Jalandhar
Jalandhar is the third most-populous city in the Indian state of Punjab and the largest city in Doaba region. Jalandhar lies alongside the Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected rail and road junction. Jalandhar is 146 km (91 mi) northwest of the state capital Chandigarh, 83.5 km (51.9 mi) south-east of Amritsar and 61.3 km (38.1 mi) north of Ludhiana. Jalandhar is about 381 km (230 miles) from national capital Delhi. The famous road NH1 crosses from Jalandhar.
Jalandhar | |
|---|---|
Clockwise from top: Devi Talab Mandir, Gurdwara Sri Singh Sahba, St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar, Nivia Sports, Guru Gobind Singh Stadium, Jalandhar Cantonment. | |
Jalandhar Jalandhar | |
| Coordinates: 31°15′25″N 75°26′36″E / 31.2569°N 75.4432°ECoordinates: 31°15′25″N 75°26′36″E / 31.2569°N 75.4432°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Jalandhar |
| Named for | In Water |
| Government | |
| • Divisional Commissioner | Veerendra Kumar Meena, IAS[1] |
| • Deputy Commissioner | Jaspreet Singh, IAS[2] |
| • Member of Parliament | Santokh Singh Chaudhary, Congress |
| • Mayor | Jagdish Raja[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 120 km2 (50 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 3rd in Punjab |
| Elevation | 228 m (748 ft) |
| Population (2022[5]) | |
| • Total | 1,096,000 |
| Demonym | Jalandhariye |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144 001 |
| Area code | 0181 |
| Vehicle registration | PB08,PB90,PB37 PB67,PB33 |
| Literacy | 82.3% |
| Website | jalandhar |
History
The history of Jalandhar District comprises three periods — ancient, medieval and modern.
The city may be named after Jalandhara, a Nath Guru, who was from here.[citation needed]. The city was founded by Devasya Verma as mentioned in Vedas. Other possibilities include that it was the capital of the kingdom of Lava, son of Rama or that the name derives from the vernacular term Jalandhar, meaning area inside the water, i.e., tract lying between the two rivers Satluj and Beas.[6] The whole of Punjab and the area of present Jalandhar District was part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the sites where remains of the Indus Valley civilization have been found extensively. The archaeological explorations made during recent years have pushed the ancient times of Jalandhar District of Harappa period.
Jalandhar and the Doaba may have been conquered around 1070 by the Ghaznavids during the reign of Ibrahim of Ghazni.[7] It later formed part of the province of Lahore during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. The 18th century saw upheaval in Jalandhar amidst an anarchy caused by the disintegration of the Mughals and power struggles involving Persians, Afghans and Sikhs. It was captured by the Faizullahpuria Misl in 1766, and in 1811 Maharaja Ranjit Singh incorporated it within the Sikh Empire.[8]
In 1849, following the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company, the city of Jalandhar, written in English as Jullundur by Company officials, became the headquarters of the Division and District of the same name. In 1858 Company rule in India ended and the city became part of the British Raj. In the mid to late 19th century, the Punjab administration regarded Jullundur as too densely populated and farmed to capacity. This led to the district being a chief recruitment area for settlers to colonise the newly irrigated Punjab Canal Colonies in western Punjab.[9]
The Khilafat Movement started in the district in early 1920 to bring pressure on the government to change their policy towards Turkey. Mahatma Gandhi extended sympathy and support to this movement however in response the District was declared a 'Proclaimed Area' under the Seditious Meetings Act. In 1924, Pakistani general and military dictator Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born in the city.
Prior to the partition of India, Muslims were in plurality in Jalandhar. According to 1941 census, Muslims made up 45.2% of the population, compared to Hindus and Sikhs being 27.6% and 26.5% respectively.[10] Within a period of 10 years, from 1941 to 1951, Muslim population in Jalandhar reduced from 45.2% to 0.2%.[10]
Climate
The city has a humid subtropical climate with cool winters and long, hot summers. Summers last from April to June and winters from November to February. Temperatures in the summer vary from average highs of around 48 °C (118 °F) to average lows of around 25 °C (77 °F). Winter temperatures have highs of 19 °C (66 °F) to lows of −7 °C (19 °F). The climate is dry on the whole, except during the brief southwest monsoon season during July and August. The average annual rainfall is about 70 cm. In 2018, Jalandhar witnessed Heavy rainfall, with over 20% increase from average rainfall.[11] Since it is in the northern plains, it feels really cold during winters and very hot during summers.
| Climate data for Jalandhar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.6 (70.9) | 26.0 (78.8) | 34.5 (94.1) | 39.4 (102.9) | 40.6 (105.1) | 34.1 (93.4) | 33.1 (91.6) | 32.6 (90.7) | 31.5 (88.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 30.2 (86.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) | 8.6 (47.5) | 13.2 (55.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 18.3 (64.9) | 12.1 (53.8) | 7.2 (45.0) | 17.2 (63.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10.7 (0.42) | 16.7 (0.66) | 32.8 (1.29) | 15.2 (0.60) | 20.4 (0.80) | 69.7 (2.74) | 155.2 (6.11) | 183.6 (7.23) | 60.0 (2.36) | 1.5 (0.06) | 6 (0.2) | 15 (0.6) | 586.8 (23.07) |
| Source: [12] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Population
As per provisional data of 2011 census Jalandhar had a population of 873,725, of which 463,975 were male and 409,750 female.
