families there are many residents whose country of origin was Venezuela 66 593 or Cuba 41 807 Since the 1990s many illegal migrants have reached the Canary Islands Melilla and Ceuta using them as entry points to the EU 112 113 114 Population of the Canary Islands 2019Birthplace Population PercentCanary Islands 1 553 517 72 1Rest of Spain 176 302 8 2Total Spain 1 735 457 80 6Foreign born 417 932 19 4Americas 201 257 9 3Venezuela 66 573 Cuba 41 792 Colombia 31 361 Argentina 17 429 Uruguay 8 687 Rest of Europe 154 511 7 2Italy 39 469 Germany 25 921 United Kingdom 25 339 Africa 38 768 1 8Morocco 24 268 Asia 23 082 1 1China 9 848 Oceania 314 0 0Total 2 153 389 100 0Source 113 115 Religion Edit Main article Religion in Canary Islands Basilica of the Virgin of Candelaria Patroness of the Canary Islands in Candelaria Tenerife The Catholic Church has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands There are also several other religious communities Roman Catholic Church Edit The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic 76 7 116 with various smaller foreign born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria Patron of Canary Islands was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur 117 and Jose de Anchieta 118 Both born on the island of Tenerife they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses each governed by a bishop Diocesis Canariense Includes the islands of the Eastern Province Gran Canaria Fuerteventura and Lanzarote Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicon 1404 and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1483 present There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde but it was later abolished Diocesis Nivariense Includes the islands of the western province Tenerife La Palma La Gomera and El Hierro Its capital is San Cristobal de La Laguna 1819 present Other religions Edit Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims 119 Among the followers of Islam the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community 120 For its part there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah s Witnesses The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints as well as Hinduism 119 Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo pagan native religion 119 Also present are Buddhism 119 Judaism 119 Bahaʼi 119 African religion 119 and Chinese religions 119 According to Statista in 2019 there are 75 662 Muslims in Canary Islands 121 Statistics Edit The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows 122 Catholic 84 9 Atheist Agnostic Unbeliever 12 3 Other religions 1 7 Population genetics Edit Main article Canarian people Population geneticsIslands EditOrdered from west to east the Canary Islands are El Hierro La Palma La Gomera Tenerife Gran Canaria Fuerteventura and Lanzarote In addition north of Lanzarote are the islets of La Graciosa Montana Clara Alegranza Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago and northeast of Fuerteventura is the islet of Lobos There are also a series of small adjacent rocks in the Canary Islands the Roques de Anaga Garachico and Fasnia in Tenerife and those of Salmor and Bonanza in El Hierro The Canary Islands El Hierro La Palma La Gomera Tenerife Gran Canaria Fuerteventura LanzaroteEl Hierro Edit Main article El Hierro El Hierro the westernmost island covers 268 71 km2 103 75 sq mi making it the second smallest of the major islands and the least populous with 10 798 inhabitants The whole island was declared Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000 Its capital is Valverde Also known as Ferro it was once believed to be the westernmost land in the world Fuerteventura Edit Main article Fuerteventura Barranco de Pecenescal Fuerteventura Fuerteventura with a surface of 1 660 km2 640 sq mi is the second most extensive island of the archipelago It has been declared a Biosphere reserve by Unesco It has a population of 113 275 Being also the most ancient of the islands it is the one that is more eroded its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble at a height of 807 metres 2 648 feet Its capital is Puerto del Rosario Gran Canaria Edit Main article Gran Canaria View of Fataga Gran Canaria Gran Canaria has 846 717 inhabitants The capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 377 203 inhabitants is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife Gran Canaria s surface area is 1 560 km2 600 sq mi In the center of the island lie the Roque Nublo 1 813 metres 5 948 feet and Pico de las Nieves Peak of Snow 1 949 metres 6 394 feet On the south of the island are the Maspalomas Dunes Gran Canaria these are the biggest tourist attractions La Gomera Edit Main article La Gomera La Gomera has an area of 369 76 km2 142 77 sq mi and is the second least populous island with 21 136 inhabitants Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago The insular capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera Garajonay s National Park is located on the island Lanzarote Edit