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Zebu

February 08, 2023

For other uses, see Zebu (disambiguation).

The zebu (/ˈziːb(j)uː, ˈzeɪbuː/; Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus), sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in the Indian sub-continent.[2] Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type of domestic cattle. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure. Some small breeds such as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets. In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu.[3]

Zebu
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
B. taurus
Subspecies:
B. t. indicus
Trinomial name
Bos taurus indicus
Synonyms
  • Bos indicus

In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle, especially zebu, have significant religious meaning.

Taxonomy and name

The scientific name Bos indicus was introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for humped cattle in China.[1] The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999,[4][5] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by Peter Grubb in 2005.[6] In 2011, Colin Groves and Peter Grubb classified it as a distinct species again.[7] The American Society of Mammalogists also considers it to be a species.[8]

Origin

 
A Pillar of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu
 
Zebu pictured on a coin of the Indo-Scythian king Azes II, late first century BC

Zebu cattle are thought to be derived from the Indian aurochs Bos primigenius namadicus, a subspecies of the aurochs.[9] Wild Asian aurochs disappeared during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation from its range in the Indus River basin and other parts of the South Asian region possibly due to interbreeding with domestic zebu and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.[10] Bos primigenius namadicus was likely extinct long before 1300 AD and no remains younger than 1800 BC were ever found.[11][12][13]

Believed to be first bred in northwestern South Asia, between 7000 and 6000 BCE, indicine cattle is understood to have been dispersed throughout northwestern South Asia by 4000 BCE, and spread across much of South Asia by 2000 BCE.[14]

Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that it was present in Egypt around 2000 BC and thought to be imported from the Near East or south. It is thought to have first appeared in sub-Saharan Africa after 700 AD and was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000.[15]

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.[16]

Breeds and hybrids

 
Hariana breed of Zebu cattle in north India

Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African breeds and Indian ones. The major zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr, Kankrej and Guzerat, Indo-Brazilian, Brahman, Sibi Bhagnari, White Nukra, Acchai,[17] Cholistani, Dhanni, Lohani, Nelore, Ongole, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Butana and Kenana, Baggara, Tharparkar, Kangayam, Southern Yellow, Kedah-Kelantan and Local Indian Dairy (LID). Kedah-Kelantan and LID originated from Malaysia. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana of Haryana and eastern Punjab[18] or the Rath of Alwar district in eastern Rajasthan.[19]

Zebu, which can tolerate extreme heat,[20] were imported into Brazil in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil, where feral cattle had grazed freely on extensive pasturage, and bred without animal husbandry. Zebu were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues.[21]

From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh.

The African sanga cattle breeds originated from hybridization of zebu with indigenous African humpless cattle; they include the Afrikaner, Red Fulani cattle, Ankole-Watusi, Boran cattle and many other breeds of central and southern Africa. Sanga cattle can be distinguished from pure zebu by their having smaller humps located farther forward on the animals.

 
Zebu market in Madagascar

Zebu were imported to Africa over many hundreds of years, and interbred with taurine cattle there. Genetic analysis of African cattle has found higher concentrations of zebu genes all along the east coast of Africa, with especially pure cattle on the island of Madagascar, either implying that the method of dispersal was cattle transported by ship or alternatively, the zebu may have reached East Africa via the coastal route (Pakistan, Iran, Southern Arabian coast) much earlier and crossed over to Madagascar. Partial resistance to rinderpest led to another increase in the frequency of zebu in Africa.

In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle, a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and almost all countries in Southeast Asia. In Asia, taurine cattle are only found in the northern regions such as Japan, Korea, and Mongolia, possibly domesticated separately from the other taurine cattle originating from Europe and Africa).[22]

Characteristics

 
Female zebu in Sri Lanka

Zebu have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps, and droopy ears.[23] Compared to taurine cattle, zebus are well adapted to the hot, dry environment of the tropics. Adaptations include resistance to drought and tolerance of intense heat and sunlight.[24]

As expected for a non-African breed, the zebu does not appear to have any trypanotolerance,[25][26] as evidenced by the pattern of zebu introgression into African cattle.[25] There is a decrease up to - and rapid end at - tsetse-infested areas.[25]

