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Asiatic cheetah

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered cheetah subspecies currently only surviving in Iran.[1] Its range once spread from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to the Caspian region, Transcaucasus, Kyzylkum Desert and northern South Asia, but was extirpated in these regions during the 20th century. The Asiatic cheetah diverged from the cheetah population in Africa between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.[3]

Asiatic cheetah
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Acinonyx
Species:
Subspecies:
A. j. venaticus
Trinomial name
Acinonyx jubatus venaticus
(Griffith, 1821)
Range of the Asiatic cheetah in green
Synonyms[2]
  • A. j. venator Brookes, 1828
  • A. j. raddei (Hilzheimer, 1913)

The Asiatic cheetah survives in protected areas in the eastern-central arid region of Iran, where the human population density is very low.[4] Between December 2011 and November 2013, 84 individuals were sighted in 14 different protected areas, and 82 individuals were identified from camera trap photographs.[5] In December 2017, fewer than 50 individuals were thought to be remaining in three subpopulations that are scattered over 140,000 km2 (54,000 sq mi) in Iran's central plateau.[6] In January 2022, the Iranian Department of Environment estimated that there were only 12 Asiatic cheetahs comprising nine males and three females left in the country.[7] In 2023, a member of the Iranian Cheetah Society referred to 30 to 40 individuals living in Iran.[8]

Taxonomy

Felis venatica was proposed by Edward Griffith in 1821 and based on a sketch of a maneless cheetah from India.[9] Griffith's description was published in Le Règne Animal with the help of Griffith's assistant Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827.[10]

Acinonyx raddei was proposed by Max Hilzheimer in 1913 for the cheetah population in Central Asia, the Trans-Caspian cheetah. Hilzheimer's type specimen originated in Merv, Turkmenistan.[11]

Evolution

Results of a five-year phylogeographic study on cheetah subspecies indicate that Asiatic and African cheetah populations separated between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago and are genetically distinct. Samples of 94 cheetahs for extracting mitochondrial DNA were collected in nine countries from wild, seized and captive individuals and from museum specimen. The population in Iran is considered autochthonous monophyletic and the last remaining representative of the Asiatic subspecies.[3] Mitochondrial DNA fragments of an Indian and a Southeast African cheetah museum specimens showed that they genetically diverged about 72,000 years ago.[12]

Characteristics

 
Kushki the cheetah in Iran

The Asiatic cheetah has a buff-to-light fawn-coloured fur that is paler on the sides, on the front of the muzzle, below the eyes and inner legs. Small black spots are arranged in lines on the head and nape, but irregularly scattered on body, legs, paws and tail. The tail tip has black stripes. The coat and mane are shorter than of African cheetah subspecies.[13] The head and body of an adult Asiatic cheetah measure about 112–135 cm (44–53 in) with a 66–84 cm (26–33 in) long tail. It weighs about 34–54 kg (75–119 lb). They exhibit sexual dimorphism; males are slightly larger than the females.[14]

The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world.[15] It was previously thought that the body temperature of a cheetah increases during a hunt due to high metabolic activity.[16] In a short period of time during a chase, a cheetah may produce 60 times more heat than at rest, with much of the heat, produced from glycolysis, stored to possibly raise the body temperature. The claim was supported by data from experiments in which two cheetahs ran on a treadmill for minutes on end but contradicted by studies in natural settings, which indicate that body temperature stays relatively the same during a hunt. A 2013 study suggested stress hyperthermia and a slight increase in body temperature after a hunt.[17] The cheetah's nervousness after a hunt may induce stress hyperthermia, which involves high sympathetic nervous activity and raises the body temperature. After a hunt, the risk of another predator taking its kill is great, and the cheetah is on high alert and stressed.[18] The increased sympathetic activity prepares the cheetah's body to run when another predator approaches. In the 2013 study, even the cheetah that did not chase the prey experienced an increase in body temperature once the prey was caught, showing increased sympathetic activity.[17]

Distribution and habitat

 
A cheetah in Iran

The cheetah thrives in open lands, small plains, semi-desert areas, and other open habitats where prey is available. The Asiatic cheetah mainly inhabits the desert areas around Dasht-e Kavir in the eastern half of Iran, including parts of the Kerman, Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Tehran, and Markazi provinces. Most live in five protected areas, viz Kavir National Park, Touran National Park, Bafq Protected Area, Dar-e Anjir Wildlife Refuge, and Naybandan Wildlife Reserve.[4]