Main article Lanzarote Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the most ancient of the archipelago and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity It has a surface of 845 94 km2 326 62 sq mi and a population of 149 183 inhabitants including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago The capital is Arrecife with 56 834 inhabitants Chinijo Archipelago Edit Main article Chinijo Archipelago The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa Alegranza Montana Clara Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste It has a surface of 40 8 km2 15 8 sq mi and only La Graciosa is populated with 658 inhabitants With 29 km2 11 sq mi La Graciosa is the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries and the major island of the Chinijo Archipelago La Palma Edit Main article La Palma La Palma with 81 863 inhabitants covering an area of 708 32 km2 273 48 sq mi is in its entirety a biosphere reserve For long it showed no signs of volcanic activity even though the volcano Teneguia entered into eruption last in 1971 On September 19 2021 the volcanic Cumbre Vieja on the island erupted 123 It is the second highest island of the Canaries with the Roque de los Muchachos at 2 423 metres 7 949 feet as its highest point Santa Cruz de La Palma known to those on the island as simply Santa Cruz is its capital Tenerife Edit Main article Tenerife San Cristobal de La Laguna in 1880 Tenerife Tenerife is with its area of 2 034 km2 785 sq mi the most extensive island of the Canary Islands In addition with 904 713 inhabitants it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain Two of the islands principal cities are located on it the capital Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristobal de La Laguna a World Heritage Site San Cristobal de La Laguna the second city of the island is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands the University of La Laguna Teide with its 3 715 metres 12 188 feet is the highest peak of Spain and also a World Heritage Site Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977 La Graciosa Edit Main article La Graciosa Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain located 2 km 1 2 mi north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Rio It was formed by the Canary hotspot The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park Parque Natural del Archipielago Chinijo It is administrated by the municipality of Teguise In 2018 La Graciosa officially became the eighth Canary Island 124 125 126 Before then La Graciosa had the status of an islet administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote It is the smallest and least populated of the main islands with a population of about 700 people Data EditFlag Coat of arms Island Capital Area km2 Population 2010 Population Density people km2 El Hierro Valverde 268 71 10 960 40 79 Fuerteventura Puerto del Rosario 1 660 103 492 62 34 Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1 560 1 845 676 542 07 La Gomera San Sebastian 369 76 22 776 61 6 Lanzarote Arrecife 845 94 141 437 167 2 La Palma Santa Cruz de La Palma 708 32 86 324 121 87 Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2 034 38 906 854 445 76 La Graciosa Caleta de Sebo 29 05 658 22 65 Alegranza 10 3 Isla de Lobos 4 5 Montana Clara 1 48 Roque del Este 0 06 Roque del Oeste 0 015 Economy and environment EditSee also Tourism in the Canary Islands List of companies based in the Canary Islands and Island country Natural resources Tourism in the Canary Islands 127 Year Visitors2009 Jan Jun 4 002 0132008 9 210 5092007 9 326 1162006 9 530 0392005 9 276 9632004 9 427 2652003 9 836 7852002 9 778 5122001 10 137 2052000 9 975 9771993 6 545 396Largest byCountry 2008 PopulationGermany 2 498 847United Kingdom 3 355 942 The dunes of Maspalomas in Gran Canaria is one of the tourist attractions Banana plantation in San Andres y Sauces The economy is based primarily on tourism which makes up 32 of the GDP The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year Construction makes up nearly 20 of the GDP and tropical agriculture primarily bananas and tobacco are grown for export to Europe and the Americas Ecologists are concerned that the resources especially in the more arid islands are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes potatoes onions cochineal sugarcane grapes vines dates oranges lemons figs wheat barley maize apricots peaches and almonds Water resources are also being overexploited due to the high water usage by tourists 128 Also some islands such as Gran Canaria and Tenerife overexploit the ground water This is done in such degree that according to European and Spanish legal regulations the current situation is not acceptable To address the problems good governance and a change in the water use paradigm have been proposed These solutions depend largely on controlling water use and on demand management As this is administratively difficult and politically unpalatable most action is currently directed at increasing the