Wikipedia
Punjab
Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb, -ˈdʒæb, ˈpʊn-/; Shahmukhi: پنجاب; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬ; Punjabi: [pə̞ɲˈdʒäːb] ⓘ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb)[b] is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India. Punjab's major cities are Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sialkot, Chandigarh, Shimla, Jalandhar, Patiala, Gurugram, and Bahawalpur.
Punjab پنجاب • Panjāb • ਪੰਜਾਬ | |
|---|---|
Region | |
| Nickname: Land of the Five Rivers | |
Location of Punjab in South Asia | |
| Coordinates: 31°N 74°E / 31°N 74°E | |
| Countries | Pakistan India |
| Largest city | Lahore |
| Area | |
| • Total | 458,354.5 km2 (176,971.7 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | c. 190 million[a] |
| Demonym | Punjabi |
| Demographics | |
| • Ethnic groups | Punjabis Minor: Saraikis, Hindkowans, Haryanvis, Pashtuns, Himachalis, Dogras, Muhajirs, Kashmiris, Biharis[1] |
| • Languages | Punjabi, its dialects and varieties and others |
| • Religions | Islam (60%) Hinduism (29%) Sikhism (10%) Christianity (1%) Others (<1%) |
| Time zones | UTC+05:30 (IST in India) |
| UTC+05:00 (PKT in Pakistan) | |
| Demographics based on British Punjab's colonial borders | |
Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE,[3] followed by migrations of the Indo-Aryan peoples. Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture.[3] The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, and has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan."[3]
Punjab's history is a tapestry of conflict, marked by the rise of indigenous dynasties and empires. Following Alexander the Great's invasion in the 4th century BCE, Chandragupta Maurya allied with Punjabi republics to establish the Maurya Empire.[4] Successive reigns of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Kushan Empire, and Indo-Scythians followed, but were ultimately defeated by Eastern Punjab Janapadas such as the Yaudheya, Trigarta Kingdom, Audumbaras, Arjunayanas, and Kuninda Kingdom.[5][6] In the 5th and 6th centuries CE, Punjab faced devastating Hunnic invasions, yet the Vardhana dynasty emerged triumphant, ruling over Northern India.[7] The 8th century CE witnessed the Hindu Shahis rise, known for defeating the Saffarid dynasty and the Samanid Empire. Concurrently, the Tomara dynasty and Katoch Dynasty controlled eastern Punjab, resisting Ghaznavid invasions.[8] Islam took hold in Western Punjab under Ghaznavid rule. The Delhi Sultanate then succeeded the Ghaznavids in which the Tughlaq dynasty and Sayyid dynasty Sultans are described as Punjabi origin.[9][10] The 15th century saw the emergence of the Langah Sultanate in south Punjab, acclaimed for its victory over the Lodi dynasty.[11] After the Mughal Empire's decline in the 18th century, Punjab experienced a period of anarchy. In 1799 CE, the Sikh Empire established its rule, undertaking conquests into Kashmir and Durrani Empire held territories, shaping the diverse and complex history of Punjab.
The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire the Punjab region was divided into three, with the Lahore Subah in the west, the Delhi Subah in the east and the Multan Subah in the south. In British India, until the Partition of India in 1947, the Punjab Province encompassed the present-day Indian states and union territories of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, and Delhi, and the Pakistani regions of Punjab, and Islamabad Capital Territory.
The predominant ethnolinguistic group of the Punjab region are the Punjabi people, who speak the Indo-Aryan Punjabi language. Punjabi Muslims are the majority in West Punjab (Pakistan), while Punjabi Sikhs are the majority in East Punjab (India). Other religious groups include Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Ravidassia.
Etymology edit
The name Punjab is of Persian origin, with its two parts (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') being cognates of the Sanskrit words पञ्च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning.[2][12] The word pañjāb is thus calque of Indo-Aryan "pañca-áp" and means "The Land of Five Waters", referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[13] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata, in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada (Sanskrit: पञ्चनद, romanized: pañca-nada, lit. 'five rivers').[14][15] Earlier, the Punjab was known as Sapta Sindhu or Hapta Hendu in Avesta, translating into "The Land of Seven Rivers", with the other two being Indus and Kabul.[16] The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία), which has the same meaning as that of Punjab.[17][18][19]
History edit
Ancient period edit
The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished from about 3000 BCE and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE.[20] Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas.[20] The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the Mahabharata.[20] The epic battles described in the Mahabharata are chronicled as being fought in what is now the state of Haryana and historic Punjab. The Gandharas, Kambojas, Trigartas, Andhra, Pauravas, Bahlikas (Bactrian settlers of the Punjab), Yaudheyas, and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra.[21] According to Fauja Singh and L. M. Joshi: "There is no doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas, and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab."[22]
Invasions of Alexander the Great (c. 4th century BCE) edit
The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as King Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great. His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities.[23] He (alongside Abisares) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family.[23] When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila, Omphis.[23] Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused.[23] This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus.[23] Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown.[23] The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative.[23]
Alexander later founded two cities—Nicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at the battle-ground, in memory of his horse, who died soon after the battle.[23][c] Later, tetradrachms would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant.[23][24] Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.[23] When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".[25] Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.[26][27][28] Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.[26]
After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, Antipater became the new regent.[29] According to Diodorus, Antipater recognized Porus's authority over the territories along the Indus River. However, Eudemus, who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus.[30]
Mauryan Empire (c. 320–180 BCE) edit
Chandragupta Maurya, with the aid of Kautilya, had established his empire around 320 BCE. The early life of Chandragupta Maurya is not clear. Kautilya enrolled the young Chandragupta in the university at Taxila to educate him in the arts, sciences, logic, mathematics, warfare, and administration. Megasthenes' account, as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him, states that Alexander the Great and Chandragupta met, which if true would mean his rule started earlier than 321 BCE. As Alexander never crossed the Beas river, so his territory probably lied in Punjab region.[citation needed] He has also been variously identified with Shashigupta (who has same etymology as of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae (western Punjab) on the account of same life events.[31] With the help of the small Janapadas of Punjab, he had gone on to conquer much of the North West Indian subcontinent.[32] He then defeated the Nanda rulers in Pataliputra to capture the throne. Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, Seleucus when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus and offered a marriage, including a portion of Bactria, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.[citation needed] The chief of the Mauryan military was also always a Yaudheyan warrior according to the Bijaygadh Pillar inscription, which states that the Yaudheyas elected their own chief who also served as the general for the Mauryans.[33][34] The Mauryan military was also made up vastly of men from the Punjab Janapadas.[35]
Chandragupta's rule was very well organised. The Mauryans had an autocratic and centralised administration system, aided by a council of ministers, and also a well-established espionage system. Much of Chandragupta's success is attributed to Chanakya, the author of the Arthashastra. According to Buddhist sources Chanakya was native of the Punjab who resided in Taxila. Much of the Mauryan rule had a strong bureaucracy that had regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial activities, mining, statistics and data, maintenance of public places, and upkeep of temples.[citation needed]
Medieval period edit
Hindu Shahis (c. 820–1030 CE) edit
In the 9th century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana,[36][37][38] replaced the Taank kingdom, ruling Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan.[20] The tribe of the Gakhars/Khokhars, formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta.[39] The most notable rulers of the empire were Lalliya, Bhimadeva and Jayapala who were accredited for military victories.
Lalliya had reclaimed the territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 CE after it had been lost under his predecessor to the Saffarid dynasty.[38][page needed] He was described as a fearsome Shahi. Two of his ministers reconstructed by Rahman as Toramana and Asata are said to of have taken advantage of Amr al-Layth's preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan, by successfully raiding Ghazna around 900 CE.[38][page needed]
After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 CE.[38][page needed] Abu Ishaq Ibrahim was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas.[38][page needed] This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI).[38][page needed]
Turkic rule (c. 1030–1320 CE) edit
The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years in Western Punjab, gradually declining as a power until the Ghurid conquest of Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik.[41] Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206 by Punjabi assassins near the Jhelum river, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate.
Tughlaq dynasty (c. 1320–1410 CE) edit
The Tughlaq dynasty's reign formally started in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq after defeating Khusrau Khan at the Battle of Lahrawat.
During Ghazi Malik's reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to Deogir to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of Telangana). His first attempt was a failure.[42] Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again.[43] This time Jauna Khan succeeded and Arangal fell, it was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate.The Muslim aristocracy in Lukhnauti (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking Shamsuddin Firoz Shah, which he did over 1324–1325 AD,[42] after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign.
After his father's death in 1325 CE, Muhammad bin Tughlaq assumed power and his rule saw the empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach.[44] He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Mithila and many other regions in India.[45] His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions became commonplace all over the Indian subcontinent.[46] Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351[47][page needed] while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in Sindh and Gujarat.[48]
After Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the Tughlaq empire was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence; it was at this point that Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Ghazi Malik's nephew, took reign. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title Sipahsalar. His mother Naila was a Punjabi Bhatti princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from Dipalpur and Abohar according to the historian William Crooke.[49][50] The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh, while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured Cuttack, desecrated the Jagannath Temple, Puri, and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa to pay tribute.[51][52] He also laid siege to the Kangra Fort and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute.[53] During this time, Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab, but he was defeated and his face slashed by the sword given by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Raja Kailas Pal who ruled the Nagarkot region in Punjab.[54]
Sayyid dynasty (c. 1410–1450 CE) edit
Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs.[55]
Following Timur's 1398 sack of Delhi,[56] he appointed Khizr Khan as deputy of Multan (Punjab).[57] He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.[58][59] Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.[57] Khizr Khan did not take up the title of sultan, but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as Rayat-i-Ala(vassal) of the Timurids - initially that of Timur, and later his son Shah Rukh.[60][61] After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.[62] Punjab was the powerbase of Khizr Khan and his successors as the bulk of the Delhi army during their reigns came from Multan and Dipalpur.[63]
Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah.[64][65] He defeated the advancing Hoshang Shah Ghori, ruler of Malwa Sultanate and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign.[66] Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of Jasrath Khokhar and managed to fend off multiple invasions by the Timurids of Kabul.[67]
The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.[68]
Langah Sultanate (c. 1450–1540 CE) edit
In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah (a Jat Zamindar tribe),[69][70][71][72] established the Langah Sultanate in Multan after the fall of the Sayyid dynasty. Husseyn Langah I (reigned 1456–1502) was the second ruler of Langah Sultanate. He undertook military campaigns in Punjab and captured Chiniot and Shorkot from the Lodis. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Lodis led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah, as well as his daughter Zeerak Rumman.[11]
Modern period edit
Mughal Empire (c. 1526–1761 CE) edit
The Mughals came to power in the early 16th century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab from their capital at Lahore. During the Mughal era, Saadullah Khan, born into a family of Punjabi agriculturalists[73] belonging to the Thaheem tribe[74] from Chiniot[75] remained grand vizier (or Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire in the period 1645–1656.[75] Other prominent Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include Wazir Khan,[76] Adina Beg Arain,[77] and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh.[78] The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century.[20] As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region.[20] Contested by the Marathas and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the misls, who expanded and established the Sikh Confederacy as the Mughals and Afghans weakened, ultimately ruling the Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and territories north into the Himalayas.[20]
Sikh Empire (c. 1799–1849 CE) edit
In the 19th century, Maharajah Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire based in the Punjab.[79] The empire existed from 1799, when Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls.[80][81] At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west to western Tibet in the east, and from Mithankot in the south to Kashmir in the north. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, in Punjab, which became the Sikh capital; Multan, also in Punjab; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 3.5 million in 1831 (making it the 19th most populous country at the time),[82] it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
British Punjab (c. 1849–1947 CE) edit
The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.[83] Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority.[20] The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets.[20] Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation.[20] Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities.[84]: 163 Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued.[20] At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society.[20] In 1919, Colonel Reginald Dyer ordered troops under command to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar. The Jallianwala massacre fueled the indian independence movement.[20] Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.[20] When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.[20] Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists.[20] At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.[20]
The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.[85] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.[86][87][88][89]
Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[90]
Geography edit
The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.[91][92]
Sikh Empire edit
At its height in the first half of the 19th century, the Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km2).[93][94][95]
The Punjab was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire. The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Punjab region during the Sikh Empire:
- Punjab region, to Mithankot in the south
- Punjab, Pakistan, excluding Bahawalpur State
- Punjab, India, south to areas just across the Sutlej river
- Himachal Pradesh, India, south to areas just across the Sutlej river
- Jammu Division, Jammu and Kashmir, India and Pakistan (1808–1846)
- Kashmir region, Pakistan/China[96][97]
- Kashmir Valley, India (1819–1846)
- Gilgit, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan (1842–1846)[citation needed]
- Ladakh, India (1834–1846)[98][99]
- Khyber Pass, Pakistan/Afghanistan[100]
- Peshawar, Pakistan[101] (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834)
- Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan (documented from Hazara, taken in 1818, again in 1836 to Bannu)[102]
- Parts of Western Tibet,[103] China (briefly in 1841, to Taklakot)[104]
After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the East India Company to launch the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars. The country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Crown.[84]: 221
Punjab (British India) edit
In British India, until the Partition of India in 1947, the Punjab Province was geographically a triangular tract of country of which the Indus River and its tributary the Sutlej formed the two sides up to their confluence, the base of the triangle in the north being the Lower Himalayan Range between those two rivers. Moreover, the province as constituted under British rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries. Along the northern border, Himalayan ranges divided it from Kashmir and Tibet. On the west it was separated from the North-West Frontier Province by the Indus, until it reached the border of Dera Ghazi Khan District, which was divided from Baluchistan by the Sulaiman Range. To the south lay Sindh and Rajputana, while on the east the rivers Jumna and Tons separated it from the United Provinces.[105] In total Punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day Germany, being one of the largest provinces of the British Raj.
It encompassed the present day Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and some parts of Himachal Pradesh which were merged with Punjab by the British for administrative purposes (but excluding the former princely states which were later combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union) and the Pakistani regions of the Punjab, Islamabad Capital Territory and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province: the North-West Frontier Province. Subsequently, Punjab was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data:[106]: 2 [107]: 4
- Indo-Gangetic Plain West geographical division (including Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura district);
- Himalayan geographical division (including Nahan State, Simla District, Simla Hill States, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State);
- Sub-Himalayan geographical division (including Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District;
- North-West Dry Area geographical division (including Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, and Dera Ghazi Khan District).
Partition of British Punjab edit
The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab. The landed elites of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation, supported the Unionist Party and were hostile to the Congress party–led independence movement.[108] Amongst the peasantry and urban middle classes, the Hindus were the most active National Congress supporters, the Sikhs flocked to the Akali movement whilst the Muslims eventually supported the Muslim League.[108]
Since the partition of the sub-continent had been decided, special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not the Province of the Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. This last Assembly before independence, held its last sitting on 4 July 1947.[109]
Major cities edit
Historically, Lahore has been the capital of the Punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region, with a population of 11 million for the city proper. Faisalabad is the 2nd most populous city and largest industrial hub in this region. Other major cities are Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, and Chandigarh are the other cities in Punjab with a city-proper population of over a million.
