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Punjabis

April 20, 2023

This article is about an ethnic group. For their language, see Punjabi language. For information on the geographical Punjabi region, see Punjab. For other uses, see Punjabi (disambiguation).

The Punjabis (Punjabi: پنجابی (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Gurmukhi); romanised as Panjābīs),[25][26] are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group[27] associated with the Punjab region, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.[28] They generally speak Standard Punjabi or various Punjabi dialects on both sides.[29]

Punjabis
  • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
  • پنجابی
Total population
c. 150 million[1][2][3][4]
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan108,586,959 (2022)[a][6][7][8]
 India37,520,211 (2022)[b][3][c][10]
 Canada942,170 (2021)[11][d]
 United Kingdom700,000 (2006)[12]
 United States253,740[13]
 Australia132,496 (2017)[14]
 Malaysia56,400 (2019)[15]
 Philippines50,000 (2016)[16]
 New Zealand34,227 (2018)[17]
 Norway24,000 (2013)[18]
 Bangladesh23,700 (2019)[19]
 Germany18,000 (2020)[20]
   Nepal10,000 (2019)[21]
OthersSee Punjabi diaspora
Languages
Majority: Punjabi and its dialects
Minority: Urdu (in Pakistan) and Hindi (in India)
Religion
Majority
Islam
Minority
Sikhism • Hinduism (incl. Nanakpanthis) • Christianity

Pakistani Punjab:
Majority
Islam (97%)
Minority
Christianity (2%) • Hinduism • Sikhism

Indian Punjab:
Majority
Sikhism (57.7%)
Minority
Hinduism (38.5%) • Islam • Christianity[22][23][24]
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Aryan peoples

The ethnonym is derived from the term Punjab (Five rivers) in Persian to describe the geographic region of the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, where five rivers Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej merge into the Indus River,[30][31][32] in addition of the now-vanished Ghaggar.[33]

The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE.[34][35][36] Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning "brotherhood") or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. With the passage of time, tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society.[36][37]

Traditionally, the Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue.[38] Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.[39] While Punjabis share a common territory, ethnicity and language, they are likely to be followers of one of several religions, most often Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism or Christianity.[40]

Etymology

The term "Punjab" came into currency during the reign of Akbar in the late sixteenth century.[41][31][32] Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words, पञ्‍च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning.[42][43] The word pañjāb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[44] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata, which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat Panchanada (Sanskrit: पञ्चनद, romanized: pañca-nada, lit. 'five rivers').[45][46] The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamía (Greek: Πενταποταμία),[47][48][49] which has the same meaning as the Persian word.

Geographic distribution

Main article: Punjab region

Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts. The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.[50][41]

 
The Punjab region, with its rivers.

Pakistan

While the total population of Punjab is 110 million as noted in the 2017 Pakistan census,[51] ethnic Punjabis comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population.[5][6] With an estimated national population of 243 million in 2022,[5] ethnic Punjabis thus number approximately 108.5 million in Pakistan;[a][52] this makes Punjabis the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by population.[5][6]

Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Sunni population with Shia, Ahmadiyya and Christian minorities.[53]

India

The Punjabi-speaking people make up 2.74% of India's population as of 2011.[54] The total number of Indian Punjabis is unknown due to the fact that ethnicity is not recorded in the Census of India. Sikhs are largely concentrated in the modern-day state of Punjab forming 57.7% of the population with Hindus forming 38.5%.[55] Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus.[56][57][58] The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the ethnic makeup of Delhi and other Indian states.[58]: 8–10 

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christians. Most of the East Punjab's Muslims left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in Qadian, and Malerkotla.

Punjabi diaspora

Main article: Punjabi diaspora

The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the United States, including independence activists who formed the Ghadar Party. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India. The most populous areas being London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow. In Canada (specifically Vancouver,[59] Toronto,[60] and Calgary[61]) and the United States, (specifically California's Central Valley as well as the New York and New Jersey region). In the 1970s, a large wave of emigration of Punjabis (predominately from Pakistan) began to the Middle East, in places such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. There are also large communities in East Africa including the countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Hong Kong. Of recent times many Punjabis have also moved to Italy.[citation needed]

Demography

Castes and tribes

Main article: List of Punjabi tribes
See also: Punjab § Castes and tribes

The major tribes of West Punjab (Pakistan) are the Jats, Rajputs, Arains, Gujjars and Awans.[62] Prior to the partition in 1947, major tribes of West Punjab also included the Khatris, Aroras and Brahmins.[63][64][65]

While in East Punjab (India), Jats are almost 20 per cent of East Punjab's population. The Scheduled Castes constitute almost 32 per cent of its total population and 4.3 per cent of the SCs nationally, official data show. Of more than 35 designated Scheduled Castes in the state, the Mazhabis, the Ravidasias/Ramdasias, the Ad Dharmis, the Valmikis, and the Bazigars together make up around 87 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population. The Ravidasia Hindus and the Ramdasia Sikhs together constitute 26.2 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population. Both Ramdasias and Ravidasias are subgouups of the Chamar[66]< and are traditionally linked to leather-related occupations.[67]

Religions in Punjab

Main article: Religion in the Punjab
 
Rig Veda is the oldest Hindu text that originated in the Punjab region.

The Punjabi people first practiced proto-Hinduism, the oldest recorded religion in the Punjab region.[30] The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of Indra.[68][69][70][note 1] The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,[71] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.[72]

Later, the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab.[73] Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion.[74][75] There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.[76] The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region.[77]

The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.[72][78] A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[72]

Modern era

Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records.[79][80] Shortly prior to the Partition of India, Punjab Province (British India) had a slight majority Muslim population at about 53.2% in 1941, which was an increase from the previous years.[81]

Due to the partition of 1947, a rapid shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across the Punjab region owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to mass migration and population exchange but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots that occurred across the region at the time.[82][83] According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[84]

As a result of the population exchanges during partition, both parts of Punjab are now relatively homogeneous, as far as religion is concerned. Today the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow Islam with a small Christian minority, and less Sikh and Hindu populations, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either Sikhs or Hindus with a Muslim minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of Sikhism and the movement Ahmadiyya.[85]

Punjabi Muslims

See also: Punjabi Muslims and Islam in Punjab, India

Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.[23]

Forming the majority of the Punjabi ethnicity in the greater Punjab region,[86] Punjabi Muslims write the Punjabi language under the Perso-Arabic script known as Shahmukhi. With a population of more than 80 million,[86][87] they are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and the world's third-largest Islam-adhering ethnicity[88] after Arabs[89] and Bengalis.[90] The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam, while a minority adhere to Shia Islam and other sects, including the Ahmadiyya community which originated in Punjab during the British Raj.

  •  

    A Punjabi Muslim of the Ghakkar tribe

  •  

    Punjabi Muslim of the Tanoli tribe

  •  

    Punjabi Muslim of Multan

  •  

    Pothwari Muslim

  •  

    Punjabi Muslim, Firuzpur

Punjabi Hindus

See also: Punjabi Hindus and Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan

In the Indian state of Punjab, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population and are a majority in the Doaba region. Punjabi Hindus forms majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, Pathankot, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Fazilka and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts.[91]

During the 1947 partition, millions of Punjabi Hindus (including Hindkowan Hindus and Saraiki Hindus[92][93]) migrated from West Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, of which many ultimately settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 per cent of Delhi's population;[e][f] based on 2011 official census counts, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 people.[95]

Following the large scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the 2017 Census, there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population.[96] Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively,[97][98] while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as Lahore.[99][100] Punjabi Hindus in India use Nāgarī script to write the Hindi and Punjabi languages.[101]

Punjabi Sikhs

See also: Sikhs

Sikhism from Sikh, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner", is a monotheistic religion originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century.[102][103] The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life.[104][105][106] Being one of the youngest amongst the major world religions, with 25-28 million adherents worldwide, Sikhism is the fifth- largest religion in the world.

The Sikhs form a majority of close to 58% in the modern day Punjab, India.

Gurmukhi is the writing script used by Sikhs and for scriptures of Sikhism. It is used in official documents in parts of India and elsewhere.[101] The tenth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh (1666 – 1708) established the Khalsa Brotherhood, and set for them a code of conduct.[107][108]

Punjabi Christians

See also: Punjabi Christians

Most of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule; initially, conversions to Christianity came from the "upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious", including "high caste" Hindu families, as well as Muslim families.[109][110][111] However, other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from the Chuhra group. The Churas were largely converted to Christianity in North India during the British Raj. The vast majority were converted from the Hindu Chura communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent Mazhabi Sikhs; under the influence of enthusiastic army officers and Christian missionaries. Large numbers of Mazhabi Sikhs were also converted in the Moradabad district and the Bijnor district[112] of Uttar Pradesh. Rohilkhand saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the Methodist Church.[113] Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among high caste Sikh families, and as a result, they responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions.[114]

History

Main article: History of Punjab

Culture

Main articles: Punjabi culture and Punjabi Culture Day

Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE.[30] Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.[30] The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".[30] Besides being known for agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of warfare, as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land.[30] Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community's honour (izzat), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis.[30]

Language

Main article: Punjabi language

Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi,[g] is an Indo-Aryan language natively spoken by the Punjabi people.