During the 1970s, the Asiatic cheetah population in Iran was estimated to number about 200 individuals in 11 protected areas. By the end of the 1990s, the population was estimated at 50 to 100 individuals.[19][20] During camera-trapping surveys conducted across 18 protected areas between 2001 and 2012, a total of 82 individuals in 15–17 families were recorded and identified. Of these, only six individuals were recorded for more than three years. In this period, 42 cheetahs died due to poaching, in road accidents and due to natural causes. Populations are fragmented and known to survive in the Semnan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Yazd, Esfahan, and Kerman Provinces.[5]

In summer 2018, a female cheetah and four cubs were sighted in Touran Wildlife Refuge Iran's Semnan province.[21]

Former range

 
Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo shot three of the last cheetahs in India in 1948, in Surguja State, Madhya Pradesh. His private secretary submitted this photo to the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.[22]

The Asiatic cheetah once ranged from the Arabian Peninsula and Near East to Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.[23] Bronze Age remains are known from Troy in western Anatolia[24] and Armenia.[25] It is considered locally extinct in all of its former range, with the only known surviving population being Iran.[26]

In Iraq, the cheetah was still recorded in the desert west of Basrah in 1926, and a cheetah killed by a car in 1947 or 1948 was the last known incidence in the county.[27] Two cheetahs were killed in the Ḥaʼil Province of northern Saudi Arabia in 1973.[28] In the Arabian Peninsula, it used to occur in the northern and southeastern fringes and had been reported in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait before 1974. In Yemen, the last known cheetah was sighted in Wadi Mitan in 1963, near the international border with Oman. In Oman's Dhofar Mountains, a cheetah was shot near Jibjat in 1977.[29]

In Central Asia, uncontrolled hunting of cheetahs and their prey, severe winters and conversion of grassland to areas used for agriculture contributed to the population's decline. By the early 20th century, the range in Central Asia had decreased significantly.[11] By the 1930s, cheetahs were confined to the Ustyurt plateau and Mangyshlak Peninsula in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and to the foothills of the Kopet Dag mountains and a region in the south of Turkmenistan bordering Iran and Afghanistan. The last known sightings in the area were in 1957 between the Tejen and Murghab Rivers, in July 1983 in the Ustyurt plateau, and in November 1984 in the Kopet Dag.[30] Officers of the Badhyz State Nature Reserve did not sight a cheetah in this area until 2014; the border fence between Iran and Turkmenistan might impede dispersal.[31]

The cheetah population in Afghanistan decreased to the extent that it has been considered extinct since the 1950s.[32] Two skins were sighted in markets in the country, one in 1971, and another in 2006, the latter reportedly from Samangan Province.[33]

In India, the cheetah occurred in Rajputana, Punjab, Sind, and south of the Ganges from Bengal to the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. It was also present in the Kaimur District, Darrah and other desert regions of Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat and Central India.[13] Akbar the Great was introduced to cheetahs around the mid-16th century and used them for coursing blackbucks, chinkaras and antelopes. He allegedly possessed 1,000 cheetahs during his reign but this figure might be exaggerated since there is no evidence of housing facilities for so many animals, nor of facilities to provide them with sufficient meat every day.[34] Trapping of adult cheetahs, who had already learned hunting skills from wild mothers, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species' rapid decline in India, as there is only one record of a litter ever born to captive animals. By the beginning of the 20th century, wild Asiatic cheetahs sightings were rare in India, so much so that between 1918 and 1945, Indian princes imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing. Three of India's last cheetahs were shot by the Maharajah of Surguja in 1948. A female was sighted in 1951 in Koriya district, northwestern Chhattisgarh.[22]

Ecology and behaviour

Most sightings of cheetahs in the Miandasht Wildlife Refuge between January 2003 and March 2006 occurred during the day and near watercourses. These observations suggest that they are most active when their prey is.[35]

