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Guanaco

February 16, 2024

For other uses, see Guanaco (disambiguation).

The guanaco (/ɡwɑːˈnɑːkoʊ/ ghwuah-NAH-koh;[3] Lama guanicoe) is a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama. Guanacos are one of two wild South American camelids; the other species is the vicuña, which lives at higher elevations.

Guanaco
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Genus: Lama
Species:
L. guanicoe
Binomial name
Lama guanicoe
(Müller, 1776)
Guanaco range

Etymology edit

The guanaco gets its name from the Quechua word huanaco[4] (modern spelling wanaku[5]). Young guanacos are called chulengos or "guanaquitos".[6]

Characteristics edit

 
Skull of a guanaco

Guanacos stand between 1.0 and 1.3 m (3 ft 3 in and 4 ft 3 in) at the shoulder, body length of 2.1 to 2.2 m (6 ft 11 in to 7 ft 3 in),[7][8][9] and weigh 90 to 140 kg (200 to 310 lb).[10] Their color varies very little (unlike the domestic llama), ranging from a light brown to dark cinnamon and shading to white underneath. Guanacos have grey faces and small, straight ears. The lifespan of a guanaco can be as long as 28 years.[11]

Guanacos are one of the largest terrestrial mammals native to South America today.[8] Other terrestrial mammalian megafauna weighing as much or more than the guanaco include the tapirs, the marsh deer, the white-tailed deer, the spectacled bear, and the jaguar.

Guanacos have thick skin on their necks, a trait also found in their domestic counterparts, the llama, and their relatives, the wild vicuña and domesticated alpaca. This protects their necks from predator attacks. Bolivians use the neck skin of these animals to make shoes, flattening and pounding the skin to be used for the soles. In Chile, hunting is allowed only in Tierra del Fuego, where the only population not classified as endangered in the country resides. Between 2007 and 2012, 13,200 guanacos were legally hunted in Tierra del Fuego.[12]

Diet edit

Like all camels, Guanacos are herbivores, grazing on grasses, shrubs, herbs, lichens, fungi, cacti, and flowers.[13] The food is swallowed with little chewing and first enters the forestomach to be digested finally after rumination. This process is similar to that of ruminants, to which camels are not zoologically related. The camels' digestive system is likely to have developed independently of ruminants, which is evidenced by the fact that the forestomachs are equipped with glands.[14][15]

Hemoglobin levels edit

Guanacos are often found at high altitudes, up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level, except in Patagonia, where the southerly latitude means ice covers the vegetation at these altitudes. For guanacos to survive in the low oxygen levels found at these high altitudes, their blood is rich in red blood cells. A teaspoon of guanaco blood contains about 68 million red blood cells; four times that of a human.[16]

Guanaco fiber edit

Guanaco fiber is particularly prized for its soft, warm feel and is found in luxury fabric. In South America, the guanaco's soft wool is valued second only to that of vicuña wool. The pelts, particularly from the calves, are sometimes used as a substitute for red fox pelts, because the texture is difficult to differentiate. Like their domestic descendant, the llama, the guanaco is double-coated with coarse guard hairs and a soft undercoat, the hairs of which are about 16–18 µ in diameter and comparable to cashmere.[17]

Subspecies edit

  • Lama guanicoe guanicoe
  • Lama guanicoe cacsilensis
  • Lama guanicoe voglii
  • Lama guanicoe huanacus

Population and distribution edit

 
Herd of guanacos
 
Guanaco sharing a habitat with Magellanic penguins, Punta Tombo

Guanacos inhabit the steppes, scrublands and mountainous regions of South America. They are found in the altiplano of Peru, Bolivia and Chile, and in Patagonia, with a small population in Paraguay.[1] In Argentina they are more numerous in Patagonian regions, as well as in places such as Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. In these areas, they have more robust populations, since grazing competition from livestock is limited. Guanaco responded to forage availability, occupying zones with low to intermediate food availability in the breeding season, and those with the highest availability in the non-breeding season.[18]