Punjabi is the most popular first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census, and the 11th most popular in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the 2011 census.

The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet, based on the Perso-Arabic script; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet, based on the Indic scripts. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone.[115]

Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')[116] From 600 BCE, Sanskrit was advocated as official language and Prakrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit (Sanskrit: प्राकृत, prākṛta) collectively. Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha, a descendant of Prakrit.[117] Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century CE and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to Nath Yogi era from 9th to 14th century CE.[118] The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa, though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.[118] The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent.[119] Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi.[120][121] So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and influenced the language as well.[122]

Punjabis also speak several languages and dialects related to Punjabi, such as the Pothwari spoken in the Pothohar region of Northern Pakistani Punjab[123]

Traditional dress

Main article: Punjabi clothing
Dastar
Main article: Dastar

A Dastar is an item of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture. Among the Sikhs, the dastār is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). The Sikhs regard the dastār as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, was sentenced to death by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru created the Khalsa and gave five articles of faith, one of which is unshorn hair, which the dastār covers.[124] Prior to Sikhi, only kings, royalty, and those of high stature wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people.[125]

Punjabi suit
Main article: Shalwar kameez
 
Punjabi traditional dress in India

A Punjabi suit that features two items - a qameez (top), salwar (bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people.[126][127][128] Shalwars are trousers which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.[129] The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the bias. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic.[130] The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the chaak[note 2]), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired set-in sleeves. The combination garment is sometimes called salwar kurta, salwar suit, or Punjabi suit.[132][133] The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn,[134][135] and national dress,[136] of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a dupatta around the head or neck.[137] The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the chador or burqa (see hijab and purdah); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders.[138] Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.[139]

Music

Main articles: Music of Punjab and Folk music of Punjab

Bhangra describes dance-oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms, developed since the 1980s. Sufi music and Qawali, commonly practiced in Punjab, Pakistan; are other important genres in the Punjab region.[140][141]

Dance

Main article: Punjabi dance

Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with traditional musical instruments. Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season. It was mainly performed while farmers did agricultural chores. As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot.[142] This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way. For many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season.[143] Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle[144] and is performed using traditional dance steps. Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season.[145][146]

Folk tales

Main article: Punjabi folklore

The folk tales of Punjab include Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahiwal.[147][148]

Festivals

Main articles: Punjabi festivals and Festivals in Lahore

The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the Islamic festivals.[149][150] The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi as seasonal festivals.[151] The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.[152] The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar Bikrami calendar or Punjabi calendar and the date of the festival also typically varies in the Gregorian calendar but stays within the same two Gregorian months.[153]

Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals,[154] and they being declared haram (forbidden in Islam).[155]

Punjabi State

Main articles: Punjabi nationalism and Punjabiyat

According to Pippa Virdee, the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan has shadowed the sense of loss of what used to be a homeland nation for the Punjabi people in the Indian subcontinent and its diaspora.[156] Since the mid-1980s, there has been a drive for Punjabi cultural revival, consolidation of Punjabi ethnicity and a virtual Punjabi nation.[157] According to Giorgio Shani, this is predominantly a Sikh ethno-nationalism movement led by some Sikh organizations, and a view that is not shared by Punjabi people organizations belonging to other religions.[158]

Notable people

Main articles: List of Punjabis, List of Punjabi authors, List of Punjabi-language poets, and List of Punjabi singers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Punjabis comprise 44.7% (108,586,959) of Pakistan's total population of 242,923,845 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook.[5]
  2. ^ Punjabis comprise 2.7% (37,520,211) of India's total population of 1,389,637,446 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook.[9]
  3. ^ This figure comprises speakers of the Punjabi language in India. Ethnic Punjabis who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.
  4. ^ Statistic includes all speakers of the Punjabi language, as many multi-generation individuals do not speak the language as a mother tongue, but instead as a second or third language.
  5. ^ “The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 percent of the population."[94]
  6. ^ “Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions."[58]
  7. ^ Punjabi is the British English spelling, and Pañjābī is the Romanized spelling from the native script(s).

