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Java

May 04, 2023

This article is about the Indonesian island. For the programming language, see Java (programming language). For other uses, see Java (disambiguation).

Java (/ˈdʒɑːvə, ˈdʒævə/;[2] Indonesian: Jawa, pronounced [ˈdʒawa]; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese: ᮏᮝ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's most populous island, home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population.[3]

Java
Native name:
Jawa (Indonesian)
Topography of Java
Geography
LocationSoutheast Asia
Coordinates7°29′30″S 110°00′16″E / 7.49167°S 110.00444°E / -7.49167; 110.00444Coordinates: 7°29′30″S 110°00′16″E / 7.49167°S 110.00444°E / -7.49167; 110.00444
ArchipelagoGreater Sunda Islands
Area124,413 km2 (48,036 sq mi)
Area rank13th
Highest elevation3,678 m (12067 ft)
Highest pointSemeru
Administration
ProvincesBanten,
Special Capital Region of Jakarta,
West Java,
Central Java,
East Java,
Special Region of Yogyakarta
Largest settlementJakarta (pop. 10,562,088)
Demographics
Population151,600,000[1] (2020)
Pop. density1,171/km2 (3033/sq mi)
Ethnic groupsJavanese (inc. Tenggerese, Osing, Banyumasan),
Sundanese (inc. Baduy,
Bantenese,
Cirebonese),
Madurese (inc. Pendalungan),
Betawi etc.
This article contains letters from the Javanese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Javanese characters.
You may need rendering support to display the Sundanese script in this article correctly.

Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is on Java's northwestern coast. Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site.

Formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate under the Sunda Plate, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass at about 138,800 square kilometres (53,600 sq mi). A chain of volcanic mountains is the east–west spine of the island.

Four main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Betawi. Javanese and Sundanese are the most spoken.[4] The ethnic groups native to the island are the Javanese in the central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts. The Madurese in the Eastern salient of Java are migrants from Madura Island, while the Betawi in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various ethnic groups in Indonesia. Most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.[5]

Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java, and two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta.

Etymology

The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. One possibility is that the island was named after the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.[6] There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".[7] And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.[7] "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.[8] It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.[9][10][11] Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a Proto-Austronesian root word, meaning "home".[12] The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire. Iabadiu is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java[13] and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).

See also: Zabag kingdom and al-Wakwak

The annual news of Songshu and Liangshu (5th century CE) referred to Java as 闍婆 (She-pó or She-bó), He-ling (640–818), then called it She-po again until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), where they began mentioning 爪哇 (Zhao-Wa or Chao-Wa).[14] According to Ma Huan's book (the Yingya Shenlan), the Chinese called Java Chao-Wa, and the island was called She-po in the past.[15] Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi mentioned two notable islands which separated Arabia and China: One is the 800 farsakh long Al-Rami, which is identified as Sumatra, and the other is Zabaj (Arabic: الزابج, Indonesian: Sabak), 400 farsakh in length, identified as Java.[16]: 30–31  When John of Marignolli returned from China to Avignon, he stayed at the Kingdom of Saba for a few months, which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen; Saba may be his interpretation of She-bó.[17]: xii, 192–194  Afanasij Nikitin, a merchant from Tver (in Russia), traveled to India in 1466 and described the land of java, which he called шабайте (shabait/šabajte).[18][19]

Geography

See also: Volcanoes of Java

Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north, and Christmas Island is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the north, the Sunda Strait to the west, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in the east.

Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains thirty-eight mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru, 3,676 metres (12,060 ft). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi, 2,930 metres (9,610 ft). In total, Java has more than 150 mountains.

Java's mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.[20] Java was the first place where Indonesian coffee was grown, starting in 1699. Today, coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.

 
Parahyangan highland near Buitenzorg, c. 1865–1872

The area of Java is about 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi).[20] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River.[21] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya. Other major rivers are Brantas, Citarum, Cimanuk and Serayu.

The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the dry season. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.[22] The wet season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.

West Java is wetter than East Java, and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The Parahyangan highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually.

Natural environment

 
Banteng at Alas Purwo, eastern edge of Java

The natural environment of Java is tropical rainforest, with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove forest on the north coast, rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast, and low-lying tropical forest to high altitude rainforest on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to a dry savanna environment in the east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions.

 
Male Javan rhino shot in 1934 in West Java. Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in Ujung Kulon; it is the world's rarest rhino.

Javan wildlife originally supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers of endemic species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the Javan rhinoceros,[23] Javan banteng, Javan warty pig, Javan hawk-eagle, Javan peafowl, Javan silvery gibbon, Javan lutung, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and Javan leopard. With over 450 bird species and 37 endemic species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise.[24] There are about 130 freshwater fish species in Java.[25] There are also several endemic amphibian species in Java, including 5 species of tree frogs.

Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created rice paddy and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used to have Javan tigers and Javan elephants, but both have been rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as Ujung Kulon, Mount Halimun-Salak, Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri, Bromo Tengger Semeru and Alas Purwo.

History

 
Mount Sumbing surrounded by rice fields. Java's volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the fundamental factors in its history.

Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", dating back 1.3 million[26] years were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River.[27]

The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.[28] Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the Brantas river and Solo river could provide long-distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms. A system of roads, permanent bridges, and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population was difficult.[20]

 
 
Standing warrior bronze figures, Java, c. 500 BC – 300 AD

The emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the arrival of Aji Saka in 78 AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization on Java, the story received several objections and rebuttals from other historical sources. Valmiki's Ramayana, made around 500 BC, records that Java already had a governmental organization long before the story:

"Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms, gold and silver islands, rich in gold mines, and there is Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the sky with its peak."[29]: 6 

The Greek geographer Ptolemy called the island as Yabadiou or Sabadiou (Ancient Greek: Ιαβαδίου or Σαβαδίου).[30][31]

According to Chinese record Míng Shǐ, the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years before the story of Aji Saka began.[32]: 39 

The story of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story. This story has not yet been found to be relevant in the Old Javanese text. This story tells of events in the Medang Kamulan kingdom in Java in the past. At that time, the king of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was replaced by Aji Saka. This story is considered as an allegory of the entry of Indians into Java. Referring to the Liang dynasty information, the Javanese kingdom was divided into two: the pre-Hinduism kingdom and the post-Hindu kingdom, which began in 78 AD.[16]: 5 and 7 

Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms era

See also: History of Southeast Asia § Early historical era
 
Cangkuang Hindu temple, a shrine for Shiva, dated from the 8th century, the Galuh Kingdom
 
The 9th century Borobudur Buddhist stupa in Central Java

The Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively, while the Kalingga Kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640.[33]: 53, 79  However, the first major principality was the Mataram Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Mataram's religion centered on the Hindu god Shiva, and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. Around the 8th century, the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century Borobudur and Prambanan in central Java.

Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was established by Wijaya,[33]: 201  and by the end of the reign of Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, Gajah Mada, led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.[33]: 234  Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the coming of Islam to Indonesia, Majapahit went into decline.[33]: 241 

Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates

See also: Spread of Islam in Indonesia § Central and eastern Java

Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century.[citation needed] During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak, Cirebon, and Banten were ascendant.[citation needed] The Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century.[citation needed] The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.[citation needed]

Colonial periods

 
Tea plantation in Java during Dutch colonial period, in or before 1926

Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda kingdom and the Portuguese in Malacca. After its failure, the Portuguese presence was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia.[34] By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia. Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration.

Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like Banda, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.[35]

During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the Netherlands fell to France, as did its colony in the East Indies. During the short-lived Daendels administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the Great Post Road was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from Anyer in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.[36] In 1811, Java was captured by the British, becoming a possession of the British Empire, and Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the island's governor. In 1814, Java was returned to the Dutch under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.[37]

 
Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British-allied forces in Java, 1945.
 
British Occupation of Java; men of the Bengal Sappers and Miners burn houses in the village of Bekasi as a reprisal for the murder of five members of the Royal Air Force and twenty Maharatta riflemen whose Dakota transport aircraft crash-landed near the village.

In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.[38] In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as cassava and maize that could sustain populations that could not afford rice.[39] Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the Cultivation System to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families ability to pay tax and buy goods.[40] Cholera claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820.[41]

The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the Japanese occupation in the 1940s.[42] However, other sources claimed the Dutch's Cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice.

Independence

Main article: Indonesian National Awakening

Indonesian nationalism first took hold in Java in the early 20th century, and the struggle to secure the country's independence following World War II was centered in Java. In 1949, Indonesian independence was recognized.

Administration

See also: Public administration of Java
 
Banten
West Java
Central Java
East Java
1
2
1 Jakarta
2 Yogyakarta

Java is divided into four provinces and two special regions:

Demographics

Demographic profile

 
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia
Historical population
YearPop.±%
196163,059,575—    
197176,086,320+20.7%
1980 91,269,528+20.0%
1990 107,581,306+17.9%
2000 121,352,608+12.8%
2010 136,610,590+12.6%
2015 145,013,583+6.2%
2020 151,591,262+4.5%
2021 153,567,000+1.3%
Refers to the administrative region (including Madura), 2021 data is year end via kemendagri
Source: [43][44][45]

Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.[46] The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities.[47] Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding Jakarta and Bandung, which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.

Population development

With a combined population of 151.6 million in the 2020 census (including Madura's 4.0 million),[48] Java is the most populous major island in the world and is home to 56% of Indonesia's population.[48] At nearly 1,200 people per km2 in 2020, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on a par with Bangladesh. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.

The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant volcanic eruptions during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,[49] while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.

The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of roughly 1,563 per square kilometer and accounts for the lion's share of the population growth of Java.[48] It is home to three metropolitan areas, Greater Jakarta (with outlying areas of Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi), Greater Bandung, and Greater Cirebon.

Province or Special Region Capital Area
km2		 Area
% 		Population
census
2000[50]		 Population
census
2010[51]		 Population
census
2020[52]		 Population
estimate
mid 2022[53]		 Population
density
mid 2021
Banten Serang 9,662.92 7.1 8,098,277 10,632,166 11,904,562 12,250,000 1,248
DKI Jakarta – 664.01 0.5 8,361,079 9,607,787 10,562,088 10,680,000 15,978
West Java Bandung 35,377.76 27.1 35,724,093 43,053,732 48,274,160 49,405,810 1,379
Western Java
(3 areas above) 		45,704.69 34.7 52,183,449 63,293,685 70,740,810 72,335,810 1,563
Central Java Semarang 32,800.69 25.3 31,223,258 32,382,657 36,516,035 37,032,400 1,120
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta 3,133.15 2.4 3,121,045 3,457,491 3,668,719 3,761,900 1,185
Central Java Region
(2 areas above) 		35,933.84 27.7 34,344,303 35,840,148 40,184,754 40,794,300 1,126
East Java Surabaya 47,799.75 37.3 34,765,993 37,476,757 40,665,696 41,149,970 855
Region Administered as Java Jakarta 129,438.28 100% 121,293,745 136,610,590 151,591,260 154,280,080 1,180
Madura Island of East Java
 – 5,025.30 3.3 3,230,300 3,622,763 4,004,564 4,065,230 802
Java Island1)
 – 124,412.98 96.7 118,063,445 132,987,827 147,586,696 150,214,850 1,196

1) Other islands are included in this figure, but are very small in population and area, Nusa Barung 100 km2, Bawean 196 km2, Karimunjawa 78 km2, Kambangan 121 km2, Panaitan 170 km2, Thousand Islands 8.7 km2 – with a combined population of roughly 90,000.