Estimates, as of 2016, place their numbers around 1.5 to 2 million animals 1,225,000–1,890,000 in Argentina, 270,000–299,000 in Chile, 3,000 in Peru, 150–200 in Bolivia and 20–100 in Paraguay. This is only 3–7% of the guanaco population before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in South America.[19] [20] A small population introduced by John Hamilton exists on Staats Island in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), with a population of around 400 as of 2003.[21] In Torres del Paine National Park, the numbers of Guanacos increased from 175 in 1975 to 3,000 in 1993.[19][22]

Guanacos live in herds composed of females, their young, and a dominant male. Bachelor males form separate herds. While reproductive groups tend to remain small, often containing no more than 10 adults, bachelor herds may contain as many as 50 males. When they feel threatened, guanacos alert the herd to flee with a high-pitched, bleating call. The male usually runs behind the herd to defend them. They can run at 56 km/h (35 mph) per hour, often over steep and rocky terrain.[23] They are also excellent swimmers. A guanaco's typical lifespan is 20 to 25 years.[13]

In Bolivia, the habitat of Guanacos is found to be threatened by woody plant encroachment.[24]

Atacama Desert edit

Some guanacos live in the Atacama Desert, where in some areas it has not rained for over 50 years. A mountainous coastline running parallel to the desert enables them to survive in what are called "fog oases" or lomas. Where the cool water touches the hotter land, the air above the desert is cooled, creating a fog and thus, water vapor. Winds carry the fog across the desert, where cacti catch the water droplets and lichens that cling to the cacti soak it in like a sponge. Guanacos then eat the cacti flowers and the lichens.[25]

Ecology edit

The guanaco is a diurnal animal. It lives in small herds consisting of one male and several females with their young. When the male detects danger, he warns the group by bleating. The guanaco can run up to 64 km/h (40 mph; 18 m/s). This speed is important for the survival of guanacos because they cannot easily hide in the open grasslands of the Altiplano.[27]

Natural predators of the guanaco include pumas and the culpeo or Andean fox.[8] Fox predation was unknown until 2007 when predators began to be observed in the Karukinka Reserve in Tierra del Fuego. Scientists attribute the reason for the alleged new predation to the unfavourable climatic conditions on the island, which are causing food to become scarce, weakening the animals. The absence of pumas on Tierra del Fuego is also believed to be a factor that allows the fox to occupy its ecological niche. Finally, it is believed that this behaviour is not new, as the fox is nocturnal, which allows it to capture most of its prey, but makes it challenging to observe. Faced with the threat of the red fox, guanacos resort to cooperative strategies to protect their young with a shield formation, a circle around the vulnerable. If they are successful, they chase the fox away, which would be impossible with a puma.[28]

When threatened, the guanaco alerts the rest of the herd with a high-pitched bleating sound, which sounds similar to a short, sharp laugh. Though typically mild-mannered, guanacos often spit when threatened, and can do so up to a distance of six feet.[29][30]

Mating season edit

Mating season occurs between November and February,[citation needed] during which males often fight violently to establish dominance and breeding rights.[clarification needed] Eleven-and-a-half months later, a single chulengo is born.[31] Chulengos are able to walk immediately after birth. Male chulengos are chased off from the herd by the dominant male at around one year old.

Domestication edit

 
A herd of guanacos at the Chester Zoo

Although the species is still considered wild, around 300 guanacos are in U.S. zoos, and around 200 are registered in private herds.[32] Guanacos have long been thought to be the parent species of the domesticated llama, which was confirmed via molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2001, although the analysis also found that domestic llamas had experienced considerable cross-hybridization with alpacas, which are descended from the wild vicuña.[33]