References

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  5. ^ a b c d "South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  6. ^ a b c "Ethnic Groups in Pakistan". Worldatlas.com. 30 July 2019. Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India accounting for 44.7% of the population in Pakistan.
  7. ^ "Pakistan Census 2017" (PDF). www.pbs.pk. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  8. ^ "Punjabi - Worldwide distribution".
  9. ^ "South Asia :: India — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  10. ^ "Punjabi - Worldwide distribution".
  11. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 August 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  12. ^ McDonnell, John (5 December 2006). "Punjabi Community". House of Commons. Retrieved 3 August 2016. We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700,000, with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom.
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  44. ^ "Punjab." Pp. 107 in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.), vol. 20.
  45. ^ Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61530-202-4. The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.
  46. ^ Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18-20, 2005: Proceedings. Punjabi University. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7380-990-3. The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for 'Five rivers' the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.
  47. ^ Lassen, Christian. 1827. Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica [A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia]. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., Doab and Nilab. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for Panchála, which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."[whose translation?]
  48. ^ Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. Calcultta Central Press Company. p. 1. The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, panj (five), an áb (water, having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."
  49. ^ Khalid, Kanwal (2015). "Lahore of Pre Historic Era" (PDF). Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 52 (2): 73. The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (Penta means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab " for this region. Again it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.
  50. ^ J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.
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  55. ^ "Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame?". The Times of India. 27 August 2015.
  56. ^ "Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site". India TV News. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
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  63. ^ Tyagi, Dr Madhu (1 January 2017). THEORY OF INDIAN DIASPORA: DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION. Horizon Books (A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd). p. 18. ISBN 978-93-86369-37-6.
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  65. ^ Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-90-5356-035-8.
  66. ^ Chander, Rajesh K. (1 July 2019). Combating Social Exclusion: Inter-sectionalities of Caste, Gender, Class and Regions. Studera Press. ISBN 978-93-85883-58-3.
  67. ^ "Understanding the Dalit demography of Punjab, caste by caste". India Today. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  68. ^ Wheeler, James Talboys (1874). The History of India from the Earliest Ages: Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival. N. Trübner. p. 330. The Punjab, to say the least, was less Brahmanical. It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra, who was always regarded as an enemy by the Bráhmans; and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism.
  69. ^ Hunter, W. W. (5 November 2013). The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-136-38301-4. In the settlements of the Punjab, Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities.
  70. ^ Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). From the Ashes of 1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-108-42811-8. The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.
  71. ^ Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
  72. ^ a b c Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5.
  73. ^ "In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar". The Indian Express. 3 May 2019. Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism, Jainism and Puranic religions were practised, this religion flourished in the state. But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  74. ^ Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–491. ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).
  75. ^ Chhabra, G. S. (1968). Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37.
  76. ^ Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. Oxford University Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century.
  77. ^ Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020). Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-5748-2. With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.
  78. ^ Singh, Pritam (19 February 2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-04946-2.
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  89. ^ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1931930252, page xxiii, 14
  90. ^ roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in Bangladesh and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East, 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan, 5 million British Bangladeshi.
  91. ^ "Religion by districts - Punjab". census.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  92. ^ "Colonies, posh and model in name only!". NCR Tribune. Retrieved 5 March 2023. Started in 1978, Derawal Nagar was a colony of those who had migrated from Dera Ismile Khan in Northwest Frontier provinces.
  93. ^ Nagpal, Vinod Kumar (25 June 2020). Lessons Unlearned. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64869-984-9.
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  100. ^ "Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir". The Express Tribune. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  101. ^ a b Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  102. ^ W.Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1993). Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Themes in Comparative Religion). Wallingford, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-333-54107-4.
  103. ^ Christopher Partridge (1 November 2013). Introduction to World Religions. Fortress Press. pp. 429–. ISBN 978-0-8006-9970-3.
  104. ^ Sewa Singh Kalsi. Sikhism. Chelsea House, Philadelphia. pp. 41–50.
  105. ^ William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 200.
  106. ^ Teece, Geoff (2004). Sikhism:Religion in focus. Black Rabbit Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-58340-469-0.
  107. ^ Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7100-8842-0.
  108. ^ John M Koller (2016). The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India. Routledge. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-1-315-50740-8.
  109. ^ Jones, Kenneth W. (1976). Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-520-02920-0. Christian conversion followed patterns of previous religious inroads, striking at the two sections of the social structure. Initial conversions came from the upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious. Few in number and won individually, high caste converts accounted for far more public attention and reaction to Christian conversion than the numerically superior successes among the depressed. Repeatedly, conversion or the threat of conversion among students at mission schools, or members of the literate castes, produced a public uproar.
  110. ^ Day, Abby (28 December 2015). Contemporary Issues in the Worldwide Anglican Communion: Powers and Pieties. Ashgate Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4724-4415-8. The Anglican mission work in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent was primarily carried out by CMS and USPG in the Punjab Province (Gabriel 2007, 10), which covered most parts of the present state of Pakistan, particularly Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi (Gibbs 1984, 178-203). A native subcontinental church began to take shape with people from humbler backgrounds, while converts from high social caste preferred to attend the worship with the English (Gibbs 1984, 284).
  111. ^ Moghal, Dominic (1997). Human person in Punjabi society: a tension between religion and culture. Christian Study Centre. Those Christians who were converted from the "high caste" families both Hindus and Muslims look down upon those Christians who were converted from the low caste, specially from the untouchables.
  112. ^ Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183
  113. ^ Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196
  114. ^ Chadha, Vivek (23 March 2005). Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis. SAGE Publications. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7619-3325-0. 'In 1881 there were 3,976 Christians in the Punjab. By 1891 their number had increased to 19,547, by 1901 to 37,980, by 1911 to 163,994 and by 1921 to 315,931 persons' (see Figure 8.1). However, the Sikhs were more alarmed when some of the high caste families starting converting.
  115. ^ Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James (eds.). Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1. Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include Hindko, Dogri, Western Pahari, Sylheti and some Dardic languages.
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  120. ^ Mir, F. (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780520262690. from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
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  123. ^ Fred A, Robertson (1895). Gazetteer of Rawalpindi District (2nd ed.). Punjab Government.
  124. ^ “Importance of turban in Sikhism”, earlytimes.in. 29 May 2018.
  125. ^ "Sikh Theology Why Sikhs Wear A Turban". The Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  126. ^ Dominique, Grele; Raimbault, Lydie (1 March 2007). Discover Singapore on Foot (2 ed.). Singapore: Select Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-981-4022-33-0.
  127. ^ Fraile, Sandra Santos (11 July 2013), "Sikhs in Barcelona", in Blanes, Ruy; Mapril, José (eds.), Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods, BRILL, p. 263, ISBN 978-90-04-25524-1, The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India. Eventually, it became the regional style for parts of northern India, as in Punjab where it has been worn for centuries.
  128. ^ Khandelwal, Madhulika Shankar (2002), Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City, Cornell University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-8014-8807-9, Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India, although men of similar status long ago adopted Western attire. The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari, the long wrapped and draped dress-like garment, worn throughout India, and the salwar-kameez or kurta-pyjama, a two-piece suit garment, sometimes also called Punjabi because of its region of origin. Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women, the salwar-kameez, though originally from the north, has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari.
  129. ^ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set, Oxford University Press, p. 1272, ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3, Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu šalwār.
  130. ^ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set, Oxford University Press, p. 774, ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3, Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).
  131. ^ Platts, John Thompson (February 2015) [1884], A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English (online ed.), London: W. H. Allen & Co., p. 418
  132. ^ Shukla, Pravina (2015). The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India. Indiana University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-253-02121-2. You can buy an entire three-piece salwar suit, or a two-piece suit that consists of either a readymade kurta or a kurta cloth piece, each with a matching dupatta. For these, you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately. A third option would be to buy a two-piece ensemble, consisting of the top and pants, leaving you the task of buying an appropriate dupatta, or using one you already own, or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire. The end result will always be a three-piece ensemble, but a customer may start with one piece (only the kurta) or two pieces (kurta and pants, or kurta and dupatta), and exercise her creativity and fashion sense to end up with the complete salwar kurta outfit.
  133. ^ Mooney, Nicola (2011), Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs, University of Toronto Press, p. 260, ISBN 978-0-8020-9257-1, The salwar-kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in English as the Punjabi suit; J. P. S. Uberoi suggests that the salwar-kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab (1998 personal communication). Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of tradition rather than having historical veracity.
  134. ^ Marsden, Magnus (2005). Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-139-44837-6. The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across Pakistan.
  135. ^ Haines, Chad (2013), Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins, Routledge, p. 162, ISBN 978-1-136-44997-0, the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan.
  136. ^ Ozyegin, Gul (2016). Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures. Routledge. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-317-13051-2. What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.
  137. ^ Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005). Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-85856-353-4.
  138. ^ Shukla, Pravina (2015), The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India, Indiana University Press, p. 72, ISBN 978-0-253-02121-2, Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...
  139. ^ Koerner, Stephanie (2016), Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity, Taylor & Francis, p. 405, ISBN 978-1-351-87667-4, The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez. This consists of a long tunic (Kameez) teamed with a wide legged trouser (Shalwar) that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata, which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa. Modern versions of this National dress have evolved into less modest versions. Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves.
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  155. ^ The barricaded Muslim mind, Saba Naqvi (28 August 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"
  156. ^ Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (2014). Remembering Genocide. New York: Routledge. p. 'No man's land'. ISBN 978-1-317-75421-3. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  157. ^ Marshall, Stewart; Taylor, Wal; Yu, Xinghuo (2005). Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities With Information And Communication Technology. Idea Group. p. 409. ISBN 978-1-59140-791-1. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  158. ^ Giorgio Shani (2007). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Routledge. pp. 1–8, 86–88. ISBN 978-1-134-10189-4.

Notes

  1. ^ Michaels (2004, p. 38): "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (karma), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana); the idea of the world as illusion (maya) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (asrama), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions."
    Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). "Vedic Hinduism" (PDF). Harvard University. p. 3.: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."
    See also Halbfass 1991, pp. 1–2
  2. ^ A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English: chāk derives from the Persian "چاك ćāk, Fissure, cleft, rent, slit, a narrow opening (intentionally left in clothes)."[131]

Bibliography

  • Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8

Further reading

  • Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History – Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], ISBN 978-81-202-0507-9
  • Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978-81-7116-220-8
  • Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, ISBN 978-1-157-61392-3
  • Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978-81-900002-9-1
  • Shafi Aqeel, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978-0-19-547579-1
  • Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales
  • Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) ISBN 978-0-415-10191-2
  • Gilmartin, David. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
  • Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
  • Latif, Syed. History of the Panjab. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
  • Sekhon, Iqbal S. The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
  • Singh, Gurharpal. Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
  • Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
  • Singh, Khushwant. A History of the Sikhs – Volume 1.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
  • Steel, Flora Annie. Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints). Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
  • Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. Punjabi Century 1857–1947, University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
  • DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26
  • Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi
  • Ethnologue Western Panjabi
  • Kivisild, T; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M; Tolk, H. V; Stepanov, V; Gölge, M; Usanga, E; Papiha, S. S; Cinnioğlu, C; King, R; Cavalli-Sforza, L; Underhill, P. A; Villems, R (2003). (PDF). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2006.
  • Talib, Gurbachan (1950). Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947. India: Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee. Online 2 (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free "Online Book")
  • The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
  • Glimpses of Punjabi society and everyday life in Punjab villages shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