Literacy
The literacy rate was 86.22 per cent.[13] For males and females respectively the literacy rate was 88.82% and 83.30%
Religion
As per the census of 2011, Hinduism and Sikhism are the religions of the vast majority of people in Jalandhar.
| Religious group | 1891[16]: 68 | 1901[17]: 44 | 1911[18]: 20 | 1921[19]: 23 | 1931[20]: 26 | 1941[15]: 32 | 2011 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Islam | 38,994 | 58.9% | 40,081 | 59.17% | 40,903 | 58.59% | 42,261 | 59.52% | 52,577 | 59.06% | 80,242 | 59.31% | 12,744 | 1.47% |
| Hinduism | 23,085 | 34.87% | 24,715 | 36.49% | 23,383 | 33.49% | 24,253 | 34.16% | 30,833[b] | 34.63% | 48,375[b] | 35.76% | 650,863 | 74.9% |
| Sikhism | 2,274 | 3.43% | 901 | 1.33% | 3,636 | 5.21% | 2,686 | 3.78% | 3,003 | 3.37% | 4,676 | 3.46% | 185,869 | 21.39% |
| Christianity | 1,569 | 2.37% | 1,543 | 2.28% | 1,440 | 2.06% | 1,322 | 1.86% | 1,533 | 1.72% | 977 | 0.72% | 8,889 | 1.02% |
| Jainism | 347 | 0.52% | 471 | 0.7% | 438 | 0.63% | 477 | 0.67% | 1,014 | 1.14% | 768 | 0.57% | 3,203 | 0.37% |
| Zoroastrianism | 3 | 0% | 22 | 0.03% | 18 | 0.03% | 9 | 0.01% | 70 | 0.08% | — | — | — | — |
| Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | — | — | 1,407 | 0.16% |
| Others | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 245 | 0.18% | 5,954 | 0.69% |
| Total population | 66,202 | 100% | 67,735 | 100% | 69,818 | 100% | 71,008 | 100% | 89,030 | 100% | 135,283 | 100% | 868,929 | 100% |
Economy
Jalandhar has been selected in the second phase of the smart city project and 200 crores have been allocated to the municipal corporation for initializing the project.
Jalandhar exports goods like furniture and glass to neighboring cities, and is a global hub for the manufacture of sporting equipment. Jalandhar is famous for its sports industry and equipment manufactured in Jalandhar has been used in many international sporting games including Olympics, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, among others. It is also a hub for manufacturing of hand tools. Jalandhar is also famous for its leather industry, leather for footwear, leather goods, furniture being sold to export houses located at Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and other Indian cities. Together with hand tools it is a major production centre of industrial tool bags being used by workmen in America and Europe.
Many new malls and shopping complexes are being established at a very rapid pace and as such is also a hub of the NRI's many of whom are from the Jalandhar region.
Transport
By air
The nearest airport is Adampur Airport, northwest of Jalandhar which currently handles only scheduled operation on maiden flights of private carrier Spicejet to Delhi, Mumbai and Jaipur. The nearest fully-fledged International Airport is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar. It is second busiest airport in North India, and is connected to other parts of the country by regular flights. Several airlines operate flights from abroad, including London Stansted, Birmingham, Dubai, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Doha. The airport handles as many as 48 flights every week up from the occasional, intermittent ones some years ago.
By rail
Direct train service is available for other major cities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Patna, Guwahati, Pune, Haridwar, Varanasi, Jaipur, Jhansi, Gwalior, Bhopal and Jammu Tawi. Some prestigious trains that halt in Jalandhar City railway station are Howrah Mail, Golden Temple Mail (Frontier Mail), New-Delhi Amritsar Shatabdi Express, Paschim Express. Now many trains of Jammu route are extended up to Mata Vaishno Devi-Katra.
Jalandhar City Railway Station is well-connected to other parts of the country, Jalandhar City is a major stop between the Amritsar-Delhi rail link which is serviced by Shatabdi Express, Intercity Express, and others
Direct Service to major cities such as Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Patna, Guwahati, Pune, Haridwar, Varanasi, Jaipur and Jammu Tawi are available. There are prestigious services such as the Howrah Mail, Golden Temple Mail (Frontier Mail), New-Delhi Amritsar Shatabdi Express, Paschim Express.