2) Land area of provinces updated in 2010 Census figures, areas by 2020 may be different from past results.

From the 1970s to the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively decline.

Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis, is also home to people from all over the nation. East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty.

Ethnicity and culture

See also: Culture of Indonesia, Music of Java, and Music of Sunda
 
Betawi mask dance (Tari Topeng Betawi)
 
SambaSunda music performance, featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments
 
Lakshmana, Rama and Shinta in Ramayana ballet at Prambanan, Java

Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the Javanese and Sundanese. A third group is the Madurese, who inhabit the island of Madura off the northeast coast of Java, and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century.[54] The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38% and 10% respectively.[54] The fourth group is the Betawi people that speak a dialect of Malay, they are the descendants of the people living around Batavia from around the 17th century. Betawis are creole people, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Minang, Bugis, Makassar, Ambonese, mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as Portuguese, Dutch, Arab, Chinese and Indian brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese.

The Javanese prose text Tantu Pagelaran (circa 15th century) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.

Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or Yogyakarta is the Javanese people heartland and the north coast of the pasisir region, the Sunda lands (Sundanese: ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ, Tatar Sunda) in the western part of Java and Parahyangan as the heartland, the eastern salient of Java also known as Blambangan. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.[54] The kejawen of Javanese culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.[54] The territory from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.[54]

In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture.[55] In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows.

Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,[56] and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.

Languages

 
Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white). "Malay" refers to Betawi, the local dialect as one of Malay creole dialect.

The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing, Banyumasan, and Tenggerese (closely related to Javanese), Baduy and Bantenese (closely related to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely related to Madurese), and Balinese.[57] The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian, often as a second language.

Religion

Religion in Java (2022)[58]

  Islam (96.02%)
  Protestant (2.27%)
  Roman Catholic (1.08%)
  Buddhism (0.49%)
  Hinduism (0.11%)
  Confucianism (0.013%)
  Folk/Other (0.01%)

Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.[59] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[59] Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi.

The coming of Islam, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 90 percent of the people of Java are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan (more traditional) and santri (more modernist). Muslim scholars (Kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese pesantren (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Students around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school.[59]

Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, belief and practice.[59] The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who have mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.[59]

There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions.

A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and six in East Java.[59] These include Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.[60] Sunda Wiwitan is a traditional Sundanese religion, its adherents still exist in several villages.[61]

Economy

Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on rice agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the Tarumanagara, Mataram, and Majapahit were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as the 4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period. Java also took part in the global trade of Maluku spice from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the Dutch East India Company (VOC) era.

 
Java transport network

The VOC set their foothold on Batavia in the 17th century and was succeeded by the Dutch East Indies in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java, such as sugarcane, rubber, coffee, tea, and quinine. In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.[62][63][64][65]

Java has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of Java Great Post Road by Daendels in the early 19th century. It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of Java North Coast Road (Indonesian: Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from "Pantai Utara"). The need to transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java. Today, industry, business, trade and services flourished in major cities of Java, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, and Bandung; while some traditional Sultanate cities such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Cirebon preserved its royal legacy and has become the centre of art, culture and tourism. Industrial estates are also growing in towns on northern coast of Java, especially around Cilegon, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Gresik and Sidoarjo. The toll road highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day, connecting major urban centres and surrounding areas, such as in and around Jakarta and Bandung; also the ones in Cirebon, Semarang and Surabaya. In addition to these motorways, Java has 16 national highways.

Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik), Java alone contributes around 60% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$686 billion (int$2.0 trillion, PPP).[66]

See also

References

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Sources

  • Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.

Further reading

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Java.
  • Cribb, Robert (2000). Historical Atlas of Indonesia. London and Honolulu: RoutledgeCurzon Press, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2111-1.
  • Padmo, Soegijanto (2000). Java and The Making of The Nation. Humaniora Journal, Gadjah Mada University.