Camera-trapping data obtained between 2009 and 2011 indicate that some cheetahs travel long distances. A female was recorded in two protected areas that are about 150 km (93 mi) apart and intersected by railway and two highways. Her three male siblings and a different adult male were recorded in three reserves, indicating that they have large home ranges.[36]

Diet

 
Kushki with a cape hare

The Asiatic cheetah preys on medium-sized herbivores including chinkara, goitered gazelle, wild sheep, wild goat and cape hare.[37] In Khar Turan National Park, cheetahs use a wide range of habitats, but prefer areas close to water sources. This habitat overlaps to 61% with wild sheep, 36% with onager, and 30% with gazelle.[38]

In India, prey was formerly abundant. Before its extinction in the country, the cheetah fed on the blackbuck, the chinkara, and sometimes the chital and the nilgai.[39]

Reproduction

 
Asiatic cheetah cubs in Dharwar, British India, 1897

Evidence of females successfully raising cubs is very rare. A few observations in Iran indicate that they give birth throughout the year to one to four cubs. In April 2003, four cubs found in a den had still closed eyes. In November 2004, a cub was recorded by a camera-trap that was about 6–8 months old. Breeding success depends on availability of prey.[35] In October 2013, a female with four cubs were filmed in Khar Turan National Park.[40] In December 2014, four cheetahs were sighted and photographed by camera traps in the same national park.[41] In January 2015, three other adult Asiatic cheetahs and a female with her cub were sighted in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge.[42] Eleven cheetahs were also sighted at the time, and another four a month later.[43] In July 2015, five adult cheetahs and three cubs were spotted in Khar Turan National Park.[44]

Threats

 
A painting of Akbar, a Mughal emperor of India, hunting with locally trapped Asiatic cheetahs, ca. 1602

The Asiatic cheetah has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996.[1] Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, wildlife conservation was interrupted for several years. Manoeuvres with armed vehicles were carried in steppes, and local people hunted cheetahs and prey species unchecked. The gazelle population declined in many areas, and cheetahs retreated to remote mountainous habitats.[4][35]

Reduced gazelle numbers, persecution, land-use change, habitat degradation and fragmentation, and desertification contributed to the decline of the cheetah population.[19][45] The cheetah is affected by loss of prey as a result of antelope hunting and overgrazing from introduced livestock. Its prey was pushed out as herders entered game reserves with their herds.[37] A herder pursued a female cheetah with two cubs on his motorbike, until one of the cubs was so exhausted that it collapsed. He caught and kept it chained in his home for two weeks, until it was rescued by officers of the Iranian Department of Environment.[46]

Mining development and road construction near reserves also threaten the population.[19] Coal, copper, and iron have been mined in cheetah habitat in three different regions in central and eastern Iran. It is estimated that the two regions for coal (Nayband) and iron (Bafq) have the largest cheetah population outside protected areas. Mining itself is not a direct threat to the population; road construction and the resulting traffic have made the cheetah accessible to humans, including poachers. The Iranian border regions to Afghanistan and Pakistan, viz the Baluchistan Province, are major passages for armed outlaws and opium smugglers who are active in the central and western regions of Iran, and pass through cheetah habitat. Uncontrolled hunting throughout the desert cannot be effectively controlled by the governments of the three countries.[19]

Conflict between livestock herders and cheetahs is also threatening the population outside protected areas. Several herders killed cheetahs to prevent livestock loss, or for trophies, trade and fun.[45] Some herders are accompanied by large mastiff-type dogs into protected areas. These dogs killed five cheetahs between 2013 and 2016.[47]

Between 2007 and 2011, six cheetahs, 13 predators and 12 Persian gazelles died in Yazd Province following collisions with vehicles on a transit road.[48] At least 11 Asiatic cheetahs were killed in road accidents between 2001 and 2014.[49] The road network in Iran constitutes a very high risk for the small population as it impedes connectivity between population units.[50] Efforts to stop the construction of a road through the core of the Bafq Protected Area were unsuccessful.[51] Between 1987 and 2018, 56 cheetahs died in Iran because of humans; 26 were killed by herders or their dogs.[52]