External links

  •   Media related to Punjabi people (ethnic group) at Wikimedia Commons

April 20, 2023
punjabis, this, article, about, ethnic, group, their, language, punjabi, language, information, geographical, punjabi, region, punjab, other, uses, punjabi, disambiguation, punjabi, پنجابی, shahmukhi, gurmukhi, romanised, panjābīs, indo, aryan, ethnolinguistic. This article is about an ethnic group For their language see Punjabi language For information on the geographical Punjabi region see Punjab For other uses see Punjabi disambiguation The Punjabis Punjabi پنجابی Shahmukhi ਪ ਜ ਬ Gurmukhi romanised as Panjabis 25 26 are an Indo Aryan ethnolinguistic group 27 associated with the Punjab region comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India 28 They generally speak Standard Punjabi or various Punjabi dialects on both sides 29 Punjabisਪ ਜ ਬ پنجابیTotal populationc 150 million 1 2 3 4 Regions with significant populations Pakistan108 586 959 2022 a 6 7 8 India37 520 211 2022 b 3 c 10 Canada942 170 2021 11 d United Kingdom700 000 2006 12 United States253 740 13 Australia132 496 2017 14 Malaysia56 400 2019 15 Philippines50 000 2016 16 New Zealand34 227 2018 17 Norway24 000 2013 18 Bangladesh23 700 2019 19 Germany18 000 2020 20 Nepal10 000 2019 21 OthersSee Punjabi diasporaLanguagesMajority Punjabi and its dialectsMinority Urdu in Pakistan and Hindi in India ReligionMajority Islam Minority Sikhism Hinduism incl Nanakpanthis ChristianityPakistani Punjab Majority Islam 97 Minority Christianity 2 Hinduism SikhismIndian Punjab Majority Sikhism 57 7 Minority Hinduism 38 5 Islam Christianity 22 23 24 Related ethnic groupsOther Indo Aryan peoplesThe ethnonym is derived from the term Punjab Five rivers in Persian to describe the geographic region of the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent where five rivers Beas Chenab Jhelum Ravi and Sutlej merge into the Indus River 30 31 32 in addition of the now vanished Ghaggar 33 The coalescence of the various tribes castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common Punjabi identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE 34 35 36 Historically the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari literally meaning brotherhood or tribes with each person bound to a clan With the passage of time tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society as community building and group cohesiveness form the new pillars of Punjabi society 36 37 Traditionally the Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic geographical and cultural Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue 38 Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections 39 While Punjabis share a common territory ethnicity and language they are likely to be followers of one of several religions most often Islam Hinduism Sikhism or Christianity 40 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geographic distribution 2 1 Pakistan 2 2 India 2 3 Punjabi diaspora 3 Demography 3 1 Castes and tribes 3 2 Religions in Punjab 3 3 Modern era 3 3 1 Punjabi Muslims 3 3 2 Punjabi Hindus 3 3 3 Punjabi Sikhs 3 3 4 Punjabi Christians 4 History 5 Culture 5 1 Language 5 2 Traditional dress 5 3 Music 5 4 Dance 5 5 Folk tales 5 6 Festivals 5 7 Punjabi State 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External linksEtymologyThe term Punjab came into currency during the reign of Akbar in the late sixteenth century 41 31 32 Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin its two parts پنج panj five and آب ab water are cognates of the Sanskrit words पञ च panca five and अप ap water of the same meaning 42 43 The word panjab thus means The Land of Five Waters referring to the rivers Jhelum Chenab Ravi Sutlej and Beas 44 All are tributaries of the Indus River the Sutlej being the largest References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat Panchanada Sanskrit पञ चनद romanized panca nada lit five rivers 45 46 The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotamia Greek Pentapotamia 47 48 49 which has the same meaning as the Persian word Geographic distributionMain article Punjab region Punjab is a geopolitical cultural and historical region in South Asia specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India The boundaries of the region are ill defined and focus on historical accounts The geographical definition of the term Punjab has changed over time In the 16th century Mughal Empire it referred to a relatively smaller area between the Indus and the Sutlej rivers 50 41 The Punjab region with its rivers Pakistan While the total population of Punjab is 110 million as noted in the 2017 Pakistan census 51 ethnic Punjabis comprise approximately 44 7 of the national population 5 6 With an estimated national population of 243 million in 2022 5 ethnic Punjabis thus number approximately 108 5 million in Pakistan a 52 this makes Punjabis the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by population 5 6 Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Sunni population with Shia Ahmadiyya and Christian minorities 53 India The Punjabi speaking people make up 2 74 of India s population as of 2011 54 The total number of Indian Punjabis is unknown due to the fact that ethnicity is not recorded in the Census of India Sikhs are largely concentrated in the modern day state of Punjab forming 57 7 of the population with Hindus forming 38 5 55 Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40 of Delhi s total population and are predominantly Hindi speaking Punjabi Hindus 56 57 58 The Indian censuses record the native languages but not the descent of the citizens Thus there is no concrete official data on the ethnic makeup of Delhi and other Indian states 58 8 10 Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christians Most of the East Punjab s Muslims left for West Punjab in 1947 However a small community still exists today mainly in Qadian and Malerkotla Punjabi diaspora Main article Punjabi diaspora The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world In the early 20th century many Punjabis began settling in the United States including independence activists who formed the Ghadar Party The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India The most populous areas being London Birmingham Manchester and Glasgow In Canada specifically Vancouver 59 Toronto 60 and Calgary 61 and the United States specifically California s Central Valley as well as the New York and New Jersey region In the 1970s a large wave of emigration of Punjabis predominately from Pakistan began to the Middle East in places such as the UAE Saudi Arabia and Kuwait There are also large communities in East Africa including the countries of Kenya Uganda and Tanzania Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia New Zealand and Southeast Asia including Malaysia Thailand Singapore and Hong Kong Of recent times many Punjabis have also moved to Italy citation needed DemographyCastes and tribes Main article List of Punjabi tribes See also Punjab Castes and tribes The major tribes of West Punjab Pakistan are the Jats Rajputs Arains Gujjars and Awans 62 Prior to the partition in 1947 major tribes of West Punjab also included the Khatris Aroras and Brahmins 63 64 65 While in East Punjab India Jats are almost 20 per cent of East Punjab s population The Scheduled Castes constitute almost 32 per cent of its total population and 4 3 per cent of the SCs nationally official data show Of more than 35 designated Scheduled Castes in the state the Mazhabis the Ravidasias Ramdasias the Ad Dharmis the Valmikis and the Bazigars together make up around 87 per cent of East Punjab s total Scheduled Caste population The Ravidasia Hindus and the Ramdasia Sikhs together constitute 26 2 per cent of East Punjab s total Scheduled Caste population Both Ramdasias and Ravidasias are subgouups of the Chamar 66 lt and are traditionally linked to leather related occupations 67 Religions in Punjab Main article Religion in the Punjab Rig Veda is the oldest Hindu text that originated in the Punjab region The Punjabi people first practiced proto Hinduism the oldest recorded religion in the Punjab region 30 The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period 1500 500 BCE centered primarily in the worship of Indra 68 69 70 note 1 The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC 71 while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti developed by Brahmin Hindu priests shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward 72 Later the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab 73 Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century becoming the majority by the 16th century via local conversion 74 75 There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century 76 The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region 77 The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis both Hindu and Muslim accepting the new Sikh faith 72 78 A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region 72 Modern era Due to religious tensions emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records 79 80 Shortly prior to the Partition of India Punjab Province British India had a slight majority Muslim population at about 53 2 in 1941 which was an increase from the previous years 81 Due to the partition of 1947 a rapid shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across the Punjab region owing to the new international border that cut through the province This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to mass migration and population exchange but also caused by large scale religious cleansing riots that occurred across the region at the time 82 83 According to historical demographer Tim Dyson in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence districts that were 66 Hindu in 1941 became 80 Hindu in 1951 those that were 20 Sikh became 50 Sikh in 1951 Conversely in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951 84 As a result of the population exchanges during partition both parts of Punjab are now relatively homogeneous as far as religion is concerned Today the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow Islam with a small Christian minority and less Sikh and Hindu populations while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either Sikhs or Hindus with a Muslim minority Punjab is also the birthplace of Sikhism and the movement Ahmadiyya 85 Punjabi Muslims See also Punjabi Muslims and Islam in Punjab India Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 97 of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India 23 Forming the majority of the Punjabi ethnicity in the greater Punjab region 86 Punjabi Muslims write the Punjabi language under the Perso Arabic script known as Shahmukhi With a population of more than 80 million 86 87 they are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and the world s third largest Islam adhering ethnicity 88 after Arabs 89 and Bengalis 90 The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam while a minority adhere to Shia Islam and other sects including the Ahmadiyya community which originated in Punjab during the British Raj A Punjabi Muslim of the Ghakkar tribe Punjabi Muslim of the Tanoli tribe Punjabi Muslim of Multan Pothwari Muslim Punjabi Muslim