Zebu is phenotypically recognized by their hump on the backside of their body, their excess skin, and their large ears. Furthermore, another important characteristic of the Zebu is that they are able to defend against parasites and diseases quite well considering the harsh environment they reside in. [27]

Reproduction

Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. Carrying time of the calf averages at 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the carrying period.[24]

Behavior

Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that the cow weans her calves over a 2-week period, but after that, she continues to show strong affiliatory behavior with her offspring and preferentially chooses them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years.[28]

Uses

 
Draft zebu pulling a cart in Mumbai, India

Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure, and horn for knife handles and the like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu, are kept as pets.[29] In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head.[30] Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases.[24]

Jallikattu in India is a bull taming sport radically different from European bullfighting, humans are unarmed and bulls are not killed.

Hindu tradition

Further information: Cattle slaughter in India

Zebu are venerated within the Hindu religion of India. In the Vedic period they were a symbol of plenty.[31]: 130  In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the Mahabharata, they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'.[32] In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers.[31]: 144  Although there has never been any cow-goddesses or temples dedicated to them,[31]: 146  cows appear in numerous stories from the Vedas and Puranas. The deity Krishna was brought up in a family of cowherders, and given the name Govinda (protector of the cows). Also, Shiva is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named Nandi.

Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals.[31]: 130  In the postvedic period products of the cow—milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine (gomutra), or the combination of these five (panchagavya)—began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation.[31]: 130–131 