public offer of water through import from outside a decision which is economically politically and environmentally questionable 129 To bring in revenue for environmental protection innovation training and water sanitation a tourist tax was considered in 2018 along with a doubling of the ecotax and restrictions on holiday rents in the zones with the greatest pressure of demand 130 The economy is 25 billion 2001 GDP figures The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20 year period up until 2001 at a rate of approximately 5 annually This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of foreign direct investment mostly to develop tourism real estate hotels and apartments and European Funds near 11 billion in the period from 2000 to 2007 since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 eligible for euro structural funds citation needed Additionally the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria ZEC regime and create more than five jobs citation needed Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and natural gas prospects off the Canary Islands involving an investment of 7 5 billion over four years to commence at the end of 2016 Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100 000 barrels of oil a day which would meet 10 percent of Spain s energy needs 131 However the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction and the project was scrapped 132 Despite currently having very high dependence on fossil fuels research on the renewable energy potential concluded that a high potential for renewable energy technologies exists on the archipelago This in such extent even that a scenario pathway to 100 renewable energy supply by 2050 has been put forward 133 The Canary Islands have great natural attractions climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination being visited each year by about 12 million people 11 986 059 in 2007 noting 29 of Britons 22 of Spanish from outside the Canaries and 21 of Germans Among the islands Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote 10 11 The archipelago s principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park in Tenerife where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world Mount Teide receives over 2 8 million visitors annually 134 The combination of high mountains proximity to Europe and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak on La Palma island a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan The islands as an autonomous region of Spain are in the European Union and the Schengen Area They are in the European Union Customs Union but outside the VAT area 135 Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax IGIC which has a general rate of 7 an increased tax rate of 13 5 a reduced tax rate of 3 and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services Consequently some products are subject to additional VAT if being exported from the islands into mainland Spain or the rest of the EU Canarian time is Western European Time WET or GMT in summer one hour ahead of GMT So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland Spain and the same as that of the UK Ireland and mainland Portugal all year round Tourism statistics Edit The number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands had been in 2018 16 150 054 and in the year 2019 15 589 290 136 Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air in 2019 by island of destination Rank Island Number of Visitors1 Tenerife 5 889 4542 Gran Canaria 4 267 3853 Lanzarote 3 065 5754 Fuerteventura 2 023 1965 La Palma 343 680Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air by island of destination Month Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Tenerife La Palma2020 May 0 0 0 0 02020 April 0 0 0 0 02020 March 99 407 71 988 141 692 208 696 11 5312020 February 215 054 175 618 387 432 528 873 31 9962020 January 209 769 149 140 405 208 512 153 36 6182020 524 230 396 746 934 332 1 249 722 80 1452019 December 256 733 168 717 416 723 526 258 35 5152019 November 231 995 159 352 405 715 487 576 29 6142019 October 258 722 175 472 354 718 484 905 24 5062019 September 235 534 154 056 291 855 432 241 21 1062019 August 273 783 175 153 328 921 501 712 26 4652019 July 270 438 171 819 333 530 481 976 22 0592019 June 242 901 159 945 274 881 451 244 18 2662019 May 230 821 140 370 261 250 423 740 19 4472019 April 256 776 179 318 324 647 484 097 32 9272019 March 295 614 201 556 447 905 579 224 39 5702019 February 272 428 164 970 403 123 513 880 32 1622019 January 239 830 172 468 424 117 522 601 42 0432019 3 065 575 2 023 196 4 267 385 5 889 454 343 6802018 December 258 185 171 248 420 041 519 566 34 2662018 November 256 755 163 189 410 456 513 953 40 4012018 October 265 950 207 176 397 411 541 492 27 8652018 September 249 877 181 272 326 673 451 957 22 0942018 August 260 216 206 718 370 232 516 048 28 0542018 July 258 746 208 723 374 844 485 961 23 4532018 June 233 824 181 406 301 068 448 667 19 3842018 May 245 563 159 808 285 178 421 763 