May 04, 2023
java, this, article, about, indonesian, island, programming, language, programming, language, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, indonesian, jawa, pronounced, ˈdʒawa, nese, ꦗꦮ, sundanese, ᮏᮝ, greater, sunda, islands, indonesia, bordered, indian, ocean, south, no. This article is about the Indonesian island For the programming language see Java programming language For other uses see Java disambiguation Java ˈ dʒ ɑː v e ˈ dʒ ae v e 2 Indonesian Jawa pronounced ˈdʒawa Javanese ꦗꦮ Sundanese ᮏᮝ is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north With a population of 151 6 million people Java is the world s most populous island home to approximately 56 of the Indonesian population 3 JavaNative name Jawa Indonesian Topography of JavaGeographyLocationSoutheast AsiaCoordinates7 29 30 S 110 00 16 E 7 49167 S 110 00444 E 7 49167 110 00444 Coordinates 7 29 30 S 110 00 16 E 7 49167 S 110 00444 E 7 49167 110 00444ArchipelagoGreater Sunda IslandsArea124 413 km2 48 036 sq mi Area rank13thHighest elevation3 678 m 12067 ft Highest pointSemeruAdministrationIndonesiaProvincesBanten Special Capital Region of Jakarta West Java Central Java East Java Special Region of YogyakartaLargest settlementJakarta pop 10 562 088 DemographicsPopulation151 600 000 1 2020 Pop density1 171 km2 3033 sq mi Ethnic groupsJavanese inc Tenggerese Osing Banyumasan Sundanese inc Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Madurese inc Pendalungan Betawi etc This article contains letters from the Javanese script Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Javanese characters You may need rendering support to display the Sundanese script in this article correctly Indonesia s capital city Jakarta is on Java s northwestern coast Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java It was the centre of powerful Hindu Buddhist empires the Islamic sultanates and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s Java dominates Indonesia politically economically and culturally Four of Indonesia s eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java Ujung Kulon National Park Borobudur Temple Prambanan Temple and Sangiran Early Man Site Formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate under the Sunda Plate Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass at about 138 800 square kilometres 53 600 sq mi A chain of volcanic mountains is the east west spine of the island Four main languages are spoken on the island Javanese Sundanese Madurese and Betawi Javanese and Sundanese are the most spoken 4 The ethnic groups native to the island are the Javanese in the central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts The Madurese in the Eastern salient of Java are migrants from Madura Island while the Betawi in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various ethnic groups in Indonesia Most residents are bilingual speaking Indonesian the official language of Indonesia as their first or second language While the majority of the people of Java are Muslim Java s population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs ethnicities and cultures 5 Java is divided into four administrative provinces Banten West Java Central Java and East Java and two special regions Jakarta and Yogyakarta Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 Natural environment 4 History 4 1 Hindu Buddhist kingdoms era 4 2 Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates 4 3 Colonial periods 4 4 Independence 5 Administration 6 Demographics 6 1 Demographic profile 6 2 Population development 6 3 Ethnicity and culture 6 4 Languages 6 5 Religion 7 Economy 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further readingEtymology EditThe origins of the name Java are not clear One possibility is that the island was named after the jawa wut plant which was said to be common in the island during the time and that prior to Indianization the island had different names 6 There are other possible sources the word jau and its variations mean beyond or distant 7 And in Sanskrit yava means barley a plant for which the island was famous 7 Yavadvipa is mentioned in India s earliest epic the Ramayana Sugriva the chief of Rama s army dispatched his men to Yavadvipa the island of Java in search of Sita 8 It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name yavaka dvipa dvipa island Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram 9 10 11 Another source states that the word Java is derived from a Proto Austronesian root word meaning home 12 The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy s Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire Iabadiu is said to mean barley island to be rich in gold and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end The name indicates Java 13 and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java dvipa Yavadvipa See also Zabag kingdom and al WakwakThe annual news of Songshu and Liangshu 5th century CE referred to Java as 闍婆 She po or She bo He ling 640 818 then called it She po again until the Yuan dynasty 1271 1368 where they began mentioning 爪哇 Zhao Wa or Chao Wa 14 According to Ma Huan s book the Yingya Shenlan the Chinese called Java Chao Wa and the island was called She po in the past 15 Sulaiman al Tajir al Sirafi mentioned two notable islands which separated Arabia and China One is the 800 farsakh long Al Rami which is identified as Sumatra and the other is Zabaj Arabic الزابج Indonesian Sabak 400 farsakh in length identified as Java 16 30 31 When John of Marignolli returned from China to Avignon he stayed at the Kingdom of Saba for a few months which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen Saba may be his interpretation of She bo 17 xii 192 194 Afanasij Nikitin a merchant from Tver in Russia traveled to India in 1466 and described the land of java which he called shabajte shabait sabajte 18 19 Geography EditSee also Volcanoes of Java Mount Bromo in East Java Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east Borneo lies to the north and Christmas Island is to the south It is the world s 13th largest island Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the north the Sunda Strait to the west the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in the east Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin it contains thirty eight mountains forming an east west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru 3 676 metres 12 060 ft The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi 2 930 metres 9 610 ft In total Java has more than 150 mountains Java s mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet rice cultivation the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world 20 Java was the first place where Indonesian coffee was grown starting in 1699 Today coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small holders and larger plantations Parahyangan highland near Buitenzorg c 1865 1872 The area of Java is about 150 000 square kilometres 58 000 sq mi 20 It is about 1 000 km 620 mi long and up to 210 km 130 mi wide The island s longest river is the 600 km long Solo River 21 The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya Other major rivers are Brantas Citarum Cimanuk and Serayu The average temperature ranges from 22 C 72 F to 29 C 84 F average humidity is 75 The northern coastal plains are normally hotter averaging 34 C 93 F during the day in the dry season The south coast is generally cooler than the north and highland areas inland are even cooler 22 The wet season begins in November and ends in April During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year The wettest months are January and February West Java is wetter than East Java and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall The Parahyangan highlands of West Java receive over 4 000 millimetres 160 in annually while the north coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres 35 in annually Natural environment Edit Banteng at Alas Purwo eastern