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Bos indicus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 71.
  2. ^ Chen, Shanyuan; Lin, Bang-Zhong; Baig, Mumtaz; Mitra, Bikash; Lopes, Ricardo J.; Santos, António M.; Magee, David A.; Azevedo, Marisa; Tarroso, Pedro; Sasazaki, Shinji; Ostrowski, Stephane (2010-01-01). "Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp213. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 19770222.
  3. ^ "Cloning gives second chance for bull". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1999-09-03. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  4. ^ Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]. "Asiatic cattle". A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3. OCLC 39786571.
  5. ^ Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J. & Groves, C.P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives". Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
  6. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Subspecies Bos taurus indicus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 645–646. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  7. ^ Groves, C. & Grubb, P. (2011). "Domestication". Ungulate taxonomy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781421400938.
  8. ^ "Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  9. ^ Van Vuure, C. (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Sofia: Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 978-954-642-235-4.
  10. ^ Rangarajan, M. (2001). India's Wildlife History. Delhi, India: Permanent Black. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-7824-140-1.
  11. ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Sathe, Vijay; Crees, Jennifer J.; Jukar, Advait M.; Chakraborty, Prateek; Lister, Adrian M. (January 2021). "Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?". Quaternary Science Reviews. 252: 106740. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740.
  12. ^ "Bos primigenius: Tikhonov, A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136721A4332142". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 30 June 2008. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t136721a4332142.en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Chen et al., 2010: "Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic." Molecular biology and evolution, 27(1), 1-6. https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/27/1/1/1127118 (in Supplementary Data)
  14. ^ Pérez-Pardal, Lucía; Sánchez-Gracia, Alejandro; Álvarez, Isabel; Traoré, Amadou; Ferraz, J. Bento S.; Fernández, Iván; Costa, Vânia; Chen, Shanyuan; Tapio, Miika; Cantet, Rodolfo J. C.; Patel, Ajita; Meadow, Richard H.; Marshall, Fiona B.; Beja-Pereira, Albano; Goyache, Félix (2018-12-21). "Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18027. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6303292. PMID 30575786.
  15. ^ Marshall, F. (1989). "Rethinking the Role of Bos indicus in Sub-Sahara Africa". Current Anthropology. 30 (2): 235–240. doi:10.1086/203737. JSTOR 2743556. S2CID 143063029.
  16. ^ Pérez-Pardal, L.; Sánchez-Gracia, A.; Álvarez, I.; Traoré, A.; Ferraz, J.B.S.; Fernández, I.; Costa, V.; Chen, S.; Tapio, M.; Cantet, R.J. & Patel, A. (2018). "Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18027. Bibcode:2018NatSR...818027P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7. JSTOR 18027. PMC 6303292. PMID 30575786.
  17. ^ "Pak Dairy Info - Achi Breed".
  18. ^ Porter, V. (1991). "Hariana — India: Haryana, eastern Punjab". Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World. London: Helm. p. 245. ISBN 0-8160-2640-8.
  19. ^ Porter, V. (1991). "Rath — India: Alwar and eastern Rajasthan". Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World. London: Helm. p. 246. ISBN 0-8160-2640-8.
  20. ^ "Food Ark - Cattle Breeds - Pictures, More From National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  21. ^ Wilcox, R.W. (2004). "Zebu's Elbows: Cattle Breeding the Environment in Central Brazil, 1890-1960". In Brannstrom, C. (ed.). Territories, commodities, and knowledges: Latin American Environmental History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. pp. 218–246. ISBN 9781900039574.
  22. ^ Komosińska, Halina (2002). Ssaki kopytne : przewodnik (in Polish). Elżbieta Podsiadło. Warszawa: Wydaw. Naukowe PWN. ISBN 83-01-13806-8. OCLC 749423644.
  23. ^ "Definition: Zebu". Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  24. ^ a b c Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1989). A Review of a Reproductive Performance of Female Bos Indicus (zebu) Cattle. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). ISBN 9789290530992.
  25. ^ a b c MacHugh, D.E. (1997). "Microsatellite DNA Variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus)". Genetics. 146 (3): 1071–1086. doi:10.1093/genetics/146.3.1071. PMC 1208036. PMID 9215909.
  26. ^ Makina, S.O.; Whitacre, L.K.; Decker, J.E.; Taylor, J.F.; MacNeil, M.D.; Scholtz, M.M.; van Marle-Köster, E.; Muchadeyi, F.C.; Makgahlela, M.L. & Maiwashe, A. (2016). "Insight into the genetic composition of South African Sanga cattle using SNP data from cattle breeds worldwide". Genetics Selection Evolution. 48 (1): 88. doi:10.1186/s12711-016-0266-1. PMC 5111355. PMID 27846793.
  27. ^ Utsunomiya, Y.T., Milanesi, M., Fortes, M.R.S., Porto-Neto, L.R., Utsunomiya, A.T.H., Silva, M.V.G.B., Garcia, J.F. and Ajmone-Marsan, P. (2019), Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of Bos indicus cattle. Anim Genet, 50: 557-568.
  28. ^ Reinhardt, V. & Reinhardt, A. (1981). "Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus)". Behaviour. 77 (3): 121–150. doi:10.1163/156853981X00194.
  29. ^ "One of the Oldest Cattle Breeds". American Miniature Zebu Association. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  30. ^ Phaniraja, K.L. & Panchasara, H.H. (2009). "Indian draught animals power". Veterinary World. 2 (10): 404–407.
  31. ^ a b c d e Jha, D. N. (2002). The myth of the holy cow. London: Verso. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-85984-676-6.
  32. ^ "Mahabharata, Book 13-Anusasana Parva, Section LXXVI". Sacred-texts.com. from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.