Conservation

 
Meraj Airlines Airbus A300-600 with new livery

In September 2001, the "Conservation of the Asiatic Cheetah and its Associated Biota" project was launched by the Iranian Department of Environment in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme's Global Environment Facility, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the IUCN Cat Specialist Group, the Cheetah Conservation Fund and the Iranian Cheetah Society.[4]

Personnel of Wildlife Conservation Society and the Iranian Department of Environment started radio-collaring Asiatic cheetahs in February 2007. The cats' movements are monitored using GPS collars.[53] Sanctions against Iran have made some projects, such as obtaining camera traps, difficult.[40]

A few orphaned cubs have been raised in captivity, such as Marita who died at the age of nine years in 2003. Beginning in 2006, the day of his death, 31 August, became the Cheetah Conservation Day, used to inform the public about conservation programs.[54]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

In 2014, the Iran national football team announced that its 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup kits are imprinted with pictures of the Asiatic cheetah in order to raise international awareness for its conservation.[55][56] In February 2015, Iran launched a search engine, Yooz, that features a cheetah as logo.[57] In May 2015, the Iranian Department of Environment announced plans to quintuple the penalty for poaching a cheetah to 100 million Iranian toman.[58] In September 2015, Meraj Airlines introduced the new livery of Iranian Cheetah to support its conservation efforts.[59] Iranian officials have discussed constructing wildlife crossings to reduce the number of deaths in traffic accidents.[60]

In captivity

 
A captive cheetah

In February 2010, photos of an Asiatic cheetah in a "Semi-Captive Breeding and Research Center of Iranian Cheetah" in Iran's Semnan province were published.[61] Another news report stated that the centre is home to about ten Asiatic cheetahs in a semi-wild environment protected by wire fencing all around.[62]

In January 2008, a male cub aged about 7–8 months was recovered from a sheep herder and brought into captivity.[46] Wildlife officials in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge and the Turan National Park have raised a few orphaned cubs.[54]

In 2014, an Asiatic cheetah was cloned for the first time by scientists from the University of Buenos Aires.[63] The embryo was not born.[64] In December 2015, it was reported that 18 Asiatic cheetah cubs had recently been born at Pardisan Park.[65] In May 2022, an Asiatic cheetah gave birth to three male cubs in a facility in Iran; two died shortly after with Pirouz being the lone survivor.[66] This is the first known reproduction of the subspecies in captivity.[66] On 28 February 2023, Pirouz reportedly died in the veterinary hospital in Iran due to kidney failure.[67]

See also

References

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External links

  • "Asiatic cheetah". IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
  • "Iranian Cheetah Society". Iranian Cheetah Society.
  • "Cheetah Conservation Fund". Cheetah Conservation Fund.
  • Video: Four Cheetah cubs spotted with their mother on YouTube
  • Video: Hunting with Cheetahs in India on YouTube
  • Video: 'Cheetahs in Iran', the last stronghold of the Asiatic cheetah on YouTube
  • Video: Extinctions : Discover the endangered Asiatic cheetah on YouTube
  • The Persian Cheetah
  • Spotted big cat in Turkmenistan
  • Asiatic cheetah embryos cloned at Royan Institute