edge of JavaThe natural environment of Java is tropical rainforest with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove forest on the north coast rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast and low lying tropical forest to high altitude rainforest on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from west to east from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts to a dry savanna environment in the east corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions Male Javan rhino shot in 1934 in West Java Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in Ujung Kulon it is the world s rarest rhino Javan wildlife originally supported a rich biodiversity where numbers of endemic species of flora and fauna flourished such as the Javan rhinoceros 23 Javan banteng Javan warty pig Javan hawk eagle Javan peafowl Javan silvery gibbon Javan lutung Java mouse deer Javan rusa and Javan leopard With over 450 bird species and 37 endemic species Java is a birdwatcher s paradise 24 There are about 130 freshwater fish species in Java 25 There are also several endemic amphibian species in Java including 5 species of tree frogs Since ancient times people have opened the rainforest altered the ecosystem shaped the landscapes and created rice paddy and terraces to support the growing population Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java s wildlife as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas Some of Java s endemic species are now critically endangered with some already extinct Java used to have Javan tigers and Javan elephants but both have been rendered extinct Today several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile wildlife such as Ujung Kulon Mount Halimun Salak Gede Pangrango Baluran Meru Betiri Bromo Tengger Semeru and Alas Purwo History Edit Mount Sumbing surrounded by rice fields Java s volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the fundamental factors in its history Fossilised remains of Homo erectus popularly known as the Java Man dating back 1 3 million 26 years were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River 27 The island s exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet field rice cultivation which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages Out of these village alliances small kingdoms developed The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated 28 Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism the rivers provided the main means of communication although Java s many rivers are mostly short Only the Brantas river and Solo river could provide long distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms A system of roads permanent bridges and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid 17th century Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance Consequently communication between Java s population was difficult 20 Standing warrior bronze figures Java c 500 BC 300 ADThe emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the arrival of Aji Saka in 78 AD Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization on Java the story received several objections and rebuttals from other historical sources Valmiki s Ramayana made around 500 BC records that Java already had a governmental organization long before the story Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms gold and silver islands rich in gold mines and there is Cicira cold Mountain that touches the sky with its peak 29 6 The Greek geographer Ptolemy called the island as Yabadiou or Sabadiou Ancient Greek Iabadioy or Sabadioy 30 31 According to Chinese record Ming Shǐ the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC or 143 years before the story of Aji Saka began 32 39 The story of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story This story has not yet been found to be relevant in the Old Javanese text This story tells of events in the Medang Kamulan kingdom in Java in the past At that time the king of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was replaced by Aji Saka This story is considered as an allegory of the entry of Indians into Java Referring to the Liang dynasty information the Javanese kingdom was divided into two the pre Hinduism kingdom and the post Hindu kingdom which began in 78 AD 16 5 and 7 Hindu Buddhist kingdoms era Edit See also History of Southeast Asia Early historical era Cangkuang Hindu temple a shrine for Shiva dated from the 8th century the Galuh Kingdom The 9th century Borobudur Buddhist stupa in Central JavaThe Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively while the Kalingga Kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640 33 53 79 However the first major principality was the Mataram Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century Mataram s religion centered on the Hindu god Shiva and the kingdom produced some of Java s earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau Around the 8th century the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century Borobudur and Prambanan in central Java Around the 10th century the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java The eastern Javanese kingdoms of Kediri Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago and with China and India Majapahit was established by Wijaya 33 201 and by the end of the reign of Hayam Wuruk r 1350 89 it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago although control was likely limited to Java Bali and Madura Hayam Wuruk s prime minister Gajah Mada led many of the kingdom s territorial conquests 33 234 Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture however Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java s first commercial empire With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the coming of Islam to Indonesia Majapahit went into decline 33 241 Spread of Islam and rise of Islamic sultanates Edit See also Spread of Islam in Indonesia Central and eastern Java Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century citation needed During this era the Islamic kingdoms of Demak Cirebon and Banten were ascendant citation needed The Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century citation needed The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century citation needed Colonial periods Edit Tea plantation in Java during Dutch colonial period in or before 1926 Java s contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda kingdom and the Portuguese in Malacca After its failure the Portuguese presence was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands In 1596 a four ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia 34 By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch Remnants of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta Solo and Yogyakarta principalities Javanese kings claimed to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration Java s major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice In spice producing islands like Banda rice was regularly imported from Java to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence 35 During the Napoleonic wars in Europe the Netherlands fell to France as did its colony in the East Indies During the short lived Daendels administration as French proxy rule on Java the construction of the Great Post Road was commenced in 1808 The road spanning from Anyer in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion 36 In 1811 Java was captured by the British becoming a possession of the British Empire and Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed as the island s governor In 1814 Java was returned to the Dutch under the terms of the Treaty of Paris 37 Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British allied forces in Java 1945 British Occupation of Java men of the Bengal Sappers and Miners burn houses in the village of Bekasi as a reprisal for the murder of five members of the Royal Air Force and twenty Maharatta riflemen whose