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Punjab, Pakistan

December 26, 2022

This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. For the geographical region, see Punjab. For other uses of the name, see Punjab (disambiguation).

Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ (listen); Punjabi, Urdu: پنجاب, pronounced [pənˈdʒɑːb]) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in central-eastern region of the country, Punjab is the second-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the largest province by population. It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north-west, Balochistan to the south-west and Sindh to the south, as well as Islamabad Capital Territory to the north-west and Autonomous Territory of AJK to the north. It shares an International border with the Indian states of Rajasthan and Punjab to the east and Indian-administered Kashmir to the north-east. Punjab is the most fertile province of the country as River Indus and its four major tributaries Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab and Sutlej flow through it.

Punjab
پنجاب
Province
Flag
Seal
Etymology: Panj (means "five") and āb (means "waters")
Five Waters
Location of Punjab within Pakistan
Coordinates: 31°N 72°E / 31°N 72°E / 31; 72Coordinates: 31°N 72°E / 31°N 72°E / 31; 72
Country Pakistan
Established1 July 1970
Capital
and largest city		Lahore
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing province subject to the federal government
 • BodyGovernment of Punjab
 • GovernorMuhammad Baligh-ur-Rehman
 • Chief MinisterChaudhry Pervaiz Elahi
 • Chief SecretaryKamran Ali Afzal
 • LegislatureProvincial Assembly
 • High CourtLahore High Court
Area
 • Total205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi)
 • Rank2nd, Pakistan
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total110,012,442
 • Rank1st, Pakistan
 • Density540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
ISO 3166 codePK-PB
Main language(s)
  • Urdu (national, official)
  • Punjabi (provincial)
Provincial sports teams
List:
HDI (2021)0.564 [2]
(medium)
Literacy rate (2020)66.3%[3]
National Assembly seats183
Provincial Assembly seats371[4]
Divisions10
Districts41
Tehsils146
Union councils7602
Websitepunjab.gov.pk

The province forms the bulk of the transnational Punjab region, now divided among Pakistan and India. The provincial capital is Lahore — a cultural, modern, historical, economic, and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan. Other major cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, and Sialkot. Punjab is also the world's fifth-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside of China and India.

Modern-day Pakistani Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times; the Paleolithic Soanian culture initially developed in the Soan valley. The Indus Valley civilization, dating to 3300 BCE, was first discovered at Harappa.[5] It features heavily in the Sanskrit-language Indian epic known as the Mahabharata, and is also home to Taxila, the main centre of Gandhara civilization. It is the site of what is considered by many scholars to be the oldest university in the world.[6][7][8][9][10] In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great defeated the king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong. He also conquered Multan, an ancient centre of the Punjab region after a fierce battle.[11] Subsequently, Punjab became part of the Maurya Empire, the Kushan Empire, and the Gupta Empire.

In the 7th century, the region saw its first wave of Muslim conquests, which introduced Islam.[11] The Umayyad Caliphate and its successor states ruled the portions of Punjab region for next 3 centuries with their capital in Multan.[11] In the subsequent centuries, the region was ruled by various dynasties, including the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Ghurids, the Delhi Sultanate, and most notably, the Mughal Empire.

In the 18th century, an invasion of Mughal Empire under the ruler Nader Shah caused Mughal authority in Punjab to collapse. Later, the region was invaded by Ahmad Shah Durrani; the founder of the Durrani Empire. The next decades saw a series of Afghan–Sikh Wars and in 1799, the Sikh Empire was formally established under Ranjit Singh with its capital in Lahore. Punjab was conquered by the British EIC in 1849. The region was central to the independence movements of Pakistan and India, with Lahore being the site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence as well as the Lahore Resolution that called for the establishment of a separate state for Indian Muslims. The modern-day Pakistani province has its roots in the Punjab Province of British India, which was divided along religious boundaries by the Radcliffe Line during the partition of India in 1947.[12]

Punjab is Pakistan's most industrialized province, with the industrial sector comprising 24 percent of the province's gross domestic product.[13] It is known across Pakistan for its relative prosperity,[14] and has the lowest rate of poverty among all Pakistani provinces.[15][16] However, a clear divide is present between the northern and southern portions of the province;[14] with poverty rates in northern Punjab being among the lowest in Pakistan,[17] while some in southern Punjab are among the most impoverished.[18] Punjab is also one of the most urbanized regions of South Asia, with approximately 40 percent of its population being concentrated in urban areas.[19]

It has been strongly influenced by Sufism, with numerous Sufi shrines spread across the province, attracting millions of devotees annually.[20] Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in the town of Nankana Sahib, near Lahore.[21][22][23] Punjab is also the site of the Katas Raj Temples, which feature prominently in Hindu mythology.[24] Several of the World Heritage Sites listed by UNESCO are located in Punjab, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the archaeological excavations at Taxila, and the Rohtas Fort, among others.[25]

Etymology

Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words, पञ्‍च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning.[26][27] The word pañjāb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[28] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata, which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat Panchanada (Sanskrit: पञ्चनद, romanized: pañca-nada, lit. 'five rivers').[29][30] Persian place names are very common in Northwest India and Pakistan. The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία),[31][32][33] which has the same meaning as the Persian word.

History

Main article: History of Punjab

Ancient period

 
One of the first known kings of ancient Punjab, Porus who fought against Alexander the Great.

The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished from about 3000 B.C. and declined rapidly 1,000 years later, following the Indo-Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B.C.[34] Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings, who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas.[34] The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the Mahabharata.[34]

Multan was the noted centre of excellence of the region which was attacked by Greek army led by Alexander the great. The Mali tribe together with nearby tribes gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to face Greek army. This was the largest army faced by Greeks in entire subcontinent.[11] During the siege of the city's citadel, the Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he killed the Mallians' leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. The city was conquered after a fierce battle.[11][35]

In 326 B.C. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great. His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities.[36] He (alongside Abisares) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family.[36] When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila, Omphis.[36] Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused.[36] This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus.[36] Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown.[36] The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative.[36] Alexander later founded two cities—Nicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at the battle-ground, in memory of his horse, who died soon after the battle.[36][a] Later, tetradrachms would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant.[36][37] Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.[36] When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".[38] Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him.[39][40][41] Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.[39] After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, Antipater became the new regent.[42] According to Diodorus, Antipater recognized Porus's authority over the territories along the Indus River. However, Eudemus, who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus.[43] The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the syncretism of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent, yielding works such as Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries. The region was then divided between the Maurya Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in 302 B.C.E. Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala (present-day Sialkot) the capital of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.[44][45] Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.[46] Greek influence in the region ended around 12 B.C.E. when the Punjab fell under the Sassanids.

Medieval period

Islam emerged as the major power in Punjab after the Umayyad caliphate led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the region in 711 AD.[34] The city of Multan became a center of the Ismaili sect of Islam. Umayyads after conquering key cities of Uch and Multan inhabited thousands of Arabs in Multan, These Arabs ruled the vast areas of Punjab for next 3 centuries. From their capital in Multan they ruled the far areas of Kashmir. Islam spread rapidly.[11][47]

In the ninth century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty emerged in the Punjab, ruling much of Punjab and eastern Afghanistan.[34] Lahore emerged as an important city of Central Punjab in late 10th century. It was ruled by Arabs of Emirate of Multan and then by Hindu Shahi Empire.[47] The 10th century Arab historian Masudi mentioned that in his time the kings of Gandhara were all called Hajaj, J.haj or Ch'hach, while the area itself was called "country of the Rahbūt" (Rajputs).[48] The character transliterated to "Hahaj" and Alexander Cunningham had it equated to the Janjua tribe/clan.[49] Rahman doubts this theory and instead transliterates to "J.haj", an Arabicised form of Chhachh, which is even today the name of the region around the Hindu Shahi capital of Hund.[49] In the 10th century, this region was occupied by the tribe of the Gakhars/Khokhars, who formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta.[49]

 
Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the Hindu Shahis. The headgear has been interpreted as a turban.[50]

Ghaznavid

The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab. Multan and Uch were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan's Arab ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated, thousands of Ismailis were killed or mutilated according to 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi, though the community was not extinguished,[51] famous Sun Temple was destroyed. This ended the 3 centuries Arab rule over Punjab.[11] Ghaznavids overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years, gradually declining as a power until the Ghurid conquests of key Punjab cities of Uch, Multan and Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik.[11][52]

Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206, the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and for some time independent sultanates ruled by various Sultans.[11] The Delhi Sultanate ruled the Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the Mamluks, Khalajis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis.

Tughlaq

Ghiyath al Din Tughlaq, the former governor of Multan and Dipalpur founded Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi and ruled the subcontinent region . Earlier he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from advances of Mongols and had survived. After his death his son Muhammad Tughlaq became the emperor.[11]

Mongol invasion

15th century saw rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs.[53]

In 1398, Timur attacked the Punjab region. After his invasion, Khizr Khan established the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. According to Richard M. Eaton, Khizr Khan was son of a Punjabi chieftain.[53] He was a Khokhar chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society[54] Later on, Delhi Sultanate, weakened by invasion of Emir Timur, could not control all regions of the Empire and different local kingdoms appeared. In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah, a Jat Zamindar tribe[55][56][57][58] established the Langah Sultanate in Multan. The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and areas of Khyber and Balochistan. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded.[59]

During the most of 15th century, the Khokhars and Gakhars tribe were in general revolt in the Pothohar region. Jasrath Khokhar was one of their major chiefs who helped Sultan Zain Ul Abideen of Kashmir to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and North Punjab. He also conquered Delhi for a brief period in 1431 but was driven out by Mubarak Shah.[60]

Modern period

The Mughals came to power in the early sixteenth century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab.[61] During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; Subah of Multan and Subah of Lahore. The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century.[34] As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region.[34] Contested by Marathas and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the Sikhs, who expanded and established the Sikh empire as the Mughals and Afghans weakened, ultimately ruling the Punjab, eastern Afghanistan, and territories north into the Himalayas.[34]

 
Illustration of Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire.