asiatic, cheetah, acinonyx, jubatus, venaticus, critically, endangered, cheetah, subspecies, currently, only, surviving, iran, range, once, spread, from, arabian, peninsula, near, east, caspian, region, transcaucasus, kyzylkum, desert, northern, south, asia, e. The Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus is a critically endangered cheetah subspecies currently only surviving in Iran 1 Its range once spread from the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to the Caspian region Transcaucasus Kyzylkum Desert and northern South Asia but was extirpated in these regions during the 20th century The Asiatic cheetah diverged from the cheetah population in Africa between 32 000 and 67 000 years ago 3 Asiatic cheetahConservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraSuborder FeliformiaFamily FelidaeSubfamily FelinaeGenus AcinonyxSpecies A jubatusSubspecies A j venaticusTrinomial nameAcinonyx jubatus venaticus Griffith 1821 Range of the Asiatic cheetah in greenSynonyms 2 A j venator Brookes 1828 A j raddei Hilzheimer 1913 The Asiatic cheetah survives in protected areas in the eastern central arid region of Iran where the human population density is very low 4 Between December 2011 and November 2013 84 individuals were sighted in 14 different protected areas and 82 individuals were identified from camera trap photographs 5 In December 2017 fewer than 50 individuals were thought to be remaining in three subpopulations that are scattered over 140 000 km2 54 000 sq mi in Iran s central plateau 6 In January 2022 the Iranian Department of Environment estimated that there were only 12 Asiatic cheetahs comprising nine males and three females left in the country 7 In 2023 a member of the Iranian Cheetah Society referred to 30 to 40 individuals living in Iran 8 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Evolution 3 Characteristics 4 Distribution and habitat 4 1 Former range 5 Ecology and behaviour 5 1 Diet 5 2 Reproduction 6 Threats 7 Conservation 7 1 In captivity 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksTaxonomyFelis venatica was proposed by Edward Griffith in 1821 and based on a sketch of a maneless cheetah from India 9 Griffith s description was published in Le Regne Animal with the help of Griffith s assistant Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827 10 Acinonyx raddei was proposed by Max Hilzheimer in 1913 for the cheetah population in Central Asia the Trans Caspian cheetah Hilzheimer s type specimen originated in Merv Turkmenistan 11 EvolutionResults of a five year phylogeographic study on cheetah subspecies indicate that Asiatic and African cheetah populations separated between 32 000 and 67 000 years ago and are genetically distinct Samples of 94 cheetahs for extracting mitochondrial DNA were collected in nine countries from wild seized and captive individuals and from museum specimen The population in Iran is considered autochthonous monophyletic and the last remaining representative of the Asiatic subspecies 3 Mitochondrial DNA fragments of an Indian and a Southeast African cheetah museum specimens showed that they genetically diverged about 72 000 years ago 12 Characteristics nbsp Kushki the cheetah in IranThe Asiatic cheetah has a buff to light fawn coloured fur that is paler on the sides on the front of the muzzle below the eyes and inner legs Small black spots are arranged in lines on the head and nape but irregularly scattered on body legs paws and tail The tail tip has black stripes The coat and mane are shorter than of African cheetah subspecies 13 The head and body of an adult Asiatic cheetah measure about 112 135 cm 44 53 in with a 66 84 cm 26 33 in long tail It weighs about 34 54 kg 75 119 lb They exhibit sexual dimorphism males are slightly larger than the females 14 The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world 15 It was previously thought that the body temperature of a cheetah increases during a hunt due to high metabolic activity 16 In a short period of time during a chase a cheetah may produce 60 times more heat than at rest with much of the heat produced from glycolysis stored to possibly raise the body temperature The claim was supported by data from experiments in which two cheetahs ran on a treadmill for minutes on end but contradicted by studies in natural settings which indicate that body temperature stays relatively the same during a hunt A 2013 study suggested stress hyperthermia and a slight increase in body temperature after a hunt 17 The cheetah s nervousness after a hunt may induce stress hyperthermia which involves high sympathetic nervous activity and raises the body temperature After a hunt the risk of another predator taking its kill is great and the cheetah is on high alert and stressed 18 The increased sympathetic activity prepares the cheetah s body to run when another predator approaches In the 2013 study even the cheetah that did not chase the prey experienced an increase in body temperature once the prey was caught showing increased sympathetic activity 17 Distribution and habitat nbsp A cheetah in IranThe cheetah thrives in open lands small plains semi desert areas and other open habitats where prey is available The Asiatic cheetah mainly inhabits the desert areas around