FiruzpurPunjabi Hindus See also Punjabi Hindus and Hinduism in Punjab PakistanIn the Indian state of Punjab Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38 5 of the state s population and are a majority in the Doaba region Punjabi Hindus forms majority in five districts of Punjab namely Pathankot Jalandhar Hoshiarpur Fazilka and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts 91 During the 1947 partition millions of Punjabi Hindus including Hindkowan Hindus and Saraiki Hindus 92 93 migrated from West Punjab and North West Frontier Province of which many ultimately settled in Delhi Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 per cent of Delhi s population e f based on 2011 official census counts this amounts to between 4 029 106 and 5 875 779 people 95 Following the large scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today According to the 2017 Census there are about 200 000 Hindus in Punjab province forming approximately 0 2 of the total population 96 Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur where they form 3 12 and 1 12 of the population respectively 97 98 while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as Lahore 99 100 Punjabi Hindus in India use Nagari script to write the Hindi and Punjabi languages 101 Punjabi Sikhs See also Sikhs Sikhism from Sikh meaning a disciple or a learner is a monotheistic religion originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century 102 103 The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator unity and equality of all humankind engaging in selfless service striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder s life 104 105 106 Being one of the youngest amongst the major world religions with 25 28 million adherents worldwide Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world The Sikhs form a majority of close to 58 in the modern day Punjab India Gurmukhi is the writing script used by Sikhs and for scriptures of Sikhism It is used in official documents in parts of India and elsewhere 101 The tenth Guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh 1666 1708 established the Khalsa Brotherhood and set for them a code of conduct 107 108 Punjabi Christians See also Punjabi Christians Most of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule initially conversions to Christianity came from the upper levels of Punjab society from the privileged and prestigious including high caste Hindu families as well as Muslim families 109 110 111 However other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from the Chuhra group The Churas were largely converted to Christianity in North India during the British Raj The vast majority were converted from the Hindu Chura communities of Punjab and to a lesser extent Mazhabi Sikhs under the influence of enthusiastic army officers and Christian missionaries Large numbers of Mazhabi Sikhs were also converted in the Moradabad district and the Bijnor district 112 of Uttar Pradesh Rohilkhand saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the Methodist Church 113 Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among high caste Sikh families and as a result they responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions 114 HistoryMain article History of PunjabCultureMain articles Punjabi culture and Punjabi Culture Day Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization dating back to 3000 BCE 30 Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture with one s social status being determined by landownership 30 The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region especially following the Green Revolution during the mid 1960 s to the mid 1970 s has been described as the breadbasket of both India and Pakistan 30 Besides being known for agriculture and trade the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long standing history of warfare as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land 30 Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community s honour izzat which is highly esteemed by Punjabis 30 Language Main article Punjabi languagePunjabi sometimes spelled Panjabi g is an Indo Aryan language natively spoken by the Punjabi people Punjabi is the most popular first language in Pakistan with 80 5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census and the 11th most popular in India with 31 1 million native speakers as per the 2011 census The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora particularly in Canada the United States and the United Kingdom In Pakistan Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet based on the Perso Arabic script in India it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet based on the Indic scripts Punjabi is unusual among the Indo Aryan languages and the broader Indo European language family in its usage of lexical tone 115 Punjabi developed from Prakrit languages and later Apabhraṃsa Sanskrit अपभ र श deviated or non grammatical speech 116 From 600 BCE Sanskrit was advocated as official language and Prakrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India All these languages are called Prakrit Sanskrit प र क त prakṛta collectively Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages which was spoken in north and north western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit gave rise to Paishachi Aparbhsha a descendant of Prakrit 117 Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha a degenerated form of Prakrit in the 7th century CE and became stable by the 10th century The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to Nath Yogi era from 9th to 14th century CE 118 The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore 118 The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent 119 Many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi 120 121 So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language After the fall of the Sikh empire Urdu was made the official language of Punjab in Pakistani Punjab it is still the primary official language and influenced the language as well 122 Punjabis also speak several languages and dialects related to Punjabi such as the Pothwari spoken in the Pothohar region of Northern Pakistani Punjab 123 Traditional dress Main article Punjabi clothing DastarMain article Dastar A Dastar is an item of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture Among the Sikhs the dastar is an article of faith that represents equality honour self respect courage spirituality and piety The Khalsa Sikh men and women who keep the Five Ks wear the turban to cover their long uncut hair kesh The Sikhs regard the dastar as an important part of the unique Sikh identity After the ninth Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur was sentenced to death by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Guru Gobind Singh the tenth Sikh Guru created the Khalsa and gave five articles of faith one of which is unshorn hair which the dastar covers 124 Prior to Sikhi only kings royalty and those of high stature wore turbans but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people 125 Punjabi suitMain article Shalwar kameez Punjabi traditional dress in IndiaA Punjabi suit that features two items a qameez top salwar bottom is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people 126 127 128 Shalwars are trousers which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt which causes them to become pleated around the waist 129 The trousers can be wide and baggy or they can be cut quite narrow on the bias The kameez is a long shirt or tunic 130 The side seams are left open below the waist line the opening known as the chaak note 2 which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement The kameez is usually cut straight and flat older kameez use traditional cuts modern kameez are more likely to have European inspired set in sleeves The combination garment is sometimes called salwar kurta salwar suit or Punjabi suit 132 133 The shalwar kameez is a widely worn 134 135 and national dress 136 of Pakistan When women wear the shalwar kameez in some regions they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a dupatta around the head or neck 137 The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty although it is made of delicate material it obscures the upper body s contours by passing over the shoulders For Muslim women the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the chador or burqa see hijab and purdah for Sikh and Hindu women the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered as in a temple or the presence of elders 138 Everywhere in South Asia modern versions of the attire have evolved the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist the kameez have shorter length with higher splits lower necklines and backlines and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves 139 Music Main articles Music of Punjab and Folk music of Punjab Bhangra describes dance oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms developed since the 1980s Sufi music and Qawali commonly practiced in Punjab Pakistan are other important genres in the Punjab region 140 141 Dance Main article Punjabi dance Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with traditional musical instruments Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season It was mainly performed while farmers did agricultural chores As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot 142 This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way For many years farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season 143 Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle 144 and is performed using traditional dance steps Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season 145 146 Folk tales Main article Punjabi folklore The folk tales of Punjab include Heer Ranjha Mirza Sahiban Sohni Mahiwal 147 148 Festivals Main articles Punjabi festivals and Festivals in LahoreThe Punjabi Muslims typically observe the Islamic festivals 149 150 The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these and instead observe Lohri Basant and Vaisakhi as seasonal festivals 151 The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar Hijri and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year 152 The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni solar Bikrami calendar or Punjabi calendar and the date of the festival also typically varies in the Gregorian calendar but stays within the same two Gregorian months 153 Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional seasonal festivals of the Punjab region Baisakhi Basant and to a minor scale Lohri but this is controversial Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals 154 and they being declared haram forbidden in Islam 155 Punjabi State Main articles Punjabi nationalism and Punjabiyat According to Pippa Virdee the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan has shadowed the sense of loss of what used to be a homeland nation for the Punjabi people in the Indian subcontinent and its diaspora 156 Since the mid 1980s there has been a drive for Punjabi cultural revival consolidation of Punjabi ethnicity and a virtual Punjabi nation 157 According to Giorgio Shani this is predominantly a Sikh ethno nationalism movement