External links

 
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February 08, 2023
zebu, other, uses, disambiguation, zebu, indicus, taurus, indicus, sometimes, known, plural, indicine, cattle, humped, cattle, species, subspecies, domestic, cattle, originating, indian, continent, characterised, fatty, hump, their, shoulders, large, dewlap, s. For other uses see Zebu disambiguation The zebu ˈ z iː b j uː ˈ z eɪ b uː Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle or humped cattle is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in the Indian sub continent 2 Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders a large dewlap and sometimes drooping ears They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout the tropical countries both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle the other main type of domestic cattle Zebu are used as draught and riding animals dairy cattle and beef cattle as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure Some small breeds such as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets In 1999 researchers at Texas A amp M University successfully cloned a zebu 3 ZebuConservation statusDomesticatedScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaFamily BovidaeSubfamily BovinaeGenus BosSpecies B taurusSubspecies B t indicusTrinomial nameBos taurus indicusLinnaeus 1758 1 SynonymsBos indicusIn some regions such as parts of India cattle especially zebu have significant religious meaning Contents 1 Taxonomy and name 2 Origin 3 Breeds and hybrids 4 Characteristics 5 Reproduction 6 Behavior 7 Uses 7 1 Hindu tradition 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksTaxonomy and name EditThe scientific name Bos indicus was introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for humped cattle in China 1 The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton Brock in 1999 4 5 but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle Bos taurus indicus by Peter Grubb in 2005 6 In 2011 Colin Groves and Peter Grubb classified it as a distinct species again 7 The American Society of Mammalogists also considers it to be a species 8 Origin Edit A Pillar of Ashoka dating to the 3rd century BCE depicting a zebu Zebu pictured on a coin of the Indo Scythian king Azes II late first century BC Zebu cattle are thought to be derived from the Indian aurochs Bos primigenius namadicus a subspecies of the aurochs 9 Wild Asian aurochs disappeared during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation from its range in the Indus River basin and other parts of the South Asian region possibly due to interbreeding with domestic zebu and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat 10 Bos primigenius namadicus was likely extinct long before 1300 AD and no remains younger than 1800 BC were ever found 11 12 13 Believed to be first bred in northwestern South Asia between 7000 and 6000 BCE indicine cattle is understood to have been dispersed throughout northwestern South Asia by 4000 BCE and spread across much of South Asia by 2000 BCE 14 Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that it was present in Egypt around 2000 BC and thought to be imported from the Near East or south It is thought to have first appeared in sub Saharan Africa after 700 AD and was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000 15 Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages Y3A the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage Y3B only observed in West Africa and Y3C predominant in south and northeast India 16 Breeds and hybrids Edit Hariana breed of Zebu cattle in north India Some 75 breeds of zebu are known split about evenly between African breeds and Indian ones The major zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr Kankrej and Guzerat Indo Brazilian Brahman Sibi Bhagnari White Nukra Acchai 17 Cholistani Dhanni Lohani Nelore Ongole Sahiwal Red Sindhi Butana and Kenana Baggara Tharparkar Kangayam Southern Yellow Kedah Kelantan and Local Indian Dairy LID Kedah Kelantan and LID originated from Malaysia Other breeds of zebu are quite local like the Hariana of Haryana and eastern Punjab 18 or the Rath of Alwar district in eastern Rajasthan 19 Zebu which can tolerate extreme heat 20 were imported into Brazil in the early 20th century Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil where feral cattle had grazed freely on extensive pasturage and bred without animal husbandry Zebu were considered ecological since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues 21 This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message From the 1960s onwards Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness heat resistance and because it thrives on poor quality forage and breeds easily with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive Currently more than 80 of beef cattle in Brazil approximately 167 000 000 animals are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh The African sanga cattle breeds originated from hybridization of zebu with indigenous African humpless cattle they include the Afrikaner Red Fulani cattle Ankole Watusi Boran cattle and many other breeds of central and southern Africa Sanga cattle can be distinguished from pure zebu by their having