Dasht e Kavir in the eastern half of Iran including parts of the Kerman Khorasan Semnan Yazd Tehran and Markazi provinces Most live in five protected areas viz Kavir National Park Touran National Park Bafq Protected Area Dar e Anjir Wildlife Refuge and Naybandan Wildlife Reserve 4 During the 1970s the Asiatic cheetah population in Iran was estimated to number about 200 individuals in 11 protected areas By the end of the 1990s the population was estimated at 50 to 100 individuals 19 20 During camera trapping surveys conducted across 18 protected areas between 2001 and 2012 a total of 82 individuals in 15 17 families were recorded and identified Of these only six individuals were recorded for more than three years In this period 42 cheetahs died due to poaching in road accidents and due to natural causes Populations are fragmented and known to survive in the Semnan North Khorasan South Khorasan Yazd Esfahan and Kerman Provinces 5 In summer 2018 a female cheetah and four cubs were sighted in Touran Wildlife Refuge Iran s Semnan province 21 Former range nbsp Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo shot three of the last cheetahs in India in 1948 in Surguja State Madhya Pradesh His private secretary submitted this photo to the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 22 The Asiatic cheetah once ranged from the Arabian Peninsula and Near East to Iran the Caucasus Central Asia Afghanistan and Pakistan to India 23 Bronze Age remains are known from Troy in western Anatolia 24 and Armenia 25 It is considered locally extinct in all of its former range with the only known surviving population being Iran 26 In Iraq the cheetah was still recorded in the desert west of Basrah in 1926 and a cheetah killed by a car in 1947 or 1948 was the last known incidence in the county 27 Two cheetahs were killed in the Ḥaʼil Province of northern Saudi Arabia in 1973 28 In the Arabian Peninsula it used to occur in the northern and southeastern fringes and had been reported in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait before 1974 In Yemen the last known cheetah was sighted in Wadi Mitan in 1963 near the international border with Oman In Oman s Dhofar Mountains a cheetah was shot near Jibjat in 1977 29 In Central Asia uncontrolled hunting of cheetahs and their prey severe winters and conversion of grassland to areas used for agriculture contributed to the population s decline By the early 20th century the range in Central Asia had decreased significantly 11 By the 1930s cheetahs were confined to the Ustyurt plateau and Mangyshlak Peninsula in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and to the foothills of the Kopet Dag mountains and a region in the south of Turkmenistan bordering Iran and Afghanistan The last known sightings in the area were in 1957 between the Tejen and Murghab Rivers in July 1983 in the Ustyurt plateau and in November 1984 in the Kopet Dag 30 Officers of the Badhyz State Nature Reserve did not sight a cheetah in this area until 2014 the border fence between Iran and Turkmenistan might impede dispersal 31 The cheetah population in Afghanistan decreased to the extent that it has been considered extinct since the 1950s 32 Two skins were sighted in markets in the country one in 1971 and another in 2006 the latter reportedly from Samangan Province 33 In India the cheetah occurred in Rajputana Punjab Sind and south of the Ganges from Bengal to the northern part of the Deccan Plateau It was also present in the Kaimur District Darrah and other desert regions of Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat and Central India 13 Akbar the Great was introduced to cheetahs around the mid 16th century and used them for coursing blackbucks chinkaras and antelopes He allegedly possessed 1 000 cheetahs during his reign but this figure might be exaggerated since there is no evidence of housing facilities for so many animals nor of facilities to provide them with sufficient meat every day 34 Trapping of adult cheetahs who had already learned hunting skills from wild mothers for assisting in royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species rapid decline in India as there is only one record of a litter ever born to captive animals By the beginning of the 20th century wild Asiatic cheetahs sightings were rare in India so much so that between 1918 and 1945 Indian princes imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing Three of India s last cheetahs were shot by the Maharajah of Surguja in 1948 A female was sighted in 1951 in Koriya district northwestern Chhattisgarh 22 Ecology and behaviourMost sightings of cheetahs in the Miandasht Wildlife Refuge between January 2003 and March 2006 occurred during the day and near watercourses These observations suggest that they are most active when their prey is 35 Camera trapping data obtained between 2009 and 2011 indicate that some cheetahs travel long distances A female was recorded in two protected areas that are about 150 km 93 mi apart and intersected by railway and two highways Her three male siblings and a different adult male were recorded in three reserves indicating that they have large home ranges 36 Diet nbsp Kushki with a cape hareThe Asiatic cheetah preys on medium sized herbivores including