led by some Sikh organizations and a view that is not shared by Punjabi people organizations belonging to other religions 158 Notable peopleMain articles List of Punjabis List of Punjabi authors List of Punjabi language poets and List of Punjabi singersSee alsoDialects of the Punjab Punjabi press Punjabi cuisine Punjabi diasporaNotes a b Punjabis comprise 44 7 108 586 959 of Pakistan s total population of 242 923 845 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook 5 Punjabis comprise 2 7 37 520 211 of India s total population of 1 389 637 446 per 2022 estimate by the World Factbook 9 This figure comprises speakers of the Punjabi language in India Ethnic Punjabis who no longer speak the language are not included in this number Statistic includes all speakers of the Punjabi language as many multi generation individuals do not speak the language as a mother tongue but instead as a second or third language The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 percent of the population 94 Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty four per cent of so of the capital city s population on average they hold fifty three per cent of the available managerial positions 58 Punjabi is the British English spelling and Panjabi is the Romanized spelling from the native script s References Punjabi Worldwide distribution Punjabis at Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 a b Abstract Of Speakers Strength Of Languages And Mother Tongues 2011 PDF Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India Archived from the original PDF on 20 February 2022 Retrieved 12 June 2022 Pakistan Census 2017 PDF www pbs pk Retrieved 20 September 2020 a b c d South Asia Pakistan The World Fact book Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov Retrieved 20 September 2020 a b c Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Worldatlas com 30 July 2019 Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India accounting for 44 7 of the population in Pakistan Pakistan Census 2017 PDF www pbs pk Retrieved 20 September 2020 Punjabi Worldwide distribution South Asia India The World Fact book Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov Retrieved 8 May 2022 Punjabi Worldwide distribution Government of Canada Statistics Canada 17 August 2022 Census Profile 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada Country www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 18 August 2022 McDonnell John 5 December 2006 Punjabi Community House of Commons Retrieved 3 August 2016 We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700 000 with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom US Census Bureau American Community Survey 2009 2013 See Row 62 2 census gov Top ten languages spoken at home in Australia Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 Malaysia Ethnologue com Retrieved 28 July 2019 Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for crackdown by new President 18 May 2016 New Zealand Stats New Zealand Retrieved 24 September 2019 Strazny Philipp 1 February 2013 Encyclopedia of Linguistics Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 45522 4 via Google Books Bangladesh Ethnologue com Retrieved 28 July 2019 Deutsche Informationszentrum fur Sikhreligion Sikhgeschichte Kultur und Wissenschaft DISR remid de Retrieved 3 January 2020 National Population and Housing Census 2011 PDF Unstats unorg Retrieved 29 July 2019 C 1 Population By Religious Community 2011 Archived from the original XLS on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2019 a b Wade Davis K David Harrison Catherine Herbert Howell 2007 Book of Peoples of the World A Guide to Cultures National Geographic pp 132 133 ISBN 978 1 4262 0238 4 Punjabis Encyclopaedia Minahan James 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 257 259 ISBN 978 1 59884 659 1 Temple Richard Carnac 20 August 2017 A Dissertation on the Proper Names of Panjabis With Special Reference to the Proper Names of Villagers in the Eastern Panjab Creative Media Partners LLC ISBN 978 1 375 66993 1 Goh Daniel P S Gabrielpillai Matilda Holden Philip Khoo Gaik Cheng 12 June 2009 Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore Routledge p 187 ISBN 978 1 134 01649 5 Minahan James 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 59884 659 1 Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World Elsevier 2010 pp 522 523 ISBN 978 0 08 087775 4 a b c d e f g Nayar Kamala Elizabeth 2012 The Punjabis in British Columbia Location Labour First Nations and Multiculturalism McGill Queen s Press MQUP ISBN 978 0 7735 4070 5 a b Gandhi Rajmohan 2013 Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten New Delhi India Urbana Illinois Aleph Book Company ISBN 978 93 83064 41 0 a b Canfield Robert L 1991 Persia in Historical Perspective Cambridge United Kingdom Cambridge University Press p 1 Origins ISBN 978 0 521 52291 5 West Barbara A 19 May 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Infobase Publishing ISBN 978 1 4381 1913 7 Malhotra Anshu Mir Farina 2012 Punjab reconsidered history culture and practice New Delhi Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 807801 2 Ayers Alyssa 2008 Language the Nation and Symbolic Capital The Case of Punjab PDF Journal of Asian Studies 67 3 917 46 doi 10 1017 s0021911808001204 S2CID 56127067 a b Singh Pritam Thandi Shinder S 1996 Globalisation and the region explorations in Punjabi identity Coventry United Kingdom Association for Punjab Studies UK ISBN 978 1 874699 05 7 Mukherjee Protap Lopamudra Ray Saraswati 20 January 2011 Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India A Woman s Perspective Approach PDF Ph D Scholars Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110 067 India Singh Pritam Thandi Shinder S 1999 Punjabi identity in a global context New Delhi Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 564864 5 Singh Prtiam 2012 Globalisation and Punjabi Identity Resistance Relocation and Reinvention Yet Again PDF Journal of Punjab Studies 19 2 153 72 Archived from the original PDF on 24 January 2016 Retrieved 6 April 2014 Gupta S K 1985 The Scheduled Castes in Modern Indian Politics Their Emergence as a Political Context New Delhi India Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd pp 121 122 a b Yoga Project of History of Indian Science Philosophy and Culture Sub Project Consciousness Science Society Value and 2009 Different Types of History Pearson Education India ISBN 978 81 317 1818 6 H K Manmohan Siṅgh The Punjab The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Editor in Chief Harbans Singh Punjabi University Patiala Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 18 August 2015 Gandhi Rajmohan 2013 Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten New Delhi India Urbana Illinois Aleph Book Company p 1 Introduction ISBN 978 93 83064 41 0 Punjab Pp 107 in Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed vol 20 Kenneth Pletcher ed 2010 The Geography of India Sacred and Historic Places Britannica Educational Publishing p 199 ISBN 978 1 61530 202 4 The word s origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada Sanskrit for five rivers and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata Rajesh Bala 2005 Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab In Sukhdial Singh ed Punjab History Conference Thirty seventh Session March 18 20 2005 Proceedings Punjabi University p 80 ISBN 978 81 7380 990 3 The word Punjab is a compound of two words Panj Five and aab Water thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada Sanskrit for Five rivers the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas and Sutlej rivers before they joined the Indus Lassen Christian 1827 Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia Weber p 4 That part of India which today we call by the Persian name Penjab is named Panchanada in the sacred language of the Indians either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Pentapotamia The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian But in truth that final word is never to my knowledge used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way on the other hand there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word e g Doab and Nilab Therefore it is probable that the name Penjab which is today found in all geographical books is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India among whom the Persian language was mostly in use That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the Ramayana and Mahabharata the most ancient Indian poems and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians for Panchala which English translations of the Ramayana render with Penjab is the name of another region entirely distinct from Pentapotamia whose translation Latif Syad Muhammad 1891 History of the Panjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time Calcultta Central Press Company p 1 The Panjab the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians the north western region of the empire of Hindostan derives its name from two Persian words panj five an ab water having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features Khalid Kanwal 2015 Lahore of Pre Historic Era PDF Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 52 2 73 The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet In the later period the word Pentapotamia was used by the Greeks to identify this land Penta means 5 and potamia water the land of five rivers Muslim Historians implied the word Punjab for this region Again it was not a new word because in Persian speaking areas there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet J S Grewal 1998 The Sikhs of the Punjab The New Cambridge History of India Revised ed Cambridge University Press p 1 ISBN 978 0 521 63764 0 Population Profile Punjab Population Welfare Department Pwd punjab gov pk Pakistan Population 2019 Worldometers info Retrieved 29 July 2019 Population by Religion PDF pbs gov pk Pakistan Bureau of Statistics SCHEDULED LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF SPEAKERS STRENGTH 2011 PDF censusindia gov in Retrieved 2 April 2020 Census 2011 age of Sikhs drops in Punjab migration to blame The Times of India 27 August 2015 Delhi Assembly Elections 2015 Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site India TV News 6 February 2015 Retrieved 7 September 2015 Jupinderjit Singh February 2015 Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election tribuneindia com news sunday special perspective why punjabis are central to delhi election 36387 html Retrieved 7 September 2015 a b c Sanjay Yadav 2008 The Invasion of Delhi Worldwide Books ISBN 978 81 88054 00 8 Census Profile 2016 Census Vancouver Census metropolitan area British Columbia and British Columbia Province Statistics Canada 8 February 2017 Retrieved 31 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Census Profile 2016 Census Toronto Census metropolitan area Ontario and Ontario Province Statistics Canada 8 February 2017 Retrieved 31 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Census Profile 2016 Census Calgary Census metropolitan area Alberta and Alberta Province Statistics Canada 8 February 2017 Retrieved 31 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Punjab Province Pakistan Encyclopaedia Britannica 