The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.[62]

British Rule

Most of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India, though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority.[34] The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets.[34] Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation.[34]

Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities.[63] Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued.[34] At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society.[34] In 1919 a British officer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators, mostly Sikhs in Amritsar. The Jallianwala massacre fueled the indian independence movement.[34] Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed.[34]

When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements.[34] Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists.[34] At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India.[34]

The British Raj had major political, cultural, philosophical, and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.[64] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition, with casualties estimated to be in the millions.[65][66][67][68]

Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[69]

Geography

Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles).[70] It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of Pakistan.[70] Punjab province is bordered by Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir in the north. Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east.

The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistan's Punjab province. From west to east, the rivers are: the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.[71][72]

Topography

 
Punjab features mountainous terrain near the hill station of Murree.
 
The route from Dera Ghazi Khan to Fort Munro

Punjab's landscape consists mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers which traverse Punjab north to south – the fifth of the "five waters" of Punjab, the Beas River, lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Punjab also includes several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, the Margalla Hills in the north near Islamabad, and the Salt Range which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab, the Pothohar Plateau, from the rest of the province. Sparse deserts can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and near the Sulaiman Range. Punjab also contains part of the Thal and Cholistan deserts. In the South, Punjab's elevation reaches 2,327 metres (7,635 ft)[citation needed] near the hill station of Fort Munro in Dera Ghazi Khan.

Climate

 
Sunset in Punjab, during summer

Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters, often accompanied by rain. By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years.[73]

Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45 °C, but can reach 50 °C (122 °F) in summer and can touch down to −10 °C in winter.

Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:[74]

  • Hot weather (April to June) when temperature rises as high as 123 °F (51 °C).
  • Rainy season (July to September). Average rainfall annual ranges between 96 cm sub-mountain region and 46 cm in the plains.
  • Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as 35.6 °F (2.0 °C).

Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well, and feature a much cooler and wetter climate, with snowfall common at higher altitudes.[citation needed]

Demographics

See also: Punjabi Muslims and List of populated places in Punjab
Historical population figures[75][76][b]
Census Population Urban Rural
1941 17,309,857 N/A N/A
1951 20,540,762 3,568,076 16,972,686
1961 25,463,974 5,475,922 19,988,052
1972 37,607,423 9,182,695 28,424,728
1981 47,292,441 13,051,646 34,240,795
1998 73,621,290 23,019,025 50,602,265
2017 110,012,615 40,401,164 70,008,451

Population

The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan, and is the world's fifth-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside China or India. Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan, although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province.[14] Sialkot District in the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5.63%,[77] while Rajanpur District in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60.05%.[18]

Languages

See also: Languages of Pakistan
Further information: Punjabi dialects and Punjabi Language Movement

Languages of Punjab
(2017 Census)[78]

  Punjabi (69.67%)
  Saraiki (20.68%)
  Urdu (4.87%)
  Pashto (1.98%)
  Balochi (0.83%)
  Sindhi (0.15%)
  Others (1.82%)

The major native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi, representing the largest language spoken in the country. Punjabi is recognized as the provincial language of Punjab but is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level.

Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the periphery of the region. In the southern half of Punjab, the majority language is Saraiki, while in the north there are speakers of Hindko and Pothwari.[79] Pashto is also spoken in some parts of Punjab, especially in Attock, Mianwali and Rawalpindi districts.[80]

 
A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab.

The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language[81][82][83] In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[84][85] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[86][87] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day.

Hafiz Saeed, chief of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD) has questioned Pakistan's decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language, citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother-tongue.[88] The list of thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals that demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres includes:

  • Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International
  • Trade unions and youth groups: Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union-Pakistan, Punjabi National Conference, National Youth Forum, Punjabi Writers Forum, National Students Federation, Punjabi Union, Pakistan, and the Punjabi National Conference.
  • Notable activists include Tariq Jatala, Farhad Iqbal, Diep Saeeda, Khalil Ojla, Afzal Sahir, Jamil Ahmad Paul, Mazhar Tirmazi, Mushtaq Sufi, Biya Je, Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon, Nazeer Kahut[89][90][91]

Religions

See also: Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan; Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan; and Religion in the Punjab

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (2017 Census)[92][93]

  Islam (97.7%)
  Christianity (1.9%)
  Hinduism (0.2%)
  Others (0.1%)
Religion in Punjab, Pakistan[b]
Religion Population
(1941)[94]		 Percentage
(1941) 		Population
(2017)[93]		 Percentage
(2017)
Islam   12,983,076 75% 107,559,164 97.77%
Hinduism  [c] 2,376,309 13.73% 220,024 0.2%
Sikhism   1,527,345 8.82% Negligible Negligible
Christianity   382,669 2.21% 2,068,233 1.88%
Others[d] 40,458 0.23% 3,455 0%
Total Population 17,309,857 100% 110,012,442 100%

The Punjabi people first practiced Hinduism, the oldest recorded religion in the Punjab region.[95] The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE).[96][97][98][99] It is one of the major traditions which shaped Hinduism, though present-day Hinduism is markedly different from the historical Vedic religion.[98][100][101] The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,[102] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.[103] Later, the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab.[104] Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion.[105][106] There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.[107] The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region.[108] The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.[103][109] A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[103]

The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be 110,012,442, of which as per as 2017 census, 107,559,164 i.e. (97.2%) Muslim with a Sunni Hanafi majority and a Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2,068,233 i.e. (2.5%) of the population. Hindus form about 220,024 people I.e (0.2%) of the population. The other minorities include Sikhs, Parsis and Baháʼís.[93]

Provincial government

Main article: Government of Punjab, Pakistan
See also: Provincial Assembly of the Punjab; Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan; and Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
 
Punjab assembly, Lahore

The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi He got elected by the National Assembly on 26 July 2022. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant. The Chief Secretary in turn, reports to the Chief Minister. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.

Divisions

Main article: Divisions of Pakistan
 
Map of the Pakistani Punjab divisions
Sr. No. Division Headquarters Area
(km2) 		Population
(2017)
1 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 45,588 11,464,031
2 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 38,778 11,014,398
3 Faisalabad Faisalabad 17,917 14,177,081
4 Gujranwala Gujranwala 8,975 10,616,702
5 Lahore Lahore 16,104 19,398,081
6 Multan Multan 21,137 12,265,161
7 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 22,255 10,007,821
8 Sahiwal Sahiwal 10,302 7,380,386
9 Sargodha Sargodha 26,360 8,181,499
10 Gujrat Gujrat 8,231 5,507,282

When the divisions were restored as a tier of government in 2008, a tenth division – Sheikhupura Division – was created from part of Lahore Division.[clarification needed]

Districts

Main article: Districts of Pakistan
 
Sr. No. District Headquarters Area
(km2) 		Population
(2017) 		Density
(people/km2) 		Division
1 Attock Attock 6,858 1,883,556 274 Rawalpindi
2 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar 8,878 2,981,919 335 Bahawalpur
3 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 24,830 3,668,106 147 Bahawalpur
4 Bhakkar Bhakkar 8,153 1,650,518 202 Sargodha
5 Chakwal Chakwal 6,524 1,495,982 229 Rawalpindi
6 Chiniot Chiniot 2,643 1,369,740 518 Faisalabad
7 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 11,922 2,872,201 240 Dera Ghazi Khan
8 Faisalabad Faisalabad 5,856 7,873,910 1344 Faisalabad
9 Gujranwala Gujranwala 3,622 5,014,196 1384 Gujranwala
10 Gujrat Gujrat 3,192 2,756,110 863 Gujrat
11 Hafizabad Hafizabad 2,367 1,156,957 488 Gujrat
12 Jhang Jhang 8,809 2,743,416 311 Faisalabad
13 Jhelum Jhelum 3,587 1,222,650 340 Rawalpindi
14 Kasur Kasur 4,796 3,454,996 720 Lahore
15 Khanewal Khanewal 4,349 2,921,986 671 Multan
16 Khushab Khushab 6,511 1,281,299 196 Sargodha
17 Lahore Lahore 1,772 11,126,285 6278 Lahore
18 Layyah Layyah 6,291 1,824,230 290 Dera Ghazi Khan
19 Lodhran Lodhran 2,778 1,700,620 612 Multan
20 Mandi Bahauddin Mandi Bahauddin 2,673 1,593,292 596 Gujrat
21 Mianwali Mianwali 5,840 1,546,094 264 Sargodha
22 Multan Multan 3,720 4,745,109 1275 Multan
23 Muzaffargarh Muzaffargarh 8,249 4,322,009 523 Dera Ghazi Khan
24 Narowal Narowal 2,337 1,709,757 731 Gujranwala
25 Nankana Sahib[110] Nankana Sahib 2,960 1,356,374 458 Lahore
26 Okara Okara 4,377 3,039,139 694 Sahiwal
27 Pakpattan Pakpattan 2,724 1,823,687 669 Sahiwal
28 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 11,880 4,814,006 405 Bahawalpur
29 Rajanpur Rajanpur 12,319 1,995,958 162 Dera Ghazi Khan
30 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 5,286 5,405,633 1322 Rawalpindi
31 Sahiwal Sahiwal 3,201 2,517,560 786 Sahiwal
32 Sargodha Sargodha 5,854 3,703,588 632 Sargodha
33 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 5,960 3,460,426 580 Lahore
34 Sialkot Sialkot 3,016 3,893,672 1291 Gujranwala
35 Toba Tek Singh Toba Tek Singh 3,252 2,190,015 673 Faisalabad
36 Vehari Vehari 4,364 2,897,446 663 Multan
37 Talagang Talagang 3,122 572,818 198 Rawalpindi
38 Murree Murree Rawalpindi
39 Taunsa Taunsa Dera Ghazi Khan
40 Kot Addu Kot Addu Dera Ghazi Khan
41 Wazirabad Wazirabad 1,206 830,396 689 Gujrat


Major cities

Main articles: List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan) and List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population
List of major cities in Punjab
Rank City District Population Image
1 Lahore Lahore 11,126,285  
2 Faisalabad Faisalabad 3,204,726  
3 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 2,098,231  
4 Gujranwala Gujranwala 2,027,001  
5 Multan Multan 1,871,843  
6 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 762,111  
7 Sargodha Sargodha 659,862  
8 Sialkot Sialkot 655,852  
9 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 473,129  
10 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 420,419  
11 Jhang Jhang 414,131  
12 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 399,064  
13 Gujrat Gujrat 390,533  
14 Sahiwal Sahiwal 389,605  
15 Wah Cantonment Rawalpindi 380,103  
Source: pbscensus 2017[111]
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Punjab, Pakistan
 
GDP by Province

Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972.[112] Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. With its contribution ranging from 52.1% to 64.5% in the Service Sector and 56.1% to 61.5% in the agriculture sector. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%.[113] In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8%[114] and during the period 2002–03 to 2007–08, its economy grew at a rate of between 7% to 8% per year.[115] and during 2008–09 grew at 6% against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4%.

Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan;[13] its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.[116]

 
Industrial Zones Punjab, Source:[117]

Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.

Punjab contributes about 76% to annual food grain production in the country. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.

Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries.

Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province, Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial area which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.[118]

Punjab is also a mineral-rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, iron, gas, petrol, rock salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), dolomite, gypsum, and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.

The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. With Northern and Central Punjab facing much lower levels of poverty than Western and Southern Punjab. Those living in Southern and Western Punjab are also a lot more dependent on agriculture due to lower levels of industrialisation in those regions.

Education

The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.564.[119]

Year Literacy Rate
1972 20.7%
1981 27.4%
1998 46.56%
2009 59.6%
2021 66.3%[3]

Sources:[120][121]

This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998.

Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment Ratio(%)
– 23,019,025 50,602,265 73,621,290 —
Below Primary 3,356,173 11,598,039 14,954,212 100.00
Primary 6,205,929 18,039,707 24,245,636 79.68
Middle 5,140,148 10,818,764 15,958,912 46.75
Matriculation 4,624,522 7,119,738 11,744,260 25.07
Intermediate 1,862,239 1,821,681 3,683,920 9.12
BA, BSc... degrees 110,491 96,144 206,635 4.12
MA, MSc... degrees 1,226,914 764,094 1,991,008 3.84
Diploma, Certificate... 418,946 222,649 641,595 1.13
Other qualifications 73,663 121,449 195,112 0.26

Public universities

 
Main entrance to The university of Sargodha
 
A women's college in Rawalpindi
 
University of the Punjab
 
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
 
King Edward Medical University, Lahore

Private universities

Culture

Main article: Punjabi culture

The culture in Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE.[95] Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.[95] The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".[95]

Fairs and festivals

Main article: Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)

The Islamic festivals are typically observed.[123][124] Non-Islamic festivals include Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi, which are usually celebrated as seasonal festivals.[125] The Islamic festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.[126]

Some Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban the participation of non-Islamic festivals because of the religious basis,[127] and they being declared haram (forbidden in Islam).[128]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan
 
The Lahore Fort, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
 
Rohtas Fort, a UNESCO world heritage site, was built upon a hill overlooking the Pothohar Plateau.

Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab.[129] The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital Lahore. Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, which are now recognised World Heritage Sites. The Walled City of Lahore, Badshahi Mosque, Wazir Khan Mosque, Tomb of Jahangir and Nur Jahan, Tomb of Asaf Khan, Chauburji and other major sites visited by tourists each year.

Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists.[130] The Pharwala Fort, which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation, is on the outskirts of the city. The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire, including the World Heritage-listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees. The Khewra Salt Mines is one of the oldest mines in South Asia. Faisalabad's clock tower and eight bazaars were designed to represent the Union Jack.[131]

 
Facade and entrance of Noor Mahal, Bawalpur

The province's southward is arid. Multan is known for its mausoleums of saints and Sufi pirs. The Multan Museum, Multan fort, DHA 360° zoo and Nuagaza tombs are significant attractions in the city. The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts. Derawar Fort in the Cholistan Desert is the site for the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally. The city is also near the ancient site of Uch Sharif which was once a Delhi Sultanate stronghold. The Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, Darbar Mall were built during the reign of the Nawabs. The Lal Suhanra National Park is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city.[citation needed]

Social issues

One social/educational issue is the status of Punjabi language. According to Manzur Ejaz, "In Central Punjab, Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level. There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab. Only a few monthly literary magazines constitute Punjabi press in Pakistan".[132]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.
  2. ^ a b 1941 figure reached by combining total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh -- then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in British Punjab as per 1941 census data. These districts, tehsil, and princely state would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab Province, Pakistan (contemporarily known as Punjab Province, Pakistan), following the partition of India in 1947. The districts and princely state in 1941 that made up Punjab Province, Pakistan have since undergone various bifurcations at several points throughout the post-independence era, due to the rapid population growth witnessed across the province.
  3. ^ 1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis
  4. ^ 1941 census: Including Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
    2017 census: Also includes Sikhs, Baháʼís, Ahmadyyas, others, and not stated

References

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  33. ^ Khalid, Kanwal (2015). "Lahore of Pre Historic Era" (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab " for this region. Again it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
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Bibliography

  • Amjad, Yahya (1989). Tarikh-i Pakistan : qadim daur--zamanah-yi ma qabl az tarikh : Pakistan ki sarzamin par aj se paune do karor sal pahle (in Urdu).
  • Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8
  • India. Census Commissioner (1941). Punjab (Report). Census of India, 1941. Vol. VI. Delhi. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541.
  • Pakistan Narcotics Control Board (1986), National survey on drug abuse in Pakistan, The University of Michigan
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  • Roseberry, J. Royal (1987). Imperial Rule in Punjab: The Conquest and Administration of Multan, 1818-1881. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-85054-28-5.
  • Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.