22 7022018 April 266 433 184 772 347 043 488 679 30 6752018 March 299 270 223 478 441 620 572 515 35 3692018 February 246 215 181 218 396 707 484 485 40 2822018 January 222 283 184 199 438 555 503 856 50 2152018 3 063 317 2 253 207 4 509 828 5 948 942 374 760Source 05 2020 136 GDP statistics Edit The Gross Domestic Product GDP in the Canary Islands in 2015 was 40 923 million 19 222 per capita The figures by island are as follows 137 GDP by island in million euros Island GDPTenerife 17 615Gran Canaria 15 812Lanzarote 3 203Fuerteventura 2 298La Palma 1 423La Gomera 394El Hierro 178Transport EditCurrent fleet Edit A Binter Canarias Embraer 195 E2 at the Galician airport of Vigo Binter is the biggest airline of the Canary Islands and labels itself as the flag carrier of the Autonomous Community Lineas Aereas de Canarias Bus Station Estacion de Guaguas also known as El Hoyo The hole on the left out of the image at San Telmo Park Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Tenerife Tram The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether two of the main ports of Spain and an extensive network of autopistas highways and other roads For a road map see multimap 138 Traffic congestion is sometimes a problem in Tenerife and on Grand Canaria 139 140 141 Large ferry boats and fast ferries link most of the islands Both types can transport large numbers of passengers cargo and vehicles Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil Fast ferries travel in excess of 30 kn 56 km h 35 mph conventional ferries travel in excess of 20 kn 37 km h 23 mph but are slower than fast ferries citation needed A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about two and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour 142 The largest airport is the Gran Canaria Airport Tenerife has two airports Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport 143 The island of Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands through its two airports 144 The two main islands Tenerife and Gran Canaria receive the greatest number of passengers 145 Tenerife 6 204 499 passengers and Gran Canaria 5 011 176 passengers 146 The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands 147 while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7 500 tons of fish caught according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports Similarly it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay 148 The port s facilities include a border inspection post BIP approved by the European Union which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area The port of Los Cristianos Tenerife has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife 149 The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported 149 The SS America was beached at the Canary islands on 18 January 1994 However the ocean liner broke apart after the course of several years and eventually sank beneath the surface Rail transport Edit The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and is currently the only one in the Canary Islands travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristobal de La Laguna Three more railway lines are being planned for the Canary Islands Line Island Terminus A Terminus BTren de Gran Canaria 150 Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria MaspalomasTren del Sur Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Los CristianosTren del Norte 151 Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Los RealejosAirports Edit Tenerife South Airport Tenerife Tenerife North Airport Tenerife Cesar Manrique Lanzarote Airport Lanzarote Fuerteventura Airport Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Airport Gran Canaria La Palma Airport La Palma La Gomera Airport La Gomera El Hierro Airport El Hierro 152 Ports Edit Port of Las Palmas the largest port in the Canary Islands Port of Puerto del Rosario Fuerteventura Port of Arrecife Lanzarote Port of Playa Blanca Lanzarote Port of Santa Cruz de La Palma La Palma Port of San Sebastian de La Gomera La Gomera Port of La Estaca El Hierro Port of Las Palmas Gran Canaria Port of Arinaga Gran Canaria Port of Agaete Gran Canaria Port of Los Cristianos Tenerife Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Tenerife Port of Garachico Tenerife Port of Granadilla TenerifeHealth EditSee also List of hospitals in Spain Canary Islands The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands The majority of the archipelago s hospitals belong to this organization 153 Hospital Nuestra Senora de los Reyes El Hierro Hospital General de La Palma La Palma Hospital Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe La Gomera Hospital Universitario Nuestra Senora de Candelaria Tenerife Hospital Universitario de Canarias Tenerife Hospital del Sur de Tenerife Tenerife Hospital del Norte de Tenerife Tenerife Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrin Gran Canaria Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria Gran Canaria Hospital General de Lanzarote Doctor Jose Molina