Dakota transport aircraft crash landed near the village In 1815 there may have been five million people in Java 38 In the second half of the 18th century population spurts began in districts along the north central coast of Java and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java the increase in the area under rice cultivation and the introduction of food plants such as cassava and maize that could sustain populations that could not afford rice 39 Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the Cultivation System to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their families ability to pay tax and buy goods 40 Cholera claimed 100 000 lives in Java in 1820 41 The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts telegraph systems and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java and in turn population growth There were no significant famines in Java from the 1840s through to the Japanese occupation in the 1940s 42 However other sources claimed the Dutch s Cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s firstly in Cirebon and then Central Java as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice Independence Edit Main article Indonesian National Awakening Indonesian nationalism first took hold in Java in the early 20th century and the struggle to secure the country s independence following World War II was centered in Java In 1949 Indonesian independence was recognized Administration EditSee also Public administration of Java Banten West Java Central Java East Java 1 2 1 Jakarta 2 YogyakartaJava is divided into four provinces and two special regions Banten capital Serang West Java capital Bandung Central Java capital Semarang East Java capital Surabaya which province also include Madura Island Special Capital Region of Jakarta Special Region of Yogyakarta capital YogyakartaDemographics EditDemographic profile Edit Jakarta the capital of Indonesia Historical populationYearPop 196163 059 575 197176 086 320 20 7 198091 269 528 20 0 1990107 581 306 17 9 2000121 352 608 12 8 2010136 610 590 12 6 2015145 013 583 6 2 2020151 591 262 4 5 2021153 567 000 1 3 Refers to the administrative region including Madura 2021 data is year end via kemendagriSource 43 44 45 Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras More recently Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined there are notable exceptions such as the former governor of Jakarta Basuki Tjahaja Purnama Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban only 75 of the island has electricity Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight Unlike the rest of Java the population growth in Central Java remains low Central Java however has a younger population than the national average 46 The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities 47 Java s population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business academic and cultural hub of Indonesia which attracts millions of non Javanese people to its cities The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding Jakarta and Bandung which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas Population development Edit With a combined population of 151 6 million in the 2020 census including Madura s 4 0 million 48 Java is the most populous major island in the world and is home to 56 of Indonesia s population 48 At nearly 1 200 people per km2 in 2020 it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world on a par with Bangladesh Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes with the people left to share the remaining flatter land Because of this many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010 2020 period vs 2000 2010 indicative of migration or other issues there were significant volcanic eruptions during the earlier period Approximately 45 of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese 49 while Sundanese make a large portion of Java s population as well The western third of the island West Java Banten and DKI Jakarta has an even higher population density of roughly 1 563 per square kilometer and accounts for the lion s share of the population growth of Java 48 It is home to three metropolitan areas Greater Jakarta with outlying areas of Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi Greater Bandung and Greater Cirebon Province or Special Region Capital Areakm2 Area Populationcensus2000 50 Populationcensus2010 51 Populationcensus2020 52 Populationestimatemid 2022 53 Populationdensitymid 2021Banten Serang 9 662 92 7 1 8 098 277 10 632 166 11 904 562 12 250 000 1 248DKI Jakarta 664 01 0 5 8 361 079 9 607 787 10 562 088 10 680 000 15 978West Java Bandung 35 377 76 27 1 35 724 093 43 053 732 48 274 160 49 405 810 1 379Western Java 3 areas above 45 704 69 34 7 52 183 449 63 293 685 70 740 810 72 335 810 1 563Central Java Semarang 32 800 69 25 3 31 223 258 32 382 657 36 516 035 37 032 400 1 120Yogyakarta Yogyakarta 3 133 15 2 4 3 121 045 3 457 491 3 668 719 3 761 900 1 185Central Java Region 2 areas above 35 933 84 27 7 34 344 303 35 840 148 40 184 754 40 794 300 1 126East Java Surabaya 47 799 75 37 3 34 765 993 37 476 757 40 665 696 41 149 970 855Region Administered as Java Jakarta 129 438 28 100 121 293 745 136 610 590 151 591 260 154 280 080 1 180Madura Island of East Java 5 025 30 3 3 3 230 300 3 622 763 4 004 564 4 065 230 802Java Island1 124 412 98 96 7 118 063 445 132 987 827 147 586 696 150 214 850 1 1961 Other islands are included in this figure but are very small in population and area Nusa Barung 100 km2 Bawean 196 km2 Karimunjawa 78 km2 Kambangan 121 km2 Panaitan 170 km2 Thousand Islands 8 7 km2 with a combined population of roughly 90 000 2 Land area of provinces updated in 2010 Census figures areas by 2020 may be different from past results From the 1970s to the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 the Indonesian government ran transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia This program has met with mixed results sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers Nevertheless it has caused Java s share of the nation s population to progressively decline Jakarta and its outskirts being the dominant metropolis is also home to people from all over the nation East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty Ethnicity and culture Edit See also Culture of Indonesia Music of Java and Music of Sunda Betawi mask dance Tari Topeng Betawi SambaSunda music performance featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments Lakshmana Rama and Shinta in Ramayana ballet at Prambanan Java Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition Only two ethnic groups are native to the island the Javanese and Sundanese A third group is the Madurese who inhabit the island of Madura off the northeast coast of Java and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century 54 The Javanese comprise about two thirds of the island s population while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38 and 10 respectively 54 The fourth group is the Betawi people that speak a dialect of Malay they are the descendants of the people living around Batavia from around the 17th century Betawis are creole people mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as Malay Sundanese Javanese Balinese Minang Bugis Makassar Ambonese mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as Portuguese Dutch Arab Chinese and Indian brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese The Javanese prose text Tantu Pagelaran circa 15th century explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature Four major cultural areas exist on the island the central part of Java or Yogyakarta is the Javanese people heartland and the north coast of the pasisir region the Sunda lands Sundanese ᮒᮒ ᮞ ᮔ ᮓ Tatar Sunda in the western part of Java and Parahyangan as the heartland the eastern salient of Java also known as Blambangan Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java 54 The kejawen of Javanese culture is