Climate edit
The climate has significant impact on the economy of Punjab, particularly for agriculture in the region. Climate is not uniform over the whole region, as the areas adjacent to the Himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance.[110]
There are three main seasons and two transitional periods. During the hot season, from mid-April to the end of June, the temperature may reach 49 °C (120 °F). The monsoon season, from July to September, is a period of heavy rainfall, providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems. The transitional period after the monsoon season is cool and mild, leading to the winter season, when the temperature in January falls to 5 °C (41 °F) at night and 12 °C (54 °F) by day. During the transitional period from winter to the hot season, sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur, causing damage to crops.[111]
Western Punjab edit
| Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) | 30.0 (86.0) | 37.0 (98.6) | 44.0 (111.2) | 45.6 (114.1) | 50.0 (122.0) | 45.0 (113.0) | 42.0 (107.6) | 38.1 (100.6) | 38.0 (100.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 28.3 (82.9) | 50.0 (122.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 24.8 (76.6) | 30.6 (87.1) | 36.1 (97.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 33.9 (93.0) | 33.4 (92.1) | 30.9 (87.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 28.9 (84.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 23.6 (74.5) | 28.7 (83.7) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.1 (86.2) | 29.1 (84.4) | 27.6 (81.7) | 23.3 (73.9) | 17.3 (63.1) | 12.5 (54.5) | 22.2 (71.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) | 6.8 (44.2) | 11.4 (52.5) | 16.6 (61.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.2 (75.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 15.6 (60.1) | 9.1 (48.4) | 4.7 (40.5) | 15.4 (59.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6 (21) | −5.0 (23.0) | −3.8 (25.2) | 2.1 (35.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 13 (55) | 15.2 (59.4) | 14.5 (58.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 5.7 (42.3) | −0.6 (30.9) | −2.8 (27.0) | −6.0 (21.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55.2 (2.17) | 99.5 (3.92) | 96.5 (3.80) | 58.1 (2.29) | 39.9 (1.57) | 78.4 (3.09) | 310.6 (12.23) | 317.0 (12.48) | 135.4 (5.33) | 34.4 (1.35) | 17.7 (0.70) | 25.9 (1.02) | 1,268.6 (49.95) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.7 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 74.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 195.7 | 187.1 | 202.3 | 252.4 | 319.0 | 300.1 | 264.4 | 250.7 | 262.2 | 275.5 | 247.9 | 195.6 | 2,952.9 |
| Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[112][113] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: PMD (extremes)[114] | |||||||||||||
Central Punjab edit
| Climate data for Lahore (1991-2020, extremes 1931-2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) | 33.3 (91.9) | 37.8 (100.0) | 46.1 (115.0) | 48.3 (118.9) | 47.2 (117.0) | 46.1 (115.0) | 42.8 (109.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | 35.0 (95.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 48.3 (118.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) | 22.2 (72.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 34.2 (93.6) | 38.9 (102.0) | 38.9 (102.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.7 (94.5) | 34.4 (93.9) | 32.4 (90.3) | 27.1 (80.8) | 21.4 (70.5) | 30.5 (86.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | 21.6 (70.9) | 27.7 (81.9) | 32.3 (90.1) | 33.2 (91.8) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 20.4 (68.7) | 15.1 (59.2) | 24.9 (76.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 10.8 (51.4) | 15.7 (60.3) | 21.1 (70.0) | 25.6 (78.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.9 (80.4) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 8.8 (47.8) | 19.2 (66.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 2.8 (37.0) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.0 (66.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 1.0 (33.8) | −1.1 (30.0) | −2.2 (28.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21.9 (0.86) | 39.5 (1.56) | 43.5 (1.71) | 25.5 (1.00) | 26.7 (1.05) | 84.8 (3.34) | 195.6 (7.70) | 184.1 (7.25) | 88.6 (3.49) | 13.3 (0.52) | 6.9 (0.27) | 16.8 (0.66) | 747.2 (29.41) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 47.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 218.8 | 215.0 | 245.8 | 256.1 | 308.3 | 269.0 | 227.5 | 234.9 | 265.6 | 290.0 | 229.6 | 222.9 | 2,983.5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[115] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: PMD[116] | |||||||||||||
Eastern Punjab edit
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 42.6 (108.7) | 44.6 (112.3) | 45.3 (113.5) | 42.0 (107.6) | 39.0 (102.2) | 37.5 (99.5) | 37.0 (98.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 28.5 (83.3) | 45.3 (113.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 28.4 (83.1) | 34.6 (94.3) | 38.3 (100.9) | 38.3 (100.9) | 34.1 (93.4) | 32.8 (91.0) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.3 (90.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 21.9 (71.4) | 30.4 (86.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.5 (41.9) | 8.1 (46.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 23.0 (73.4) | 24.9 (76.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.2 (73.8) | 21.7 (71.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 10.6 (51.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 16.3 (61.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.8 (46.0) | 13.4 (56.1) | 14.8 (58.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 14.3 (57.7) | 9.4 (48.9) | 3.7 (38.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | 0.0 (32.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 43.3 (1.70) | 44.2 (1.74) | 30.5 (1.20) | 11.7 (0.46) | 28.9 (1.14) | 131.8 (5.19) | 278.1 (10.95) | 289.0 (11.38) | 158.2 (6.23) | 22.8 (0.90) | 6.4 (0.25) | 19.2 (0.76) | 1,064.1 (41.89) |
| Average rainy days | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 45.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 47 | 42 | 34 | 23 | 23 | 39 | 62 | 70 | 59 | 40 | 40 | 46 | 44 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[117][118] | |||||||||||||
Demographics edit
Languages edit
The major language is Punjabi, which is written in India with the Gurmukhi script, and in Pakistan using the Shahmukhi script.[119] The Punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab, whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the Urdu language.
Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the various parts of the region. Dogri,[120] Kangri,[121] and other western Pahari dialects are spoken in the north-central and northeastern parts of the region, while Bagri[122] is spoken in south-central and southeastern sections. Meanwhile, Saraiki is generally spoken across a wide belt covering the southwest, while in the northwest there are large pockets containing speakers of Hindko and Pothwari.[123]
| Language | Percentage |
|---|---|
| 1911[106]: 370 | |
| Punjabi[e] | 75.93% |
| Western Hindi[f] | 15.82% |
| Western Pahari | 4.11% |
| Rajasthani | 3.0% |
| Balochi | 0.29% |
| Pashto | 0.28% |
| English | 0.15% |
| Other | 0.42% |
Religions edit
Background edit
Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practised by Punjabi people, however, the term Hindu was also applied over a vast territory with much regional diversity.[124] The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of Indra.[125][126][127][128] The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,[129] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.[130]
Later, the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab.[131] Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion.[132][133] There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.[134] The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region.[135]
The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.[130][136] A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[130]
Colonial era edit
A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[137] Additionally during the colonial era, the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims and Punjabi Hindus was noted and documented by officials in census reports:
"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, Baisakhi, the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of Tazias, in Muharram, with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of Sabils (shelters where water and sharbat are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar (Lahore) are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus."[106]: 174
"Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of Varnashrama Dharma were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The Shamsis are believers in Shah Shamas Tabrez of Multan, and follow the Imam, for the time being, of the Ismailia sect of Shias... they belong mostly to the Sunar caste and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong."[106]: 130— Excerpts from the Census of India (Punjab Province), 1911 AD
| Religious group | Population % 1881[g] | Population % 1891 | Population % 1901[g] | Population % 1911[g] | Population % 1921 | Population % 1931 | Population % 1941 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Islam | 47.6% | 47.8% | 49.2% | 50.8% | 51.1% | 52.4% | 53.2% |
| Hinduism[h] | 43.8% | 43.6% | 41.8% | 36.3% | 35.1% | 31.7% | 30.1% |
| Sikhism | 8.2% | 8.2% | 8.5% | 11.9% | 12.4% | 14.3% | 14.9% |
| Christianity | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.5% |
| Other religions / No religion | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141][g] | 1901[142]: 34 [g] | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 [g] | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Islam | 9,872,745 | 47.58% | 12,183,345 | 49.22% | 12,275,477 | 50.75% | 12,813,383 | 51.05% | 14,929,896 | 52.4% | 18,259,744 | 53.22% |
| Hinduism [h] | 9,095,175 | 43.84% | 10,344,469 | 41.79% | 8,773,621 | 36.27% | 8,799,651 | 35.06% | 9,018,509 | 31.65% | 10,336,549 | 30.13% |
| Sikhism | 1,706,165 | 8.22% | 2,102,896 | 8.49% | 2,883,729 | 11.92% | 3,107,296 | 12.38% | 4,071,624 | 14.29% | 5,116,185 | 14.91% |
| Jainism | 42,572 | 0.21% | 49,983 | 0.2% | 46,775 | 0.19% | 41,321 | 0.16% | 43,140 | 0.15% | 45,475 | 0.13% |
| Christianity | 28,054 | 0.14% | 66,591 | 0.27% | 199,751 | 0.83% | 332,939 | 1.33% | 419,353 | 1.47% | 512,466 | 1.49% |
| Buddhism | 3,251 | 0.02% | 6,940 | 0.03% | 7,690 | 0.03% | 5,912 | 0.02% | 7,753 | 0.03% | 854 | 0.002% |
| Zoroastrianism | 413 | 0.002% | 477 | 0.002% | 653 | 0.003% | 526 | 0.002% | 569 | 0.002% | 4,359 | 0.01% |
| Judaism | — | — | 24 | 0.0001% | 54 | 0.0002% | 19 | 0.0001% | 13 | 0% | 39 | 0.0001% |
| Others | 57 | 0.0003% | 12 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 13 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 34,190 | 0.1% |
| Total population | 20,748,432 | 100% | 24,754,737 | 100% | 24,187,750 | 100% | 25,101,060 | 100% | 28,490,857 | 100% | 34,309,861 | 100% |
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141][148][i] | 1901[142]: 34 [149]: 62 [j] | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 [k] | 1921[145]: 29 [l] | 1931[146]: 277 [m] | 1941[147]: 42 [n] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
| Islam | 6,201,859 | 78.09% | 7,951,155 | 76.25% | 8,494,314 | 76.49% | 8,975,288 | 75.49% | 10,570,029 | 75.28% | 13,022,160 | 75.1% | |
| Hinduism [h] | 1,449,913 | 18.26% | 1,944,363 | 18.65% | 1,645,758 | 14.82% | 1,797,141 | 15.12% | 1,957,878 | 13.94% | 2,373,466 | 13.69% | |
| Sikhism | 272,908 | 3.44% | 483,999 | 4.64% | 813,441 | 7.33% | 863,091 | 7.26% | 1,180,789 | 8.41% | 1,520,112 | 8.77% | |
| Christianity | 12,992 | 0.16% | 42,371 | 0.41% | 144,514 | 1.3% | 247,030 | 2.08% | 324,730 | 2.31% | 395,311 | 2.28% | |
| Jainism | 4,352 | 0.05% | 5,562 | 0.05% | 5,977 | 0.05% | 5,930 | 0.05% | 6,921 | 0.05% | 9,520 | 0.05% | |
| Zoroastrianism | 354 | 0.004% | 300 | 0.003% | 377 | 0.003% | 309 | 0.003% | 413 | 0.003% | 312 | 0.002% | |
| Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0.0001% | 168 | 0.002% | 172 | 0.001% | 32 | 0.0002% | 87 | 0.001% | |
| Judaism | — | — | 9 | 0.0001% | 36 | 0.0003% | 16 | 0.0001% | 6 | 0% | 7 | 0% | |
| Others | 21 | 0.0003% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 8 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 19,128 | 0.11% | |
| Total Population | 7,942,399 | 100% | 10,427,765 | 100% | 11,104,585 | 100% | 11,888,985 | 100% | 14,040,798 | 100% | 17,340,103 | 100% | |
| Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, Pakistan and Islamabad Capital Territory. | |||||||||||||
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141][148][o][g] | 1901[142]: 34 [149]: 62 [p][g] | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 [q][g] | 1921[145]: 29 [r] | 1931[146]: 277 [s] | 1941[147]: 42 [t] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