Orosa Lanzarote Hospital General de Fuerteventura FuerteventuraWildlife Edit Canary Island spurge in Fuerteventura Prehistoric fauna Edit Skull of Tenerife giant rat Canariomys bravoi It was an endemic species that is now extinct Before the arrival of the Aborigines the Canary Islands were inhabited by a variety of endemic animals such as extinct giant lizards Gallotia goliath giant tortoises Centrochelys burchardi and C vulcanica 154 and Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats Canariomys bravoi and C tamarani 155 among others Extinct birds known only from Pleistocene and Holocene age bones include the Canary Islands quail Coturnix gomerae Dune shearwater Puffinus holeae Lava shearwater P olsoni Trias greenfinch Chloris triasi Slender billed greenfinch C aurelioi and the Long legged bunting Emberiza alcoveri 156 In addition are some unidentified bird eggshell fragments from the Miocene of Lanzarote which have been suggested to be from an extinct ratite species 157 Terrestrial wildlife Edit See also List of non marine molluscs of the Canary Islands List of reptiles of the Canary Islands and List of Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands With a range of habitats the Canary Islands exhibit diverse plant species The bird life includes European and African species such as the black bellied sandgrouse and a rich variety of endemic local taxa including the Canary Graja a subspecies of red billed chough endemic to La Palma Blue chaffinch Gran Canaria blue chaffinch endemic to Gran Canaria Tenerife blue chaffinch endemic to Tenerife Canary Islands chiffchaff Fuerteventura chat Tenerife goldcrest La Palma chaffinch Canarian Egyptian vulture Bolle s pigeon Laurel pigeon Plain swift Houbara bustard Spiders Snakes Scorpions Canary Islands oystercatcher extinct Terrestrial fauna includes geckos wall lizards and three endemic species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant lizard the El Hierro giant lizard or Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard La Gomera giant lizard and La Palma giant lizard Mammals include the Canarian shrew Canary big eared bat the Algerian hedgehog which may have been introduced and the more recently introduced mouflon Some endemic mammals the lava mouse Tenerife giant rat and Gran Canaria giant rat are extinct as are the Canary Islands quail long legged bunting the eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff and the giant prehistoric tortoises Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica Marine life Edit Main article Marine life of the Canary Islands A loggerhead sea turtle by far the most common species of marine turtle in the Canary Islands The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied being a combination of North Atlantic Mediterranean and endemic species In recent years the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark ray moray eel bream jack grunt scorpionfish triggerfish grouper goby and blenny In addition there are many invertebrate species including sponge jellyfish anemone crab mollusc sea urchin starfish sea cucumber and coral There are a total of five different species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands the most common of these being the endangered loggerhead sea turtle 158 The other four are the green sea turtle hawksbill sea turtle leatherback sea turtle and Kemp s ridley sea turtle Currently there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands and so those seen in the water are usually migrating However it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past and there are records of several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura adding credibility to the theory Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare and not well known species see more details in the Marine life of the Canary Islands Hooded seals 159 have also been known to be vagrant in the Canary Islands every now and then The Canary Islands were also formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world the Mediterranean monk seal Native flora gallery Edit Arbutus canariensis Argyranthemum frutescens Bosea yervamora Canarina canariensis Digitalis canariensis Echium wildpretii Euphorbia canariensis Gonospermum elegans Lavatera acerifolia var acerifolia Lavatera phoenicea Lotus berthelotii Pericallis webbii Persea indica Phoenix canariensis Sonchus palmensis Spartocytisus supranubiusHolidays Edit The Dance of the Dwarves is one of the most important acts of the Lustral Festivities of the Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves in Santa Cruz de La Palma Dancers with typical costume in El Tamaduste El Hierro Band of Agaete in the Traida del Agua Gran Canaria Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national others are regional holidays and others are of insular character The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife held on 30 May 1983 is commemorated with this day The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows 160 Date Name Data1 January