chinkara goitered gazelle wild sheep wild goat and cape hare 37 In Khar Turan National Park cheetahs use a wide range of habitats but prefer areas close to water sources This habitat overlaps to 61 with wild sheep 36 with onager and 30 with gazelle 38 In India prey was formerly abundant Before its extinction in the country the cheetah fed on the blackbuck the chinkara and sometimes the chital and the nilgai 39 Reproduction nbsp Asiatic cheetah cubs in Dharwar British India 1897Evidence of females successfully raising cubs is very rare A few observations in Iran indicate that they give birth throughout the year to one to four cubs In April 2003 four cubs found in a den had still closed eyes In November 2004 a cub was recorded by a camera trap that was about 6 8 months old Breeding success depends on availability of prey 35 In October 2013 a female with four cubs were filmed in Khar Turan National Park 40 In December 2014 four cheetahs were sighted and photographed by camera traps in the same national park 41 In January 2015 three other adult Asiatic cheetahs and a female with her cub were sighted in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge 42 Eleven cheetahs were also sighted at the time and another four a month later 43 In July 2015 five adult cheetahs and three cubs were spotted in Khar Turan National Park 44 Threats nbsp A painting of Akbar a Mughal emperor of India hunting with locally trapped Asiatic cheetahs ca 1602The Asiatic cheetah has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996 1 Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979 wildlife conservation was interrupted for several years Manoeuvres with armed vehicles were carried in steppes and local people hunted cheetahs and prey species unchecked The gazelle population declined in many areas and cheetahs retreated to remote mountainous habitats 4 35 Reduced gazelle numbers persecution land use change habitat degradation and fragmentation and desertification contributed to the decline of the cheetah population 19 45 The cheetah is affected by loss of prey as a result of antelope hunting and overgrazing from introduced livestock Its prey was pushed out as herders entered game reserves with their herds 37 A herder pursued a female cheetah with two cubs on his motorbike until one of the cubs was so exhausted that it collapsed He caught and kept it chained in his home for two weeks until it was rescued by officers of the Iranian Department of Environment 46 Mining development and road construction near reserves also threaten the population 19 Coal copper and iron have been mined in cheetah habitat in three different regions in central and eastern Iran It is estimated that the two regions for coal Nayband and iron Bafq have the largest cheetah population outside protected areas Mining itself is not a direct threat to the population road construction and the resulting traffic have made the cheetah accessible to humans including poachers The Iranian border regions to Afghanistan and Pakistan viz the Baluchistan Province are major passages for armed outlaws and opium smugglers who are active in the central and western regions of Iran and pass through cheetah habitat Uncontrolled hunting throughout the desert cannot be effectively controlled by the governments of the three countries 19 Conflict between livestock herders and cheetahs is also threatening the population outside protected areas Several herders killed cheetahs to prevent livestock loss or for trophies trade and fun 45 Some herders are accompanied by large mastiff type dogs into protected areas These dogs killed five cheetahs between 2013 and 2016 47 Between 2007 and 2011 six cheetahs 13 predators and 12 Persian gazelles died in Yazd Province following collisions with vehicles on a transit road 48 At least 11 Asiatic cheetahs were killed in road accidents between 2001 and 2014 49 The road network in Iran constitutes a very high risk for the small population as it impedes connectivity between population units 50 Efforts to stop the construction of a road through the core of the Bafq Protected Area were unsuccessful 51 Between 1987 and 2018 56 cheetahs died in Iran because of humans 26 were killed by herders or their dogs 52 Conservation nbsp Meraj Airlines Airbus A300 600 with new liveryIn September 2001 the Conservation of the Asiatic Cheetah and its Associated Biota project was launched by the Iranian Department of Environment in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme s Global Environment Facility the Wildlife Conservation Society the IUCN Cat Specialist Group the Cheetah Conservation Fund and the Iranian Cheetah Society 4 Personnel of Wildlife Conservation Society and the Iranian Department of Environment started radio collaring Asiatic cheetahs in February 2007 The cats movements are monitored using GPS collars 53 Sanctions against Iran have made some projects such as obtaining camera traps difficult 40 A few orphaned cubs have been raised in captivity such as Marita who died at the age of nine years in 2003 Beginning in 2006 the day of his death 31 August became the Cheetah Conservation Day used to inform the public about conservation programs 54 nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Jerseys of the Iran