smaller humps located farther forward on the animals Zebu market in Madagascar Zebu were imported to Africa over many hundreds of years and interbred with taurine cattle there Genetic analysis of African cattle has found higher concentrations of zebu genes all along the east coast of Africa with especially pure cattle on the island of Madagascar either implying that the method of dispersal was cattle transported by ship or alternatively the zebu may have reached East Africa via the coastal route Pakistan Iran Southern Arabian coast much earlier and crossed over to Madagascar Partial resistance to rinderpest led to another increase in the frequency of zebu in Africa In the early 20th century in Brazil Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle a European taurine breed The resulting breed 63 Charolais and 37 zebu is called the Canchim It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat Another Charolais cross breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries Zebu are very common in much of Asia including China Pakistan India Nepal Bangladesh and almost all countries in Southeast Asia In Asia taurine cattle are only found in the northern regions such as Japan Korea and Mongolia possibly domesticated separately from the other taurine cattle originating from Europe and Africa 22 Characteristics Edit Female zebu in Sri Lanka Zebu have humps on the shoulders large dewlaps and droopy ears 23 Compared to taurine cattle zebus are well adapted to the hot dry environment of the tropics Adaptations include resistance to drought and tolerance of intense heat and sunlight 24 As expected for a non African breed the zebu does not appear to have any trypanotolerance 25 26 as evidenced by the pattern of zebu introgression into African cattle 25 There is a decrease up to and rapid end at tsetse infested areas 25 Zebu is phenotypically recognized by their hump on the backside of their body their excess skin and their large ears Furthermore another important characteristic of the Zebu is that they are able to defend against parasites and diseases quite well considering the harsh environment they reside in 27 Reproduction EditZebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying and lactation Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans Carrying time of the calf averages at 285 days but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time as male calves are carried for a longer period than females Location breed body weight and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the carrying period 24 Behavior EditStudies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that the cow weans her calves over a 2 week period but after that she continues to show strong affiliatory behavior with her offspring and preferentially chooses them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4 5 years 28 Uses Edit Draft zebu pulling a cart in Mumbai India Zebu are used as draught and riding animals dairy cattle as well as for byproducts such as hides dung for fuel and manure and horn for knife handles and the like Zebu mostly miniature zebu are kept as pets 29 In India the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65 7 million head 30 Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle milk production generally increases 24 Jallikattu in India is a bull taming sport radically different from European bullfighting humans are unarmed and bulls are not killed Hindu tradition Edit Further information Cattle slaughter in IndiaZebu are venerated within the Hindu religion of India In the Vedic period they were a symbol of plenty 31 130 In later times they gradually acquired their present status According to the Mahabharata they are to be treated with the same respect as one s mother 32 In the middle of the first millennium the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers 31 144 Although there has never been any cow goddesses or temples dedicated to them 31 146 cows appear in numerous stories from the Vedas and Puranas The deity Krishna was brought up in a family of cowherders and given the name Govinda protector of the cows Also Shiva is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named Nandi Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals 31 130 In the postvedic period products of the cow milk curd ghee but also cow dung and urine gomutra or the combination of these five panchagavya began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation 31 130 131 See also EditList of Indian cattle breeds List of animals with humps List of cattle breedsReferences Edit a b Linnaeus C 1758 Bos indicus Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Tenth reformed ed Holmiae Laurentii Salvii p 71 Chen Shanyuan Lin Bang Zhong Baig Mumtaz Mitra Bikash Lopes Ricardo J Santos Antonio M Magee David A Azevedo Marisa Tarroso Pedro Sasazaki Shinji Ostrowski Stephane 2010 01 01 Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 1 1 6 doi 10 1093 molbev msp213 ISSN 0737 4038 PMID 19770222 Cloning gives second chance for bull BBC News British Broadcasting Corporation 1999 09 03 Retrieved 2008 10 11 Clutton Brock J 1999 1987 Asiatic cattle A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals Second ed Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 85 