483579 Retrieved 22 March 2022 h Tyagi Dr Madhu 1 January 2017 THEORY OF INDIAN DIASPORA DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION Horizon Books A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd p 18 ISBN 978 93 86369 37 6 Puri Baij Nath 1988 The Khatris a Socio cultural Study M N Publishers and Distributors pp 19 20 Oonk Gijsbert 2007 Global Indian Diasporas Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory Amsterdam University Press pp 43 45 ISBN 978 90 5356 035 8 Chander Rajesh K 1 July 2019 Combating Social Exclusion Inter sectionalities of Caste Gender Class and Regions Studera Press ISBN 978 93 85883 58 3 Understanding the Dalit demography of Punjab caste by caste India Today Retrieved 7 March 2022 Wheeler James Talboys 1874 The History of India from the Earliest Ages Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival N Trubner p 330 The Punjab to say the least was less Brahmanical It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra who was always regarded as an enemy by the Brahmans and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism Hunter W W 5 November 2013 The Indian Empire Its People History and Products Routledge p 80 ISBN 978 1 136 38301 4 In the settlements of the Punjab Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities Virdee Pippa February 2018 From the Ashes of 1947 Cambridge University Press p 24 ISBN 978 1 108 42811 8 The Rig Veda and the Upanishads which belonged to the Vedic religion were a precursor of Hinduism both of which were composed in Punjab Flood Gavin 13 July 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 43878 0 a b c Nayar Kamala Elizabeth 2012 The Punjabis in British Columbia Location Labour First Nations and Multiculturalism McGill Queen s Press MQUP pp 7 8 ISBN 978 0 7735 4070 5 In ancient Punjab religion was fluid not watertight says Romila Thapar The Indian Express 3 May 2019 Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post Mauryan period Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism Jainism and Puranic religions were practised this religion flourished in the state But after the Gupta period Buddhism began to decline a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Rambo Lewis R Farhadian Charles E 6 March 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion Oxford University Press pp 489 491 ISBN 978 0 19 971354 7 First Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century By the sixteenth century Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community and as far for the mechanisms of conversion the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith shahada the performance of the circumsicion indri vaddani and the ingestion of cow meat bhas khana Chhabra G S 1968 Advanced History of the Punjab Guru and post Guru period upto Ranjit Singh New Academic Publishing Company p 37 Rambo Lewis R Farhadian Charles E 6 March 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion Oxford University Press p 490 ISBN 978 0 19 971354 7 While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab Buddhist communities however had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century Nicholls Ruth J Riddell Peter G 31 July 2020 Insights into Sufism Voices from the Heart Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978 1 5275 5748 2 With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers Singh Pritam 19 February 2008 Federalism Nationalism and Development India and the Punjab Economy Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 04946 2 Jones 2006 Socio religious reform movements in British India The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge University Press Jones R 2007 The great uprising in India 1857 58 Untold stories Indian and British worlds of the east India company Boydell Press Journal of Punjab Studies Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies UC Santa Barbara PDF Global ucsb edu Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 20 April 2013 South Asia British India Partitioned Archived 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine Avari B 2007 India The ancient past ISBN 978 0 415 35616 9 Dyson 2018 pp 188 189 Ahmadiyya Ahmadiyya Community Al Islam Online Official Website Alislam org a b Gandhi Rajmohan 2013 Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten New Delhi India Urbana Illinois Aleph Book Company p 1 ISBN 978 93 83064 41 0 Pakistan Census 2017 PDF PBS Gandhi Rajmohan 2013 Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten New Delhi India Urbana Illinois Aleph Book Company p 2 ISBN 978 93 83064 41 0 Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs A Guide For Modern Times Intercultural Press 2005 ISBN 1931930252 page xxiii 14 roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in Bangladesh and 36 4 million Bengali Muslims in the Republic of India CIA Factbook 2014 estimates numbers subject to rapid population growth about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan 5 million British Bangladeshi Religion by districts Punjab census gov in Retrieved 20 September 2021 Colonies posh and model in name only NCR Tribune Retrieved 5 March 2023 Started in 1978 Derawal Nagar was a colony of those who had migrated from Dera Ismile Khan in Northwest Frontier provinces Nagpal Vinod Kumar 25 June 2020 Lessons Unlearned Notion Press ISBN 978 1 64869 984 9 Singh Raj 6 February 2015 Delhi Assembly elections 2015 Important facts and major stakeholders India TV Retrieved 8 September 2021 Delhi India Union Territory Major Agglomerations amp Towns Population Statistics in Maps and Charts City Population Archived from the original on 2 March 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2017 CCI defers approval of census results until elections Dawn Retrieved 26 April 2020 District wise census Retrieved 20 September 2021 Dharmindar Balach 17 August 2017 Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour Daily Times Retrieved 20 September 2021 Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab The Express Tribune 8 November 2018 Retrieved 18 December 2020 Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir The Express Tribune 23 October 2015 Retrieved 18 December 2020 a b Peter T Daniels William Bright 1996 The World s Writing Systems Oxford University Press p 395 ISBN 978 0 19 507993 7 W Owen Cole Piara Singh Sambhi 1993 Sikhism and Christianity A Comparative Study Themes in Comparative Religion Wallingford United Kingdom Palgrave Macmillan p 117 ISBN 978 0 333 54107 4 Christopher Partridge 1 November 2013 Introduction to World Religions Fortress Press pp 429 ISBN 978 0 8006 9970 3 Sewa Singh Kalsi Sikhism Chelsea House Philadelphia pp 41 50 William Owen Cole Piara Singh Sambhi 1995 The Sikhs Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Sussex Academic Press p 200 Teece Geoff 2004 Sikhism Religion in focus Black Rabbit Books p 4 ISBN 978 1 58340 469 0 Cole W Owen Sambhi Piara Singh 1978 The Sikhs Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Routledge p 37 ISBN 978 0 7100 8842 0 John M Koller 2016 The Indian Way An Introduction to the Philosophies amp Religions of India Routledge pp 312 313 ISBN 978 1 315 50740 8 Jones Kenneth W 1976 Arya Dharm Hindu Consciousness in 19th century Punjab University of California Press p 12 ISBN 978 0 520 02920 0 Christian conversion followed patterns of previous religious inroads striking at the two sections of the social structure Initial conversions came from the upper levels of Punjab society from the privileged and prestigious Few in number and won individually high caste converts accounted for far more public attention and reaction to Christian conversion than the numerically superior successes among the depressed Repeatedly conversion or the threat of conversion among students at mission schools or members of the literate castes produced a public uproar Day Abby 28 December 2015 Contemporary Issues in the Worldwide Anglican Communion Powers and Pieties Ashgate Publishing p 220 ISBN 978 1 4724 4415 8 The Anglican mission work in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent was primarily carried out by CMS and USPG in the Punjab Province Gabriel 2007 10 which covered most parts of the present state of Pakistan particularly Lahore Peshawar and Karachi Gibbs 1984 178 203 A native subcontinental church began to take shape with people from humbler backgrounds while converts from high social caste preferred to attend the worship with the English Gibbs 1984 284 Moghal Dominic 1997 Human person in Punjabi society a tension between religion and culture Christian Study Centre Those Christians who were converted from the high caste families both Hindus and Muslims look down upon those Christians who were converted from the low caste specially from the untouchables Alter J P and J Alter 1986 In the Doab and Rohilkhand north Indian Christianity 1815 1915 I S P C K publishing p183 Alter J P and J Alter 1986 In the Doab and Rohilkhand north Indian Christianity 1815 1915 I S P C K publishing p196 Chadha Vivek 23 March 2005 Low Intensity Conflicts in India An Analysis SAGE Publications p 174 ISBN 978 0 7619 3325 0 In 1881 there were 3 976 Christians in the Punjab By 1891 their number had increased to 19 547 by 1901 to 37 980 by 1911 to 163 994 and by 1921 to 315 931 persons see Figure 8 1 However the Sikhs were more alarmed when some of the high caste families starting converting Bhatia Tej 1999 Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi In Lust Barbara Gair James eds Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages Walter de Gruyter p 637 ISBN 978 3 11 014388 1 Other tonal Indo Aryan languages include Hindko Dogri Western Pahari Sylheti and some Dardic languages Singha H S 2000 The Encyclopedia of Sikhism over 1000 Entries Hemkunt Press p 166 ISBN 978 81 7010 301 1 Archived from the original on 21 January 2017 G S Sidhu 2004 Panjab And Panjabi a b Hoiberg Dale 2000 Students Britannica India Popular Prakashan ISBN 978 0 85229 760 5 Brard G S S 2007 East of Indus My Memories of Old Punjab Hemkunt Publishers p 81 ISBN 9788170103608 Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Mir F 2010 The Social Space of Language Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab University of California Press p 35 ISBN 9780520262690 Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Schiffman H 2011 Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors The Changing Politics of Language Choice Brill p 314 ISBN 9789004201453 Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 Retrieved 13 January 2017 Schiffman Harold 9 December 2011 Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors The Changing Politics of Language Choice BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 20145 3 Fred A Robertson 1895 Gazetteer of Rawalpindi District 2nd ed Punjab Government Importance of turban in Sikhism earlytimes in 29 May 2018 Sikh Theology Why Sikhs Wear A Turban The Sikh Coalition Retrieved 13 November 2016 Dominique Grele Raimbault Lydie 1 March 2007 Discover Singapore on Foot 2 ed Singapore Select Publishing p 35 ISBN 978 981 4022 33 0 Fraile Sandra Santos 11 July 2013 Sikhs in Barcelona in Blanes Ruy Mapril Jose eds Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe The Best of All Gods BRILL p 263 ISBN 978 90 04 25524 1 