national football team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup 55 In 2014 the Iran national football team announced that its 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup kits are imprinted with pictures of the Asiatic cheetah in order to raise international awareness for its conservation 55 56 In February 2015 Iran launched a search engine Yooz that features a cheetah as logo 57 In May 2015 the Iranian Department of Environment announced plans to quintuple the penalty for poaching a cheetah to 100 million Iranian toman 58 In September 2015 Meraj Airlines introduced the new livery of Iranian Cheetah to support its conservation efforts 59 Iranian officials have discussed constructing wildlife crossings to reduce the number of deaths in traffic accidents 60 In captivity nbsp A captive cheetahIn February 2010 photos of an Asiatic cheetah in a Semi Captive Breeding and Research Center of Iranian Cheetah in Iran s Semnan province were published 61 Another news report stated that the centre is home to about ten Asiatic cheetahs in a semi wild environment protected by wire fencing all around 62 In January 2008 a male cub aged about 7 8 months was recovered from a sheep herder and brought into captivity 46 Wildlife officials in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge and the Turan National Park have raised a few orphaned cubs 54 In 2014 an Asiatic cheetah was cloned for the first time by scientists from the University of Buenos Aires 63 The embryo was not born 64 In December 2015 it was reported that 18 Asiatic cheetah cubs had recently been born at Pardisan Park 65 In May 2022 an Asiatic cheetah gave birth to three male cubs in a facility in Iran two died shortly after with Pirouz being the lone survivor 66 This is the first known reproduction of the subspecies in captivity 66 On 28 February 2023 Pirouz reportedly died in the veterinary hospital in Iran due to kidney failure 67 See alsoWildlife of Iran Northwest African cheetah American cheetahs Miracinonyx Giant cheetah Eurasian cheetah Cheetah Conservation Fund Pirouz cheetah References a b c Jowkar H Hunter L Ziaie H Marker L Breitenmoser Wursten C amp Durant S 2008 Acinonyx jubatus ssp venaticus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e T220A13035342 Wozencraft W C 2005 Order Carnivora In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press p 532 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b Charruau P Fernandes C Orozco Terwengel P Peters J Hunter L Ziaie H Jourabchian A Jowkar H Schaller G amp Ostrowski 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29 January 2020 Retrieved 16 February 2015 Iran multiplies fines for poachers Tehran Times 2015 Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 Retrieved 26 May 2015 Efforts to save the Iranian cheetah take off Euro News 2015 Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 Retrieved 7 October 2015 Mostaghim R Bengali S 2016 The world s fastest animal is in a race for survival in Iran Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 2 December 2020 Retrieved 4 October 2016 Photos Saving the Iranian Cheetah from Extinction Photos by Yuness Khani Mehr News Agency Payvand Iran News 10 February 2010 Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 Retrieved 1 March 2010 Asiatic Cheetah on The Brink of Extinction Less Than one Hundred Asiatic Cheetahs Survive in the World Hamsayeh net 27 February 2010 Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 Retrieved 2 March 2010 Moro L N Veraguas D Rodriguez Alvarez L Hiriart M I Buemo C Sestelo A Salamone D 2015 212 Interspecific Cloning and Embryo Aggregation Influence the Expression of oct4 nanog dox2 and cdx2 in Cheetah and Domestic Cat Blastocysts Abstract Reproduction Fertility and Development 27 1 196 doi 10 1071 RDv27n1Ab212 Xiang B 2015 Argentine scientists clone endangered Asiatic Cheetahs for first time Xinhua english news cn Asiatic cheetah extinction trend reversed Payvand Iran News 2015 Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 Retrieved 8 December 2015 a b Marples M 2022 Rare triplet Asiatic cheetah cubs mark an important first for the species CNN Archived from the original on 29 December 2022 Retrieved 29 December 2022 Iranian cheetah cub Pirouz dies in veterinary hospital 2023 Archived from the original on 28 February 2023 Retrieved 28 February 2023 External links nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Acinonyx jubatus venaticus nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acinonyx jubatus venaticus Asiatic cheetah IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group Iranian Cheetah Society Iranian Cheetah Society Cheetah Conservation Fund Cheetah Conservation Fund Video Four Cheetah cubs spotted with their mother on YouTube Video Hunting with Cheetahs in India on YouTube Video Cheetahs in Iran the last stronghold of the Asiatic cheetah on YouTube Video Extinctions Discover the endangered Asiatic cheetah on YouTube The Persian Cheetah Spotted big cat in Turkmenistan Asiatic cheetah embryos cloned at Royan Institute Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Asiatic cheetah amp oldid 1205110661, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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