| Hinduism [h] | 7,645,262 | 59.7% | 8,400,106 | 58.63% | 7,127,863 | 54.48% | 7,002,510 | 53% | 7,060,631 | 48.86% | 7,963,083 | 46.93% | |
| Islam | 3,670,886 | 28.67% | 4,232,190 | 29.54% | 3,781,163 | 28.9% | 3,838,095 | 29.05% | 4,359,867 | 30.17% | 5,237,584 | 30.86% | |
| Sikhism | 1,433,257 | 11.19% | 1,618,897 | 11.3% | 2,070,288 | 15.82% | 2,244,205 | 16.99% | 2,890,835 | 20.01% | 3,596,073 | 21.19% | |
| Jainism | 38,220 | 0.3% | 44,421 | 0.31% | 40,798 | 0.31% | 35,391 | 0.27% | 36,219 | 0.25% | 35,955 | 0.21% | |
| Christianity | 15,062 | 0.12% | 24,220 | 0.17% | 55,237 | 0.42% | 85,909 | 0.65% | 94,623 | 0.65% | 117,155 | 0.69% | |
| Buddhism | 3,251 | 0.03% | 6,934 | 0.05% | 7,522 | 0.06% | 5,740 | 0.04% | 7,721 | 0.05% | 767 | 0.005% | |
| Zoroastrianism | 59 | 0.0005% | 177 | 0.001% | 276 | 0.002% | 217 | 0.002% | 156 | 0.001% | 4,047 | 0.02% | |
| Judaism | — | — | 15 | 0.0001% | 18 | 0.0001% | 3 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 32 | 0.0002% | |
| Others | 36 | 0.0003% | 12 | 0.0001% | 0 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 15,062 | 0.09% | |
| Total Population | 12,806,033 | 100% | 14,326,972 | 100% | 13,083,165 | 100% | 13,212,075 | 100% | 14,450,059 | 100% | 16,969,758 | 100% | |
| Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. | |||||||||||||
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Hinduism [h] | 4,975,901 | 48.94% | 5,825,964 | 48.64% | 4,790,624 | 43.44% | 4,735,960 | 41.37% | 4,709,545 | 36.59% | 5,314,610 | 34.43% |
| Islam | 3,751,891 | 36.9% | 4,481,366 | 37.42% | 4,144,971 | 37.59% | 4,350,186 | 38% | 5,112,215 | 39.72% | 6,247,791 | 40.48% |
| Sikhism | 1,390,873 | 13.68% | 1,605,457 | 13.4% | 1,993,750 | 18.08% | 2,186,429 | 19.1% | 2,816,785 | 21.88% | 3,576,659 | 23.17% |
| Jainism | 36,479 | 0.36% | 41,877 | 0.35% | 39,111 | 0.35% | 33,515 | 0.29% | 34,806 | 0.27% | 34,744 | 0.23% |
| Christianity | 11,729 | 0.12% | 22,103 | 0.18% | 58,462 | 0.53% | 140,104 | 1.22% | 198,081 | 1.54% | 247,028 | 1.6% |
| Zoroastrianism | 139 | 0% | 299 | 0% | 412 | 0% | 318 | 0% | 314 | 0% | 235 | 0% |
| Buddhism | 1 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 132 | 0% | 184 | 0% | 23 | 0% | 39 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | 19 | 0% | 28 | 0% | 14 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 30 | 0% |
| Others | 49 | 0% | 12 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 14,844 | 0.1% |
| Total population[u] | 10,167,062 | 100% | 11,977,100 | 100% | 11,027,490 | 100% | 11,446,716 | 100% | 12,871,774 | 100% | 15,435,980 | 100% |
The Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division included Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura District.[106]: 2 [107]: 4
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Hinduism [h] | 1,458,481 | 94.74% | 1,598,853 | 94.6% | 1,630,084 | 94.53% | 1,642,176 | 94.5% | 1,729,008 | 94.42% | 1,929,634 | 94.76% |
| Islam | 70,642 | 4.59% | 76,480 | 4.53% | 74,205 | 4.3% | 77,425 | 4.46% | 82,711 | 4.52% | 87,485 | 4.3% |
| Christianity | 3,840 | 0.25% | 3,415 | 0.2% | 4,400 | 0.26% | 4,471 | 0.26% | 2,586 | 0.14% | 2,129 | 0.1% |
| Buddhism | 3,250 | 0.21% | 6,931 | 0.41% | 7,518 | 0.44% | 5,718 | 0.33% | 7,705 | 0.42% | 614 | 0.03% |
| Sikhism | 2,680 | 0.17% | 3,897 | 0.23% | 7,894 | 0.46% | 7,610 | 0.44% | 8,948 | 0.49% | 12,245 | 0.6% |
| Jainism | 536 | 0.03% | 483 | 0.03% | 358 | 0.02% | 356 | 0.02% | 291 | 0.02% | 425 | 0.02% |
| Zoroastrianism | 4 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 18 | 0% | 40 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 3,895 | 0.19% |
| Judaism | — | — | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Others | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 4 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% |
| Total population[u] | 1,539,433 | 100% | 1,690,066 | 100% | 1,724,480 | 100% | 1,737,801 | 100% | 1,831,253 | 100% | 2,036,428 | 100% |
The Himalayan geographical division included Sirmoor State, Simla District, Simla Hill States, Bilaspur State, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State.[106]: 2 [107]: 4
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Islam | 3,511,174 | 58.8% | 3,741,759 | 60.62% | 3,551,989 | 61.19% | 3,587,246 | 61.44% | 4,009,166 | 61.99% | 4,751,911 | 62.32% |
| Hinduism [h] | 2,159,634 | 36.17% | 2,042,505 | 33.09% | 1,588,097 | 27.36% | 1,556,703 | 26.66% | 1,565,034 | 24.2% | 1,799,915 | 23.6% |
| Sikhism | 284,592 | 4.77% | 350,587 | 5.68% | 565,596 | 9.74% | 570,759 | 9.78% | 753,168 | 11.65% | 906,802 | 11.89% |
| Christianity | 10,363 | 0.17% | 29,930 | 0.48% | 92,524 | 1.59% | 117,172 | 2.01% | 132,500 | 2.05% | 155,386 | 2.04% |
| Jainism | 5,231 | 0.09% | 7,278 | 0.12% | 6,695 | 0.12% | 6,866 | 0.12% | 7,299 | 0.11% | 9,172 | 0.12% |
| Zoroastrianism | 200 | 0% | 117 | 0% | 152 | 0% | 111 | 0% | 76 | 0% | 141 | 0% |
| Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 11 | 0% | 8 | 0% | 22 | 0% | 171 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | 5 | 0% | 17 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 6 | 0% |
| Others | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1,681 | 0.02% |
| Total population[u] | 5,971,195 | 100% | 6,172,187 | 100% | 5,805,081 | 100% | 5,838,869 | 100% | 6,467,272 | 100% | 7,625,185 | 100% |
The Sub−Himalayan geographical division included Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District.[106]: 2 [107]: 4
| Religious group | 1881[139][140][141] | 1901[142]: 34 | 1911[143]: 27 [144]: 27 | 1921[145]: 29 | 1931[146]: 277 | 1941[147]: 42 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Islam | 2,539,038 | 82.68% | 3,883,740 | 79.01% | 4,504,312 | 80% | 4,798,526 | 78.95% | 5,725,804 | 78.22% | 7,172,557 | 77.86% |
| Hinduism [h] | 501,159 | 16.32% | 877,147 | 17.84% | 764,816 | 13.58% | 864,812 | 14.23% | 1,014,922 | 13.86% | 1,292,390 | 14.03% |
| Sikhism | 28,020 | 0.91% | 142,955 | 2.91% | 316,489 | 5.62% | 342,498 | 5.64% | 492,723 | 6.73% | 620,479 | 6.74% |
| Christianity | 2,122 | 0.07% | 11,143 | 0.23% | 44,365 | 0.79% | 71,192 | 1.17% | 86,186 | 1.18% | 107,923 | 1.17% |
| Jainism | 326 | 0.01% | 345 | 0.01% | 611 | 0.01% | 584 | 0.01% | 744 | 0.01% | 1,134 | 0.01% |
| Zoroastrianism | 70 | 0% | 54 | 0% | 71 | 0% | 57 | 0% | 176 | 0% | 88 | 0% |
| Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 29 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 30 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% |
| Others | 7 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 17,664 | 0.19% |
| Total population[u] | 3,070,742 | 100% | 4,915,384 | 100% | 5,630,699 | 100% | 6,077,674 | 100% | 7,320,558 | 100% | 9,212,268 | 100% |
The North−West Dry Area geographical division included Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, Dera Ghazi Khan District, and the Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract.[106]: 2 [107]: 4
Post-partition edit
In the present-day, the vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith, but also include significant minority faiths, such as Shia Muslims, Ahmadi Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians.
Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak is the main religion practised in the post-1966 Indian Punjab state. About 57.7% of the population of Punjab state is Sikh, 38.5% is Hindu, with the remaining population including Muslims, Christians, and Jains.[150] Punjab state contains the holy Sikh cities of Amritsar, Anandpur Sahib, Tarn Taran Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib and Chamkaur Sahib.
The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints, and Sufism is well established in the region.[151] Also, Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints.[152]
| Religious group | Punjab Region | Punjab (Pakistan)[153] | Punjab (India)[154] | Haryana[155] | Delhi[155] | Himachal Pradesh[155] | Islamabad[153] | Chandigarh[155] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population | Percentage | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Islam | 114,130,322 | 60.13% | 107,541,602 | 97.77% | 535,489 | 1.93% | 1,781,342 | 7.03% | 2,158,684 | 12.86% | 149,881 | 2.18% | 1,911,877 | 95.43% | 51,447 | 4.87% |
| Hinduism | 54,159,083 | 28.54% | 211,641 | 0.19% | 10,678,138 | 38.49% | 22,171,128 | 87.46% | 13,712,100 | 81.68% | 6,532,765 | 95.17% | 737 | 0.04% | 852,574 | 80.78% |
| Sikhism | 18,037,312 | 9.5% | — | — | 16,004,754 | 57.69% | 1,243,752 | 4.91% | 570,581 | 3.4% | 79,896 | 1.16% | — | — | 138,329 | 13.11% |
| Christianity | 2,715,952 | 1.43% | 2,063,063 | 1.88% | 348,230 | 1.26% | 50,353 | 0.2% | 146,093 | 0.87% | 12,646 | 0.18% | 86,847 | 4.34% | 8,720 | 0.83% |
| Jainism | 267,649 | 0.14% | — | — | 45,040 | 0.16% | 52,613 | 0.21% | 166,231 | 0.99% | 1,805 | 0.03% | — | — | 1,960 | 0.19% |
| Ahmadiyya | 160,759 | 0.08% | 158,021 | 0.14% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2,738 | 0.14% | — | — |
| Buddhism | 139,019 | 0.07% | — | — | 33,237 | 0.12% | 7,514 | 0.03% | 18,449 | 0.11% | 78,659 | 1.15% | — | — | 1,160 | 0.11% |
| Others | 185,720 | 0.1% | 15,328 | 0.01% | 98,450 | 0.35% | 44,760 | 0.18% | 15,803 | 0.09% | 8,950 | 0.13% | 1,169 | 0.06% | 1,260 | 0.12% |
| Total population | 189,795,816 | 100% | 109,989,655 | 100% | 27,743,338 | 100% | 25,351,462 | 100% | 16,787,941 | 100% | 6,864,602 | 100% | 2,003,368 | 100% | 1,055,450 | 100% |
Tribes edit
The Punjab region is diverse. Historic census reports taken in the colonial era details the main castes are represented, alongside numerous subcastes and tribes (also known as Jāti or Barādarī), formed parts of the various ethnic groups in the region, contemporarily known as Punjabis, Saraikis, Haryanvis, Hindkowans, Dogras, Paharis, and more.
| Tribe | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Jat | 4,223,885 | 20.31% | 4,500,340 | 19.64% | 4,884,285 | 20.04% | 4,891,060 | 20.56% | 5,453,747 | 21.73% | 6,070,032 | 21.31% |
| Rajput | 1,648,426 | 7.92% | 1,747,989 | 7.63% | 1,784,402 | 7.32% | 1,586,274 | 6.67% | 1,853,025 | 7.38% | 2,351,650 | 8.25% |
| Brahman | 1,040,771 | 5% | 1,069,132 | 4.67% | 1,077,252 | 4.42% | 985,901 | 4.14% | 994,529 | 3.96% | 1,058,598 | 3.72% |
| Chuhra | 1,039,039 | 5% | 1,175,504 | 5.13% | 1,175,003 | 4.82% | 912,998 | 3.84% | 750,596 | 2.99% | 681,359 | 2.39% |
| Chamar | 1,033,727 | 4.97% | 1,147,913 | 5.01% | 1,172,118 | 4.81% | 1,075,941 | 4.52% | 1,134,700 | 4.52% | 1,102,465 | 3.87% |
| Arain | 795,471 | 3.82% | 890,264 | 3.88% | 1,003,698 | 4.12% | 973,888 | 4.09% | 1,086,455 | 4.33% | 1,329,312 | 4.67% |
| Julaha | 593,199 | 2.85% | 620,401 | 2.71% | 651,800 | 2.67% | 626,960 | 2.64% | 643,403 | 2.56% | 672,243 | 2.36% |
| Tarkhan | 564,385 | 2.71% | 621,718 | 2.71% | 675,361 | 2.77% | 637,971 | 2.68% | 614,912 | 2.45% | 654,053 | 2.3% |
| Gujjar | 539,251 | 2.59% | 600,198 | 2.62% | 611,904 | 2.51% | 595,598 | 2.5% | 627,451 | 2.5% | 696,442 | 2.44% |
| Arora | 538,465 | 2.59% | 603,131 | 2.63% | 647,945 | 2.66% | 667,943 | 2.81% | 707,495 | 2.82% | 769,694 | 2.7% |
| Kumhar | 465,676 | 2.24% | 515,331 | 2.25% | 561,298 | 2.3% | 542,906 | 2.28% | 570,158 | 2.27% | 62,0402 | 2.18% |
| Bania | 437,000 | 2.1% | 442,000 | 1.93% | 452,000 | 1.85% | 404,000 | 1.7% | 374,169 | 1.49% | — | — |
| Jhinwar | 418,499 | 2.01% | 458,702 | 2% | 450,362 | 1.85% | 331,951 | 1.4% | 371,418 | 1.48% | 370,168 | 1.3% |
| Khatri | 392,413 | 1.89% | 418,517 | 1.83% | 433,579 | 1.78% | 423,704 | 1.78% | 452,902 | 1.8% | 516,207 | 1.81% |
| Awan | 350,848 | 1.69% | 389,402 | 1.7% | 420,504 | 1.73% | 425,450 | 1.79% | 439,975 | 1.75% | 538,760 | 1.89% |
| Kanet | 346,000 | 1.66% | 370,000 | 1.61% | 390,000 | 1.6% | 404,000 | 1.7% | 288,159 | 1.15% | 305,814 | 1.07% |
| Mochi | 334,034 | 1.61% | 384,179 | 1.68% | 408,314 | 1.68% | 410,977 | 1.73% | 429,242 | 1.71% | 466,832 | 1.64% |
| Baloch | 331,851 | 1.6% | 383,138 | 1.67% | 466,645 | 1.92% | 530,976 | 2.23% | 531,084 | 2.12% | 624,691 | 2.19% |
| Nai | 323,703 | 1.56% | 371,144 | 1.62% | 370,019 | 1.52% | 344,845 | 1.45% | 360,653 | 1.44% | 380,657 | 1.34% |
| Sheikh | 293,606 | 1.41% | 287,778 | 1.26% | 264,656 | 1.09% | 276,687 | 1.16% | 244,800 | 0.98% | 407,576 | 1.43% |
| Lohar | 291,506 | 1.4% | 323,420 | 1.41% | 347,099 | 1.42% | 319,847 | 1.34% | 322,195 | 1.28% | 333,910 | 1.17% |
| Teli | 250,544 | 1.2% | 291,513 | 1.27% | 309,433 | 1.27% | 284,505 | 1.2% | 305,122 | 1.22% | 339,124 | 1.19% |
| Pathan | 210,613 | 1.01% | 221,262 | 0.97% | 246,790 | 1.01% | 272,547 | 1.15% | 261,729 | 1.04% | 345,438 | 1.21% |
| Sayyid | 200,728 | 0.96% | 217,034 | 0.95% | 230,802 | 0.95% | 239,160 | 1.01% | 247,087 | 0.98% | 293,313 | 1.03% |
| Mirasi | 192,107 | 0.92% | 230,700 | 1.01% | 244,506 | 1% | 223,093 | 0.94% | 232,280 | 0.93% | 242,685 | 0.85% |
| Machhi | 167,882 | 0.81% | 196,574 | 0.86% | 236,122 | 0.97% | 239,702 | 1.01% | 280,956 | 1.12% | 314,791 | 1.1% |
| Ahir | 165,878 | 0.8% | 188,838 | 0.82% | 197,805 | 0.81% | 201,299 | 0.85% | 201,539 | 0.8% | 221,897 | 0.78% |
| Kashmiri | 149,733 | 0.72% | 141,280 | 0.62% | 189,878 | 0.78% | 175,334 | 0.74% | 166,449 | 0.66% | 200,066 | 0.7% |
| Saini | 147,183 | 0.71% | 120,507 | 0.53% | 121,722 | 0.5% | 107,759 | 0.45% | 120,376 | 0.48% | 157,301 | 0.55% |
| Sunar | 145,903 | 0.7% | 164,087 | 0.72% | 174,628 | 0.72% | 155,993 | 0.66% | 127,090 | 0.51% | 159,655 | 0.56% |
| Kamboh | 129,468 | 0.62% | 150,646 | 0.66% | 173,780 | 0.71% | 171,536 | 0.72% | 180,870 | 0.72% | 239,385 | 0.84% |
| Dhobi | 123,767 | 0.6% | 139,421 | 0.61% | 142,342 | 0.58% | 151,566 | 0.64% | 163,908 | 0.65% | 174,519 | 0.61% |
| Meo | 112,566 | 0.54% | 115,916 | 0.51% | 133,300 | 0.55% | 120,752 | 0.51% | 111,564 | 0.44% | 124,821 | 0.44% |
| Faqir | 111,995 | 0.54% | 300,214 | 1.31% | 362,266 | 1.49% | 262,511 | 1.1% | 270,070 | 1.08% | 283,634 | 1% |
| Ghirath | 110,507 | 0.53% | 118,631 | 0.52% | 121,718 | 0.5% | 121,107 | 0.51% | 117,949 | 0.47% | 122,785 | 0.43% |
| Chhimba | 100,448 | 0.48% | 141,819 | 0.62% | 147,152 | 0.6% | 124,090 | 0.52% | 120,695 | 0.48% | 92,491 | 0.32% |
| Qassab | 92,571 | 0.45% | 109,435 | 0.48% | 114,158 | 0.47% | 117,363 | 0.49% | 120,820 | 0.48% | 127,198 | 0.45% |
| Rathi | 82,957 | 0.4% | 100,656 | 0.44% | 37,793 | 0.16% | 97,763 | 0.41% | 118,015 | 0.47% | 134,093 | 0.47% |
| Dagi & Koli | 78,559 | 0.38% | 167,772 | 0.73% | 153,990 | 0.63% | 172,269 | 0.72% | 165,159 | 0.66% | 182,056 | 0.64% |
| Mughal | 92,000 | 0.44% | 118,000 | 0.51% | 98,000 | 0.4% | 99,000 | 0.42% | 88,951 | 0.35% | — | — |
| Jogi-Rawal | 90,000 | 0.43% | 91,000 | 0.4% | 76,000 | 0.31% | 83,000 | 0.35% | 80,577 | 0.32% | — | — |
| Dumna | 66,169 | 0.32% | 64,046 | 0.28% | 53,394 | 0.22% | 72,250 | 0.3% | 36,669 | 0.15% | 32,055 | 0.11% |
| Dhanuk | 66,000 | 0.32% | 74,000 | 0.32% | 77,000 | 0.32% | 83,000 | 0.35% | 87,278 | 0.35% | — | — |
| Dogar | 63,000 | 0.01% | 70,000 | 0.01% | 75,000 | 0.01% | 68,000 | 0.29% | 74,369 | 0.3% | — | — |
| Khoja | 62,000 | 0.3% | 90,000 | 0.39% | 99,000 | 0.41% | 63,000 | 0.26% | 87,461 | 0.35% | — | — |
| Mallah | 62,000 | 0.3% | 77,000 | 0.34% | 73,000 | 0.3% | 78,000 | 0.33% | 74,233 | 0.3% | — | — |
| Mali | 58,672 | 0.28% | 95,989 | 0.42% | 105,956 | 0.43% | 96,883 | 0.41% | 92,933 | 0.37% | 72,299 | 0.25% |
| Bharai | 56,000 | 0.27% | 67,000 | 0.29% | 66,000 | 0.27% | 58,000 | 0.24% | 61,721 | 0.25% | — | — |
| Barwala | 55,000 | 0.26% | 64,000 | 0.28% | 69,000 | 0.28% | 64,000 | 0.27% | 65,907 | 0.26% | — | — |
| Mahtam | 50,313 | 0.24% | 56,982 | 0.25% | 82,719 | 0.34% | 81,805 | 0.34% | 94,325 | 0.38% | 64,004 | 0.22% |
| Labana | 47,000 | 0.23% | 55,000 | 0.24% | 56,000 | 0.23% | 58,000 | 0.24% | 56,316 | 0.22% | — | — |
| Megh | 37,373 | 0.18% | 41,068 | 0.18% | 44,315 | 0.18% | 39,549 | 0.17% | 30,465 | 0.12% | 22,539 | 0.08% |
| Khokhar | 36,000 | 0.17% | 130,000 | 0.57% | 108,000 | 0.44% | 60,000 | 0.25% | 69,169 | 0.28% | — | — |
| Darzi | 30,190 | 0.15% | 36,919 | 0.16% | 39,164 | 0.16% | 35,508 | 0.15% | 38,256 | 0.15% | 45,688 | 0.16% |
| Bawaria | 22,013 | 0.11% | 26,420 | 0.12% | 29,112 | 0.12% | 32,849 | 0.14% | 34,807 | 0.14% | 32,508 | 0.11% |
| Sansi | 19,920 | 0.1% | 22,218 | 0.1% | 26,000 | 0.11% | 24,439 | 0.1% | 17,402 | 0.07% | 28,262 | 0.1% |
| Od | 15,652 | 0.08% | 22,450 | 0.1% | 26,160 | 0.11% | 31,690 | 0.13% | 28,502 | 0.11% | 32,719 | 0.11% |
| Sarera | 10,792 | 0.05% | 11,366 | 0.05% | 9,587 | 0.04% | 10,743 | 0.05% | 9,873 | 0.04% | 11,230 | 0.04% |
| Pakhiwara | 3,741 | 0.02% | 3,674 | 0.02% | 3,595 | 0.01% | 3,711 | 0.02% | 2,801 | 0.01% | 3,100 | 0.01% |
| Ghosi | 2,221 | 0.01% | 2,652 | 0.01% | 3,012 | 0.01% | 2,419 | 0.01% | 502 | 0% | 3,836 | 0.01% |
| Harni | 1,318 | 0.01% | 4,157 | 0.02% | 3,462 | 0.01% | 3,360 | 0.01% | 2,988 | 0.01% | 3,387 | 0.01% |
| Maliar | — | — | — | — | 81,000 | 0.33% | 90,000 | 0.38% | 88,755 | 0.35% | — | — |
| Mussalli | — | — | — | — | 57,367 | 0.24% | 309,543 | 1.3% | 323,549 | 1.29% | 412,295 | 1.45% |
| Qureshi | — | — | — | — | 53,000 | 0.22% | 71,000 | 0.3% | 97,625 | 0.39% | — | — |
| Aggarwal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 339,494 | 1.43% | 349,322 | 1.39% | 373,014 | 1.31% |
| Bagaria | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,262 | 0.01% | 1,619 | 0.01% | 2,446 | 0.01% |
| Total population | 20,800,995 | 100% | 22,915,894 | 100% | 24,367,113 | 100% | 23,791,841 | 100% | 25,101,514 | 100% | 28,490,869 | 100% |
Economy edit
The historical region of Punjab produces a relatively high proportion of the food output from India and Pakistan.[citation needed] The region has been used for extensive wheat farming. In addition, rice, cotton, sugarcane, fruit, and vegetables are also grown.[160]
The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab is considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries. The Indian state of Punjab is currently the 16th richest state or the eighth richest large state of India. Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Pakistan's foodgrain production.[161] Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8% to 54.7%.[162]
Called "The Granary of India" or "The Bread Basket of India", Indian Punjab produces 1% of the world's rice, 2% of its wheat, and 2% of its cotton.[160] In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made up 39% of Indian Punjab's workforce.[163] In the Punjab region of Pakistan, 42.3% of the labour force is engaged in the agriculture sector.[164]
Alternatively, Punjab is also adding to the economy with the increase in employment of Punjab youth in the private sector. Government schemes such as 'Ghar Ghar Rozgar and Karobar Mission' have brought enhanced employability in the private sector. As of October 2019[update], more than 32,000 youths have been placed in different jobs and 12,000 have been skill-trained.[165]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b Estimates from combining 2011 Indian census and 2017 Pakistani census with religious data amalgamated from Punjab, India, Punjab, Pakistan, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Islamabad, and Chandigarh.[153][154][155]
- ^ From Persian پنج panj—meaning "five"—and آب âb—meaning "water" or "river". Thus, Panjâb, پنجاب or Panj-Âb, پنجآب translates as "five waters".[2]
- ^ Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.
- ^ Western Punjabi languages and dialects including Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari-Pothwari, and other related languages or dialects
- ^ Standard Punjabi: 58.34%
Lahnda:[d] 17.59% - ^ Including Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Braj Bhasha, Haryanvi, and other related languages or dialects
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Including Delhi district, which was later made into a separate province in 1912, following the transfer from Calcutta to Delhi as capital of India in 1911.
- ^ a b c d e f g h 1931 & 1941 censuses: Including Ad-Dharmis
- ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here: [139][140][141]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [142]: 34
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [143]: 27 [144]: 27
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [145]: 29
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - ^ 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [146]: 277
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - ^ 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [147]: 42
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan. - ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Sirsa, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, and Simla Hill) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here: [139][140][141]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. - ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [142]: 34
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. - ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [143]: 27 [144]: 27
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. - ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [145]: 29
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. - ^ 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [146]: 277
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. - ^ 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [147]: 42
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. - ^ a b c d See total breakdowns in tables on Religion in the Punjab page.
References edit
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Punjab, as per official estimates, is home to some two million migrants from Bihar. They are engaged in various jobs and occupations in Punjab. Of this, over 1.3 million are living in and around the industrial hub of Ludhiana.
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Rhys Davids [Buddhist India p. 267] points out that 'it was from the Panjab that Chandragupta recruited the nucleus of the force with which he besieged and conquered Dhana Nanda'
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Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas - began to coin in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics; but the coins do not all tell the same story. Those of the two sounthernmost peoples begin somewhere about 100 BC and bear the legends 'Victory of the Arjunayanas' and (on their copper issue) 'Victory of the Yaudheyas', which point to their having won independence by the sword.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). Vakataka gupta age: circa 200–550. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7. from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
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The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...
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The Tughlaqs had close links with the Punjab . According to Firishta and Sujan Rai Bhandari, Tughlaq, the founder of the dynasty, was born in the Punjab to a Jat mother
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The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
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The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for "Five rivers" the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
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The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water), having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
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The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period, the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab" for this region. Again, it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
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The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi dynasty.
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Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
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The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan...
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This considerably depleted Iqbal's strength and encouraged Khizr Khan to collect his forces of Multan, Deopalpur and the Punjab
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Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute
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- ^ J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0. from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ Different Types of History. Pearson Education India. 2009. p. 202. ISBN 978-81-317-1818-6.
- ^ Manning, Stephen (30 September 2020). Bayonet to Barrage Weaponry on the Victorian Battlefield. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 9. ISBN 9781526777249. from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
The Sikh kingdom expanded from Tibet in the east to Kashmir in the west and from Sind in the south to the Khyber Pass in the north, an area of 200,000 square miles
- ^ Barczewski, Stephanie (22 March 2016). Heroic Failure and the British. Yale University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780300186819. from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
..the Sikh state encompassed over 200,000 square miles (518,000 sq km)
- ^ Khilani, N. M. (1972). British power in the Punjab, 1839–1858. Asia Publishing House. p. 251. ISBN 9780210271872. from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
..into existence a kingdom of the Punjab of over 200,000 square miles
- ^ Johnson, K. Paul (1994). The Masters Revealed: Madam Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge (1st ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7914-2063-8.
- ^ Marshall, Julie G. (2012). Britain and Tibet 1765–1947 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-415-59997-9.
- ^ Pandey, Dr. Hemant Kumar; Singh, Manish Raj (2017). India's Major Military and Rescue Operations. Horizon Books. p. 57. ISBN 9789386369390.
- ^ Deng, Jonathan M. (2010). "Frontier: The Making of the Northern and Eastern Border in Ladakh From 1834 to the Present". SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 920. from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, p. 187)
- ^ The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, pp. 185–187)
- ^ Sarina Singh; et al. (2008). Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway (7th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-74104542-0.
punjab, this, article, about, geographical, region, province, pakistan, pakistan, state, india, india, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, shahmukhi, پنجاب, gurmukhi, ɲˈdʒäːb, also, romanised, panjāb, panj, geopolitical, cultural, historical, region, south, asia,. This article is about the geographical region For the province of Pakistan see Punjab Pakistan For the state in India see Punjab India For other uses see Punjab disambiguation Punjab p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b ˈ dʒ ae b ˈ p ʊ n Shahmukhi پنجاب Gurmukhi ਪ ਜ ਬ Punjabi pe ɲˈdʒaːb also romanised as Panjab or Panj Ab b is a geopolitical cultural and historical region in South Asia It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent comprising areas of modern day eastern Pakistan and northwestern India Punjab s major cities are Lahore Faisalabad Rawalpindi Gujranwala Multan Ludhiana Amritsar Sialkot Chandigarh Shimla Jalandhar Patiala Gurugram and Bahawalpur Punjab پنجاب Panjab ਪ ਜ ਬRegionNickname Land of the Five RiversLocation of Punjab in South AsiaCoordinates 31 N 74 E 31 N 74 E 31 74Countries Pakistan IndiaLargest cityLahoreArea Total458 354 5 km2 176 971 7 sq mi Population 2011 India amp 2017 Pakistan Totalc 190 million a DemonymPunjabiDemographics Ethnic groupsPunjabis Minor Saraikis Hindkowans Haryanvis Pashtuns Himachalis Dogras Muhajirs Kashmiris Biharis 1 LanguagesPunjabi its dialects and varieties and others ReligionsIslam 60 Hinduism 29 Sikhism 10 Christianity 1 Others lt 1 Time zonesUTC 05 30 IST in India UTC 05 00 PKT in Pakistan Demographics based on British Punjab s colonial bordersPunjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization dating back to 3000 BCE 3 followed by migrations of the Indo Aryan peoples Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture 3 The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region especially following the Green Revolution during the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s and has been described as the breadbasket of both India and Pakistan 3 Punjab s history is a tapestry of conflict marked by the rise of indigenous dynasties and empires Following Alexander the Great s invasion in the 4th century BCE Chandragupta Maurya allied with Punjabi republics to establish the Maurya Empire 4 Successive reigns of the Indo Greek Kingdom Kushan Empire and Indo Scythians followed but were ultimately defeated by Eastern Punjab Janapadas such as the Yaudheya Trigarta Kingdom Audumbaras Arjunayanas and Kuninda Kingdom 5 6 In the 5th and 6th centuries CE Punjab faced devastating Hunnic invasions yet the Vardhana dynasty emerged triumphant ruling over Northern India 7 The 8th century CE witnessed the Hindu Shahis rise known for defeating the Saffarid dynasty and the Samanid Empire Concurrently the Tomara dynasty and Katoch Dynasty controlled eastern Punjab resisting Ghaznavid invasions 8 Islam took hold in Western Punjab under Ghaznavid rule The Delhi Sultanate then succeeded the Ghaznavids in which the Tughlaq dynasty and Sayyid dynasty Sultans are described as Punjabi origin 9 10 The 15th century saw the emergence of the Langah Sultanate in south Punjab acclaimed for its victory over the Lodi dynasty 11 After the Mughal Empire s decline in the 18th century Punjab experienced a period of anarchy In 1799 CE the Sikh Empire established its rule undertaking conquests into Kashmir and Durrani Empire held territories shaping the diverse and complex history of Punjab The boundaries of the region are ill defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term Punjab has changed over time In the 16th century Mughal Empire the Punjab region was divided into three with the Lahore Subah in the west the Delhi Subah in the east and the Multan Subah in the south In British India until the Partition of India in 1947 the Punjab Province encompassed the present day Indian states and union territories of Punjab Haryana Himachal Pradesh Chandigarh and Delhi and the Pakistani regions of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory The predominant ethnolinguistic group of the Punjab region are the Punjabi people who speak the Indo Aryan Punjabi language Punjabi Muslims are the majority in West Punjab Pakistan while Punjabi Sikhs are the majority in East Punjab India Other religious groups include Hinduism Christianity Jainism Zoroastrianism Buddhism and Ravidassia Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient period 2 1 1 Invasions of Alexander the Great c 4th century BCE 2 1 2 Mauryan Empire c 320 180 BCE 2 2 Medieval period 2 2 1 Hindu Shahis c 820 1030 CE 2 2 2 Turkic rule c 1030 1320 CE 2 2 3 Tughlaq dynasty c 1320 1410 CE 2 2 4 Sayyid dynasty c 1410 1450 CE 2 2 5 Langah Sultanate c 1450 1540 CE 2 3 Modern period 2 3 1 Mughal Empire c 1526 1761 CE 2 3 2 Sikh Empire c 1799 1849 CE 2 3 3 British Punjab c 1849 1947 CE 3 Geography 3 1 Sikh Empire 3 2 Punjab British India 3 3 Partition of British Punjab 3 4 Major cities 4 Climate 4 1 Western Punjab 4 2 Central Punjab 4 3 Eastern Punjab 5 Demographics 5 1 Languages 5 2 Religions 5 2 1 Background 5 2 2 Colonial era 5 2 3 Post partition 5 3 Tribes 6 Economy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External linksEtymology editThe name Punjab is of Persian origin with its two parts پنج panj five and آب ab water being cognates of the Sanskrit words पञ च panca five and अप ap water of the same meaning 2 12 The word panjab is thus calque of Indo Aryan panca ap and means The Land of Five Waters referring to the rivers Jhelum Chenab Ravi Sutlej and Beas 13 All are tributaries of the Indus River the Sutlej being the largest References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata in which one of the regions is named as Panchanada Sanskrit पञ चनद romanized panca nada lit five rivers 14 15 Earlier the Punjab was known as Sapta Sindhu or Hapta Hendu in Avesta translating into The Land of Seven Rivers with the other two being Indus and Kabul 16 The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamia Greek Pentapotamia which has the same meaning as that of Punjab 17 18 19 History edit nbsp Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site Main article History of the Punjab Ancient period edit The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished from about 3000 BCE and declined rapidly 1 000 years later following the Indo Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 BCE and 500 BCE 20 Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas 20 The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics particularly the Mahabharata 20 The epic battles described in the Mahabharata are chronicled as being fought in what is now the state of Haryana and historic Punjab The Gandharas Kambojas Trigartas Andhra Pauravas Bahlikas Bactrian settlers of the Punjab Yaudheyas and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra 21 According to Fauja Singh and L M Joshi There is no doubt that the Kambojas Daradas Kaikayas Andhra Pauravas Yaudheyas Malavas Saindhavas and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab 22 Invasions of Alexander the Great c 4th century BCE edit nbsp One of the first known kings of ancient Punjab King Porus fought against Alexander the Great His surrender is depicted in this 1865 engraving by Alonzo Chappel The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as King Porus who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes Jhelum and Acesines Chenab Strabo had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities 23 He alongside Abisares had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family 23 When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration probably in Udabhandapura he was greeted by the then ruler of Taxila Omphis 23 Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander s forces and diplomatic missions were mounted but while Abisares accepted the submission Porus refused 23 This led Alexander to seek for a face off with Porus 23 Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC the exact site remains unknown 23 The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory however A B Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative 23 Alexander later founded two cities Nicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at the battle ground in memory of his horse who died soon after the battle 23 c Later tetradrachms would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant 23 24 Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant until he was wounded and his force routed 23 When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated Porus replied Treat me as a king would treat another king 25 Despite the apparently one sided results Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him 26 27 28 Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander s forces annexing the territories of Glausaes who ruled to the northeast of Porus kingdom 26 After Alexander s death in 323 BCE Perdiccas became the regent of his empire and after Perdiccas s murder in 321 BCE Antipater became the new regent 29 According to Diodorus Antipater recognized Porus s authority over the territories along the Indus River However Eudemus who had served as Alexander s satrap in the Punjab region treacherously killed Porus 30 Mauryan Empire c 320 180 BCE edit Chandragupta Maurya with the aid of Kautilya had established his empire around 320 BCE The early life of Chandragupta Maurya is not clear Kautilya enrolled the young Chandragupta in the university at Taxila to educate him in the arts sciences logic mathematics warfare and administration Megasthenes account as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him states that Alexander the Great and Chandragupta met which if true would mean his rule started earlier than 321 BCE As Alexander never crossed the Beas river so his territory probably lied in Punjab region citation needed He has also been variously identified with Shashigupta who has same etymology as of Chandragupta of Paropamisadae western Punjab on the account of same life events 31 With the help of the small Janapadas of Punjab he had gone on to conquer much of the North West Indian subcontinent 32 He then defeated the Nanda rulers in Pataliputra to capture the throne Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander s successor in the east Seleucus when the latter invaded In a peace treaty Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus and offered a marriage including a portion of Bactria while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants citation needed The chief of the Mauryan military was also always a Yaudheyan warrior according to the Bijaygadh Pillar inscription which states that the Yaudheyas elected their own chief who also served as the general for the Mauryans 33 34 The Mauryan military was also made up vastly of men from the Punjab Janapadas 35 Chandragupta s rule was very well organised The Mauryans had an autocratic and centralised administration system aided by a council of ministers and also a well established espionage system Much of Chandragupta s success is attributed to Chanakya the author of the Arthashastra According to Buddhist sources Chanakya was native of the Punjab who resided in Taxila Much of the Mauryan rule had a strong bureaucracy that had regulated tax collection trade and commerce industrial activities mining statistics and data maintenance of public places and upkeep of temples citation needed Medieval period edit Hindu Shahis c 820 1030 CE edit In the 9th century the Hindu Shahi dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana 36 37 38 replaced the Taank kingdom ruling Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan 20 The tribe of the Gakhars Khokhars formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta 39 The most notable rulers of the empire were Lalliya Bhimadeva and Jayapala who were accredited for military victories Lalliya had reclaimed the territory at and around Kabul between 879 and 901 CE after it had been lost under his predecessor to the Saffarid dynasty 38 page needed He was described as a fearsome Shahi Two of his ministers reconstructed by Rahman as Toramana and Asata are said to of have taken advantage of Amr al Layth s preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan by successfully raiding Ghazna around 900 CE 38 page needed After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 CE 38 page needed Abu Ishaq Ibrahim was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas 38 page needed This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription HSI 38 page needed Turkic rule c 1030 1320 CE edit nbsp Silver copper coin of Khizr Khan founder of the Sayyid dynasty 40 The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years in Western Punjab gradually declining as a power until the Ghurid conquest of Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186 deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik 41 Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206 by Punjabi assassins near the Jhelum river the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate Tughlaq dynasty c 1320 1410 CE edit The Tughlaq dynasty s reign formally started in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al Din Tughluq after defeating Khusrau Khan at the Battle of Lahrawat During Ghazi Malik s reign in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq to Deogir to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang now part of Telangana His first attempt was a failure 42 Four months later Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again 43 This time Jauna Khan succeeded and Arangal fell it was renamed to Sultanpur and all plundered wealth state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate The Muslim aristocracy in Lukhnauti Bengal invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking Shamsuddin Firoz Shah which he did over 1324 1325 AD 42 after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan and then leading his army to Lukhnauti Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign After his father s death in 1325 CE Muhammad bin Tughlaq assumed power and his rule saw the empire expand to most of the Indian subcontinent its peak in terms of geographical reach 44 He attacked and plundered Malwa Gujarat Lakhnauti Chittagong Mithila and many other regions in India 45 His distant campaigns were expensive although each raid and attack on non Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people The extended empire was difficult to retain and rebellions became commonplace all over the Indian subcontinent 46 Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 47 page needed while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in Sindh and Gujarat 48 After Muhammad bin Tughlaq s death the Tughlaq empire was in a state of disarray with many regions assuming independence it was at this point that Firuz Shah Tughlaq Ghazi Malik s nephew took reign His father s name was Rajab the younger brother of Ghazi Malik who had the title Sipahsalar His mother Naila was a Punjabi Bhatti princess daughter of Rana Mal from Dipalpur and Abohar according to the historian William Crooke 49 50 The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh while Bengal asserted its independence He led expeditions against Bengal in 1353 and 1358 He captured Cuttack desecrated the Jagannath Temple Puri and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa to pay tribute 51 52 He also laid siege to the Kangra Fort and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute 53 During this time Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab but he was defeated and his face slashed by the sword given by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Raja Kailas Pal who ruled the Nagarkot region in Punjab 54 Sayyid dynasty c 1410 1450 CE edit See also Sayyid dynasty Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs 55 Following Timur s 1398 sack of Delhi 56 he appointed Khizr Khan as deputy of Multan Punjab 57 He held Lahore Dipalpur Multan and Upper Sindh 58 59 Khizr Khan captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty 57 Khizr Khan did not take up the title of sultan but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as Rayat i Ala vassal of the Timurids initially that of Timur and later his son Shah Rukh 60 61 After the accession of Khizr Khan the Punjab Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate where he spent his time subduing rebellions 62 Punjab was the powerbase of Khizr Khan and his successors as the bulk of the Delhi army during their reigns came from Multan and Dipalpur 63 Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah after his death on 20 May 1421 Mubarak Shah referred to himself as Muizz ud Din Mubarak Shah on his coins removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph and declared himself a Shah 64 65 He defeated the advancing Hoshang Shah Ghori ruler of Malwa Sultanate and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign 66 Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of Jasrath Khokhar and managed to fend off multiple invasions by the Timurids of Kabul 67 The last ruler of the Sayyids Ala ud Din voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451 and left for Badaun where he died in 1478 68 Langah Sultanate c 1450 1540 CE edit In 1445 Sultan Qutbudin chief of Langah a Jat Zamindar tribe 69 70 71 72 established the Langah Sultanate in Multan after the fall of the Sayyid dynasty Husseyn Langah I reigned 1456 1502 was the second ruler of Langah Sultanate He undertook military campaigns in Punjab and captured Chiniot and Shorkot from the Lodis Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Lodis led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah as well as his daughter Zeerak Rumman 11 Modern period edit Mughal Empire c 1526 1761 CE edit The Mughals came to power in the early 16th century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab from their capital at Lahore During the Mughal era Saadullah Khan born into a family of Punjabi agriculturalists 73 belonging to the Thaheem tribe 74 from Chiniot 75 remained grand vizier or Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire in the period 1645 1656 75 Other prominent Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include Wazir Khan 76 Adina Beg Arain 77 and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh 78 The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century 20 As Mughal power weakened Afghan rulers took control of the region 20 Contested by the Marathas and Afghans the region was the center of the growing influence of the misls who expanded and established the Sikh Confederacy as the Mughals and Afghans weakened ultimately ruling the Punjab Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and territories north into the Himalayas 20 Sikh Empire c 1799 1849 CE edit See also Sikh Empire In the 19th century Maharajah Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire based in the Punjab 79 The empire existed from 1799 when Ranjit Singh captured Lahore to 1849 when it was defeated and conquered in the Second Anglo Sikh War It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls 80 81 At its peak in the 19th century the Empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west to western Tibet in the east and from Mithankot in the south to Kashmir in the north It was divided into four provinces Lahore in Punjab which became the Sikh capital Multan also in Punjab Peshawar and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849 Religiously diverse with an estimated population of 3 5 million in 1831 making it the 19th most populous country at the time 82 it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire British Punjab c 1849 1947 CE edit See also Punjab Province British India nbsp Illustration of Ranjit Singh founder of the Sikh EmpireThe Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo Sikh Wars 83 Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority 20 The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets 20 Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture and Rawalpindi became an important military installation 20 Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities 84 163 Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued 20 At the end of the war high casualty rates heavy taxation inflation and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society 20 In 1919 Colonel Reginald Dyer ordered troops under command to fire on a crowd of demonstrators mostly Sikhs in Amritsar The Jallianwala massacre fueled the indian independence movement 20 Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed 20 When the Second World War broke out nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements 20 Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists 20 At the end of the war the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India 20 The British Raj had major political cultural philosophical and literary consequences in the Punjab including the establishment of a new system of education During the independence movement many Punjabis played a significant role including Madan Lal Dhingra Sukhdev Thapar Ajit Singh Sandhu Bhagat Singh Udham Singh Kartar Singh Sarabha Bhai Parmanand Choudhry Rahmat Ali and Lala Lajpat Rai At the time of partition in 1947 the province was split into East and West Punjab East Punjab 48 became part of India while West Punjab 52 became part of Pakistan 85 The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition with casualties estimated to be in the millions 86 87 88 89 Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time According to historical demographer Tim Dyson in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence districts that were 66 Hindu in 1941 became 80 Hindu in 1951 those that were 20 Sikh became 50 Sikh in 1951 Conversely in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951 90 Geography editThe geographical definition of the term Punjab has changed over time In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers 91 92 Sikh Empire edit nbsp Map showing the Punjabi Sikh EmpireAt its height in the first half of the 19th century the Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200 000 sq mi 520 000 km2 93 94 95 The Punjab was a region straddling India and the Afghan Durrani Empire The following modern day political divisions made up the historical Punjab region during the Sikh Empire Punjab region to Mithankot in the south Punjab Pakistan excluding Bahawalpur State Punjab India south to areas just across the Sutlej river Himachal Pradesh India south to areas just across the Sutlej river Jammu Division Jammu and Kashmir India and Pakistan 1808 1846 Kashmir region Pakistan China 96 97 Kashmir Valley India 1819 1846 Gilgit Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan 1842 1846 citation needed Ladakh India 1834 1846 98 99 Khyber Pass Pakistan Afghanistan 100 Peshawar Pakistan 101 taken in 1818 retaken in 1834 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Pakistan documented from Hazara taken in 1818 again in 1836 to Bannu 102 Parts of Western Tibet 103 China briefly in 1841 to Taklakot 104 After Ranjit Singh s death in 1839 the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement This opportunity was used by the East India Company to launch the First and Second Anglo Sikh Wars The country was finally annexed and dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the province of Punjab Eventually a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the Crown 84 221 Punjab British India edit See also Punjab Province British India In British India until the Partition of India in 1947 the Punjab Province was geographically a triangular tract of country of which the Indus River and its tributary the Sutlej formed the two sides up to their confluence the base of the triangle in the north being the Lower Himalayan Range between those two rivers Moreover the province as constituted under British rule also included a large tract outside these boundaries Along the northern border Himalayan ranges divided it from Kashmir and Tibet On the west it was separated from the North West Frontier Province by the Indus until it reached the border of Dera Ghazi Khan District which was divided from Baluchistan by the Sulaiman Range To the south lay Sindh and Rajputana while on the east the rivers Jumna and Tons separated it from the United Provinces 105 In total Punjab had an area of approximately 357 000 km square about the same size as modern day Germany being one of the largest provinces of the British Raj nbsp Map of the Punjab Province British India It encompassed the present day Indian states of Punjab Haryana Chandigarh Delhi and some parts of Himachal Pradesh which were merged with Punjab by the British for administrative purposes but excluding the former princely states which were later combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union and the Pakistani regions of the Punjab Islamabad Capital Territory and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa In 1901 the frontier districts beyond the Indus were separated from Punjab and made into a new province the North West Frontier Province Subsequently Punjab was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data 106 2 107 4 Indo Gangetic Plain West geographical division including Hisar district Loharu State Rohtak district Dujana State Gurgaon district Pataudi State Delhi Karnal district Jalandhar district Kapurthala State Ludhiana district Malerkotla State Firozpur district Faridkot State Patiala State Jind State Nabha State Lahore District Amritsar district Gujranwala District and Sheikhupura district Himalayan geographical division including Nahan State Simla District Simla Hill States Kangra district Mandi State Suket State and Chamba State Sub Himalayan geographical division including Ambala district Kalsia State Hoshiarpur district Gurdaspur district Sialkot District Gujrat District Jhelum District Rawalpindi District and Attock District North West Dry Area geographical division including Montgomery District Shahpur District Mianwali District Lyallpur District Jhang District Multan District Bahawalpur State Muzaffargarh District and Dera Ghazi Khan District Partition of British Punjab edit The struggle for Indian independence witnessed competing and conflicting interests in the Punjab The landed elites of the Muslim Hindu and Sikh communities had loyally collaborated with the British since annexation supported the Unionist Party and were hostile to the Congress party led independence movement 108 Amongst the peasantry and urban middle classes the Hindus were the most active National Congress supporters the Sikhs flocked to the Akali movement whilst the Muslims eventually supported the Muslim League 108 Since the partition of the sub continent had been decided special meetings of the Western and Eastern Section of the Legislative Assembly were held on 23 June 1947 to decide whether or not the Province of the Punjab be partitioned After voting on both sides partition was decided and the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly This last Assembly before independence held its last sitting on 4 July 1947 109 Major cities edit Main article List of cities in the Punjab region by population Historically Lahore has been the capital of the Punjab region and continues to be the most populous city in the region with a population of 11 million for the city proper Faisalabad is the 2nd most populous city and largest industrial hub in this region Other major cities are Rawalpindi Gujranwala Multan Ludhiana Amritsar Jalandhar and Chandigarh are the other cities in Punjab with a city proper population of over a million Climate edit nbsp The snow covered HimalayasThe climate has significant impact on the economy of Punjab particularly for agriculture in the region Climate is not uniform over the whole region as the areas adjacent to the Himalayas generally receive heavier rainfall than those at a distance 110 There are three main seasons and two transitional periods During the hot season from mid April to the end of June the temperature may reach 49 C 120 F The monsoon season from July to September is a period of heavy rainfall providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems The transitional period after the monsoon season is cool and mild leading to the winter season when the temperature in January falls to 5 C 41 F at night and 12 C 54 F by day During the transitional period from winter to the hot season sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur causing damage to crops 111 Western Punjab edit Climate data for Islamabad 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 30 1 86 2 30 0 86 0 37 0 98 6 44 0 111 2 45 6 114 1 50 0 122 0 45 0 113 0 42 0 107 6 38 1 100 6 38 0 100 4 32 2 90 0 28 3 82 9 50 0 122 0 Mean daily maximum C F 17 7 63 9 20 0 68 0 24 8 76 6 30 6 87 1 36 1 97 0 38 3 100 9 35 4 95 7 33 9 93 0 33 4 92 1 30 9 87 6 25 4 77 7 20 4 68 7 28 9 84 0 Daily mean C F 10 7 51 3 13 4 56 1 18 1 64 6 23 6 74 5 28 7 83 7 31 4 88 5 30 1 86 2 29 1 84 4 27 6 81 7 23 3 73 9 17 3 63 1 12 5 54 5 22 2 71 9 Mean daily minimum C F 3 6 38 5 6 8 44 2 11 4 52 5 16 6 61 9 21 5 70 7 24 5 76 1 24 9 76 8 24 2 75 6 21 7 71 1 15 6 60 1 9 1 48 4 4 7 40 5 15 4 59 7 Record low C F 6 21 5 0 23 0 3 8 25 2 2 1 35 8 5 5 41 9 13 55 15 2 59 4 14 5 58 1 13 3 55 9 5 7 42 3 0 6 30 9 2 8 27 0 6 0 21 2 Average precipitation mm inches 55 2 2 17 99 5 3 92 96 5 3 80 58 1 2 29 39 9 1 57 78 4 3 09 310 6 12 23 317 0 12 48 135 4 5 33 34 4 1 35 17 7 0 70 25 9 1 02 1 268 6 49 95 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 4 7 8 0 7 3 6 1 5 2 6 0 12 3 11 9 6 4 2 9 2 0 2 0 74 8Mean monthly sunshine hours 195 7 187 1 202 3 252 4 319 0 300 1 264 4 250 7 262 2 275 5 247 9 195 6 2 952 9Source 1 NOAA sun 1961 1990 112 113 Source 2 PMD extremes 114 Central Punjab edit Climate data for Lahore 1991 2020 extremes 1931 2018 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 27 8 82 0 33 3 91 9 37 8 100 0 46 1 115 0 48 3 118 9 47 2 117 0 46 1 115 0 42 8 109 0 41 7 107 1 40 6 105 1 35 0 95 0 30 0 86 0 48 3 118 9 Mean daily maximum C F 18 4 65 1 22 2 72 0 27 5 81 5 34 2 93 6 38 9 102 0 38 9 102 0 35 6 96 1 34 7 94 5 34 4 93 9 32 4 90 3 27 1 80 8 21 4 70 5 30 5 86 9 Daily mean C F 13 1 55 6 16 5 61 7 21 6 70 9 27 7 81 9 32 3 90 1 33 2 91 8 31 3 88 3 30 8 87 4 29 9 85 8 26 3 79 3 20 4 68 7 15 1 59 2 24 9 76 7 Mean daily minimum C F 7 6 45 7 10 8 51 4 15 7 60 3 21 1 70 0 25 6 78 1 27 4 81 3 27 1 80 8 26 9 80 4 25 3 77 5 20 1 68 2 13 7 56 7 8 8 47 8 19 2 66 5 Record low C F 2 2 28 0 0 0 32 0 2 8 37 0 10 0 50 0 14 0 57 2 18 0 64 4 20 0 68 0 19 0 66 2 16 7 62 1 8 3 46 9 1 0 33 8 1 1 30 0 2 2 28 0 Average precipitation mm inches 21 9 0 86 39 5 1 56 43 5 1 71 25 5 1 00 26 7 1 05 84 8 3 34 195 6 7 70 184 1 7 25 88 6 3 49 13 3 0 52 6 9 0 27 16 8 0 66 747 2 29 41 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 2 5 3 5 3 6 2 8 2 9 5 0 9 1 8 7 4 9 1 1 1 9 1 1 47 1Mean monthly sunshine hours 218 8 215 0 245 8 256 1 308 3 269 0 227 5 234 9 265 6 290 0 229 6 222 9 2 983 5Source 1 NOAA sun 1961 1990 115 Source 2 PMD 116 Eastern Punjab edit vteClimate data for Chandigarh 1961 1990 extremes 1954 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 27 7 81 9 32 8 91 0 37 8 100 0 42 6 108 7 44 6 112 3 45 3 113 5 42 0 107 6 39 0 102 2 37 5 99 5 37 0 98 6 34 0 93 2 28 5 83 3 45 3 113 5 Mean daily maximum C F 20 5 68 9 23 0 73 4 28 4 83 1 34 6 94 3 38 3 100 9 38 3 100 9 34 1 93 4 32 8 91 0 33 3 91 9 32 3 90 1 27 4 81 3 21 9 71 4 30 4 86 7 Mean daily minimum C F 5 5 41 9 8 1 46 6 13 0 55 4 18 8 65 8 23 0 73 4 24 9 76 8 23 7 74 7 23 2 73 8 21 7 71 1 17 2 63 0 10 6 51 1 6 4 43 5 16 3 61 3 Record low C F 0 0 32 0 0 0 32 0 4 2 39 6 7 8 46 0 13 4 56 1 14 8 58 6 14 2 57 6 17 2 63 0 14 3 57 7 9 4 48 9 3 7 38 7 0 0 32 0 0 0 32 0 Average rainfall mm inches 43 3 1 70 44 2 1 74 30 5 1 20 11 7 0 46 28 9 1 14 131 8 5 19 278 1 10 95 289 0 11 38 158 2 6 23 22 8 0 90 6 4 0 25 19 2 0 76 1 064 1 41 89 Average rainy days 2 8 2 7 2 0 0 8 1 6 5 5 10 8 10 9 4 8 1 4 0 8 1 4 45 5Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 47 42 34 23 23 39 62 70 59 40 40 46 44Source India Meteorological Department 117 118 Demographics editMain article Punjabis Languages edit See also Punjab Pakistan Languages and Punjabi dialects and languages nbsp The dominant mother tongue in each District of Pakistan according to the 2017 Pakistan CensusThe major language is Punjabi which is written in India with the Gurmukhi script and in Pakistan using the Shahmukhi script 119 The Punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the Urdu language Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the various parts of the region Dogri 120 Kangri 121 and other western Pahari dialects are spoken in the north central and northeastern parts of the region while Bagri 122 is spoken in south central and southeastern sections Meanwhile Saraiki is generally spoken across a wide belt covering the southwest while in the northwest there are large pockets containing speakers of Hindko and Pothwari 123 Linguistic demographics of Punjab Province Language Percentage1911 106 370 Punjabi e 75 93 Western Hindi f 15 82 Western Pahari 4 11 Rajasthani 3 0 Balochi 0 29 Pashto 0 28 English 0 15 Other 0 42 Religions edit Main article Religion in the Punjab Background edit nbsp Rig Veda the oldest known Hindu text originated in the Punjab region Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practised by Punjabi people however the term Hindu was also applied over a vast territory with much regional diversity 124 The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period 1500 500 BCE centered primarily in the worship of Indra 125 126 127 128 The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC 129 while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti developed by Brahmin Hindu priests shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward 130 Later the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab 131 Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century becoming the majority by the 16th century via local conversion 132 133 There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century 134 The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region 135 The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis both Hindu and Muslim accepting the new Sikh faith 130 136 A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region 130 Colonial era edit Main article Religion in the Punjab Subregions A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region 137 Additionally during the colonial era the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims and Punjabi Hindus was noted and documented by officials in census reports In other parts of the Province too traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans In the western Punjab Baisakhi the new year s day of the Hindus is celebrated as an agricultural festival by all Muhammadans by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear with the beat of tom toms and large crowds gather to witness the show The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well irrigated tracts Then the processions of Tazias in Muharram with the accompaniment of tom toms fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans and the establishment of Sabils shelters where water and sharbat are served out are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals while the illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar Lahore are no doubt practices answering to the holiday making instinct of the converted Hindus 106 174 Besides actual conversion Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of Varnashrama Dharma were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus to allegiance if not to a total change of faith The Shamsis are believers in Shah Shamas Tabrez of Multan and follow the Imam for the time being of the Ismailia sect of Shias they belong mostly to the Sunar caste and their connection with the sect is kept a secret like Freemasonry They pass as ordinary Hindus but their devotion to the Imam is very strong 106 130 Excerpts from the Census of India Punjab Province 1911 AD Population trends for major religious groups in the Punjab Province of the British India 1881 1941 138 107 46 Religiousgroup Population 1881 g Population 1891 Population 1901 g Population 1911 g Population 1921 Population 1931 Population 1941Islam 47 6 47 8 49 2 50 8 51 1 52 4 53 2 Hinduism h 43 8 43 6 41 8 36 3 35 1 31 7 30 1 Sikhism 8 2 8 2 8 5 11 9 12 4 14 3 14 9 Christianity 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 8 1 3 1 5 1 5 Other religions No religion 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 Religious groups in Punjab Province 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 g 1901 142 34 g 1911 143 27 144 27 g 1921 145 29 1931 146 277 1941 147 42 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Islam nbsp 9 872 745 47 58 12 183 345 49 22 12 275 477 50 75 12 813 383 51 05 14 929 896 52 4 18 259 744 53 22 Hinduism nbsp h 9 095 175 43 84 10 344 469 41 79 8 773 621 36 27 8 799 651 35 06 9 018 509 31 65 10 336 549 30 13 Sikhism nbsp 1 706 165 8 22 2 102 896 8 49 2 883 729 11 92 3 107 296 12 38 4 071 624 14 29 5 116 185 14 91 Jainism nbsp 42 572 0 21 49 983 0 2 46 775 0 19 41 321 0 16 43 140 0 15 45 475 0 13 Christianity nbsp 28 054 0 14 66 591 0 27 199 751 0 83 332 939 1 33 419 353 1 47 512 466 1 49 Buddhism nbsp 3 251 0 02 6 940 0 03 7 690 0 03 5 912 0 02 7 753 0 03 854 0 002 Zoroastrianism nbsp 413 0 002 477 0 002 653 0 003 526 0 002 569 0 002 4 359 0 01 Judaism nbsp 24 0 0001 54 0 0002 19 0 0001 13 0 39 0 0001 Others 57 0 0003 12 0 0 0 13 0 0001 0 0 34 190 0 1 Total population 20 748 432 100 24 754 737 100 24 187 750 100 25 101 060 100 28 490 857 100 34 309 861 100 Religion in West Punjab 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 148 i 1901 142 34 149 62 j 1911 143 27 144 27 k 1921 145 29 l 1931 146 277 m 1941 147 42 n Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Islam nbsp 6 201 859 78 09 7 951 155 76 25 8 494 314 76 49 8 975 288 75 49 10 570 029 75 28 13 022 160 75 1 Hinduism nbsp h 1 449 913 18 26 1 944 363 18 65 1 645 758 14 82 1 797 141 15 12 1 957 878 13 94 2 373 466 13 69 Sikhism nbsp 272 908 3 44 483 999 4 64 813 441 7 33 863 091 7 26 1 180 789 8 41 1 520 112 8 77 Christianity nbsp 12 992 0 16 42 371 0 41 144 514 1 3 247 030 2 08 324 730 2 31 395 311 2 28 Jainism nbsp 4 352 0 05 5 562 0 05 5 977 0 05 5 930 0 05 6 921 0 05 9 520 0 05 Zoroastrianism nbsp 354 0 004 300 0 003 377 0 003 309 0 003 413 0 003 312 0 002 Buddhism nbsp 0 0 6 0 0001 168 0 002 172 0 001 32 0 0002 87 0 001 Judaism nbsp 9 0 0001 36 0 0003 16 0 0001 6 0 7 0 Others 21 0 0003 0 0 0 0 8 0 0001 0 0 19 128 0 11 Total Population 7 942 399 100 10 427 765 100 11 104 585 100 11 888 985 100 14 040 798 100 17 340 103 100 Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab Pakistan and Islamabad Capital Territory Religion in East Punjab 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 148 o g 1901 142 34 149 62 p g 1911 143 27 144 27 q g 1921 145 29 r 1931 146 277 s 1941 147 42 t Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Hinduism nbsp h 7 645 262 59 7 8 400 106 58 63 7 127 863 54 48 7 002 510 53 7 060 631 48 86 7 963 083 46 93 Islam nbsp 3 670 886 28 67 4 232 190 29 54 3 781 163 28 9 3 838 095 29 05 4 359 867 30 17 5 237 584 30 86 Sikhism nbsp 1 433 257 11 19 1 618 897 11 3 2 070 288 15 82 2 244 205 16 99 2 890 835 20 01 3 596 073 21 19 Jainism nbsp 38 220 0 3 44 421 0 31 40 798 0 31 35 391 0 27 36 219 0 25 35 955 0 21 Christianity nbsp 15 062 0 12 24 220 0 17 55 237 0 42 85 909 0 65 94 623 0 65 117 155 0 69 Buddhism nbsp 3 251 0 03 6 934 0 05 7 522 0 06 5 740 0 04 7 721 0 05 767 0 005 Zoroastrianism nbsp 59 0 0005 177 0 001 276 0 002 217 0 002 156 0 001 4 047 0 02 Judaism nbsp 15 0 0001 18 0 0001 3 0 7 0 32 0 0002 Others 36 0 0003 12 0 0001 0 0 5 0 0 0 15 062 0 09 Total Population 12 806 033 100 14 326 972 100 13 083 165 100 13 212 075 100 14 450 059 100 16 969 758 100 Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh Religious groups in the Indo Gangetic Plain West geographical division of Punjab Province 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 1901 142 34 1911 143 27 144 27 1921 145 29 1931 146 277 1941 147 42 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Hinduism nbsp h 4 975 901 48 94 5 825 964 48 64 4 790 624 43 44 4 735 960 41 37 4 709 545 36 59 5 314 610 34 43 Islam nbsp 3 751 891 36 9 4 481 366 37 42 4 144 971 37 59 4 350 186 38 5 112 215 39 72 6 247 791 40 48 Sikhism nbsp 1 390 873 13 68 1 605 457 13 4 1 993 750 18 08 2 186 429 19 1 2 816 785 21 88 3 576 659 23 17 Jainism nbsp 36 479 0 36 41 877 0 35 39 111 0 35 33 515 0 29 34 806 0 27 34 744 0 23 Christianity nbsp 11 729 0 12 22 103 0 18 58 462 0 53 140 104 1 22 198 081 1 54 247 028 1 6 Zoroastrianism nbsp 139 0 299 0 412 0 318 0 314 0 235 0 Buddhism nbsp 1 0 3 0 132 0 184 0 23 0 39 0 Judaism nbsp 19 0 28 0 14 0 5 0 30 0 Others 49 0 12 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 14 844 0 1 Total population u 10 167 062 100 11 977 100 100 11 027 490 100 11 446 716 100 12 871 774 100 15 435 980 100 The Indo Gangetic Plain West geographical division included Hisar district Loharu State Rohtak district Dujana State Gurgaon district Pataudi State Delhi Karnal district Jalandhar district Kapurthala State Ludhiana district Malerkotla State Firozpur district Faridkot State Patiala State Jind State Nabha State Lahore District Amritsar district Gujranwala District and Sheikhupura District 106 2 107 4 Religious groups in the Himalayan geographical division of Punjab Province 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 1901 142 34 1911 143 27 144 27 1921 145 29 1931 146 277 1941 147 42 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Hinduism nbsp h 1 458 481 94 74 1 598 853 94 6 1 630 084 94 53 1 642 176 94 5 1 729 008 94 42 1 929 634 94 76 Islam nbsp 70 642 4 59 76 480 4 53 74 205 4 3 77 425 4 46 82 711 4 52 87 485 4 3 Christianity nbsp 3 840 0 25 3 415 0 2 4 400 0 26 4 471 0 26 2 586 0 14 2 129 0 1 Buddhism nbsp 3 250 0 21 6 931 0 41 7 518 0 44 5 718 0 33 7 705 0 42 614 0 03 Sikhism nbsp 2 680 0 17 3 897 0 23 7 894 0 46 7 610 0 44 8 948 0 49 12 245 0 6 Jainism nbsp 536 0 03 483 0 03 358 0 02 356 0 02 291 0 02 425 0 02 Zoroastrianism nbsp 4 0 7 0 18 0 40 0 3 0 3 895 0 19 Judaism nbsp 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 Total population u 1 539 433 100 1 690 066 100 1 724 480 100 1 737 801 100 1 831 253 100 2 036 428 100 The Himalayan geographical division included Sirmoor State Simla District Simla Hill States Bilaspur State Kangra district Mandi State Suket State and Chamba State 106 2 107 4 Religious groups in the Sub Himalayan geographical division of Punjab Province 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 1901 142 34 1911 143 27 144 27 1921 145 29 1931 146 277 1941 147 42 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Islam nbsp 3 511 174 58 8 3 741 759 60 62 3 551 989 61 19 3 587 246 61 44 4 009 166 61 99 4 751 911 62 32 Hinduism nbsp h 2 159 634 36 17 2 042 505 33 09 1 588 097 27 36 1 556 703 26 66 1 565 034 24 2 1 799 915 23 6 Sikhism nbsp 284 592 4 77 350 587 5 68 565 596 9 74 570 759 9 78 753 168 11 65 906 802 11 89 Christianity nbsp 10 363 0 17 29 930 0 48 92 524 1 59 117 172 2 01 132 500 2 05 155 386 2 04 Jainism nbsp 5 231 0 09 7 278 0 12 6 695 0 12 6 866 0 12 7 299 0 11 9 172 0 12 Zoroastrianism nbsp 200 0 117 0 152 0 111 0 76 0 141 0 Buddhism nbsp 0 0 6 0 11 0 8 0 22 0 171 0 Judaism nbsp 5 0 17 0 1 0 7 0 6 0 Others 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 681 0 02 Total population u 5 971 195 100 6 172 187 100 5 805 081 100 5 838 869 100 6 467 272 100 7 625 185 100 The Sub Himalayan geographical division included Ambala district Kalsia State Hoshiarpur district Gurdaspur district Sialkot District Gujrat District Jhelum District Rawalpindi District and Attock District 106 2 107 4 Religious groups in the North West Dry Area geographical division of Punjab Province 1881 1941 Religiousgroup 1881 139 140 141 1901 142 34 1911 143 27 144 27 1921 145 29 1931 146 277 1941 147 42 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Islam nbsp 2 539 038 82 68 3 883 740 79 01 4 504 312 80 4 798 526 78 95 5 725 804 78 22 7 172 557 77 86 Hinduism nbsp h 501 159 16 32 877 147 17 84 764 816 13 58 864 812 14 23 1 014 922 13 86 1 292 390 14 03 Sikhism nbsp 28 020 0 91 142 955 2 91 316 489 5 62 342 498 5 64 492 723 6 73 620 479 6 74 Christianity nbsp 2 122 0 07 11 143 0 23 44 365 0 79 71 192 1 17 86 186 1 18 107 923 1 17 Jainism nbsp 326 0 01 345 0 01 611 0 01 584 0 01 744 0 01 1 134 0 01 Zoroastrianism nbsp 70 0 54 0 71 0 57 0 176 0 88 0 Buddhism nbsp 0 0 0 0 29 0 2 0 3 0 30 0 Judaism nbsp 0 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 Others 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 664 0 19 Total population u 3 070 742 100 4 915 384 100 5 630 699 100 6 077 674 100 7 320 558 100 9 212 268 100 The North West Dry Area geographical division included Montgomery District Shahpur District Mianwali District Lyallpur District Jhang District Multan District Bahawalpur State Muzaffargarh District Dera Ghazi Khan District and the Biloch Trans Frontier Tract 106 2 107 4 Post partition edit In the present day the vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith but also include significant minority faiths such as Shia Muslims Ahmadi Muslims Hindus Sikhs and Christians Sikhism founded by Guru Nanak is the main religion practised in the post 1966 Indian Punjab state About 57 7 of the population of Punjab state is Sikh 38 5 is Hindu with the remaining population including Muslims Christians and Jains 150 Punjab state contains the holy Sikh cities of Amritsar Anandpur Sahib Tarn Taran Sahib Fatehgarh Sahib and Chamkaur Sahib The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints and Sufism is well established in the region 151 Also Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints 152 Religious groups in the Punjab Region 2011 Census of India amp 2017 Census of Pakistan 153 154 155 a Religiousgroup PunjabRegion Punjab Pakistan 153 Punjab India 154 Haryana 155 Delhi 155 HimachalPradesh 155 Islamabad 153 Chandigarh 155 Totalpopulation Percentage Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Islam nbsp 114 130 322 60 13 107 541 602 97 77 535 489 1 93 1 781 342 7 03 2 158 684 12 86 149 881 2 18 1 911 877 95 43 51 447 4 87 Hinduism nbsp 54 159 083 28 54 211 641 0 19 10 678 138 38 49 22 171 128 87 46 13 712 100 81 68 6 532 765 95 17 737 0 04 852 574 80 78 Sikhism nbsp 18 037 312 9 5 16 004 754 57 69 1 243 752 4 91 570 581 3 4 79 896 1 16 138 329 13 11 Christianity nbsp 2 715 952 1 43 2 063 063 1 88 348 230 1 26 50 353 0 2 146 093 0 87 12 646 0 18 86 847 4 34 8 720 0 83 Jainism nbsp 267 649 0 14 45 040 0 16 52 613 0 21 166 231 0 99 1 805 0 03 1 960 0 19 Ahmadiyya nbsp 160 759 0 08 158 021 0 14 2 738 0 14 Buddhism nbsp 139 019 0 07 33 237 0 12 7 514 0 03 18 449 0 11 78 659 1 15 1 160 0 11 Others 185 720 0 1 15 328 0 01 98 450 0 35 44 760 0 18 15 803 0 09 8 950 0 13 1 169 0 06 1 260 0 12 Total population 189 795 816 100 109 989 655 100 27 743 338 100 25 351 462 100 16 787 941 100 6 864 602 100 2 003 368 100 1 055 450 100 Tribes edit See also List of Punjabi tribes nbsp Jats in Delhi 1868 nbsp Rajputs in Delhi 1868 nbsp Brahmin in Lahore c 1799 1849 nbsp Left to right Gurkha Brahmin and Shudra Chuhra Chamar in Shimla 1868 nbsp Arains in Lahore 1868 nbsp Tarkhans in Lahore c 1862 1872 nbsp Gujjars in Delhi c 1859 1869 nbsp Arora in Lahore c 1862 1872 nbsp Kumhars in Lahore c 1859 1869 The Punjab region is diverse Historic census reports taken in the colonial era details the main castes are represented alongside numerous subcastes and tribes also known as Jati or Baradari formed parts of the various ethnic groups in the region contemporarily known as Punjabis Saraikis Haryanvis Hindkowans Dogras Paharis and more Tribes of Punjab Province 1881 1931 106 478 156 348 157 193 254 158 367 159 281 309 Tribe 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Jat 4 223 885 20 31 4 500 340 19 64 4 884 285 20 04 4 891 060 20 56 5 453 747 21 73 6 070 032 21 31 Rajput 1 648 426 7 92 1 747 989 7 63 1 784 402 7 32 1 586 274 6 67 1 853 025 7 38 2 351 650 8 25 Brahman 1 040 771 5 1 069 132 4 67 1 077 252 4 42 985 901 4 14 994 529 3 96 1 058 598 3 72 Chuhra 1 039 039 5 1 175 504 5 13 1 175 003 4 82 912 998 3 84 750 596 2 99 681 359 2 39 Chamar 1 033 727 4 97 1 147 913 5 01 1 172 118 4 81 1 075 941 4 52 1 134 700 4 52 1 102 465 3 87 Arain 795 471 3 82 890 264 3 88 1 003 698 4 12 973 888 4 09 1 086 455 4 33 1 329 312 4 67 Julaha 593 199 2 85 620 401 2 71 651 800 2 67 626 960 2 64 643 403 2 56 672 243 2 36 Tarkhan 564 385 2 71 621 718 2 71 675 361 2 77 637 971 2 68 614 912 2 45 654 053 2 3 Gujjar 539 251 2 59 600 198 2 62 611 904 2 51 595 598 2 5 627 451 2 5 696 442 2 44 Arora 538 465 2 59 603 131 2 63 647 945 2 66 667 943 2 81 707 495 2 82 769 694 2 7 Kumhar 465 676 2 24 515 331 2 25 561 298 2 3 542 906 2 28 570 158 2 27 62 0402 2 18 Bania 437 000 2 1 442 000 1 93 452 000 1 85 404 000 1 7 374 169 1 49 Jhinwar 418 499 2 01 458 702 2 450 362 1 85 331 951 1 4 371 418 1 48 370 168 1 3 Khatri 392 413 1 89 418 517 1 83 433 579 1 78 423 704 1 78 452 902 1 8 516 207 1 81 Awan 350 848 1 69 389 402 1 7 420 504 1 73 425 450 1 79 439 975 1 75 538 760 1 89 Kanet 346 000 1 66 370 000 1 61 390 000 1 6 404 000 1 7 288 159 1 15 305 814 1 07 Mochi 334 034 1 61 384 179 1 68 408 314 1 68 410 977 1 73 429 242 1 71 466 832 1 64 Baloch 331 851 1 6 383 138 1 67 466 645 1 92 530 976 2 23 531 084 2 12 624 691 2 19 Nai 323 703 1 56 371 144 1 62 370 019 1 52 344 845 1 45 360 653 1 44 380 657 1 34 Sheikh 293 606 1 41 287 778 1 26 264 656 1 09 276 687 1 16 244 800 0 98 407 576 1 43 Lohar 291 506 1 4 323 420 1 41 347 099 1 42 319 847 1 34 322 195 1 28 333 910 1 17 Teli 250 544 1 2 291 513 1 27 309 433 1 27 284 505 1 2 305 122 1 22 339 124 1 19 Pathan 210 613 1 01 221 262 0 97 246 790 1 01 272 547 1 15 261 729 1 04 345 438 1 21 Sayyid 200 728 0 96 217 034 0 95 230 802 0 95 239 160 1 01 247 087 0 98 293 313 1 03 Mirasi 192 107 0 92 230 700 1 01 244 506 1 223 093 0 94 232 280 0 93 242 685 0 85 Machhi 167 882 0 81 196 574 0 86 236 122 0 97 239 702 1 01 280 956 1 12 314 791 1 1 Ahir 165 878 0 8 188 838 0 82 197 805 0 81 201 299 0 85 201 539 0 8 221 897 0 78 Kashmiri 149 733 0 72 141 280 0 62 189 878 0 78 175 334 0 74 166 449 0 66 200 066 0 7 Saini 147 183 0 71 120 507 0 53 121 722 0 5 107 759 0 45 120 376 0 48 157 301 0 55 Sunar 145 903 0 7 164 087 0 72 174 628 0 72 155 993 0 66 127 090 0 51 159 655 0 56 Kamboh 129 468 0 62 150 646 0 66 173 780 0 71 171 536 0 72 180 870 0 72 239 385 0 84 Dhobi 123 767 0 6 139 421 0 61 142 342 0 58 151 566 0 64 163 908 0 65 174 519 0 61 Meo 112 566 0 54 115 916 0 51 133 300 0 55 120 752 0 51 111 564 0 44 124 821 0 44 Faqir 111 995 0 54 300 214 1 31 362 266 1 49 262 511 1 1 270 070 1 08 283 634 1 Ghirath 110 507 0 53 118 631 0 52 121 718 0 5 121 107 0 51 117 949 0 47 122 785 0 43 Chhimba 100 448 0 48 141 819 0 62 147 152 0 6 124 090 0 52 120 695 0 48 92 491 0 32 Qassab 92 571 0 45 109 435 0 48 114 158 0 47 117 363 0 49 120 820 0 48 127 198 0 45 Rathi 82 957 0 4 100 656 0 44 37 793 0 16 97 763 0 41 118 015 0 47 134 093 0 47 Dagi amp Koli 78 559 0 38 167 772 0 73 153 990 0 63 172 269 0 72 165 159 0 66 182 056 0 64 Mughal 92 000 0 44 118 000 0 51 98 000 0 4 99 000 0 42 88 951 0 35 Jogi Rawal 90 000 0 43 91 000 0 4 76 000 0 31 83 000 0 35 80 577 0 32 Dumna 66 169 0 32 64 046 0 28 53 394 0 22 72 250 0 3 36 669 0 15 32 055 0 11 Dhanuk 66 000 0 32 74 000 0 32 77 000 0 32 83 000 0 35 87 278 0 35 Dogar 63 000 0 01 70 000 0 01 75 000 0 01 68 000 0 29 74 369 0 3 Khoja 62 000 0 3 90 000 0 39 99 000 0 41 63 000 0 26 87 461 0 35 Mallah 62 000 0 3 77 000 0 34 73 000 0 3 78 000 0 33 74 233 0 3 Mali 58 672 0 28 95 989 0 42 105 956 0 43 96 