Braj Bhasha
The Braj language, Braj Bhasha, also known as Vraj Bhasha or Vrij Bhasha or Braj Bhāṣā or Braji or Brij Bhasha or Braj Boli, is a Western Hindi language. Along with Awadhi, it was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before the switch to Hindustani in the 19th century.
| Braj | |
|---|---|
| Braj Bhasha | |
| ब्रजभाषा | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Braj |
| Ethnicity | Braji people |
Native speakers | 1,600,000 (2011 census)[1] Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.[2] |
| Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | bra |
| ISO 639-3 | bra |
| Glottolog | braj1242 |
Braj language speaking region | |
Braj is spoken by people in the vaguely defined region of Braj (Braj Bhumi) in northern India, which was a political state in the era of the Mahabharata wars. According to ancient Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Kingdom of Surasena is described as spreading through Braj (also known as Brij, Vrija or Vraja), where the incarnation of Vishnu, Krishna was born and spent his childhood days, according to tradition. This region lies in the Agra-Mathura-Hathras-Firozabad-Aligarh area and Etawah-Mainpuri-Auraiya area, and stretches as far as the environs of Delhi. In modern India, this area lies mostly in central western Uttar Pradesh, the eastern extremities of Rajasthan i.e. Bharatpur, Karauli and Dholpur and the southern extremities of Haryana. Northern regions of Madhya Pradesh like Morena are also included.[3] Today Braj Bhumi can be seen as a cultural-geographical entity rather than a proper state. Braj Bhasha is the vernacular of the region, and is very close to Awadhi, spoken in the neighbouring Awadh region.
Much of the Hindi literature was developed in Braj in the medieval period, and a substantial amount of Bhakti or devotional poetry is in this language. Some devotional poems for Krishna are also composed in Braj. Braj is also the main language of Hindustani classical music compositions.
The Hindavi poet Amir Khusrau (1253–1325) wrote some of his poetry in Braj Bhasha, as did the Sikh scribe Bhai Gurdas (1551–1636). Braj folk songs and poems include Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni by Amir Khusrau, and the devotional song Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo by Surdas.
Geographical distribution
Braj Bhasha is spoken in the nebulous Braj region centred on Mathura and Agra in Uttar Pradesh and Bharatpur and Dholpur in Rajasthan. It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab in the following districts:
- Hathras
- Mathura
- Agra
- Aligarh
- Firozabad
- Auraiya
- Etah
- Mainpuri
- Etawah
- Farrukhabad
- Kasganj
- Badaun
- Palwal
- Bharatpur
- Karauli
It is also spoken in the western areas of Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Mathura district and southern areas of Faridabad district
In Madhya Pradesh it is spoken in the districts of :
It is spoken in several villages of Mathura, specially in Vrindavan, Madhuvan, Kaman, Kosi Kalan, Chhata, Baldeo, and all other villages belongs to Braj Area with Bajna, Surir, Bhidauni,
Literature
Most Braj literature is of a mystical nature, related to the spiritual union of people with God, because almost all of the Braj Bhasha poets were considered God-realised saints and their words are thus considered as directly emanating from a divine source. Much of the traditional Northern Indian literature shares this trait. All traditional Punjabi literature is similarly written by saints and is of a metaphysical and philosophical nature.
Another peculiar feature of Northern Indian literature is that the literature is mostly written from a female point of view, even by male poets. This is because the saints were in a state of transcendental, spiritual love, where they were metaphorically women reuniting with their beloved. (In its inversion of the conventional genders of worshipper and worshippee, Maulana Da’ud's Chandayan departs from this tradition.)
Important works in Braj Bhasha are:
- “ pushtimargiya kiratan of ashtachhap.
- Yugala Shataka by Swami Sri Sribhatta Devacarya; known as the first 'Vani' book in Vraja Bhasha composed in the 14th century AD as a part of Nimbarka Sampradaya tradition of Radha Krishna worship.
- Vinaya Patrika by Tulsidas
- Sur Sagar by Surdas[4]
- Buddha Charit by Acharya Ram Chandra Shukla
- Sufi poetry by Amir Khusro
- Eulogies by Kavi Bhushan
- Nayikabhed, Nakhshikh and satasattak by Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj.[5]
- Vrind Satsai by Vrind (1643–1723), court poet of ruler of Kishangarh[6]
- Dasam Granth, a secondary Sikh scripture predominantly employing the Braj-language, whose authorship is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru[7]
Braj Bhasha sample sentences
| Braj Bhasha | Meaning |
|---|---|
| कहां जाए रयो है रे? or कहाँ जाए रै? | Where are you going? |
| का कर रओ है? or का कर रै? (to male), का कर रई है? (to female). | What are you doing? |
| तेरो नाम का है? or तेओ नाम का है? | What is your name? |
| तेनें का खायो? or तेनें का खाओ है? | What did you eat? |
| का है रयो है? | What's going on? |
| मोए ना पतो। | I don't know. |
| तोए का दिक्कत है? | What is your problem? |
| कहां कौ है रे तू? | Where are you from? |
| घर कौन-कौन है रे? or घर पे को को है रे? | Who's at home? |
| तेरो घर कहां है? or तेरो घर किते है? | Where is your home? |
| रोटी खाए लई का? | Had your meal? |
| का हाल-चाल है? or तू कैसो है? | How are you? |
| तोए बताई हती। or तोते कही हती। | I told you. |
| जे लाली मेई है। or जे मेई मोड़ी है। | She's my daughter. |
| je hamao lalla hai | He's my son. |
| tu kab awego? | When you will be coming? |
| Teri hi rah dekhro. | I was waiting for you. |
| Tero byah hai gayo kaa? | Are you married? |
| Kahan koon/ kit koon jaro hai? | Which place you are going to? |
| nyah aa | Come here. |
| humbe hanji | Yes/no both with expression |
| chalo chalo | lets move |
| chup hai jaa | silent |
| Non diyo nek sau | Give me some salt |
| mere jore nai | I don't have |
| je bus kitau ja rai hai? | Where will this bus go? |
| jyada mat bol | don't speak too much |
| itku aa | come here |
| pallanku haija | go that side |
| khano khay le | have food |
| nek moye diyo | give me a little bit |
| jame non laghu hai | there is too much salt in this |
See also
References
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues −2001". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ a b Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. ISBN 9780195139778. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ "Google Notebook". google.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
- ^ Atre, Shubhangana (2019). History. Maharashtra: Maharashtra state textbook bureau.
- ^ Sujit Mukherjee (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. pp. 425–. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.
- ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 191. ISBN 9781442236011.
Further reading
- Snell, Rupert. 1991. The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader ISBN 0728601753
- Snell, Rupert. 2016. Braj in Brief: An introduction to literary Braj Bhāṣā