ISBN 978 0 521 63495 3 OCLC 39786571 Gentry A Clutton Brock J amp Groves C P 2004 The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives Journal of Archaeological Science 31 5 645 651 doi 10 1016 j jas 2003 10 006 Grubb P 2005 Subspecies Bos taurus indicus In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 645 646 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Groves C amp Grubb P 2011 Domestication Ungulate taxonomy Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press pp 8 9 ISBN 9781421400938 Explore the Database www mammaldiversity org Retrieved 2021 08 21 Van Vuure C 2005 Retracing the Aurochs History Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox Sofia Pensoft Publishers ISBN 978 954 642 235 4 Rangarajan M 2001 India s Wildlife History Delhi India Permanent Black p 4 ISBN 978 81 7824 140 1 Turvey Samuel T Sathe Vijay Crees Jennifer J Jukar Advait M Chakraborty Prateek Lister Adrian M January 2021 Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India How much do we know Quaternary Science Reviews 252 106740 doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2020 106740 Bos primigenius Tikhonov A The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e T136721A4332142 International Union for Conservation of Nature 30 June 2008 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2008 rlts t136721a4332142 en a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Chen et al 2010 Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic Molecular biology and evolution 27 1 1 6 https academic oup com mbe article 27 1 1 1127118 in Supplementary Data Perez Pardal Lucia Sanchez Gracia Alejandro Alvarez Isabel Traore Amadou Ferraz J Bento S Fernandez Ivan Costa Vania Chen Shanyuan Tapio Miika Cantet Rodolfo J C Patel Ajita Meadow Richard H Marshall Fiona B Beja Pereira Albano Goyache Felix 2018 12 21 Legacies of domestication trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa Scientific Reports 8 1 18027 doi 10 1038 s41598 018 36444 7 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6303292 PMID 30575786 Marshall F 1989 Rethinking the Role of Bos indicus in Sub Sahara Africa Current Anthropology 30 2 235 240 doi 10 1086 203737 JSTOR 2743556 S2CID 143063029 Perez Pardal L Sanchez Gracia A Alvarez I Traore A Ferraz J B S Fernandez I Costa V Chen S Tapio M Cantet R J amp Patel A 2018 Legacies of domestication trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa Scientific Reports 8 1 18027 Bibcode 2018NatSR 818027P doi 10 1038 s41598 018 36444 7 JSTOR 18027 PMC 6303292 PMID 30575786 Pak Dairy Info Achi Breed Porter V 1991 Hariana India Haryana eastern Punjab Cattle A Handbook to the Breeds of the World London Helm p 245 ISBN 0 8160 2640 8 Porter V 1991 Rath India Alwar and eastern Rajasthan Cattle A Handbook to the Breeds of the World London Helm p 246 ISBN 0 8160 2640 8 Food Ark Cattle Breeds Pictures More From National Geographic Magazine Ngm nationalgeographic com 2013 04 25 Retrieved 2013 05 30 Wilcox R W 2004 Zebu s Elbows Cattle Breeding the Environment in Central Brazil 1890 1960 In Brannstrom C ed Territories commodities and knowledges Latin American Environmental History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries London Institute for the Study of the Americas pp 218 246 ISBN 9781900039574 Komosinska Halina 2002 Ssaki kopytne przewodnik in Polish Elzbieta Podsiadlo Warszawa Wydaw Naukowe PWN ISBN 83 01 13806 8 OCLC 749423644 Definition Zebu Online Medical Dictionary Retrieved 2007 09 08 a b c Mukasa Mugerwa E 1989 A Review of a Reproductive Performance of FemaleBos Indicus zebu Cattle ILRI aka ILCA and ILRAD ISBN 9789290530992 a b c MacHugh D E 1997 Microsatellite DNA Variation and the evolution domestication and phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle Bos taurus and Bos indicus Genetics 146 3 1071 1086 doi 10 1093 genetics 146 3 1071 PMC 1208036 PMID 9215909 Makina S O Whitacre L K Decker J E Taylor J F MacNeil M D Scholtz M M van Marle Koster E Muchadeyi F C Makgahlela M L amp Maiwashe A 2016 Insight into the genetic composition of South African Sanga cattle using SNP data from cattle breeds worldwide Genetics Selection Evolution 48 1 88 doi 10 1186 s12711 016 0266 1 PMC 5111355 PMID 27846793 Utsunomiya Y T Milanesi M Fortes M R S Porto Neto L R Utsunomiya A T H Silva M V G B Garcia J F and Ajmone Marsan P 2019 Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of Bos indicus cattle Anim Genet 50 557 568 Reinhardt V amp Reinhardt A 1981 Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd Bos indicus Behaviour 77 3 121 150 doi 10 1163 156853981X00194 One of the Oldest Cattle Breeds American Miniature Zebu Association Retrieved 2 December 2019 Phaniraja K L amp Panchasara H H 2009 Indian draught animals power Veterinary World 2 10 404 407 a b c d e Jha D N 2002 The myth of the holy cow London Verso p 130 ISBN 978 1 85984 676 6 Mahabharata Book 13 Anusasana Parva Section LXXVI Sacred texts com Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 15 October 2013 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bos taurus indicus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zebu amp oldid 1137606148, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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