New Year International festival 6 January Epiphany Catholic festival March or April Holy Thursday and Holy Friday Christian festival 1 May International Workers Day International festival 30 May Canary Islands Day Day of the autonomous community Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands 15 August Assumption of Mary Catholic festival This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain Popularly in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the Virgin of Candelaria Saint Patron of the Canary Islands is celebrated 161 162 12 October Fiesta Nacional de Espana Dia de la Hispanidad National Holiday of Spain Commemoration of discovery of the Americas 1 November All Saints Day Catholic festival 6 December Constitution Day Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum 1978 8 December Immaculate Conception Catholic festival The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain 25 December Christmas Christian festival Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth In addition each of the islands has an island festival in which it is a holiday only on that specific island These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island Organized chronologically are 163 Date Island Saint Virgin2 February Tenerife Our Lady of Candelaria5 August La Palma Our Lady of the Snows8 September Gran Canaria Our Lady of the Pine15 September Lanzarote Our Lady of DoloursThird Saturday of the month of September Fuerteventura Our Lady of the Pena24 September El Hierro Our Lady of the KingsMonday following the first Saturday of October La Gomera Our Lady of Guadalupe Parade in the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Tourist Festival of International Interest and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote Los Indianos de La Palma the Carnival of San Sebastian de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura Science and technology Edit Gran Canaria space tracking station In the 1960s Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14 ground stations in the Manned Space Flight Network MSFN to support the NASA space program Maspalomas Station located in the south of the island took part in a number of space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon landings and Skylab Today it continues to support satellite communications as part of the ESA network 164 Because of the remote location a number of astronomical observatories are located in the archipelago including the Teide Observatory on Tenerife the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma and the Temisas Astronomical Observatory on Gran Canaria Tenerife is the home of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries There is also an Instituto de Bio Organica Antonio Gonzalez Antonio Gonzalez Bio Organic Institute at the University of La Laguna Also at that university are the Instituto de Linguistica Andres Bello Andres Bello Institute of Linguistics the Centro de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies the Instituto Universitario de la Empresa University Institute of Business the Instituto de Derecho Regional Regional Institute of Law the Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales University Institute of Political and Social Sciences and the Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales Institute of Tropical Diseases The latter is one of the seven institutions of the Red de Investigacion de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales RICET Network of Research of Centers of Tropical Diseases located in various parts of Spain The Instituto Volcanologico de Canarias Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands is based in Tenerife citation needed Sports Edit Heliodoro Rodriguez Lopez Stadium in Tenerife the stadium with the largest field area in the Canary Islands 165 166 Gran Canaria Stadium the biggest sports venue in the Canary Islands 167 A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling lucha canaria has opponents stand in a special area called a terrero and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements 168 Another sport is the game of the sticks palo canario where opponents fence with long sticks This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks 168 Furthermore there is the shepherd s jump salto del pastor This involves using a long stick to vault over an open area This sport possibly evolved from the shepherd s need to occasionally get over an open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep 168 The two main football teams in the archipelago are the CD Tenerife founded in 1912 and UD Las Palmas founded in 1949 As of the 2018 2019 season both Tenerife and Las Palmas play in Segunda Division When in the same division the clubs contest the Canary Islands derby There are smaller clubs also playing in the mainland Spanish football league system most notably UD Lanzarote and CD Laguna although no other Canarian clubs have played in the top flight The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of