By road
There is one of the largest networks of bus services of Punjab at Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh ISBT (Jalandhar), Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Pepsu, Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan State Roadways, apart from private operators.
Religious places
- Gurudwara Dukh Niwaran Sahib
- Guru Ravidass Dham
- Devi talab mandir
- Nakodar Darbar Baba Murad Shah Ji
- Cantonment Church
- Dera Sachkand Ballan
- Gurudwara sahib ji
- Gurdwara Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar[21]
- Geeta Mandir Jalandhar
Leisure
- Niku Park
- Prithvi's Planet
- Smmash
- Wonder Land[22]
Media
Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar is an Indian television station in Jalandhar, owned and operated by state-owned Doordarshan, the television network of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India).[23] It was established in 1979 and produces and broadcasts the 24-hour Punjabi language TV channel, DD Punjabi, which was launched in 1998 and covers most of the state of Punjab, India.
The city is the region's headquarters for newspapers, national television and radio stations. These include Daily Ajit, Jagbani, Punjab Kesari, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Hindustan Times, The Tribune, Truescoop News, Hind Samachar, etc.[24][25][26][27][28][29]
State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Jalandhar that transmits programs of mass interest. FM local radio stations include:
- Radio city 91.9 MHz
- BIG FM 92.7 92.7 MHz
- 94.3 FM-My Fm- 94.3 MHz
- Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz
- All India Radio 102.7 MHz
Healthcare
The Municipal Corporation of Jalandhar claims that the city has over 800 hospitals, [30] that makes it the city with the highest number of hospitals in per capita in Asia. Three new Health Centres were set up in Jalandhar on 9 September 2020.[31]
Sports
Cricket
Cricket is very popular in grounds and streets of the city. There is an international-standard stadium at Gandhi Stadium formerly known as Burlton Park. The Indian cricket team played a Test Match against the Pakistan cricket team on this ground on 24 September 1983.[32]
Kabaddi
Major Kabaddi matches are usually held at Guru Gobind Singh Stadium.
Guru Gobind Singh Stadium
Guru Gobind Singh Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Jalandhar. It is usually used mostly for football matches and served as the home stadium of JCT Mills FC.[33] People can be seen jogging, playing soccer, weight-lifting, etc. in the stadium most of the time. The Punjab government has started new projects at the stadium.
Surjit Hockey Stadium
Surjeet Hockey Stadium is a field hockey stadium in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It is named after Jalandhar-born Olympian Surjit Singh. This stadium is home of the franchise Sher-e-Punjab of the World Series Hockey.
Sports college
There is a Government Sports College in the city and it is a focus for many of the National Sports Councils. In this college, many sports are played like cricket, hockey, swimming, volleyball and basketball.
Education
Higher education institutions include
Universities
- DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology
- DAV University
- Doaba College
- GNA University
- Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus
- Lovely Professional University
- Kanya Maha Vidyalaya
- Lyallpur Khalsa College for Women
- Lyallpur Khalsa College
- Khalsa College
- Mata Gujri Institute of Nursing
- Mehr Chand Polytechnic College
- NIT Jalandhar
- Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences
- Punjab Technical University
- D.A.V. College, Jalandhar
Schools
This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. (October 2021) |
- Apeejay School, Mahavir Marg[34]
- Apeejay School, Rama Mandi[35]
- British Olivia Sr. Sec. School, Jalandhar[36]
- BSF School Jalandhar Cantt
- Cambridge Innovative School, Urban Estate Phase-II[37]
- Delhi Public School, Jalandhar[38]
- MGN Public School, Adarsh Nagar[39]
- MGN Public School, Urban Estate Phase-II[40]
- SD Model School Jalandhar Cantt[41]
- Shiv Jyoti Public School[42]
- Swami Sant Dass Public School[43]
Jalandhar Cantonment
Notable people
| Name | Occupation |
|---|---|
| Yash Chopra | Producer/Director[44] |
| Anurag Singh (director) | Director, Producer, Writer |
| Diljit Dosanjh | Actor, Singer |
| Karambir Singh | 24th Chief of Naval Staff of Indian Navy |