The guanaco was independently domesticated by the Mapuche of Mocha Island in southern Chile, producing the "chilihueque" which was bred for its wool and to pull the plough. This animal disappeared in the 17th century when it was replaced by Old World sheep and draft animals.[34]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Baldi, R.B.; Acebes, P.; Cuéllar, E.; Funes, M.; Hoces, D.; Puig, S.; Franklin, W.L. (2016). "Lama guanicoe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11186A18540211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11186A18540211.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "guanaco". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
  4. ^ . America Zoo. Lesley Fountain. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009.
  5. ^ "guanaco". Diccionario de la lengua española. Real Academia Española. Retrieved Feb 11, 2021.
  6. ^ "Species Profile: Guanaco". Concervación Patagonia. 2011-12-22.
  7. ^ Stahl, Peter W. (4 April 2008). "Animal Domestication in South America". In Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (eds.). Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer. pp. 121–130. ISBN 9780387752280.
  8. ^ a b c San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes.
  9. ^ Animals>camelids guanaco www.dimensions.guide, Accessed 23 February 2021
  10. ^ "Lama guanicoe". Animal Diversity Web. 18 July 2016.
  11. ^ Hoffman, Eva. "Lama guanicoe (guanaco)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  12. ^ Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, 2012. Plan de Manejo para a población de guanacos en el área agropecuaria de Tierra del Fuego (Chile). Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Gobierno de Chile. Punta Arenas, 47pp.+Annexes.
  13. ^ a b "Guanaco | San Francisco Zoo & Gardens". 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  14. ^ Bahamonde, Nora; Martin, Susana I.; Sbriller, A. (1986). "Diet of guanaco and red deer in Neuquen Province, Argentina". Journal of Range Management. 39 (1): 22–24. doi:10.2307/3899679. hdl:10150/645455. JSTOR 3899679. S2CID 131871379.
  15. ^ Fowler, Murray E. (2008). "Camelids Are Not Ruminants". Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: 375–385. doi:10.1016/B978-141604047-7.50049-X. ISBN 9781416040477. PMC 7152308.
  16. ^ "Visit Englands Finest Safari Park & Zoo near Liverpool & Manchester". Knowsleysafariexperience.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
  17. ^ Beula Williams (2007-04-17). . International Llama Association. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  18. ^ Flores, Celina E.; Bellis, Laura M.; Adrián, Schiavini (2020). "Modelling the abundance and productivity distribution to understand the habitat–species relationship: the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) case study". Wildlife Research. 47 (6): 448. doi:10.1071/WR19114. S2CID 221564519.
  19. ^ a b "The Guanaco - World's Finest Wool".
  20. ^ Autin, Beth. "LibGuides: Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Fact Sheet: Population & Conservation Status". ielc.libguides.com. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  21. ^ Franklin, William L.; Grigione, Melissa M. (10 March 2005). "The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands: the legacy of John Hamilton". Journal of Biogeography. 32 (4): 661–675. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01220.x. S2CID 83468367.
  22. ^ Sarno, R. J.; Franklin, W. L. (1999-12-06). "Population Density and Annual Variation in Birth Mass of Guanacos in Southern Chile". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (4): 1158–1162. doi:10.2307/1383166. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1383166.
  23. ^ "Wild Animals". Animal Planet. June 2, 2014.
  24. ^ Cuellar-Soto, Erika; Johnson, Paul J.; Macdonald, David W.; Barrett, Glyn A.; Segundo, Jorge (2020-09-30). "Woody plant encroachment drives habitat loss for a relict population of a large mammalian herbivore in South America". Therya. 11 (3): 484–494. doi:10.12933/therya-20-1071. S2CID 224951614.
  25. ^ Produced by Huw Cordey (2006-04-02). "Deserts". Planet Earth. BBC. BBC One.
  26. ^ "The Guanacos of Atacama". Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  27. ^ "Guanaco | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants". animals.sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  28. ^ Balboa, Perla Cecilia Rodriguez; Rodriguez, Humberto Gonzalez; Silva, Israel Cantu; Parra, Artemio Carrillo; Lozano, Roque G. Ramirez (2016-04-07). "Leaf Morphological Traits of then Shrub Species at the Tamaulipan Thorn Scrub". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management. 7 (2): 344–349. doi:10.23910/ijbsm/2016.7.2.1494b. ISSN 0976-3988.
  29. ^ "5 Fascinating Facts About Guanacos » Cascada Expediciones". www.cascada.travel. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  31. ^ . World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  32. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  33. ^ Wheeler, Dr Jane; Kadwell, Miranda; Fernandez, Matilde; Stanley, Helen F.; Baldi, Ricardo; Rosadio, Raul; Bruford, Michael W. (December 2001). "Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1485): 2575–2584. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1774. PMC 1088918. PMID 11749713. 0962-8452 (Paper), 1471-2954 (Online).
  34. ^ Westbury, M., Prost, S., Seelenfreund, A., Ramírez, J. M., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., & Knapp, M. (2016). First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids-the mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile). Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-7.

Further reading edit

  • Moore, Katherine M. (May 5, 2016). "Early Domesticated Camelids in the Andes". In Capriles, José M.; Tripcevich, Nicholas (eds.). The archaeology of Andean pastoralism. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-5703-8. LCCN 2015031759. OCLC 944156234.
  • Tessone, A.; Rindel, D.; Belardi, J. B.; Panarello, H. O.; Goñi, R. A. (March 2014). "δ 13 C and δ 15 N Variability in Modern Guanaco ( Lama guanicoe ) Assemblages in Southern Patagonia: Implications for Zooarchaeological Studies: δ 13 C and δ 15 N Variability in Modern Guanaco Assemblages". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 24 (2): 202–218. doi:10.1002/oa.2330. hdl:11336/18318.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Lama guanicoe.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guanaco.

February 16, 2024
guanaco, other, uses, disambiguation, guanaco, ɑː, ɑː, ghwuah, lama, guanicoe, camelid, native, south, america, closely, related, llama, wild, south, american, camelids, other, species, vicuña, which, lives, higher, elevations, conservation, statusleast, conce. For other uses see Guanaco disambiguation The guanaco ɡ w ɑː ˈ n ɑː k oʊ ghwuah NAH koh 3 Lama guanicoe is a camelid native to South America closely related to the llama Guanacos are one of two wild South American camelids the other species is the vicuna which lives at higher elevations GuanacoConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaFamily CamelidaeGenus LamaSpecies L guanicoeBinomial nameLama guanicoe Muller 1776 Guanaco range Contents 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics 2 1 Diet 2 2 Hemoglobin levels 2 3 Guanaco fiber 3 Subspecies 4 Population and distribution 4 1 Atacama Desert 5 Ecology 5 1 Mating season 6 Domestication 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology editThe guanaco gets its name from the Quechua word huanaco 4 modern spelling wanaku 5 Young guanacos are called chulengos or guanaquitos 6 Characteristics edit nbsp Skull of a guanacoGuanacos stand between 1 0 and 1 3 m 3 ft 3 in and 4 ft 3 in at the shoulder body length of 2 1 to 2 2 m 6 ft 11 in to 7 ft 3 in 7 8 9 and weigh 90 to 140 kg 200 to 310 lb 10 Their color varies very little unlike the domestic llama ranging from a light brown to dark cinnamon and shading to white underneath Guanacos have grey faces and small straight ears The lifespan of a guanaco can be as long as 28 years 11 Guanacos are one of the largest terrestrial mammals native to South America today 8 Other terrestrial mammalian megafauna weighing as much or more than the guanaco include the tapirs the marsh deer the white tailed deer the spectacled bear and the jaguar Guanacos have thick skin on their necks a trait also found in their domestic counterparts the llama and their relatives the wild vicuna and domesticated alpaca This protects their necks from predator attacks Bolivians use the neck skin of these animals to make shoes flattening and pounding the skin to be used for the soles In Chile hunting is allowed only in Tierra del Fuego where the only population not classified as endangered in the country resides Between 2007 and 2012 13 200 guanacos were legally hunted in Tierra del Fuego 12 Diet edit Like all camels Guanacos are herbivores grazing on grasses shrubs herbs lichens fungi cacti and flowers 13 The food is swallowed with little chewing and first enters the forestomach to be digested finally after rumination This process is similar to that of ruminants to which camels are not zoologically related The camels digestive system is likely to have developed independently of ruminants which is evidenced by the fact that the forestomachs are equipped with glands 14 15 Hemoglobin levels edit Guanacos are often found at high altitudes up to 4 000 m 13 000 ft above sea level except in Patagonia where the southerly latitude means ice covers the vegetation at these altitudes For guanacos to survive in the low oxygen levels found at these high altitudes their blood is rich in red blood cells A teaspoon of guanaco blood contains about 68 million red blood cells four times that of a human 16 Guanaco fiber edit Guanaco fiber is particularly prized for its soft warm feel and is found in luxury fabric In South America the guanaco s soft wool is valued second only to that of vicuna wool The pelts particularly from the calves are sometimes used as a substitute for red fox pelts because the texture is difficult to differentiate Like their domestic descendant the llama the guanaco is double coated with coarse guard hairs and a soft undercoat the hairs of which are about 16 18 µ in diameter and comparable to cashmere 17 Subspecies editLama guanicoe guanicoe Lama guanicoe cacsilensis Lama guanicoe voglii Lama guanicoe huanacusPopulation and distribution edit nbsp Herd of guanacos nbsp Guanaco sharing a habitat with Magellanic penguins Punta TomboGuanacos inhabit the steppes scrublands and mountainous regions of South America They are found in the altiplano of Peru Bolivia and Chile and in Patagonia with a small population in Paraguay 1 In Argentina they are more numerous in Patagonian regions as well as in places such as Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego In these areas they have more robust populations since grazing competition from livestock is limited Guanaco responded to forage availability occupying zones with low to intermediate food availability in the breeding season and those with the highest availability in the non breeding season 18 Estimates as of 2016 place their numbers around 1 5 to 2 million animals 1 225 000 1 890 000 in Argentina 270 000 299 000 in Chile 3 000 in Peru 150 200 in Bolivia and 20 100 in Paraguay This is only 3 7 of the guanaco population before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in South America 19 20 A small population introduced by John Hamilton exists on Staats Island in the Falkland Islands Malvinas with a population of around 400 as of 2003 21 In Torres del Paine National Park the numbers of Guanacos increased from 175 in 1975 to 3 000 in 1993 19 22 Guanacos live in herds composed of females their young and a dominant male Bachelor males form separate herds While reproductive groups tend to remain small often containing no more than 10 adults bachelor herds may contain as many as 50 males When they feel threatened guanacos alert the herd to flee with a high pitched bleating call The male usually runs behind the herd to defend them They can run at 56 km h 35 mph per hour often over steep and rocky terrain 23 They are also excellent swimmers A guanaco s typical lifespan is 20 to 25 years 13 In Bolivia the habitat of Guanacos is found to be threatened by woody plant encroachment 24 Atacama Desert edit Some guanacos live in the Atacama Desert where in some areas it has not rained for over 50 years A mountainous coastline running parallel to the desert enables them to survive in what are called fog oases or lomas Where the cool water touches the hotter land the air above the desert is cooled creating a fog and thus water vapor Winds carry the fog across the desert where cacti catch the water droplets and lichens that cling to the cacti soak it in like a sponge Guanacos then eat the cacti flowers and the lichens 25 nbsp Guanacos in Torres del Paine National Park in Patagonia nbsp Guanacos near the La Silla Observatory 2400 meters above sea level 26 nbsp The remains of a guanaco scattered in the Atacama Desert southwest of Cerro Paranal The only intact section of skin is the thicker skin around the neck nbsp Guanacos near Torres del Paine ChileEcology editThe guanaco is a diurnal animal It lives in small herds consisting of one male and several females with their young When the male detects danger he warns the group by bleating The guanaco can run up to 64 km h 40 mph 18 m s This speed is important for the survival of guanacos because they cannot easily hide in the open grasslands of the Altiplano 27 Natural predators of the guanaco include pumas and the culpeo or Andean fox 8 Fox predation was unknown until 2007 when predators began to be observed in the Karukinka Reserve in Tierra del Fuego Scientists attribute the reason for the alleged new predation to the unfavourable climatic conditions on the island which are causing food to become scarce weakening the animals The absence of pumas on Tierra del Fuego is also believed to be a factor that allows the fox to occupy its ecological niche Finally it is believed that this behaviour is not new as the fox is nocturnal which allows it to capture most of its prey but makes it challenging to observe Faced with the threat of the red fox guanacos resort to cooperative strategies to protect their young with a shield formation a circle around the vulnerable If they are successful they chase the fox away which would be impossible with a puma 28 When threatened the guanaco alerts the rest of the herd with a high pitched bleating sound which sounds similar to a short sharp laugh Though typically mild mannered guanacos often spit when threatened and can do so up to a distance of six feet 29 30 Mating season edit Mating season occurs between November and February citation needed during which males often fight violently to establish dominance and breeding rights clarification needed Eleven and a half months later a single chulengo is born 31 Chulengos are able to walk immediately after birth Male chulengos are chased off from the herd by the dominant male at around one year old Domestication edit nbsp A herd of guanacos at the Chester ZooAlthough the species is still considered wild around 300 guanacos are in U S zoos and around 200 are registered in private herds 32 Guanacos have long been thought to be the parent species of the domesticated llama which was confirmed via molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2001 although the analysis also found that domestic llamas had experienced considerable cross hybridization with alpacas which are descended from the wild vicuna 33 The guanaco was independently domesticated by the Mapuche of Mocha Island in southern Chile producing the chilihueque which was bred for its wool and to pull the plough This animal disappeared in the 17th century when it was replaced by Old World sheep and draft animals 34 See also editLlamanacoReferences edit a b Baldi R B Acebes P Cuellar E Funes M Hoces D Puig S Franklin W L 2016 Lama guanicoe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T11186A18540211 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T11186A18540211 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 guanaco The Chambers Dictionary 9th ed Chambers 2003 ISBN 0 550 10105 5 Guanaco LAMA GUANICOE America Zoo Lesley Fountain Archived from the original on 28 April 2009 guanaco Diccionario de la lengua espanola Real Academia Espanola Retrieved Feb 11 2021 Species Profile Guanaco Concervacion Patagonia 2011 12 22 Stahl Peter W 4 April 2008 Animal Domestication in South America In Silverman Helaine Isbell William eds Handbook of South American Archaeology Springer pp 121 130 ISBN 9780387752280 a b c San Diego Zoo s Animal Bytes Animals gt camelids guanaco www dimensions guide Accessed 23 February 2021 Lama guanicoe Animal Diversity Web 18 July 2016 Hoffman Eva Lama guanicoe guanaco Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 2022 12 20 Servicio Agricola y Ganadero 2012 Plan de Manejo para a poblacion de guanacos en el area agropecuaria de Tierra del Fuego Chile Servicio Agricola y Ganadero Gobierno de Chile Punta Arenas 47pp Annexes a b Guanaco San Francisco Zoo amp Gardens 2021 03 17 Retrieved 2022 01 09 Bahamonde Nora Martin Susana I Sbriller A 1986 Diet of guanaco and red deer in Neuquen Province Argentina Journal of Range Management 39 1 22 24 doi 10 2307 3899679 hdl 10150 645455 JSTOR 3899679 S2CID 131871379 Fowler Murray E 2008 Camelids Are Not Ruminants Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine 375 385 doi 10 1016 B978 141604047 7 50049 X ISBN 9781416040477 PMC 7152308 Visit Englands Finest Safari Park amp Zoo near Liverpool amp Manchester Knowsleysafariexperience co uk Retrieved 2013 07 16 Beula Williams 2007 04 17 Llama Fiber International Llama Association Archived from the original on 2018 11 06 Retrieved 2008 05 04 Flores Celina E Bellis Laura M Adrian Schiavini 2020 Modelling the abundance and productivity distribution to understand the habitat species relationship the guanaco Lama guanicoe case study Wildlife Research 47 6 448 doi 10 1071 WR19114 S2CID 221564519 a b The Guanaco World s Finest Wool Autin Beth LibGuides Guanaco Lama guanicoe Fact Sheet Population amp Conservation Status ielc libguides com Retrieved 2022 01 09 Franklin William L Grigione Melissa M 10 March 2005 The enigma of guanacos in the Falkland Islands the legacy of John Hamilton Journal of Biogeography 32 4 661 675 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2004 01220 x S2CID 83468367 Sarno R J Franklin W L 1999 12 06 Population Density and Annual Variation in Birth Mass of Guanacos in Southern Chile Journal of Mammalogy 80 4 1158 1162 doi 10 2307 1383166 ISSN 1545 1542 JSTOR 1383166 Wild Animals Animal Planet June 2 2014 Cuellar Soto Erika Johnson Paul J Macdonald David W Barrett Glyn A Segundo Jorge 2020 09 30 Woody plant encroachment drives habitat loss for a relict population of a large mammalian herbivore in South America Therya 11 3 484 494 doi 10 12933 therya 20 1071 S2CID 224951614 Produced by Huw Cordey 2006 04 02 Deserts Planet Earth BBC BBC One The Guanacos of Atacama Retrieved 4 January 2016 Guanaco San Diego Zoo Animals amp Plants animals sandiegozoo org Retrieved 2022 01 05 Balboa Perla Cecilia Rodriguez Rodriguez Humberto Gonzalez Silva Israel Cantu Parra Artemio Carrillo Lozano Roque G Ramirez 2016 04 07 Leaf Morphological Traits of then Shrub Species at the Tamaulipan Thorn Scrub International Journal of Bio resource and Stress Management 7 2 344 349 doi 10 23910 ijbsm 2016 7 2 1494b ISSN 0976 3988 5 Fascinating Facts About Guanacos Cascada Expediciones www cascada travel Retrieved 2019 06 12 National Geographic Archived from the original on 2010 04 14 Retrieved 2008 07 08 Guanaco Lama guanicoe World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 10 December 2012 ROYAL FIBERS Guanacos Facts Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 17 March 2015 Wheeler Dr Jane Kadwell Miranda Fernandez Matilde Stanley Helen F Baldi Ricardo Rosadio Raul Bruford Michael W December 2001 Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 268 1485 2575 2584 doi 10 1098 rspb 2001 1774 PMC 1088918 PMID 11749713 0962 8452 Paper 1471 2954 Online Westbury M Prost S Seelenfreund A Ramirez J M Matisoo Smith E A amp Knapp M 2016 First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids the mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha Chile Scientific reports 6 1 1 7 Further reading editMoore Katherine M May 5 2016 Early Domesticated Camelids in the Andes In Capriles Jose M Tripcevich Nicholas eds The archaeology of Andean pastoralism Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press ISBN 978 0 8263 5703 8 LCCN 2015031759 OCLC 944156234 Tessone A Rindel D Belardi J B Panarello H O Goni R A March 2014 d 13 C and d 15 N Variability in Modern Guanaco Lama guanicoe Assemblages in Southern Patagonia Implications for Zooarchaeological Studies d 13 C and d 15 N Variability in Modern Guanaco Assemblages International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 24 2 202 218 doi 10 1002 oa 2330 hdl 11336 18318 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Lama guanicoe nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guanaco Puma takes on Guanaco 3 Times Her Weight Seven Worlds One Planet BBC Earth Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guanaco amp oldid 1203946569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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