the island s most dominant Java s remaining aristocracy is based here and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia s army business and political elite originate Its language arts and etiquette are regarded as the island s most refined and exemplary 54 The territory from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses Indonesia s most fertile and densely populated agricultural land 54 In the southwestern part of Central Java which is usually named the Banyumasan region a cultural mingling occurred bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture 55 In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region 56 and as a result many literary works have been written by Javanese authors These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes the story of the orphan who usurped his king and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom and translations of Ramayana and Mahabharata Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends Languages Edit Languages spoken in Java Javanese is shown in white Malay refers to Betawi the local dialect as one of Malay creole dialect The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese Sundanese and Madurese Other languages spoken include Betawi a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region Osing Banyumasan and Tenggerese closely related to Javanese Baduy and Bantenese closely related to Sundanese Kangeanese closely related to Madurese and Balinese 57 The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian often as a second language Religion Edit Religion in Java 2022 58 Islam 96 02 Protestant 2 27 Roman Catholic 1 08 Buddhism 0 49 Hinduism 0 11 Confucianism 0 013 Folk Other 0 01 Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society blending with indigenous tradition and culture 59 One conduit for this were the ascetics called resi who taught mystical practices A resi lived surrounded by students who took care of their master s daily needs Resi s authorities were merely ceremonial At the courts Brahmin clerics and pudjangga sacred literati legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs 59 Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali especially around the town of Banyuwangi The coming of Islam strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern More than 90 percent of the people of Java are Muslims on a broad continuum between abangan more traditional and santri more modernist Muslim scholars Kyai became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools In Javanese pesantren Islamic schools The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi Students around him provided his needs even peasants around the school 59 A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta Bogor Mendut Vihara a Buddhist monastery near Mendut temple Magelang Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Yogyakarta built in traditional Javanese multi tiered roof Ganjuran Church in Bantul built in traditional Javanese architecturePre Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership revolving around kyais possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre Islamic and Islamic lore belief and practice 59 The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural However this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais who merely instructed in Islamic law with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts As a result there is a division between santri who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice with abangan who have mixed pre Islamic animistic and Hindu Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief 59 There are also Christian communities mostly in the larger cities though some rural areas of south central Java are strongly Roman Catholic Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities primarily among the Chinese Indonesian The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions A wider effect of this division is the number of sects In the middle of 1956 the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions Of these 35 were in Central Java 22 in West Java and six in East Java 59 These include Kejawen Sumarah Subud etc Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions 60 Sunda Wiwitan is a traditional Sundanese religion its adherents still exist in several villages 61 Economy Edit Water buffalo ploughing rice fields near Salatiga in Central Java Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on rice agriculture Ancient kingdoms such as the Tarumanagara Mataram and Majapahit were dependent on rice yields and tax Java was famous for rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times and rice agriculture contributed to the population growth of the island Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as the 4th century as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period Java also took part in the global trade of Maluku spice from ancient times in the Majapahit era until well into the Dutch East India Company VOC era Java transport network The VOC set their foothold on Batavia in the 17th century and was succeeded by the Dutch East Indies in the 19th century During these colonial times the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java such as sugarcane rubber coffee tea and quinine In the 19th and early 20th century Javanese coffee gained global popularity Thus the name Java today has become a synonym for coffee 62 63 64 65 Welcome statue in Central Jakarta Java has been Indonesia s most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the modern Republic of Indonesia The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of Java Great Post Road by Daendels in the early 19th century It became the backbone of Java s road infrastructure and laid the base of Java North Coast Road Indonesian Jalan Pantura abbreviation from Pantai Utara The need to transport commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java Today industry business trade and services flourished in major cities of Java such as Jakarta Surabaya Semarang and Bandung while some traditional Sultanate cities such as Yogyakarta Surakarta and Cirebon preserved its royal legacy and has become the centre of art culture and tourism Industrial estates are also growing in towns on northern coast of Java especially around Cilegon Tangerang Bekasi Karawang Gresik and Sidoarjo The toll road highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day connecting major urban centres and surrounding areas such as in and around Jakarta and Bandung also the ones in Cirebon Semarang and Surabaya In addition to these motorways Java has 16 national highways Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by Statistics Indonesia Badan Pusat Statistik Java alone contributes around 60 of Indonesia s GDP or equivalent to US 686 billion int 2 0 trillion PPP 66 See also Edit Indonesia portal Islands portalHistory of Indonesia List of monarchs of JavaReferences Edit Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 BPS Meski Lambat Ada Pergeseran Penduduk Antarpulau 23 January 2021 Archived from the original on 2022 12 05 Retrieved 2022 12 05 Java Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d Retrieved 2022 09 26 Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 PDF in Indonesian Statistics Indonesia 21 January 2021 p 9 Retrieved 21 January 2021 Naim Akhsan Syaputra Hendry 2011 Kewarganegaraan Suku Bangsa Agama dan Bahasa Sehari Hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 in Indonesian Jakarta Badan Pusat Statistik p 47 ISBN 9789790644175 Stockdale John Joseph Bastin John 2004 03 15 Island of Java Periplus Editions HK Limited ISBN 978 962 8734 23 8 Raffles Thomas E History of Java Oxford University Press 1965 p 2 a b Raffles Thomas E History of Java Oxford University Press 1965 p 3 History Of Ancient India portraits Of A Nation 1 e Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd January 30 2010 ISBN 9788120749108 via Google Books Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha p 177 Tamil Literature by M S Purnalingam Pillai p 46 The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V Kanakasabhai p 11 Hatley R Schiller J Lucas A Martin Schiller B 1984 Mapping cultural regions of Java in Other Javas away from the kraton pp 1 32 J Oliver Thomson 2013 History of Ancient Geography Cambridge University Press pp 316 317 ISBN 9781107689923 Lombard Denys 2005 Nusa Jawa Silang Budaya Bagian 2 Jaringan Asia Jakarta Gramedia Pustaka Utama An Indonesian translation of Lombard Denys 1990 Le carrefour javanais Essai d histoire globale The Javanese Crossroads Towards a Global History vol 2 Paris Editions de l Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales p 12 Mills J V G 1970 Ying yai Sheng lan The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores 1433 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 86 a b Nugroho Irawan Djoko 2011 Majapahit Peradaban Maritim Suluh Nuswantara Bakti ISBN 978 602 9346 00 8 Yule Sir Henry 1913 Cathay and the way thither being a collection of medieval notices of China vol III London The Hakluyt Society Braginsky Vladimir 1998 Two Eastern Christian sources on medieval Nusantara Archived 2021 05 20 at the Wayback Machine Bijdragen tot de Taal Land en Volkenkunde 154 3 367 396 Zenkovsky Serge A 1974 Medieval Russia s epics chronicles and tales New York Dutton pp 345 347 ISBN 0525473637 a b c Ricklefs M C 1990 A History of Modern Indonesia since c 1300 2 ed London MacMillan p 15 ISBN 978 0 333 57690 8 Management of Bengawan Solo River Area Jasa Tirta I Corporation 2006 Archived from the original on 2007 10 11 Climate Weather and Temperature of Java Indonesia Archived from the original on 3 September 2019 Retrieved 1 April 2014 Javan Rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus EDGE Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 Retrieved 26 June 2012 Indonesia bird watching tour wildlifenews co uk Archived from the original on 9 February 2012 Retrieved 26 June 2012 Nguyen T T T and S S De Silva 2006 Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation an asian perspective Biodiversity amp Conservation 15 11 3543 3568 Matsu ura Shuji Kondo Megumi Danhara Toru Sakata Sheik Iwano Hideki Hirata Takafumi Kurniawan Iwan Setiyabudi Erik Takeshita Yoshihiro Hyodo Masayuki Kitaba Ikuko Sudo Masafumi Danhara Yugo Aziz Fachroel 2020 Age control of the first appearance datum for Javanese Homo erectus in the Sangiran area Science 367 6474 210 214 Bibcode 2020Sci 367 210M doi 10 1126 science aau8556 PMID 31919224 S2CID 210131393 Pope G G 1988 Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology Annual Review of Anthropology 17 43 77 doi 10 1146 annurev an 17 100188 000355 cited in Whitten T Soeriaatmadja R E Suraya A A 1996 The Ecology of Java and Bali Hong Kong Periplus Editions Ltd pp 309 312 Pope G 15 August 1983 Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 16 4 988 4992 Bibcode 1983PNAS 80 4988P doi 10 1073 pnas 80 16 4988 PMC 384173 PMID 6410399 cited in Whitten T Soeriaatmadja R E Suraya A A 1996 The Ecology of Java and Bali Hong Kong Periplus Editions Ltd p 309 de Vos J P P Y Sondaar 9 December 1994 Dating hominid sites in Indonesia PDF Science Magazine 266 16 4 988 4992 Bibcode 1994Sci 266 1726D doi 10 1126 science 7992059 cited in Whitten T Soeriaatmadja R E Suraya A A 1996 The Ecology of Java and Bali Hong Kong Periplus Editions Ltd p 309 Ricklefs 1991 pp 16 17 Sastropajitno Warsito 1958 Rekonstruksi Sedjarah Indonesia Zaman Hindu Yavadvipa Srivijaya Sailendra Yogyakarta PT Pertjetakan Republik Indonesia Archaeology Indonesian Perspective R P Soejono s Festschrift Jakarta Indonesian Institute of Sciences International Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies 2006 p 407 ISBN 9792624996 Kahler H December 31 1981 Modern Times Brill Archive ISBN 9004061967 via Google Books Groeneveldt Willem Pieter 1876 Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca Compiled from Chinese Sources Batavia W Bruining a b c d Coedes George 1968 Walter F Vella ed The Indianized States of Southeast Asia trans Susan Brown Cowing University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0368 1 Ames Glenn J 2008 The Globe Encompassed The Age of European Discovery 1500 1700 p 99 St John Horace Stebbing Roscoe 1853 The Indian Archipelago its history and present state Volume 1 Longman Brown Green and Longmans p 137 Ekspedisi Anjer Panaroekan Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas Pnerbit Buku Kompas PT Kompas Media Nusantara Jakarta Indonesia November 2008 pp 1 2 ISBN 978 979 709 391 4 Atkins James 1889 The Coins And Tokens of the Possessions And Colonies of the British Empire London Bernard Quaritch p 213 Java island Indonesia Encyclopaedia Britannica 31 January 2019 Taylor 2003 p 253 Taylor 2003 pp 253 254 Byrne Joseph Patrick 2008 Encyclopedia of Pestilence Pandemics and Plagues A M ABC CLIO p 99 ISBN 978 0 313 34102 1 permanent dead link Taylor 2003 p 254 Sensus Penduduk 1961 Republik Indonesia Biro Pusat Statistik 1962 p 5 Statistics Indonesia Bps go id Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 Retrieved 17 July 2013 Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 February 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Usia Kawin Pertama Rata Rata Wanita Menurut Provinsi Sensus Penduduk Tahun 1990 2000 dan 2010 Archived 2015 06 29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 August 2015 Agus Maryono 30 March 2009 Central Java strives to alleviate poverty The Jakarta Post Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 Retrieved 16 August 2015 a b c Population growth good for Papua The Jakarta Post 23 August 2010 Archived from the original on 24 August 2010 Retrieved 30 August 2010 Indonesia Archived 2021 04 13 at the Wayback Machine The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Indonesia Urban City Population Provinces amp Cities Statistics amp Maps on City Population Citypopulation de 2010 05 01 Retrieved 2013 07 17 Biro Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2011 Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2021 Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2023 a b c d e Hefner Robert 1997 Java Singapore Periplus Editions p 58 ISBN 978 962 593 244 6 Java and Cambodia Boundless Art History courses lumenlearning com Retrieved 2020 10 21 See Wallace Stevens s poem Tea for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture Languages of Java and Bali Archived 2017 02 16 at the Wayback Machine Other sources may list some of these as dialects rather than languages ArcGIS Web Application a b c d e f van der Kroef Justus M 1961 New Religious Sects in Java Far Eastern Survey 30 2 18 25 doi 10 2307 3024260 JSTOR 3024260 Beatty Andrew Varieties of Javanese Religion An Anthropological Account Cambridge University Press 1999 ISBN 0 521 62473 8 Tempo Indonesia s Weekly News Magazine Arsa Raya Perdana 2006 Why Is Coffee Called A Cup of Joe Wonderopolis wonderopolis org says CheLo December 12 2017 Why is Coffee Called Java Colloquial Coffee Synonyms www littlecoffeeplace com Why is Coffee Called Java Coffee Facts amp History The Coffee Chronicler July 30 2021 Why is Coffee Called Java April 12 2016 Badan Pusat Statistik 2022 PDRB Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Pengeluaran Juta Rupiah 2021 Jakarta Badan Pusat Statistik Sources EditTaylor Jean Gelman 2003 Indonesia Peoples and Histories New Haven and London Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 10518 6 Further reading Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Java Cribb Robert 2000 Historical Atlas of Indonesia London and Honolulu RoutledgeCurzon Press University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2111 1 Padmo Soegijanto 2000 Java and The Making of The Nation Humaniora Journal Gadjah Mada University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Java amp oldid 1152387553, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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