The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India Eventually it became the regional style for parts of northern India as in Punjab where it has been worn for centuries Khandelwal Madhulika Shankar 2002 Becoming American Being Indian An Immigrant Community in New York City Cornell University Press p 43 ISBN 0 8014 8807 9 Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India although men of similar status long ago adopted Western attire The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari the long wrapped and draped dress like garment worn throughout India and the salwar kameez or kurta pyjama a two piece suit garment sometimes also called Punjabi because of its region of origin Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women the salwar kameez though originally from the north has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari Stevenson Angus Waite Maurice 2011 Concise Oxford English Dictionary Book amp CD ROM Set Oxford University Press p 1272 ISBN 978 0 19 960110 3 Salwar Shalwar A pair of light loose pleated trousers usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez the two together being a salwar kameez Origin From Persian and Urdu salwar Stevenson Angus Waite Maurice 2011 Concise Oxford English Dictionary Book amp CD ROM Set Oxford University Press p 774 ISBN 978 0 19 960110 3 Kameez A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia typically with a salwar or churidars Origin From Arabic qamiṣ perhaps from late Latin camisia see chemise Platts John Thompson February 2015 1884 A dictionary of Urdu classical Hindi and English online ed London W H Allen amp Co p 418 Shukla Pravina 2015 The Grace of Four Moons Dress Adornment and the Art of the Body in Modern India Indiana University Press p 75 ISBN 978 0 253 02121 2 You can buy an entire three piece salwar suit or a two piece suit that consists of either a readymade kurta or a kurta cloth piece each with a matching dupatta For these you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately A third option would be to buy a two piece ensemble consisting of the top and pants leaving you the task of buying an appropriate dupatta or using one you already own or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire The end result will always be a three piece ensemble but a customer may start with one piece only the kurta or two pieces kurta and pants or kurta and dupatta and exercise her creativity and fashion sense to end up with the complete salwar kurta outfit Mooney Nicola 2011 Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs University of Toronto Press p 260 ISBN 978 0 8020 9257 1 The salwar kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in English as the Punjabi suit J P S Uberoi suggests that the salwar kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab 1998 personal communication Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of tradition rather than having historical veracity Marsden Magnus 2005 Living Islam Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan s North West Frontier Cambridge University Press p 37 ISBN 978 1 139 44837 6 The village s men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt shalwar kameez worn across Pakistan Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps pakol waistcoats and long coats chugha made by Chitrali tailors darzi who skills are renowned across Pakistan Haines Chad 2013 Nation Territory and Globalization in Pakistan Traversing the Margins Routledge p 162 ISBN 978 1 136 44997 0 the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan including in all of Gilgit Baltistan Ozyegin Gul 2016 Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures Routledge p 222 ISBN 978 1 317 13051 2 What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar kameez and dupatta the national dress of Pakistan Rait Satwant Kaur 14 April 2005 Sikh Women In England Religious Social and Cultural Beliefs Trent and Sterling Trentham Book p 68 ISBN 978 1 85856 353 4 Shukla Pravina 2015 The Grace of Four Moons Dress Adornment and the Art of the Body in Modern India Indiana University Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 253 02121 2 Muslim and Punjabi women whether Muslim Sikh or Hindu often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color When entering a temple Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body its presence implies modesty like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer Koerner Stephanie 2016 Unquiet Pasts Risk Society Lived Cultural Heritage Re designing Reflexivity Taylor amp Francis p 405 ISBN 978 1 351 87667 4 The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez This consists of a long tunic Kameez teamed with a wide legged trouser Shalwar that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa Modern versions of this National dress have evolved into less modest versions Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves Pande Alka 1999 Folk music amp musical instruments of Punjab from mustard fields to disco lights Ahmedabad India Mapin Pub ISBN 978 18 902 0615 4 Thinda Karanaila Siṅgha 1996 Panjaba da loka wirasa New rev ed Paṭiala Pabalikeshana Biuro Panjabi Yuniwarasiṭi ISBN 978 81 7380 223 2 Pandher Gurdeep Bhangra History Retrieved 28 November 2019 Singh Khushwant 23 May 2017 Land of Five Rivers Orient Paperbacks ISBN 9788122201079 via Google Books Bedell J M 23 May 2017 Teens in Pakistan Capstone ISBN 9780756540432 via Google Books Black Carolyn 2003 Pakistan The culture ISBN 9780778793489 Pakistan Almanac Royal Book Company 23 May 2017 via Google Books Tales of the Punjab Digital library upenn edu Peelu The First Narrator of the Legend of Mirza SahibaN Hrisouthasian org Official Holidays 2016 Government of Punjab Pakistan 2016 Official Holidays 2016 Archived 1 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Karachi Metropolitan Sindh Pakistan Census of India 1961 Punjab Manage of Publications Jacqueline Suthren Hirst John Zavos 2013 Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia Routledge p 274 ISBN 978 1 136 62668 5 Eid ul Fitar Ramzan Id Eid ul Fitar in India Festival Dates Tej Bhatia 2013 Punjabi Routledge pp 209 212 ISBN 978 1 136 89460 2 The ban on fun IRFAN HUSAIN Dawn 18 February 2017 The barricaded Muslim mind Saba Naqvi 28 August 2016 Quote Earlier Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals now they think that would be haraam so stay away Visiting dargahs is also haraam Eltringham Nigel Maclean Pam 2014 Remembering Genocide New York Routledge p No man s land ISBN 978 1 317 75421 3 Retrieved 12 November 2016 Marshall Stewart Taylor Wal Yu Xinghuo 2005 Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities With Information And Communication Technology Idea Group p 409 ISBN 978 1 59140 791 1 Retrieved 12 November 2016 Giorgio Shani 2007 Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age Routledge pp 1 8 86 88 ISBN 978 1 134 10189 4 Notes Michaels 2004 p 38 harvtxt error no target CITEREFMichaels2004 help The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated The influence of the mythology is indeed great but the religious terminology changed considerably all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts karma the cyclical destruction of the world or the idea of salvation during one s lifetime jivanmukti moksa nirvana the idea of the world as illusion maya must have gone against the grain of ancient India and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system the burning of widows the ban on remarriage images of gods and temples Puja worship Yoga pilgrimages vegetarianism the holiness of cows the doctrine of stages of life asrama or knew them only at their inception Thus it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions Jamison Stephanie Witzel Michael 1992 Vedic Hinduism PDF Harvard University p 3 to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion However Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism See also Halbfass 1991 pp 1 2harvnb error no target CITEREFHalbfass1991 help A Dictionary of Urdu Classical Hindi and English chak derives from the Persian چاك cak Fissure cleft rent slit a narrow opening intentionally left in clothes 131 BibliographyDyson Tim 2018 A Population History of India From the First Modern People to the Present Day Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 882905 8Further readingMohini Gupta Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture amp History Vol 1 Window on Punjab Hardcover ISBN 978 81 202 0507 9 Iqbal Singh Dhillion Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978 81 7116 220 8 Punjabi Culture Punjabi Language Bhangra Punjabi People Karva Chauth Kila Raipur Sports Festival Lohri Punjabi Dhabha ISBN 978 1 157 61392 3 Kamla C Aryan Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978 81 900002 9 1 Shafi Aqeel Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978 0 19 547579 1 Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales Colloquial Panjabi The Complete Course for Beginners Colloquial Series ISBN 978 0 415 10191 2 Gilmartin David Empire and Islam Punjab and the Making of Pakistan Univ of California Press 1988 ISBN 0 520 06249 3 Grewal J S and Gordon Johnson The Sikhs of the Punjab The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge University Press Reprint edition 1998 ISBN 0 521 63764 3 Latif Syed History of the Panjab Kalyani 1997 ISBN 81 7096 245 5 Sekhon Iqbal S The Punjabis The People Their History Culture and Enterprise Delhi Cosmo 2000 3 Vols ISBN 81 7755 051 9 Singh Gurharpal Ethnic Conflict in India A Case Study of Punjab Palgrave Macmillan 2000 Singh Gurharpal Editor and Ian Talbot Editor Punjabi Identity Continuity and Change South Asia Books 1996 ISBN 81 7304 117 2 Singh Khushwant A History of the Sikhs Volume 1 Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 562643 5 Steel Flora Annie Tales of the Punjab Told by the People Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints Oxford University Press USA New Ed edition 2002 ISBN 0 19 579789 2 Tandon Prakash and Maurice Zinkin Punjabi Century 1857 1947 University of California Press 1968 ISBN 0 520 01253 4 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia BMC Genetics 2004 5 26 Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi Ethnologue Western Panjabi Kivisild T Rootsi S Metspalu M Mastana S Kaldma K Parik J Metspalu E Adojaan M Tolk H V Stepanov V Golge M Usanga E Papiha S S Cinnioglu C King R Cavalli Sforza L Underhill P A Villems R 2003 The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations PDF Am J Hum Genet 72 2 313 332 doi 10 1086 346068 PMC 379225 PMID 12536373 Archived from the original PDF on 19 February 2006 Talib Gurbachan 1950 Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 India Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee Online 1 Online 2 Online 3 A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included Online Sources of this free Online Book The Legacy of The Punjab by R M Chopra 1997 Punjabee Bradree Calcutta Glimpses of Punjabi society and everyday life in Punjab villages shodhganga inflibnet ac inExternal links Media related to Punjabi people ethnic group at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Punjabis amp oldid 1148784882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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