annual competitive long distance events including CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail on Tenerife Transvulcania on La Palma Transgrancanaria 169 on Gran Canaria and the Half Marathon des Sables on Fuerteventura A yearly Ironman Triathlon has been taking place on Lanzarote since 1992 170 171 Notable athletes Edit Paco Campos 1916 1995 a footballer who played as a forward With 127 goals 120 of which were for Atletico Madrid he is the highest scoring player from the Canary Islands in La Liga Nicolas Garcia Hemme born 20 June 1988 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands 2012 London Olympics Taekwondo Silver Medalist in Men s Welterweight category 80 kg Alfredo Cabrera 1881 1964 shortstop for the St Louis Cardinals in 1913 Sergio Rodriguez born in San Cristobal de La Laguna in 1986 played point guard for the Portland Trail Blazers Sacramento Kings and New York Knicks David Silva born in Arguineguin in 1986 plays association football for Real Sociedad member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team Juan Carlos Valeron born in Arguineguin in 1975 played association football for Deportivo la Coruna and Las Palmas Pedro born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1987 plays association football for Lazio member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team Carla Suarez Navarro born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1988 professional tennis player Paola Tirados born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1980 synchronized swimmer who participated in the Olympic Games of 2000 2004 and 2008 She won the silver medal in Beijing in 2008 in the team competition category Jese born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1993 plays association football for Las Palmas Christo Bezuidenhout born in Tenerife in 1970 played rugby union for Gloucester and South Africa Pedri born in Tegueste in 2002 plays association football for Barcelona See also EditHistory Edit Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1797 First Battle of Acentejo Pyramids of Guimar Second Battle of Acentejo Tanausu Tenerife airport disaster the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history Geography Edit Cumbre Vieja a volcano on La Palma Guatiza Lanzarote La Matanza de Acentejo Los Llanos de Aridane Orotava Valley San Andres Islands of Macaronesia Azores Madeira Cabo VerdeCulture Edit Canarian cuisine Canarian Spanish Religion in Canary Islands Islenos Military of the Canary Islands Music of the Canary Islands Silbo Gomero a whistled language is an indigenous variant of Spanish Tortilla canaria Virgin of Candelaria Patron saint of Canary Islands References EditNotes Edit So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships ready to seize the Canary Islands by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U boats and contact with Australasia round the Cape if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards Citations Edit Ley Organica 1 2018 de 5 de noviembre de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomia de Canarias BOE in Spanish 6 November 2018 Archived from the original on 23 September 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 Poblacion por comunidades y ciudades autonomas y sexo Retrieved 15 November 2022 a b c d Real Decreto 743 2019 de 20 de diciembre por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de poblacion resultantes de la revision del Padron municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2019 BOE in Spanish 27 December 2019 Archived from the original on 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Canary Islands after the Conquest The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early Sixteenth Century Oxford U Press 1982 ISBN 978 0 19 821888 3 ISBN 0 19 821888 5 Sergio Hanquet Diving in Canaries Litografia A ROMERO 2001 ISBN 84 932195 0 9 Martin Wiemers The butterflies of the Canary Islands A survey on their distribution biology and ecology Lepidoptera Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea Linneana Belgica 15 1995 63 84 amp 87 118Further reading EditBorgesen F 1973 Marine Algae from the Canary Islands Taxon 22 1 150 doi 10 2307 1218064 ISSN 0040 0262 JSTOR 1218064 Borgesen Frederik Fremy Pierre 1925 Marine algae from the Canary Islands especially from Teneriffe and Gran Canaria Host in Komm OCLC 1070942615 Gill Robin 1994 J T Greensmith ed Tenerife Canary Islands London Geologists Association ISBN 0 900717 62 9 OCLC 31214272 Greensmith Trevor 2000 Lanzarote Canary Islands London Geologists Association ISBN 0 900717 74 2 Paegelow Claus 2009 Bibliografie Kanarische Inseln Canary Islands bibliography Bremen Paegelow ISBN 978 3 00 028676 6 OCLC 551948019 External links EditCanary Islands at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel information from Wikivoyage Canary Islands Government Official Tourism Website of the Canary Islands link, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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