| Ranbir Singh Kanwar | Sugarcane Researcher, Director of Research (Agriculture) PAU, Director of Research Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University[45] |
| Lawrence Durrell | Expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer[46] |
| Vanya Mishra | Winner of Miss India Femina 2012 |
| Sunil Dutt | Actor[47] |
| Kundan Lal Saigal | Actor/Singer[48] |
| Amrish Puri | Actor[49] |
| Jazzy B | Singer |
| Sukhwinder Panchhi | Singer |
| Apache Indian | Singer |
| Sarbjit Cheema | Singer |
| Kanth Kaler | Singer |
| Karan Mehra | Actor |
| Nooran Sisters | Singers |
| Master Saleem | Singer |
| Hans Raj Hans | Singer |
| Jagjit Singh | Singer |
| Bahadur Singh | Indian former shot putter who won gold medal |
| General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | Chief of Army Staff, fourth Chief Martial Law Administrator and the sixth President of Pakistan |
| Diwan Bhai Abdul Hamid | Revenue and Chief Minister of Kapurthala State |
| Hafeez Jullundhri | Writer and poet |
| Baba Kashmira Singh | Head of Sidhant Sant Samaj or Gurbani |
| Paul Nischal | NRI President, first Indian candidate for the British Political Party |
| Col. Balbir Singh Kular | Hockey Player |
| Varinder Singh Ghuman | Bodybuilder, Wrestler and Punjabi Film Actor |
| Ajit Pal Singh | Hockey Player |
| Surjit Singh | Hockey Player |
| Pargat Singh | Hockey Player |
| Inder Kumar Gujral | Former Prime Minister of India |
| Harbhajan Singh | Cricketer |
| Wasim Sajjad | Two-time Acting President of Pakistan, Ex-Chairman of Senate |
| Sheikh Anwarul Haq | Former Chief Justice |
| Mian Mohammed Sharif | Surveyor General |
| Lala Amarnath | Cricketer |
| Sushil Kohli | Swimmer |
| Lala Jagat Narain | Freedom fighter and founder of Punjab Kesri |
| Basheer Hussain Najafi | One of the six Grand Ayatollahs |
| Taruwar Kohli | Cricketer |
| Sardar Swaran Singh | Politician |
| Udham Singh (field hockey) | Hockey Player |
| Avneet Kaur | Actress |
| Darshan Singh (field hockey) | Hockey Player |
| Salma Mumtaz | Actress |
| Saurav Mandal Football player | |
| Ashwini Kumar Chopra | Journalist, Politician (MP-Karnal) |
| Kartar Singh Duggal | Writer |
| Kulwant Singh Virk | Writer |
| Ishar Singh (poet) | Poet |
| Sadhu Singh Hamdard | Freedom fighter and Writer |
| Prem Parkash | Writer |
| Ajit Saini | Writer and Army General |
| Hasrat | Writer |
| Gurbachan Singh Talib | Writer |
| Gurdial Singh | Writer and novelist |
| Chaudhry Muhammad Ali | Former Prime Minister of Pakistan |
| Swami Shraddhanand | Indian educationist and an Arya Samaj missionary |
| Wazir Ali | Cricketer |
| R. Paul Dhillon | Indo-Canadian journalist |
| Arun Shourie | Politician, author, and journalist |
| Amanjot Singh | Social Worker |
| Agha Sadiq | Writer and poet |
| Fateh Ali Khan | Singer. Father of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan |
| Dharam Singh Uppal | Athlete |
| Balbir Singh Sr. | Hockey Player |
| Mandeep Singh | Cricketer |
| Vimi | Actress |
| Ranvir Shorey | Actor |
| Sugandha Mishra | Singer, Anchor, Comedian |
| Nalini Priyadarshni | Poet, Writer |
| Vijay Sampla | State Minister in Union Govt |
| Bhagat Chunni Lal | Minister in Punjab Govt |
| Ram Kapoor | Indian Actor |
| Sardar Buta Singh | Ex-Home Minister of India |
| Sukhbir Singh | Punjabi Musician, Singer |
| Amarjit Kaypee | Former highest run scorer in Ranji Trophy (Cricket) |
| Akshaye Khanna | Indian Actor |
| Surbhi Jyoti | Indian Actress |
| Jyotica Tangri | Playback singer, appeared in several reality TV shows |
| Lord Wilberforce | British Judge |
| Jass Manak | Singer |
| Manpreet Singh | Hockey Player |
| Garry Sandhu | Singer |
| Akhil | Singer |
| Jasmine Sandlas | Singer |
Notes
- ^ 1891-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Jalandhar, which included Jalandhar Municipality and Jalandhar Cantonment.[15]: 32
- ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
References
- ^ "Welcome to Official Website of Jalandhar Divisional Commissioner, Punjab". commissionerjalandhar.gov.in.
- ^ "List of Deputy Commissioner | Jalandhar Web Portal | India".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
- ^ Service, Tribune News. "People's patience being tested in Punjab civic polls". Tribuneindia News Service.
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- ^ "Welcome to Official Website of Jalandhar District, Punjab". from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ John Hutchison, Jean Philippe Vogel, History of the Panjab Hill States, Asian Educational Services, 1994 - Punjab Hill States (India), p.122
- ^ Parminder Singh Grover Moga, