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Lampropeltis getula

November 26, 2023

Lampropeltis getula, commonly known as the eastern kingsnake,[3] common kingsnake,[4] or chain kingsnake,[5] is a harmless colubrid species endemic to the United States and Mexico. It has long been a favorite among collectors.[5] Nine subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.[6]

Eastern kingsnake
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Lampropeltis
Species:
L. getula
Binomial name
Lampropeltis getula
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms[2]

Description edit

 
L. g. getula can be quite docile even when caught wild
 
Florida kingsnake in Dixie County, Florida

Adult specimens of the speckled kingsnake, L. g. holbrooki, are the smallest race at 91.5 cm (36.0 in) in snout-to-vent length (SVL) on average, while L. g. getula is the largest at 107 cm (42 in) SVL on average.[7] Specimens up to 208.2 cm (82.0 in) in total length (including tail) have been recorded.[8] Weight can vary from 285 g (10.1 oz) in a small specimen of 87.2 cm (34.3 in) in total length, to 2,268 g (80.0 oz) in large specimens, of over 153 cm (60 in) in total length.[7][9]

The color pattern consists of a glossy black, blue black, or dark brown ground color, overlaid with a series of 23-52 white chain-like rings.[5][10] Kingsnakes from the coastal plains have wider bands, while those found in mountainous areas have thinner bands or may be completely black.[citation needed]

Common names edit

Common names for L. getula include eastern kingsnake,[3] common kingsnake,[4] chain kingsnake,[5] kingsnake, Carolina kingsnake, chain snake, bastard horn snake, black kingsnake, black moccasin, common chain snake, cow sucker, eastern kingsnake, horse racer, master snake, North American kingsnake, oakleaf rattler, pied snake, pine snake, racer, rattlesnake pilot, thunder-and-lightning snake, thunderbolt, thunder snake, wamper, wampum snake.[10]

Geographic range edit

L. getula is found in the United States in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, portions of Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, south and southwest Illinois, southern Indiana, southern Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, southern and western Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, southern Ohio, Oklahoma, southern Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, southern Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is also found in northern Mexico, including all of Baja California.[2] It has been introduced to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, where in 2014, the population had reached an estimated 20,000 individuals.[11]

Habitat edit

The preferred habitats of L. getula are open areas, particularly grassland, but also chaparral, oak woodland, abandoned farms, desert, low mountains, sand, and any type of riparian zone, including swamps, canals, and streams. A study on the habitat use of the Eastern Kingsnake found that overall they prefer and can be found in sites with thick layer of leaf litter and dense shrubbery. From their observations throughout the course of research, they found that 79% of their tracked specimen spent the majority of their time concealed under the cover of soil and leaf litter.[12]

Although commonly described as diurnal, some reports suggest that the Eastern Kingsnake are crepuscular or nocturnal during the hottest parts of the year. [13]They will often retreat into rodent burrows as nocturnal retreats.[14]

It has been found that Eastern Kingsnake home ranges often show little-to-no overlap.[15]

Some studies show that Eastern Kingsnakes (L. g. getula), especially males, are territorial, and will engage invading snakes in combat if their territory is threatened.[15]

Diet edit

L. getula eats other snakes, including venomous snakes such as copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), which are responsible for more venomous snakebites than any other in the United States, as well as coral snakes (Micruroides and Micrurus), massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus), and other rattlesnakes (Crotalus and Sistrurus).[16] Among the non-venomous snakes preyed upon include common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), common watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon), ring-necked snakes (Diadophis punctatus), smooth earth snakes (Virginia valeriae), and worm snakes (Carphophis amoenus).[16]

It has developed a hunting technique to avoid being bitten by clamping down on the jaws of the venomous prey,[citation needed] but even if envenomated, it is immune. It also eats amphibians, turtle eggs, bird eggs (including those of the northern bobwhite [Colinus virginianus]),[16] lizards (such as five-lined skinks [Plestiodon fasciatus]),[16] and small mammals (such as white-footed mice [Peromyscus leucopus]),[16] which it kills by constriction.[17]

Due to their diet of eating other snake species, kingsnakes are a key factor in the spread of ophidiomycosis. This is a relatively new snake fungal disease originating from the fungus, Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola. This disease has a variety of impacts on snakes and the extent of this impact is still being researched.[18]

Reproduction edit

L. getula is oviparous. Adult females lay up to several dozen eggs that hatch after 2.0-2.5 months of incubation. Hatchlings are brightly colored and feed on small snakes, lizards, and rodents.[5] Eastern Kingsnakes (L. g. getula) are active from April–October in most parts of their habitat range and breeding occurs in the spring months.[19] Neck-biting is a common behavior when mating.[20]

In captivity edit

Long a favorite among collectors, L. getula does well in captivity, living to 25 years or more. Some of the most popular subspecies of the common kingsnake kept in captivity are the California, Brooks', Florida, and Mexican black kingsnakes.[5]

Subspecies edit

Subspecies[6] Authority[6] Common name[6] range
L. g. brooksi Barbour, 1919 Brooks's kingsnake
L. g. floridana Blanchard, 1919 Florida kingsnake
L. g. getula (Linnaeus, 1766) eastern kingsnake
L. g. nigrita Zweifel & Norris, 1955 Mexican black kingsnake
L. g. meansi Krysko & Judd, 2006 Apalachicola Lowlands kingsnake the Apalachicola Lowlands, Florida

References edit

  1. ^ Hammerson, G.A. (2019). "Lampropeltis getula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T67662588A67662645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T67662588A67662645.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Lampropeltis getula at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed June 29, 2008 {{{year}}}.
  3. ^ a b Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 429 pp + 48 plates. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Lampropeltis getulus getulus, p. 202).
  4. ^ a b Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. LCCCN 79-2217. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Lampropeltis getulus, pp. 618-620).
  5. ^ a b c d e f Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  6. ^ a b c d "Lampropeltis getula". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Lampropeltis getula (Common Kingsnake)".
  8. ^ . www.flmnh.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on February 24, 2001.
  9. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ a b Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. 2 volumes. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Lampropeltis getulus getulus, pp. 372-376).
  11. ^ John Bowler (2018). Wildlife of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Wild Guides. p. 164. ISBN 9780691170763.
  12. ^ Wund, Matthew A.; Torocco, Michael E.; Zappalorti, Robert T.; Reinert, Howard K. (September 2007). "Activity Ranges and Habitat Use of Lampropeltis getula getula (Eastern Kingsnakes)". Northeastern Naturalist. 14 (3): 343–360. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[343:ARAHUO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1092-6194. S2CID 84312480.
  13. ^ Howze, Jennifer & Smith, Lora. (2012). Factors Influencing Eastern Kingsnake Diel Activity. Copeia. 2012. 460-464. 10.2307/23273252.
  14. ^ Godley, J. Steve; Halstead, Brian J.; McDiarmid, Roy W. (December 1, 2017). "Ecology of the Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) at Rainey Slough, Florida: A Vanished Eden". Herpetological Monographs. 31 (1): 47. doi:10.1655/herpmonographs-d-16-00006.1. ISSN 0733-1347.
  15. ^ a b Steen, David A.; Smith, Lora L. (September 2009). "Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis Getula Getula) Home Ranges Exhibit Limited Overlap". Southeastern Naturalist. 8 (3): 553–558. doi:10.1656/058.008.0316. ISSN 1528-7092. S2CID 85945120.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Lampropeltis getula (Common Kingsnake)". Animal Diversity Web.
  17. ^ Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Lampropeltis getulus, "Food", p. 176).
  18. ^ Davy, Christina M.; Shirose, Leonard; Campbell, Doug; Dillon, Rachel; McKenzie, Christina; Nemeth, Nicole; Braithwaite, Tony; Cai, Hugh; Degazio, Tarra; Dobbie, Tammy; Egan, Sean (2021). "Revisiting Ophidiomycosis (Snake Fungal Disease) After a Decade of Targeted Research". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8: 665805. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.665805. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 8200636. PMID 34136555.
  19. ^ Wund, Turocco, Zappalorti, & Reinert (2007). "Activity Ranges and Habitat Use of Lampropeltis getula getula (Eastern Kingsnakes)". Northeastern Naturalist. 14 (3): 343–360. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[343:ARAHUO]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4499924. S2CID 84312480.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Kleinginna, Paul R.; Seamens, Joe (January 1980). "Discrimination in the Eastern Kingsnake Lampropeltis Getulus Getulus". The Journal of General Psychology. 102 (1): 153–154. doi:10.1080/00221309.1980.9920974. ISSN 0022-1309.

Further reading edit

  • Hubbs B (2009). Common Kingsnakes: A Natural History of Lampropeltis getula. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 436 pp. ISBN 978-0975464113.
  • Linnaeus C (1766). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Duodecima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 532 pp. (Coluber getulus, new species, p. 382). (in Latin).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Lampropeltis getula, p. 379 + Plate 34).
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback), ISBN 0-307-47009-1 (hardcover). (Lampropeltis getula, pp. 180–181).
  • Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp. ISBN 978-0-395-98272-3. (Lampropeltis getula, pp. 364–366 + Plate 44 + Map 153).

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Lampropeltis getula (category)
  • Lampropeltis getula at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed July 14, 2008 {{{year}}}.
  • Eastern Kingsnake at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed June 29, 2008.

November 26, 2023
lampropeltis, getula, commonly, known, eastern, kingsnake, common, kingsnake, chain, kingsnake, harmless, colubrid, species, endemic, united, states, mexico, long, been, favorite, among, collectors, nine, subspecies, currently, recognized, including, nominate,. Lampropeltis getula commonly known as the eastern kingsnake 3 common kingsnake 4 or chain kingsnake 5 is a harmless colubrid species endemic to the United States and Mexico It has long been a favorite among collectors 5 Nine subspecies are currently recognized including the nominate subspecies described here 6 Eastern kingsnakeConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataSuborder SerpentesFamily ColubridaeGenus LampropeltisSpecies L getulaBinomial nameLampropeltis getula Linnaeus 1766 Synonyms 2 Coluber getulusLinnaeus 1766 Ophibolus getulus Baird amp Girard 1853 Coronella Getulus A M C Dumeril Bibron amp A H A Dumeril 1854 Ophibolus getulus Cope 1875 Ophilobus sic getulus Cope 1892 ex errore Coronella getula Boulenger 1894 Triaeniopholis arenariusF Werner 1924 Lampropeltis getula goiniNeill amp Allen 1949 Lampropeltis getula Stebbins 1985 Lampropeltis getula Conant amp Collins 1991 Lampropeltis getula Liner 1994 Contents 1 Description 2 Common names 3 Geographic range 4 Habitat 5 Diet 6 Reproduction 7 In captivity 8 Subspecies 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksDescription edit nbsp L g getula can be quite docile even when caught wild nbsp Florida kingsnake in Dixie County FloridaAdult specimens of the speckled kingsnake L g holbrooki are the smallest race at 91 5 cm 36 0 in in snout to vent length SVL on average while L g getula is the largest at 107 cm 42 in SVL on average 7 Specimens up to 208 2 cm 82 0 in in total length including tail have been recorded 8 Weight can vary from 285 g 10 1 oz in a small specimen of 87 2 cm 34 3 in in total length to 2 268 g 80 0 oz in large specimens of over 153 cm 60 in in total length 7 9 The color pattern consists of a glossy black blue black or dark brown ground color overlaid with a series of 23 52 white chain like rings 5 10 Kingsnakes from the coastal plains have wider bands while those found in mountainous areas have thinner bands or may be completely black citation needed Common names editCommon names for L getula include eastern kingsnake 3 common kingsnake 4 chain kingsnake 5 kingsnake Carolina kingsnake chain snake bastard horn snake black kingsnake black moccasin common chain snake cow sucker eastern kingsnake horse racer master snake North American kingsnake oakleaf rattler pied snake pine snake racer rattlesnake pilot thunder and lightning snake thunderbolt thunder snake wamper wampum snake 10 Geographic range editL getula is found in the United States in Alabama Arizona Arkansas California portions of Colorado Delaware Florida Georgia south and southwest Illinois southern Indiana southern Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri Nebraska southern and western Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina southern Ohio Oklahoma southern Oregon South Carolina Tennessee Texas southern Utah Virginia and West Virginia It is also found in northern Mexico including all of Baja California 2 It has been introduced to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands where in 2014 the population had reached an estimated 20 000 individuals 11 Habitat editThe preferred habitats of L getula are open areas particularly grassland but also chaparral oak woodland abandoned farms desert low mountains sand and any type of riparian zone including swamps canals and streams A study on the habitat use of the Eastern Kingsnake found that overall they prefer and can be found in sites with thick layer of leaf litter and dense shrubbery From their observations throughout the course of research they found that 79 of their tracked specimen spent the majority of their time concealed under the cover of soil and leaf litter 12 Although commonly described as diurnal some reports suggest that the Eastern Kingsnake are crepuscular or nocturnal during the hottest parts of the year 13 They will often retreat into rodent burrows as nocturnal retreats 14 It has been found that Eastern Kingsnake home ranges often show little to no overlap 15 Some studies show that Eastern Kingsnakes L g getula especially males are territorial and will engage invading snakes in combat if their territory is threatened 15 Diet editL getula eats other snakes including venomous snakes such as copperheads Agkistrodon contortrix which are responsible for more venomous snakebites than any other in the United States as well as coral snakes Micruroides and Micrurus massasaugas Sistrurus catenatus and other rattlesnakes Crotalus and Sistrurus 16 Among the non venomous snakes preyed upon include common garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis common watersnakes Nerodia sipedon ring necked snakes Diadophis punctatus smooth earth snakes Virginia valeriae and worm snakes Carphophis amoenus 16 It has developed a hunting technique to avoid being bitten by clamping down on the jaws of the venomous prey citation needed but even if envenomated it is immune It also eats amphibians turtle eggs bird eggs including those of the northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus 16 lizards such as five lined skinks Plestiodon fasciatus 16 and small mammals such as white footed mice Peromyscus leucopus 16 which it kills by constriction 17 Due to their diet of eating other snake species kingsnakes are a key factor in the spread of ophidiomycosis This is a relatively new snake fungal disease originating from the fungus Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola This disease has a variety of impacts on snakes and the extent of this impact is still being researched 18 Reproduction editL getula is oviparous Adult females lay up to several dozen eggs that hatch after 2 0 2 5 months of incubation Hatchlings are brightly colored and feed on small snakes lizards and rodents 5 Eastern Kingsnakes L g getula are active from April October in most parts of their habitat range and breeding occurs in the spring months 19 Neck biting is a common behavior when mating 20 In captivity editLong a favorite among collectors L getula does well in captivity living to 25 years or more Some of the most popular subspecies of the common kingsnake kept in captivity are the California Brooks Florida and Mexican black kingsnakes 5 Subspecies editSubspecies 6 Authority 6 Common name 6 rangeL g brooksi Barbour 1919 Brooks s kingsnakeL g floridana Blanchard 1919 Florida kingsnakeL g getula Linnaeus 1766 eastern kingsnakeL g nigrita Zweifel amp Norris 1955 Mexican black kingsnakeL g meansi Krysko amp Judd 2006 Apalachicola Lowlands kingsnake the Apalachicola Lowlands FloridaReferences edit Hammerson G A 2019 Lampropeltis getula IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T67662588A67662645 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T67662588A67662645 en Retrieved November 19 2021 a b Lampropeltis getula at the Reptarium cz Reptile Database Accessed June 29 2008 year a b Conant R 1975 A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America Second Edition First published in 1958 Boston Houghton Mifflin Company 429 pp 48 plates ISBN 0 395 19979 4 hardcover ISBN 0 395 19977 8 paperback Lampropeltis getulus getulus p 202 a b Behler JL King FW 1979 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians New York Alfred A Knopf 743 pp LCCCN 79 2217 ISBN 0 394 50824 6 Lampropeltis getulus pp 618 620 a b c d e f Mehrtens JM 1987 Living Snakes of the World in Color New York Sterling Publishers 480 pp ISBN 0 8069 6460 X a b c d Lampropeltis getula Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved June 29 2008 a b Lampropeltis getula Common Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula getula www flmnh ufl edu Archived from the original on February 24 2001 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 14 2014 Retrieved July 26 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Wright AH Wright AA 1957 Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada 2 volumes Ithaca and London Comstock Publishing Associates 7th printing 1985 1 105 pp ISBN 0 8014 0463 0 Lampropeltis getulus getulus pp 372 376 John Bowler 2018 Wildlife of Madeira and the Canary Islands Wild Guides p 164 ISBN 9780691170763 Wund Matthew A Torocco Michael E Zappalorti Robert T Reinert Howard K September 2007 Activity Ranges and Habitat Use of Lampropeltis getula getula Eastern Kingsnakes Northeastern Naturalist 14 3 343 360 doi 10 1656 1092 6194 2007 14 343 ARAHUO 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 1092 6194 S2CID 84312480 Howze Jennifer amp Smith Lora 2012 Factors Influencing Eastern Kingsnake Diel Activity Copeia 2012 460 464 10 2307 23273252 Godley J Steve Halstead Brian J McDiarmid Roy W December 1 2017 Ecology of the Eastern Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula at Rainey Slough Florida A Vanished Eden Herpetological Monographs 31 1 47 doi 10 1655 herpmonographs d 16 00006 1 ISSN 0733 1347 a b Steen David A Smith Lora L September 2009 Eastern Kingsnake Lampropeltis Getula Getula Home Ranges Exhibit Limited Overlap Southeastern Naturalist 8 3 553 558 doi 10 1656 058 008 0316 ISSN 1528 7092 S2CID 85945120 a b c d e Lampropeltis getula Common Kingsnake Animal Diversity Web Schmidt KP Davis DD 1941 Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada New York G P Putnam s Sons 365 pp Lampropeltis getulus Food p 176 Davy Christina M Shirose Leonard Campbell Doug Dillon Rachel McKenzie Christina Nemeth Nicole Braithwaite Tony Cai Hugh Degazio Tarra Dobbie Tammy Egan Sean 2021 Revisiting Ophidiomycosis Snake Fungal Disease After a Decade of Targeted Research Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 665805 doi 10 3389 fvets 2021 665805 ISSN 2297 1769 PMC 8200636 PMID 34136555 Wund Turocco Zappalorti amp Reinert 2007 Activity Ranges and Habitat Use of Lampropeltis getula getula Eastern Kingsnakes Northeastern Naturalist 14 3 343 360 doi 10 1656 1092 6194 2007 14 343 ARAHUO 2 0 CO 2 JSTOR 4499924 S2CID 84312480 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Kleinginna Paul R Seamens Joe January 1980 Discrimination in the Eastern Kingsnake Lampropeltis Getulus Getulus The Journal of General Psychology 102 1 153 154 doi 10 1080 00221309 1980 9920974 ISSN 0022 1309 Further reading editHubbs B 2009 Common Kingsnakes A Natural History of Lampropeltis getula Tempe Arizona Tricolor Books 436 pp ISBN 978 0975464113 Linnaeus C 1766 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis Tomus I Editio Duodecima Reformata Stockholm L Salvius 532 pp Coluber getulus new species p 382 in Latin Powell R Conant R Collins JT 2016 Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America Fourth Edition Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Harcourt xiv 494 pp ISBN 978 0 544 12997 9 Lampropeltis getula p 379 Plate 34 Smith HM Brodie ED Jr 1982 Reptiles of North America A Guide to Field Identification New York Golden Press 240 pp ISBN 0 307 13666 3 paperback ISBN 0 307 47009 1 hardcover Lampropeltis getula pp 180 181 Stebbins RC 2003 A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians Third Edition The Peterson Field Guide Series Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Company xiii 533 pp ISBN 978 0 395 98272 3 Lampropeltis getula pp 364 366 Plate 44 Map 153 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lampropeltis getula category Lampropeltis getula at the Reptarium cz Reptile Database Accessed July 14 2008 year Eastern Kingsnake at the Florida Museum of Natural History Accessed June 29 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lampropeltis getula amp oldid 1185337410, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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