External links

 
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December 26, 2022
punjab, pakistan, this, article, about, pakistani, province, punjab, geographical, region, punjab, other, uses, name, punjab, disambiguation, punjab, ɑː, listen, punjabi, urdu, پنجاب, pronounced, pənˈdʒɑːb, four, provinces, pakistan, located, central, eastern,. This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab For the geographical region see Punjab For other uses of the name see Punjab disambiguation Punjab p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b listen Punjabi Urdu پنجاب pronounced penˈdʒɑːb is one of the four provinces of Pakistan Located in central eastern region of the country Punjab is the second largest province of Pakistan by land area and the largest province by population It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north west Balochistan to the south west and Sindh to the south as well as Islamabad Capital Territory to the north west and Autonomous Territory of AJK to the north It shares an International border with the Indian states of Rajasthan and Punjab to the east and Indian administered Kashmir to the north east Punjab is the most fertile province of the country as River Indus and its four major tributaries Ravi Jhelum Chenab and Sutlej flow through it Punjab پنجابProvinceCounter clockwise from top Badshahi Mosque Noor Mahal Derawar Fort Khewra Salt Mine Faisalabad Clock Tower Tomb of Shah Rukn e AlamFlagSealEtymology Panj means five and ab means waters Five WatersLocation of Punjab within PakistanCoordinates 31 N 72 E 31 N 72 E 31 72 Coordinates 31 N 72 E 31 N 72 E 31 72Country PakistanEstablished1 July 1970Capitaland largest cityLahoreGovernment TypeSelf governing province subject to the federal government BodyGovernment of Punjab GovernorMuhammad Baligh ur Rehman Chief MinisterChaudhry Pervaiz Elahi Chief SecretaryKamran Ali Afzal LegislatureProvincial Assembly High CourtLahore High CourtArea Total205 344 km2 79 284 sq mi Rank2nd PakistanPopulation 2017 1 Total110 012 442 Rank1st Pakistan Density540 km2 1 400 sq mi Time zoneUTC 05 00 PKT ISO 3166 codePK PBMain language s Urdu national official Punjabi provincial Minor Languages Saraiki Pothwari PashtoProvincial sports teamsList Lahore QalandarsMultan SultansLahore LionsRawalpindi RamsSialkot StallionsBahawalpur StagsMultan TigersFaisalabad WolvesCentral PunjabSouthern PunjabHDI 2021 0 564 2 medium Literacy rate 2020 66 3 3 National Assembly seats183Provincial Assembly seats371 4 Divisions10Districts41Tehsils146Union councils7602Websitepunjab wbr gov wbr pkThe province forms the bulk of the transnational Punjab region now divided among Pakistan and India The provincial capital is Lahore a cultural modern historical economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan Other major cities include Faisalabad Rawalpindi Gujranwala Multan and Sialkot Punjab is also the world s fifth most populous subnational entity and the most populous outside of China and India Modern day Pakistani Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times the Paleolithic Soanian culture initially developed in the Soan valley The Indus Valley civilization dating to 3300 BCE was first discovered at Harappa 5 It features heavily in the Sanskrit language Indian epic known as the Mahabharata and is also home to Taxila the main centre of Gandhara civilization It is the site of what is considered by many scholars to be the oldest university in the world 6 7 8 9 10 In 326 BCE Alexander the Great defeated the king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong He also conquered Multan an ancient centre of the Punjab region after a fierce battle 11 Subsequently Punjab became part of the Maurya Empire the Kushan Empire and the Gupta Empire In the 7th century the region saw its first wave of Muslim conquests which introduced Islam 11 The Umayyad Caliphate and its successor states ruled the portions of Punjab region for next 3 centuries with their capital in Multan 11 In the subsequent centuries the region was ruled by various dynasties including the Hindu Shahis the Ghaznavids the Ghurids the Delhi Sultanate and most notably the Mughal Empire In the 18th century an invasion of Mughal Empire under the ruler Nader Shah caused Mughal authority in Punjab to collapse Later the region was invaded by Ahmad Shah Durrani the founder of the Durrani Empire The next decades saw a series of Afghan Sikh Wars and in 1799 the Sikh Empire was formally established under Ranjit Singh with its capital in Lahore Punjab was conquered by the British EIC in 1849 The region was central to the independence movements of Pakistan and India with Lahore being the site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence as well as the Lahore Resolution that called for the establishment of a separate state for Indian Muslims The modern day Pakistani province has its roots in the Punjab Province of British India which was divided along religious boundaries by the Radcliffe Line during the partition of India in 1947 12 Punjab is Pakistan s most industrialized province with the industrial sector comprising 24 percent of the province s gross domestic product 13 It is known across Pakistan for its relative prosperity 14 and has the lowest rate of poverty among all Pakistani provinces 15 16 However a clear divide is present between the northern and southern portions of the province 14 with poverty rates in northern Punjab being among the lowest in Pakistan 17 while some in southern Punjab are among the most impoverished 18 Punjab is also one of the most urbanized regions of South Asia with approximately 40 percent of its population being concentrated in urban areas 19 It has been strongly influenced by Sufism with numerous Sufi shrines spread across the province attracting millions of devotees annually 20 Guru Nanak the founder of Sikhism was born in the town of Nankana Sahib near Lahore 21 22 23 Punjab is also the site of the Katas Raj Temples which feature prominently in Hindu mythology 24 Several of the World Heritage Sites listed by UNESCO are located in Punjab including the Shalimar Gardens the Lahore Fort the archaeological excavations at Taxila and the Rohtas Fort among others 25 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient period 2 2 Medieval period 2 3 Modern period 3 Geography 3 1 Topography 3 2 Climate 4 Demographics 4 1 Population 4 2 Languages 4 3 Religions 5 Provincial government 5 1 Divisions 5 2 Districts 6 Major cities 7 Economy 8 Education 8 1 Public universities 8 2 Private universities 9 Culture 9 1 Fairs and festivals 10 Tourism 11 Social issues 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External linksEtymology EditThough the name Punjab is of Persian origin its two parts پنج panj five and آب ab water are cognates of the Sanskrit words पञ च panca five and अप ap water of the same meaning 26 27 The word panjab thus means The Land of Five Waters referring to the rivers Jhelum Chenab Ravi Sutlej and Beas 28 All are tributaries of the Indus River the Sutlej being the largest References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat Panchanada Sanskrit पञ चनद romanized panca nada lit five rivers 29 30 Persian place names are very common in Northwest India and Pakistan The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamia Greek Pentapotamia 31 32 33 which has the same meaning as the Persian word History EditMain article History of Punjab Ancient period Edit One of the first known kings of ancient Punjab Porus who fought against Alexander the Great The Punjab region is noted as the site of one of the earliest urban societies the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished from about 3000 B C and declined rapidly 1 000 years later following the Indo Aryan migrations that overran the region in waves between 1500 and 500 B C 34 Frequent intertribal wars stimulated the growth of larger groupings ruled by chieftains and kings who ruled local kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas 34 The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics particularly the Mahabharata 34 Multan was the noted centre of excellence of the region which was attacked by Greek army led by Alexander the great The Mali tribe together with nearby tribes gathered an army of 90 000 personnel to face Greek army This was the largest army faced by Greeks in entire subcontinent 11 During the siege of the city s citadel the Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel where he killed the Mallians leader Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung leaving him severely injured The city was conquered after a fierce battle 11 35 In 326 B C The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as Porus who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great His kingdom spanned between rivers Hydaspes Jhelum and Acesines Chenab Strabo had held the territory to contain almost 300 cities 36 He alongside Abisares had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family 36 When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration probably in Udabhandapura he was greeted by the then ruler of Taxila Omphis 36 Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander s forces and diplomatic missions were mounted but while Abisares accepted the submission Porus refused 36 This led Alexander to seek for a face off with Porus 36 Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC the exact site remains unknown 36 The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory however A B Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative 36 Alexander later founded two cities Nicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at the battle ground in memory of his horse who died soon after the battle 36 a Later tetradrachms would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant 36 37 Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant until he was wounded and his force routed 36 When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated Porus replied Treat me as a king would treat another king 38 Despite the apparently one sided results Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose to not depose him 39 40 41 Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander s forces annexing the territories of Glausaes who ruled to the northeast of Porus kingdom 39 After Alexander s death in 323 BCE Perdiccas became the regent of his empire and after Perdiccas s murder in 321 BCE Antipater became the new regent 42 According to Diodorus Antipater recognized Porus s authority over the territories along the Indus River However Eudemus who had served as Alexander s satrap in the Punjab region treacherously killed Porus 43 The battle is historically significant because it resulted in the syncretism of ancient Greek political and cultural influences to the Indian subcontinent yielding works such as Greco Buddhist art which continued to have an impact for the ensuing centuries The region was then divided between the Maurya Empire and the Greco Bactrian kingdom in 302 B C E Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala present day Sialkot the capital of the Indo Greek Kingdom 44 45 Menander is noted for having become a patron and convert to Greco Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo Greek kings 46 Greek influence in the region ended around 12 B C E when the Punjab fell under the Sassanids Medieval period Edit Islam emerged as the major power in Punjab after the Umayyad caliphate led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the region in 711 AD 34 The city of Multan became a center of the Ismaili sect of Islam Umayyads after conquering key cities of Uch and Multan inhabited thousands of Arabs in Multan These Arabs ruled the vast areas of Punjab for next 3 centuries From their capital in Multan they ruled the far areas of Kashmir Islam spread rapidly 11 47 In the ninth century the Hindu Shahi dynasty emerged in the Punjab ruling much of Punjab and eastern Afghanistan 34 Lahore emerged as an important city of Central Punjab in late 10th century It was ruled by Arabs of Emirate of Multan and then by Hindu Shahi Empire 47 The 10th century Arab historian Masudi mentioned that in his time the kings of Gandhara were all called Hajaj J haj or Ch hach while the area itself was called country of the Rahbut Rajputs 48 The character transliterated to Hahaj and Alexander Cunningham had it equated to the Janjua tribe clan 49 Rahman doubts this theory and instead transliterates to J haj an Arabicised form of Chhachh which is even today the name of the region around the Hindu Shahi capital of Hund 49 In the 10th century this region was occupied by the tribe of the Gakhars Khokhars who formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta 49 Horseman on a coin of Spalapati i e the War lord of the Hindu Shahis The headgear has been interpreted as a turban 50 GhaznavidThe Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab Multan and Uch were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan s Arab ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated thousands of Ismailis were killed or mutilated according to 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al Baghdadi though the community was not extinguished 51 famous Sun Temple was destroyed This ended the 3 centuries Arab rule over Punjab 11 Ghaznavids overthrew the Hindu Shahis and consequently ruled for 157 years gradually declining as a power until the Ghurid conquests of key Punjab cities of Uch Multan and Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186 deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik 11 52 Following the death of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206 the Ghurid state fragmented and was replaced in northern India by the Delhi Sultanate