883 0 41 92 933 0 37 72 299 0 25 Bharai 56 000 0 27 67 000 0 29 66 000 0 27 58 000 0 24 61 721 0 25 Barwala 55 000 0 26 64 000 0 28 69 000 0 28 64 000 0 27 65 907 0 26 Mahtam 50 313 0 24 56 982 0 25 82 719 0 34 81 805 0 34 94 325 0 38 64 004 0 22 Labana 47 000 0 23 55 000 0 24 56 000 0 23 58 000 0 24 56 316 0 22 Megh 37 373 0 18 41 068 0 18 44 315 0 18 39 549 0 17 30 465 0 12 22 539 0 08 Khokhar 36 000 0 17 130 000 0 57 108 000 0 44 60 000 0 25 69 169 0 28 Darzi 30 190 0 15 36 919 0 16 39 164 0 16 35 508 0 15 38 256 0 15 45 688 0 16 Bawaria 22 013 0 11 26 420 0 12 29 112 0 12 32 849 0 14 34 807 0 14 32 508 0 11 Sansi 19 920 0 1 22 218 0 1 26 000 0 11 24 439 0 1 17 402 0 07 28 262 0 1 Od 15 652 0 08 22 450 0 1 26 160 0 11 31 690 0 13 28 502 0 11 32 719 0 11 Sarera 10 792 0 05 11 366 0 05 9 587 0 04 10 743 0 05 9 873 0 04 11 230 0 04 Pakhiwara 3 741 0 02 3 674 0 02 3 595 0 01 3 711 0 02 2 801 0 01 3 100 0 01 Ghosi 2 221 0 01 2 652 0 01 3 012 0 01 2 419 0 01 502 0 3 836 0 01 Harni 1 318 0 01 4 157 0 02 3 462 0 01 3 360 0 01 2 988 0 01 3 387 0 01 Maliar 81 000 0 33 90 000 0 38 88 755 0 35 Mussalli 57 367 0 24 309 543 1 3 323 549 1 29 412 295 1 45 Qureshi 53 000 0 22 71 000 0 3 97 625 0 39 Aggarwal 339 494 1 43 349 322 1 39 373 014 1 31 Bagaria 1 262 0 01 1 619 0 01 2 446 0 01 Total population 20 800 995 100 22 915 894 100 24 367 113 100 23 791 841 100 25 101 514 100 28 490 869 100 Economy editMain articles Economy of Punjab Pakistan and Economy of Punjab India The historical region of Punjab produces a relatively high proportion of the food output from India and Pakistan citation needed The region has been used for extensive wheat farming In addition rice cotton sugarcane fruit and vegetables are also grown 160 The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan s GDP Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab is considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries The Indian state of Punjab is currently the 16th richest state or the eighth richest large state of India Pakistani Punjab produces 68 of Pakistan s foodgrain production 161 Its share of Pakistan s GDP has historically ranged from 51 8 to 54 7 162 Called The Granary of India or The Bread Basket of India Indian Punjab produces 1 of the world s rice 2 of its wheat and 2 of its cotton 160 In 2001 it was recorded that farmers made up 39 of Indian Punjab s workforce 163 In the Punjab region of Pakistan 42 3 of the labour force is engaged in the agriculture sector 164 Alternatively Punjab is also adding to the economy with the increase in employment of Punjab youth in the private sector Government schemes such as Ghar Ghar Rozgar and Karobar Mission have brought enhanced employability in the private sector As of October 2019 update more than 32 000 youths have been placed in different jobs and 12 000 have been skill trained 165 See also edit nbsp Punjab portalHistory of Punjab Sattagydia Chak village Dhani settlement type Jallianwala Bagh Music of Punjab Punjabi cuisine Punjabi dance Panjab Digital LibraryNotes edit a b Estimates from combining 2011 Indian census and 2017 Pakistani census with religious data amalgamated from Punjab India Punjab Pakistan Haryana Delhi Himachal Pradesh Islamabad and Chandigarh 153 154 155 From Persian پنج panj meaning five and آب ab meaning water or river Thus Panjab پنجاب or Panj Ab پنج آب translates as five waters 2 Craterus supervised the construction These cities are yet to be identified Western Punjabi languages and dialects including Saraiki Hindko and Pahari Pothwari and other related languages or dialects Standard Punjabi 58 34 Lahnda d 17 59 Including Hindustani Hindi and Urdu Braj Bhasha Haryanvi and other related languages or dialects a b c d e f g h i Including Delhi district which was later made into a separate province in 1912 following the transfer from Calcutta to Delhi as capital of India in 1911 a b c d e f g h 1931 amp 1941 censuses Including Ad Dharmis 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Montgomery Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District and one princely state Bahawalpur in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1881 census data here 139 140 141 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District one princely state Bahawalpur and one tract Biloch Trans Frontier in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1901 census data here 142 34 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District one princely state Bahawalpur and one tract Biloch Trans Frontier in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1911 census data here 143 27 144 27 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Sheikhupura Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District one princely state Bahawalpur and one tract Biloch Trans Frontier in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1921 census data here 145 29 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Sheikhupura Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District one princely state Bahawalpur and one tract Biloch Trans Frontier in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1931 census data here 146 277 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Sheikhupura Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District one princely state Bahawalpur and one tract Biloch Trans Frontier in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line See 1941 census data here 147 42 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab which also later included Bahawalpur The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab Pakistan 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Hisar Rohtak Gurgaon Delhi Karnal Sirsa Jalandhar Ludhiana Firozpur Amritsar Simla Kangra Ambala Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur minus Shakargarh Tehsil and princely states Loharu Dujana Pataudi Kalsia Kapurthala Malerkotla Faridkot Patiala Jind Nabha and Simla Hill in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line See 1881 census data here 139 140 141 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union Chief Commissioner s Province of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur State The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Hisar Rohtak Gurgaon Delhi Karnal Jalandhar Ludhiana Firozpur Amritsar Simla Kangra Ambala Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur minus Shakargarh Tehsil and princely states Loharu Dujana Pataudi Kalsia Kapurthala Malerkotla Faridkot Patiala Jind Nabha Nahan Simla Hill Mandi Suket and Chamba in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line See 1901 census data here 142 34 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union Chief Commissioner s Province of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur State The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Hisar Rohtak Gurgaon Delhi Karnal Jalandhar Ludhiana Firozpur Amritsar Simla Kangra Ambala Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur minus Shakargarh Tehsil and princely states Loharu Dujana Pataudi Kalsia Kapurthala Malerkotla Faridkot Patiala Jind Nabha Nahan Simla Hill Mandi Suket and Chamba in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line See 1911 census data here 143 27 144 27 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union Chief Commissioner s Province of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur State The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Hisar Rohtak Gurgaon Karnal Jalandhar Ludhiana Firozpur Amritsar Simla Kangra Ambala Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur minus Shakargarh Tehsil and princely states Loharu Dujana Pataudi Kalsia Kapurthala Malerkotla Faridkot Patiala Jind Nabha Nahan Simla Hill Bilaspur Mandi Suket and Chamba in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line See 1921 census data here 145 29 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union Chief Commissioner s Province of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur State The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Hisar Rohtak Gurgaon Karnal Jalandhar Ludhiana Firozpur Amritsar Simla Kangra Ambala Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur minus Shakargarh Tehsil and princely states Loharu Dujana Pataudi Kalsia Kapurthala Malerkotla Faridkot Patiala Jind Nabha Sirmoor Simla Hill Bilaspur Mandi Suket and Chamba in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line See 1931 census data here 146 277 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union Chief Commissioner s Province of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur State The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts Hisar Rohtak Gurgaon Karnal Jalandhar Ludhiana Firozpur Amritsar Simla Kangra Ambala Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur minus Shakargarh Tehsil and princely states Loharu Dujana Pataudi Kalsia Kapurthala Malerkotla Faridkot Patiala Jind Nabha Sirmoor Simla Hill Bilaspur Mandi Suket and Chamba in Punjab Province British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line See 1941 census data here 147 42 Immediately following the partition of India in 1947 these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union Chief Commissioner s Province of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur State The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab India Chandigarh Haryana and Himachal Pradesh a b c d See total breakdowns in tables on Religion in the Punjab page References edit Elections in Bihar Campaigning in Punjab to Woo Bihari Migrants 4 October 2015 Archived from the original on 29 March 2023 Retrieved 17 February 2024 Punjab as per official estimates is home to some two million migrants from Bihar They are engaged in various jobs and occupations in Punjab Of this over 1 3 million are living in and around the industrial hub of Ludhiana a b H K Manmohan Siṅgh The Punjab The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Editor in Chief Harbans Singh Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 18 August 2015 a b c Nayar Kamala Elizabeth 2012 The Punjabis in British Columbia Location Labour First Nations and Multiculturalism McGill Queen s Press MQUP p 7 ISBN 978 0 7735 4070 5 Mookerji Radhakumud 1 January 2016 Chandragupta Maurya and His Times Motilal Banarsidass p 22 ISBN 978 81 208 0433 3 Archived from the original on 14 March 2023 Retrieved 30 January 2023 Rhys Davids Buddhist India p 267 points out that it was from the Panjab that Chandragupta recruited the nucleus of the force with which he besieged and conquered Dhana Nanda Tarn William Woodthorpe 24 June 2010 The Greeks in Bactria and India Cambridge University Press p 324 ISBN 978 1 108 00941 6 Audumbaras Trigartas Kunindas Yaudheyas Arjunayanas began to coin in the first century BC which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics but the coins do not all tell the same story Those of the two sounthernmost peoples begin somewhere about 100 BC and bear the legends Victory of the Arjunayanas and on their copper issue Victory of the Yaudheyas which point to their having won independence by the sword Majumdar Ramesh Chandra Altekar Anant Sadashiv 1986 Vakataka gupta age circa 200 550 Motilal Banarsidass Publ p 31 ISBN 978 81 208 0026 7 Archived from the original on 4 October 2023 Retrieved 9 July 2023 Cunningham Alexander 23 February 2023 Archaeological Survey of India Vol 1 BoD Books on Demand p 280 ISBN 978 3 382 11929 4 Archived from the original on 4 October 2023 Retrieved 9 July 2023 Hutchison John Vogel Jean Philippe 1994 History of the Panjab Hill States Asian Educational Services p 123 ISBN 978 81 206 0942 6 Archived from the original on 25 March 2023 Retrieved 30 January 2023 Easton Richard M 2019 India in the Persianate Age 1000 1765 University of California Press p 117 ISBN 978 0520325128 The career of Khizr Khan a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan Fauja Singh 1972 History of the Punjab A D 1000 1526 Department of Punjab Historical Studies Punjabi University p 152 Archived from the original on 1 May 2023 Retrieved 9 July 2023 The Tughlaqs had close links with the Punjab According to Firishta and Sujan Rai Bhandari Tughlaq the founder of the dynasty was born in the Punjab to a Jat mother a b N A Baloch A Q Rafiqi 1998 Chapter 15 The Regions Of Sind Baluchistan Multan And Kashmir The Historical Social And Economic Setting PDF In M S Asimov C E Bosworth eds History of Civilizations of Central Asia Age of Achievement 8750 AD to the End of the 15th Century UNESCO p 305 ISBN 978 92 3 103467 1 Archived PDF from the original on 6 March 2022 Retrieved 22 January 2023 Gandhi Rajmohan 2013 Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten New Delhi India Urbana Illinois Aleph Book Company p 1 Introduction ISBN 978 93 83064 41 0 Punjab Pp 107 in Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed vol 20 Kenneth Pletcher ed 2010 The Geography of India Sacred and Historic Places Britannica Educational Publishing p 199 ISBN 978 1 61530 202 4 The word s origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada Sanskrit for five rivers and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata Rajesh Bala 2005 Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab In Sukhdial Singh ed Punjab History Conference Thirty seventh Session March 18 20 2005 Proceedings Punjabi University p 80 ISBN 978 81 7380 990 3 The word Punjab is a compound of two words Panj Five and aab Water thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada Sanskrit for Five rivers the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas and Sutlej rivers before they joined the Indus Grenet Frantz 2005 An Archaeologist s Approach to Avestan Geography In Curtis Vesta Sarkhosh Stewart Sarah eds Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I I B Tauris p 34 ISBN 978 0 7556 2459 1 Lassen Christian 1827 Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica Archived 18 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia Weber p 4 That part of India which today we call by the Persian name Penjab is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Pentapotamia The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian But in truth that final word is never to my knowledge used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way on the other hand there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word e g Doab and Nilab Therefore it is probable that the name Penjab which is today found in all geographical books is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India among whom the Persian language was mostly in use That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata the most ancient Indian poems and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians for Panchala which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab is the name of another region entirely distinct from Pentapotamia whose translation Latif Syad Muhammad 1891 History of the Panjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time Calcultta Central Press Company p 1 The Panjab the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians the north western region of the empire of Hindostan derives its name from two Persian words panj five an ab water having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features Khalid Kanwal 2015 Lahore of Pre Historic Era PDF Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 52 2 73 Archived PDF from the original on 11 August 2022 Retrieved 20 January 2019 The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet In the later period the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land Penta means 5 and potamia water the land of five rivers Muslim Historians implied the word Punjab for this region Again it was not a new word because in Persian speaking areas there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Minahan James 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 257 259 ISBN 978 1 59884 659 1 Archived from the original on 27 September 2023 Retrieved 21 August 2022 Buddha Parkash Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab p 36 Joshi L M and Fauja Singh History of Panjab Vol I p 4 a b c 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Hindu Sahis were therefore neither Bhattis or Janjuas nor Brahmans They were simply Uḍis Oḍis It can now be seen that the term Hindu Sahi is a misnomer and based as it is merely upon religious discrimination should be discarded and forgotten The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Sahi dynasty Meister Michael W 2005 The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North PDF Ancient Pakistan XVI 41 48 Archived PDF from the original on 1 February 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Rehman 2002 41 makes a good case for calling the Hindu Sahis by a more accurate name Uḍi Sahis a b c d e f Rehman 1976 sfn error no target CITEREFRehman1976 help Rehman 1976 pp 48 50 sfn error no target CITEREFRehman1976 help Richard M Eaton 2019 India in the Persianate Age 1000 1765 University of California Press p 117 ISBN 978 0520325128 The career of Khizr Khan a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan Mehta Jaswant Lal 1979 Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd p 76 ISBN 978 81 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