and for some time independent sultanates ruled by various Sultans 11 The Delhi Sultanate ruled the Punjab for the next three hundred years led by five unrelated dynasties the Mamluks Khalajis Tughlaqs Sayyids and Lodis TughlaqGhiyath al Din Tughlaq the former governor of Multan and Dipalpur founded Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi and ruled the subcontinent region Earlier he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from advances of Mongols and had survived After his death his son Muhammad Tughlaq became the emperor 11 Mongol invasion15th century saw rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab Khizr Khan established the Sayyid dynasty the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaqs 53 In 1398 Timur attacked the Punjab region After his invasion Khizr Khan established the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate According to Richard M Eaton Khizr Khan was son of a Punjabi chieftain 53 He was a Khokhar chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society 54 Later on Delhi Sultanate weakened by invasion of Emir Timur could not control all regions of the Empire and different local kingdoms appeared In 1445 Sultan Qutbudin chief of Langah a Jat Zamindar tribe 55 56 57 58 established the Langah Sultanate in Multan The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and areas of Khyber and Balochistan A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded 59 During the most of 15th century the Khokhars and Gakhars tribe were in general revolt in the Pothohar region Jasrath Khokhar was one of their major chiefs who helped Sultan Zain Ul Abideen of Kashmir to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and North Punjab He also conquered Delhi for a brief period in 1431 but was driven out by Mubarak Shah 60 Modern period Edit The Mughals came to power in the early sixteenth century and gradually expanded to control all of the Punjab 61 During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces Subah of Multan and Subah of Lahore The Mughal Empire ruled the region until it was severely weakened in the eighteenth century 34 As Mughal power weakened Afghan rulers took control of the region 34 Contested by Marathas and Afghans the region was the center of the growing influence of the Sikhs who expanded and established the Sikh empire as the Mughals and Afghans weakened ultimately ruling the Punjab eastern Afghanistan and territories north into the Himalayas 34 Illustration of Ranjit Singh founder of the Sikh Empire The Sikh Empire ruled the Punjab until the British annexed it in 1849 following the First and Second Anglo Sikh Wars 62 British RuleMost of the Punjabi homeland formed a province of British India though a number of small princely states retained local rulers who recognized British authority 34 The Punjab with its rich farmlands became one of the most important colonial assets 34 Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture and Rawalpindi became an important military installation 34 Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities 63 Disturbances in the region increased as the war continued 34 At the end of the war high casualty rates heavy taxation inflation and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society 34 In 1919 a British officer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of demonstrators mostly Sikhs in Amritsar The Jallianwala massacre fueled the indian independence movement 34 Nationalists declared the independence of India from Lahore in 1930 but were quickly suppressed 34 When the Second World War broke out nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements 34 Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists 34 At the end of the war the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India 34 The British Raj had major political cultural philosophical and literary consequences in the Punjab including the establishment of a new system of education During the independence movement many Punjabis played a significant role including Madan Lal Dhingra Sukhdev Thapar Ajit Singh Sandhu Bhagat Singh Udham Singh Kartar Singh Sarabha Bhai Parmanand Choudhry Rahmat Ali and Lala Lajpat Rai At the time of partition in 1947 the province was split into East and West Punjab East Punjab 48 became part of India while West Punjab 52 became part of Pakistan 64 The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following partition with casualties estimated to be in the millions 65 66 67 68 Another major consequence of partition was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time According to historical demographer Tim Dyson in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence districts that were 66 Hindu in 1941 became 80 Hindu in 1951 those that were 20 Sikh became 50 Sikh in 1951 Conversely in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951 69 Geography EditPunjab is Pakistan s second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of 205 344 square kilometres 79 284 square miles 70 It occupies 25 8 of the total landmass of Pakistan 70 Punjab province is bordered by Sindh to the south the province of Balochistan to the southwest the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west and the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir in the north Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the capital of the wider Punjab region since 17th century Other important cities include Faisalabad Rawalpindi Gujranwala Sargodha Multan Sialkot Bahawalpur Gujrat Sheikhupura Jhelum and Sahiwal The undivided Punjab region was home to six rivers of which five flow through Pakistan s Punjab province From west to east the rivers are the Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi and Sutlej It is the nation s only province that touches every other province it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad 71 72 Topography Edit Punjab features mountainous terrain near the hill station of Murree The route from Dera Ghazi Khan to Fort Munro Punjab s landscape consists mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan the Jhelum Chenab Ravi and Sutlej rivers which traverse Punjab north to south the fifth of the five waters of Punjab the Beas River lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province Punjab also includes several mountainous regions including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province the Margalla Hills in the north near Islamabad and the Salt Range which divides the most northerly portion of Punjab the Pothohar Plateau from the rest of the province Sparse deserts can be found in southern Punjab near the border with Rajasthan and near the Sulaiman Range Punjab also contains part of the Thal and Cholistan deserts In the South Punjab s elevation reaches 2 327 metres 7 635 ft citation needed near the hill station of Fort Munro in Dera Ghazi Khan Climate Edit Sunset in Punjab during summer Most areas in Punjab experience extreme weather with foggy winters often accompanied by rain By mid February the temperature begins to rise springtime weather continues until mid April when the summer heat sets in The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted June and July are oppressively hot Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 C newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993 when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 C In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season referred to as barsat which brings relief in its wake The hardest part of the summer is then over but cooler weather does not come until late October Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years 73 Punjab s region temperature ranges from 2 to 45 C but can reach 50 C 122 F in summer and can touch down to 10 C in winter Climatically Punjab has three major seasons 74 Hot weather April to June when temperature rises as high as 123 F 51 C Rainy season July to September Average rainfall annual ranges between 96 cm sub mountain region and 46 cm in the plains Cold Foggy mild weather October to March Temperature goes down as low as 35 6 F 2 0 C Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well and feature a much cooler and wetter climate with snowfall common at higher altitudes citation needed Demographics EditSee also Punjabi Muslims and List of populated places in Punjab Historical population figures 75 76 b Census Population Urban Rural1941 17 309 857 N A N A1951 20 540 762 3 568 076 16 972 6861961 25 463 974 5 475 922 19 988 0521972 37 607 423 9 182 695 28 424 7281981 47 292 441 13 051 646 34 240 7951998 73 621 290 23 019 025 50 602 2652017 110 012 615 40 401 164 70 008 451Population Edit The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan and is the world s fifth most populous subnational entity and the most populous outside China or India Punjab has the lowest poverty rates in Pakistan although a divide is present between the northern and southern parts of the province 14 Sialkot District in the prosperous northern part of the province has a poverty rate of 5 63 77 while Rajanpur District in the poorer south has a poverty rate of 60 05 18 Languages Edit See also Languages of Pakistan Further information Punjabi dialects and Punjabi Language Movement Languages of Punjab 2017 Census 78 Punjabi 69 67 Saraiki 20 68 Urdu 4 87 Pashto 1 98 Balochi 0 83 Sindhi 0 15 Others 1 82 The major native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi representing the largest language spoken in the country Punjabi is recognized as the provincial language of Punjab but is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at the national level Several languages closely related to Punjabi are spoken in the periphery of the region In the southern half of Punjab the majority language is Saraiki while in the north there are speakers of Hindko and Pothwari 79 Pashto is also spoken in some parts of Punjab especially in Attock Mianwali and Rawalpindi districts 80 A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore Pakistan demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab The use of Urdu and English as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting the public sector and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish Several prominent educational leaders researchers and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of Urdu isation that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language 81 82 83 In August 2015 the Pakistan Academy of Letters International Writer s Council IWC and World Punjabi Congress WPC organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level 84 85 In September 2015 a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province 86 87 Additionally several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day Hafiz Saeed chief of Jama at ud Da wah JuD has questioned Pakistan s decision to adopt Urdu as its national language in a country where majority of people speak Punjabi language citing his interpretation of Islamic doctrine as encouraging education in the mother tongue 88 The list of thinktanks political organisations cultural projects and individuals that demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres includes Cultural and research institutes Punjabi Adabi Board the Khoj Garh Research Centre Punjabi Prachar Institute for Peace and Secular Studies Adbi Sangat Khaaksaar Tehreek Saanjh Maan Boli Research Centre Punjabi Sangat Pakistan Punjabi Markaz Sver International Trade unions and youth groups Punjabi Writers Forum National Students Federation Punjabi Union Pakistan Punjabi National Conference National Youth Forum Punjabi Writers Forum National Students Federation Punjabi Union Pakistan and the Punjabi National Conference Notable activists include Tariq Jatala Farhad Iqbal Diep Saeeda Khalil Ojla Afzal Sahir Jamil Ahmad Paul Mazhar Tirmazi Mushtaq Sufi Biya Je Tohid Ahmad Chattha and Bilal Shaker Kahaloon Nazeer Kahut 89 90 91 Religions Edit See also Christianity in Punjab Pakistan Hinduism in Punjab Pakistan and Religion in the Punjab Religion in Punjab Pakistan 2017 Census 92 93 Islam 97 7 Christianity 1 9 Hinduism 0 2 Others 0 1 Religion in Punjab Pakistan b Religion Population 1941 94 Percentage 1941 Population 2017 93 Percentage 2017 Islam 12 983 076 75 107 559 164 97 77 Hinduism c 2 376 309 13 73 220 024 0 2 Sikhism 1 527 345 8 82 Negligible NegligibleChristianity 382 669 2 21 2 068 233 1 88 Others d 40 458 0 23 3 455 0 Total Population 17 309 857 100 110 012 442 100 The Punjabi people first practiced Hinduism the oldest recorded religion in the Punjab region 95 The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period 1500 500 BCE 96 97 98 99 It is one of the major traditions which shaped Hinduism though present day Hinduism is markedly different from the historical Vedic religion 98 100 101 The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC 102 while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti developed by Brahmin Hindu priests shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward 103 Later the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab 104 Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century becoming the majority by the 16th century via local conversion 105 106 There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century 107 The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region 108 The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis both Hindu and Muslim accepting the new Sikh faith 103 109 A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region 103 The population of Punjab Pakistan is estimated to be 110 012 442 of which as per as 2017 census 107 559 164 i e 97 2 Muslim with a Sunni Hanafi majority and a Shia Ithna ashariyah minority The largest non Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2 068 233 i e 2 5 of the population Hindus form about 220 024 people I e 0 2 of the population The other minorities include Sikhs Parsis and Bahaʼis 93 Provincial government EditMain article Government of Punjab Pakistan See also Provincial Assembly of the Punjab Chief Minister of Punjab Pakistan and Governor of Punjab Pakistan Punjab assembly Lahore The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan is based in Lahore the capital of the Punjab Province The Chief Minister of Punjab CM is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab Pakistan The current Chief Minister is Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi He got elected by the National Assembly on 26 July 2022 The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non Muslims There are 48 departments in Punjab government Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister Politician and a Provincial Secretary A civil servant of usually BPS 20 or BPS 21 All Ministers report to the Chief Minister who is the Chief Executive All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab who is usually a BPS 22 Civil Servant The Chief Secretary in turn reports to the Chief Minister In addition to these departments there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary Divisions Edit Main article Divisions of Pakistan Map of the Pakistani Punjab divisions Sr No Division Headquarters Area km2 Population 2017 1 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 45 588 11 464 0312 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 38 778 11 014 3983 Faisalabad Faisalabad 17 917 14 177 0814 Gujranwala Gujranwala 8 975 10 616 7025 Lahore Lahore 16 104 19 398 0816 Multan Multan 21 137 12 265 1617 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 22 255 10 007 8218 Sahiwal Sahiwal 10 302 7 380 3869 Sargodha Sargodha 26 360 8 181 49910 Gujrat Gujrat 8 231 5 507 282When the divisions were restored as a tier of government in 2008 a tenth division Sheikhupura Division was created from part of Lahore Division clarification needed Districts Edit Main article Districts of Pakistan Sr No District Headquarters Area km2 Population 2017 Density people km2 Division1 Attock Attock 6 858 1 883 556 274 Rawalpindi2 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar 8 878 2 981 919 335 Bahawalpur3 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 24 830 3 668 106 147 Bahawalpur4 Bhakkar Bhakkar 8 153 1 650 518 202 Sargodha5 Chakwal Chakwal 6 524 1 495 982 229 Rawalpindi6 Chiniot Chiniot 2 643 1 369 740 518 Faisalabad7 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 11 922 2 872 201 240 Dera Ghazi Khan8 Faisalabad Faisalabad 5 856 7 873 910 1344 Faisalabad9 Gujranwala Gujranwala 3 622 5 014 196 1384 Gujranwala10 Gujrat Gujrat 3 192 2 756 110 863 Gujrat11 Hafizabad Hafizabad 2 367 1 156 957 488 Gujrat12 Jhang Jhang 8 809 2 743 416 311 Faisalabad13 Jhelum Jhelum 3 587 1 222 650 340 Rawalpindi14 Kasur Kasur 4 796 3 454 996 720 Lahore15 Khanewal Khanewal 4 349 2 921 986 671 Multan16 Khushab Khushab 6 511 1 281 299 196 Sargodha17 Lahore Lahore 1 772 11 126 285 6278 Lahore18 Layyah Layyah 6 291 1 824 230 290 Dera Ghazi Khan19 Lodhran Lodhran 2 778 1 700 620 612 Multan20 Mandi Bahauddin Mandi Bahauddin 2 673 1 593 292 596 Gujrat21 Mianwali Mianwali 5 840 1 546 094 264 Sargodha22 Multan Multan 3 720 4 745 109 1275 Multan23 Muzaffargarh Muzaffargarh 8 249 4 322 009 523 Dera Ghazi Khan24 Narowal Narowal 2 337 1 709 757 731 Gujranwala25 Nankana Sahib 110 Nankana Sahib 2 960 1 356 374 458 Lahore26 Okara Okara 4 377 3 039 139 694 Sahiwal27 Pakpattan Pakpattan 2 724 1 823 687 669 Sahiwal28 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 11 880 4 814 006 405 Bahawalpur29 Rajanpur Rajanpur 12 319 1 995 958 162 Dera Ghazi Khan30 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 5 286 5 405 633 1322 Rawalpindi31 Sahiwal Sahiwal 3 201 2 517 560 786 Sahiwal32 Sargodha Sargodha 5 854 3 703 588 632 Sargodha33 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 5 960 3 460 426 580 Lahore34 Sialkot Sialkot 3 016 3 893 672 1291 Gujranwala35 Toba Tek Singh Toba Tek Singh 3 252 2 190 015 673 Faisalabad36 Vehari Vehari 4 364 2 897 446 663 Multan37 Talagang Talagang 3 122 572 818 198 Rawalpindi38 Murree Murree Rawalpindi39 Taunsa Taunsa Dera Ghazi Khan40 Kot Addu Kot Addu Dera Ghazi Khan41 Wazirabad Wazirabad 1 206 830 396 689 GujratMajor cities EditMain articles List of cities in Punjab Pakistan and List of cities in Punjab Pakistan by population List of major cities in PunjabRank City District Population Image1 Lahore Lahore 11 126 285 2 Faisalabad Faisalabad 3 204 726 3 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 2 098 231 4 Gujranwala Gujranwala 2 027 001 5 Multan Multan 1 871 843 6 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 762 111 7 Sargodha Sargodha 659 862 8 Sialkot Sialkot 655 852 9 Sheikhupura Sheikhupura 473 129 10 Rahim Yar Khan Rahim Yar Khan 420 419 11 Jhang Jhang 414 131 12 Dera Ghazi Khan Dera Ghazi Khan 399 064 13 Gujrat Gujrat 390 533 14 Sahiwal Sahiwal 389 605 15 Wah Cantonment Rawalpindi 380 103 Source pbscensus 2017 111 This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations Economy EditMain article Economy of Punjab Pakistan GDP by Province Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan contributing most to the national GDP The province s economy has quadrupled since 1972 112 Its share of Pakistan s GDP was 54 7 in 2000 and 59 as of 2010 It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan s economy With its contribution ranging from 52 1 to 64 5 in the Service Sector and 56 1 to 61 5 in the agriculture sector It is also a major manpower contributor because it has the largest pool of professionals and highly skilled technically trained manpower in Pakistan It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector though the dominance is not as huge with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44 to a high of 52 6 113 In 2007 Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7 8 114 and during the period 2002 03 to 2007 08 its economy grew at a rate of between 7 to 8 per year 115 and during 2008 09 grew at 6 against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4 Despite the lack of a coastline Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan 13 its manufacturing industries produce textiles sports goods heavy machinery electrical appliances surgical instruments vehicles auto parts metals sugar mill plants aircraft cement agricultural machinery bicycles and rickshaws floor coverings and processed foods In 2003 the province manufactured 90 of the paper and paper boards 71 of the fertilizers 69 of the sugar and 40 of the cement of Pakistan 116 Industrial Zones Punjab Source 117 Despite its tropical wet and dry climate extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region Its canal irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world Wheat and cotton are the largest crops Other crops include rice sugarcane millet corn oilseeds pulses vegetables and fruits such as kinoo Livestock and poultry production are also important Despite past animosities the rural masses in Punjab s farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting Punjab contributes about 76 to annual food grain production in the country Cotton and rice are important crops They are the cash crops that contribute substantially to the national exchequer Attaining self sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming stress on barani areas farms to market roads electrification for tube wells and control of water logging and salinity Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units There are 39 033 small and cottage industrial units The number of textile units is 14 820 The ginning industries are 6 778 There are 7 355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods surgical instruments and cutlery goods Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial area which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore Islamabad motorway 118 Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal iron gas petrol rock salt with the second largest salt mine in the world dolomite gypsum and silica sand The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects Manufacturing includes machine products cement plastics and various other goods The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab With Northern and Central Punjab facing much lower levels of poverty than Western and Southern Punjab Those living in Southern and Western Punjab are also a lot more dependent on agriculture due to lower levels of industrialisation in those regions Education Edit Government College University Lahore The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years see the table below Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan s provinces at 0 564 119 Year Literacy Rate1972 20 7 1981 27 4 1998 46 56 2009 59 6 2021 66 3 3 Sources 120 121 This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998 Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment Ratio 23 019 025 50 602 265 73 621 290 Below Primary 3 356 173 11 598 039 14 954 212 100 00Primary 6 205 929 18 039 707 24 245 636 79 68Middle 5 140 148 10 818 764 15 958 912 46 75Matriculation 4 624 522 7 119 738 11 744 260 25 07Intermediate 1 862 239 1 821 681 3 683 920 9 12BA BSc degrees 110 491 96 144 206 635 4 12MA MSc degrees 1 226 914 764 094 1 991 008 3 84Diploma Certificate 418 946 222 649 641 595 1 13Other qualifications 73 663 121 449 195 112 0 26Public universities Edit Main entrance to The university of Sargodha A women s college in Rawalpindi University of the Punjab University of Agriculture Faisalabad King Edward Medical University Lahore Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Sahiwal Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Ghazi University D G Khan D G Khan Government College University Lahore Government College University Faisalabad Gujranwala Medical College Gujranwala Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan King Edward Medical College Lahore Kinnaird College for Women Lahore Lahore College for Women University Lahore Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture Multan Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering amp Technology Multan National College of Arts Lahore National Textile University Faisalabad NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology Multan Nishtar Medical College Multan Sargodha Medical College Sargodha Rawalpindi Women University The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur University College of Agriculture Sargodha University of Agriculture Faisalabad University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi University of Education Lahore University of Engineering and Technology Lahore University of Engineering and Technology Taxila University of Gujrat Gujrat University of Health Sciences Lahore University of Sahiwal University of Sargodha Sargodha University of the Punjab Lahore University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Virtual University of Pakistan Lahore Women University Multan MultanPrivate universities Edit Beaconhouse National University Lahore Forman Christian College Lahore GIFT University Gujranwala Hajvery University Lahore Imperial College of Business Studies Lahore Institute of Management Sciences Lahore Pak AIMS Lahore Lahore School of Economics Lahore Lahore University of Management Sciences Lahore Minhaj International University Lahore National University of Computer amp Emerging Sciences Lahore Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design Lahore Sargodha Institute of Technology Sargodha University of Central Punjab Lahore University of Chenab Gujrat University of Faisalabad Faisalabad University of Health Sciences Lahore University of Lahore Lahore University of Management and Technology Lahore University of South Asia Lahore University College Lahore Lahore University of Wah Wah Cantonment HITEC University Taxila Cantonment Institute of Southern Punjab Multan Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology Multan Multan Medical and Dental College Multan Lahore Garrison University Lahore 122 Culture EditMain article Punjabi culture Tomb of Shah Rukn e Alam Multan 1320 AD The culture in Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization dating back to 3000 BCE 95 Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture with one s social status being determined by landownership 95 The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region especially following the Green Revolution during the mid 1960 s to the mid 1970 s has been described as the breadbasket of both India and Pakistan 95 Fairs and festivals Edit Main article Punjabi festivals Pakistan The Islamic festivals are typically observed 123 124 Non Islamic festivals include Lohri Basant and Vaisakhi which are usually celebrated as seasonal festivals 125 The Islamic festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar Hijri and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year 126 Some Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban the participation of non Islamic festivals because of the religious basis 127 and they being declared haram forbidden in Islam 128 Tourism EditMain article Tourism in Punjab Pakistan This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Lahore Fort a landmark built during the Mughal era is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Rohtas Fort a UNESCO world heritage site was built upon a hill overlooking the Pothohar Plateau Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab 129 The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities including the provincial capital Lahore Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens which are now recognised World Heritage Sites The Walled City of Lahore Badshahi Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque Tomb of Jahangir and Nur Jahan Tomb of Asaf Khan Chauburji and other major sites visited by tourists each year Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists 130 The Pharwala Fort which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation is on the outskirts of the city The city of Sheikhupura also has a number of sites from the Mughal Empire including the World Heritage listed Rohtas Fort near Jhelum The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees The Khewra Salt Mines is one of the oldest mines in South Asia Faisalabad s clock tower and eight bazaars were designed to represent the Union Jack 131 Facade and entrance of Noor Mahal Bawalpur The province s southward is arid Multan is known for its mausoleums of saints and Sufi pirs The Multan Museum Multan fort DHA 360 zoo and Nuagaza tombs are significant attractions in the city The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts Derawar Fort in the Cholistan Desert is the site for the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally The city is also near the ancient site of Uch Sharif which was once a Delhi Sultanate stronghold The Noor Mahal Sadiq Ghar Palace Darbar Mall were built during the reign of the Nawabs The Lal Suhanra National Park is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city citation needed Social issues EditOne social educational issue is the status of Punjabi language According to Manzur Ejaz In Central Punjab Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab Only a few monthly literary magazines constitute Punjabi press in Pakistan 132 Notable people EditList of people from Punjab Pakistan also includes people born in what is today Indian Punjab but moved to Pakistan after partition List of Punjabi people also includes people of Punjabi ethnicity from India and elsewhereSee also Edit Pakistan portal Geography portal Punjab portal History of Punjab Punjab List of people from Punjab PakistanNotes Edit Craterus supervised the construction These cities are yet to be identified a b 1941 figure reached by combining total population of all districts Lahore Sialkot Gujranwala Sheikhupura Gujrat Shahpur Jhelum Rawalpindi Attock Mianwali Montgomery Lyallpur Jhang Multan Muzaffargargh Dera Ghazi Khan one tehsil Shakargarh then part of Gurdaspur District and one princely state Bahawalpur in British Punjab as per 1941 census data These districts tehsil and princely state would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab Province Pakistan contemporarily known as Punjab Province Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947 The districts and princely state in 1941 that made up Punjab Province Pakistan have since undergone various bifurcations at several points throughout the post independence era due to the rapid population growth witnessed across the province 1941 census Including Ad Dharmis 1941 census Including Jainism Buddhism Zoroastrianism Judaism Tribals others or not stated 2017 census Also includes Sikhs Bahaʼis Ahmadyyas others and not statedReferences Edit 2017 Census Archived 15 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Sub national HDI Subnational HDI Global Data Lab Globaldatalab org Retrieved 5 June 2022 a b KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces 9 June 2022 Provincial Assembly Punjab Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 Beck Roger B 1999 World History Patterns of Interaction Evanston IL McDougal Littell ISBN 0 395 87274 X Needham Joseph 2004 Within the Four Seas The Dialogue of East and West Routledge ISBN 0 415 36166 4 Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2004 A History of India 4th ed Routledge ISBN 0 415 32919 1 In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila Balakrishnan Muniapan Junaid M Shaikh 2007 Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya s Arthashastra in ancient India World Review of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development 3 1 Kautilya was also a Professor of Politics and Economics at Taxila University Taxila University is one of the oldest known universities in the world and it was the chief learning centre in ancient India Radha Kumud Mookerji 1989 p 478 Thus the various centres of learning in different parts of the country became affiliated as it were to the educational centre or the central university of Taxila which exercised a kind of intellectual suzerainty over the wide world of letters in India Radha Kumud Mookerji 1989 p 479 This shows that Taxila was a seat not of elementary but higher education of colleges or a university as distinguished from schools a b c d e f g h i j Amjad 1989 p page needed Dalrymple William 29 June 2015 THE GREAT DIVIDE The New Yorker Archived from the original on 14 July 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 a b Government of the Punjab Planning amp Development Department March 2015 PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes PDF Archived PDF from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 14 July 2016 The industrial sector of Punjab employs around 23 of the province s labour force and contributes 24 to the provincial GDP a b c Farooqui Tashkeel 20 June 2016 Northern Punjab urban Sindh people more prosperous than rest of country report The Express Tribune Archived from the original on 24 July 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 Arif G M Poverty Profile of Pakistan PDF Benazir Income Support Programme Government of Pakistan Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 Among the four provinces the highest incidence of poverty is found in Sindh 45 followed by Balochistan 44 Khyber Pakhtukhaw KP 37 and Punjab 21 Islamabad Capital Territory is Pakistan s least impoverished administrative unit but ICT is not a province Azad Kashmir also has a rate of poverty lower than Punjab but is not a province Arif G M Poverty Profile of Pakistan PDF Benazir Income Support Programme Government of Pakistan Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 See Table 5 Page 12 Sialkot District a b Arif G M Poverty Profile of Pakistan PDF Benazir Income Support Programme Government of Pakistan Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 See Table 5 Page 12 Rajanpur District Government of the Punjab Planning amp Development Department March 2015 PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes PDF Archived PDF from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 14 July 2016 Punjab is among the most urbanized regions of South Asia and is experiencing a consistent and long term demographic shift of the population to urban regions and cities with around 40 of the province s population living in urban areas Gilmartin David 1988 Empire and Islam Punjab and the Making of Pakistan University of California Press pp 40 41 Macauliffe Max Arthur 2004 1909 The Sikh Religion Its Gurus Sacred Writings and Authors India Low Price Publications ISBN 81 86142 31 2 Singh Khushwant 2006 The Illustrated History of the Sikhs India Oxford University Press pp 12 13 ISBN 0 19 567747 1 Malik Iftikhar Haider 2008 The History of Pakistan Greenwood Publishing Group Katas Raj Temples Temple Darshan Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List Pakistan UNESCO UNESCO Archived from the original on 4 July 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 H K Manmohan Siṅgh The Punjab The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Editor in Chief Harbans Singh Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 18 August 2015 Gandhi Rajmohan 2013 Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten New Delhi India Urbana Illinois Aleph Book Company p 1 Introduction ISBN 978 93 83064 41 0 Punjab Pp 107 in Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed vol 20 Kenneth Pletcher ed 2010 The Geography of India Sacred and Historic Places Britannica Educational Publishing p 199 ISBN 978 1 61530 202 4 The word s origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada Sanskrit for five rivers and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata Rajesh Bala 2005 Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab In Sukhdial Singh ed Punjab History Conference Thirty seventh Session March 18 20 2005 Proceedings Punjabi University p 80 ISBN 978 81 7380 990 3 The word Punjab is a compound of two words Panj Five and aab Water thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada Sanskrit for Five rivers the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas and Sutlej rivers before they joined the Indus Lassen Christian 1827 Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia Weber p 4 That part of India which today we call by the Persian name Penjab is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Pentapotamia The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian But in truth that final word is never to my knowledge used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way on the other hand there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word e g Doab and Nilab Therefore it is probable that the name Penjab which is today found in all geographical books is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India among whom the Persian language was mostly in use That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata the most ancient Indian poems and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians for Panchala which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab is the name of another region entirely distinct from Pentapotamia whose translation Latif Syad Muhammad 1891 History of the Panjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time Calcultta Central Press Company p 1 The Panjab the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians the north western region of the empire of Hindostan derives its name from two Persian words panj five an ab water having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features Khalid Kanwal 2015 Lahore of Pre Historic Era PDF Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 52 2 73 The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet In the later period the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land Penta means 5 and potamia water the land of five rivers Muslim Historians implied the word Punjab for this region Again it was not a new word because in Persian speaking areas there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Minahan James 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 257 259 ISBN 978 1 59884 659 1 Arrian Indica English The Online Books Page onlinebooks library upenn edu Retrieved 1 September 2022 a b c d e f g h i j Bosworth Albert Brian 1993 The campaign of the Hydaspes Conquest and Empire The Reign of Alexander the Great Cambridge University Press pp 125 130 Holt Frank Lee 2003 Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions University of California Press Rogers p 200 sfn error no target CITEREFRogers help a b Bosworth Albert Brian 1993 From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean Conquest and Empire The Reign of Alexander the Great Cambridge University Press Anson Edward M 2013 Alexander the Great Themes and Issues Bloomsbury p 151 ISBN 9781441193797 Roy 2004 pp 23 28 sfn error no target CITEREFRoy2004 help Heckel Waldemar 2006 Who s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great Prosopography of Alexander s Empire Wiley ISBN 9781405112109 Irfan Habib Vivekanand Jha 2004 Mauryan India A People s History of India Aligarh Historians Society Tulika Books p 16 ISBN 978 81 85229 92 8 Hazel John 2013 Who s Who in the Greek World Routledge p 155 ISBN 9781134802241 Menander king in India known locally as Milinda born at a village named Kalasi near Alasanda Alexandria in the Caucasus and who was himself the son of a king After conquering the Punjab where he made Sagala his capital he made an expedition across northern India and visited Patna the capital of the Mauraya empire though he did not succeed in conquering this land as he appears to have been overtaken by wars on the north west frontier with Eucratides Ahir D C 1971 Buddhism in the Punjab Haryana and Himachal Pradesh Maha Bodhi Society of India p 31 OCLC 1288206 Demetrius died in 166 B C and Apollodotus who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B C After his death Menander carved out a kingdom in Punjab Thus from 161 B C onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B C or 130 B C Menander Indo Greek king Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 6 September 2021 a b Hudud al Alam 1970 Hudud Al Alam the Regions of the World A Persian Geography 327A H 982A D Luzac Rehman 1976 p 48 sfn error no target CITEREFRehman1976 help a b c Rehman 1976 pp 48 50 sfn error no target CITEREFRehman1976 help Rehman 1976 p 187 and Pl V B the horseman is shown wearing a turban like head gear with a small globule on the top sfn error no target CITEREFRehman1976 help MacLean Derryl N 1989 Religion and Society in Arab Sind BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 08551 0 Mehta Jaswant Lal 1979 Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd p 76 ISBN 978 81 207 0617 0 a b Richard M Eaton 2019 India in the Persianate Age 1000 1765 p 117 ISBN 978 0520325128 Orsini Francesca 2015 After Timur left culture and circulation in fifteenth century North India Oxford Univ Press p 49 ISBN 978 0 19 945066 4 OCLC 913785752 Ahmed Iftikhar 1984 Territorial Distrtibution of Jatt Castes in Punjab c 1595 c 1881 Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Indian History Congress 45 429 432 ISSN 2249 1937 JSTOR 44140224 Mubarak A F Blochmann H 1891 The Ain I Akbari Bibliotheca Indica Vol 2 Asiatic Society of Bengal p 321 Retrieved 28 July 2022 Lambrick H T 1975 Sind a general introduction Hyderabad Sindhi Adabi Board p 212 ISBN 0 19 577220 2 OCLC 2404471 Roseberry 1987 p 177 Roseberry 1987 p page needed Elliot amp Dowson 1872 Chapter XXI Tarikh i Mubarak Shahi of Yahya bin Ahmad sfnp error no target CITEREFElliotDowson1872 help History Hourly June 2020 Mughal Empire A History from Beginning to End Independently Published ISBN 979 8 6370 3729 2 Grewal J S 1998 The Sikh empire 1799 1849 Chapter 6 The Sikhs of the Punjab The New Cambridge History of India Revised ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 126 128 ISBN 0 521 63764 3 Hibbert Christopher 1980 The great mutiny India 1857 Harmondsworth Penguin Books p 163 ISBN 978 0 14 004752 3 Pakistan Geotagging Partition of Punjab in 1947 3 October 2014 Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Daily Times 10 May 2012 Retrieved 12 July 2013 Talbot Ian 2009 Partition of India The Human Dimension Cultural and Social History 6 4 403 410 doi 10 2752 147800409X466254 S2CID 147110854 The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute with figures being claimed that range from 200 000 to 2 million victims D Costa Bina 2011 Nationbuilding Gender and War Crimes in South Asia Routledge p 53 ISBN 978 0415565660 Butalia Urvashi 2000 The Other Side of Silence Voices From the Partition of India Duke University Press Sikand Yoginder 2004 Muslims in India Since 1947 Islamic Perspectives on Inter Faith Relations Routledge p 5 ISBN 978 1134378258 Dyson 2018 pp 188 189 a b Punjab Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority Archived from the original on 25 June 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 Ali Choudhary Rahmat 28 January 1933 Now or Never Are we to live or perish forever Archived from the original on 30 June 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2014 S M Ikram 1 January 1995 Indian Muslims and partition of India Atlantic Publishers amp Dist pp 177 ISBN 978 81 7156 374 6 Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2011 Mercury drops to freezing point Dawn Pakistan 6 January 2007 Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab India Archived from the original on 23 November 2005 Retrieved 23 November 2005 The figures for 1998 are from pop by province statpak gov pk dead link The estimates for 2012 are from Population shoots up by 47 percent since 1998 Archived 1 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Thenews com pk Retrieved on 12 July 2013 India Census Commissioner 1941 p 8 Arif G M Poverty Profile of Pakistan PDF Benazir Income Support Programme Government of Pakistan Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2016 See Table 5 Page 12 CCI defers approval of census results until elections Retrieved 2 April 2020 Shackle 1979 p 198 Khan Muhammad Kamal 8 April 2020 Pashto Phonology An Evaluation of the Relationship between Syllable Structure and Word Order Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 20 ISBN 978 1 5275 4925 8 In some cities of Punjab such as Attock Mianwali and Rawalpindi Pashto is spoken among other local languages Punjabis Without Punjabi apnaorg com Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language Punjab University Vice Chancellor ppinewsagency com Pakistan Press International Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Urdu isation of Punjab The Express Tribune The Express Tribune 4 May 2015 Archived from the original on 27 November 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Rally for ending 150 year old ban on education in Punjabi The Nation 21 February 2011 Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Sufi poets can guarantee unity The Nation 26 August 2015 Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 Supreme Court s Urdu verdict No language can be imposed from above The Nation 15 September 2015 Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Two member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP Business Recorder 14 September 2015 Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 Retrieved 15 September 2015 Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language Hafiz Saeed Zee News 6 March 2016 Pakistan should have adopted Punjabi as national language Hafiz Saeed Zee News Zee News 6 March 2016 Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Mind your language The movement for the preservation of Punjabi The Herald 2 September 2106 Mind your language The movement for the preservation of Punjabi People amp Society Herald herald dawn com 4 August 2016 Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Punjabi in schools Pro Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike The Times of India 4 October 2015 Punjabi in schools Pro Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike Times of India timesofindia indiatimes com Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Rally for Ending the 150 year old Ban on Education in Punjabi The Nation 21 February 2011 Rally for ending 150 year old ban on education in Punjabi nation com pk 21 February 2011 Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Population by Religion PDF pbs gov pk Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original PDF on 19 July 2019 Retrieved 13 July 2019 a b c SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS 2017 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 7 April 2022 Retrieved 20 May 2021 India Census Commissioner 1941 p 42 a b c d Nayar Kamala Elizabeth 2012 The Punjabis in British Columbia Location Labour First Nations and Multiculturalism McGill Queen s Press MQUP ISBN 978 0 7735 4070 5 Lindsay Jones Mircea Eliade Charles J Adams eds 2005 Encyclopedia of religion 2nd ed Detroit Macmillan Reference USA pp 9552 9553 ISBN 0 02 865733 0 OCLC 56057973 Vedic religion Encyclopedia Britannica a b Sullivan Bruce M 2001 The A to Z of Hinduism Lanham MD Scarecrow Press p 9 ISBN 0 8108 4070 7 OCLC 46732488 Samuel Geoffrey 2010 The origins of yoga and tantra Indic religions to the thirteenth century Cambridge University Press pp 97 99 113 118 ISBN 978 0 521 69534 3 OCLC 781947262 Michaels Axel 2004 Hinduism Past and present Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press p 38 Michaels 2004 p 38 The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated The influence of the mythology is indeed great but the religious terminology changed considerably all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts karma the cyclical destruction of the world or the idea of salvation during one s lifetime jivanmukti moksa nirvana the idea of the world as illusion maya must have gone against the grain of ancient India and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system the burning of widows the ban on remarriage images of gods and temples Puja worship Yoga pilgrimages vegetarianism the holiness of cows the doctrine of stages of life asrama or knew them only at their inception Thus it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions Jamison Stephanie Witzel Michael 1992 Vedic Hinduism PDF Harvard University p 3 to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion However Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism See also Halbfass 1991 pp 1 2harvnb error no target CITEREFHalbfass1991 help Flood Gavin 13 July 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 43878 0 a b c Nayar Kamala Elizabeth 2012 The Punjabis in British Columbia Location Labour First Nations and Multiculturalism McGill Queen s Press MQUP pp 7 8 ISBN 978 0 7735 4070 5 In ancient Punjab religion was fluid not watertight says Romila Thapar The Indian Express 3 May 2019 Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post Mauryan period Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism Jainism and Puranic religions were practised this religion flourished in the state But after the Gupta period Buddhism began to decline Rambo Lewis R Farhadian Charles E 6 March 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion Oxford University Press pp 489 491 ISBN 978 0 19 971354 7 First Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century By the sixteenth century Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community and as far for the mechanisms of conversion the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith shahada the performance of the circumsicion indri vaddani and the ingestion of cow meat bhas khana Chhabra G S 1968 Advanced History of the Punjab Guru and post Guru period upto Ranjit Singh New Academic Publishing Company p 37 Rambo Lewis R Farhadian Charles E 6 March 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion Oxford University Press p 490 ISBN 978 0 19 971354 7 While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab Buddhist communities however had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century Nicholls Ruth J Riddell Peter G 31 July 2020 Insights into Sufism Voices from the Heart Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978 1 5275 5748 2 With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers Singh Pritam 19 February 2008 Federalism Nationalism and Development India and the Punjab Economy Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 04946 2 in English Internet Edition Dawn Newspaper 10 May 2005 Nankana becomes district Archived from the original on 1 October 2005 Retrieved 14 April 2006 No data is yet available on the recently created district of Nankana DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017 PDF www pbscensus gov pk Archived from the original PDF on 29 August 2017 World Bank Document PDF Archived from the original PDF on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 19 December 2019 Provincial Accounts of Pakistan Methodology and Estimates 1973 2000 PDF Retrieved 19 December 2019 permanent dead link The News International Latest Breaking Pakistan Sports and Video News Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 Retrieved 22 April 2015 A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009 surveying the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world calculated Faisalabad s GDP PPP at 35 billion The city was third in Pakistan behind Karachi 78 billion and Lahore 40 billion Faisalabad s GDP is projected to rise to 37 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5 7 higher than the growth rates of 5 5 and 5 6 predicted for Karachi and Lahore 2 PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre Ukmediacentre pwc com 1 June 2005 Last Paragraph permanent dead link Punjab Gateway PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 July 2007 IKRAM ZAHID Industrial Zone Punjab Pakistan findpk com Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 PIEDMC Punjab Industrial Estate Development and Management Company Sub national HDI Subnational HDI Table Global Data Lab Retrieved 8 August 2021 Pakistan where and who are the world s illiterates Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006 literacy for life 2005 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 23 December 2009 Rural women uphold Pakistan s literacy rate The Express Tribune 15 February 2011 Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 Retrieved 22 April 2015 Lahore Garrison University Archived from the original on 18 August 2018 Retrieved 18 August 2018 Official Holidays 2016 Government of Punjab Pakistan 2016 Official Holidays 2016 Archived 1 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Karachi Metropolitan Sindh Pakistan Census of India 1961 Punjab Manage of Publications Jacqueline Suthren Hirst John Zavos 2013 Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia Routledge p 274 ISBN 978 1 136 62668 5 Eid ul Fitar Ramzan Id Eid ul Fitar in India Festival Dates The ban on fun IRFAN HUSAIN Dawn 18 February 2017 The barricaded Muslim mind Saba Naqvi 28 August 2016 Quote Earlier Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals now they think that would be haraam so stay away Visiting dargahs is also haraam Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab Official Website Tdcp gop pk 9 April 2010 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Ministry of Tourism Punjab Attractions Tourism gov pk Retrieved 27 September 2010 khalid Tourism in Punjab Pakistan Vista tourism com Archived from the original on 15 August 2010 Retrieved 27 September 2010 Sarah Veach Katy Williamson Punjabi Culture and Language Manual Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine archived Texas State University p 6 retrieved 14 May 2016 Bibliography EditAmjad Yahya 1989 Tarikh i Pakistan qadim daur zamanah yi ma qabl az tarikh Pakistan ki sarzamin par aj se paune do karor sal pahle in Urdu Dyson Tim 2018 A Population History of India From the First Modern People to the Present Day Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 882905 8 India Census Commissioner 1941 Punjab Report Census of India 1941 Vol VI Delhi JSTOR saoa crl 28215541 Pakistan Narcotics Control Board 1986 National survey on drug abuse in Pakistan The University of Michigan Radha Kumud Mookerji 1989 1951 Ancient Indian Education Brahmanical and Buddhist 2nd ed Motilal Banarsidass Publ ISBN 81 208 0423 6 Roseberry J Royal 1987 Imperial Rule in Punjab The Conquest and Administration of Multan 1818 1881 Manohar ISBN 978 81 85054 28 5 Shackle Christopher 1979 Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab Transactions of the Philological Society 77 1 191 210 doi 10 1111 j 1467 968X 1979 tb00857 x ISSN 0079 1636 External links EditPunjab Pakistan at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjab Pakistan Official website Punjab Pakistan at Curlie Guide to Punjab Pakistan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Punjab Pakistan amp oldid 1129275312, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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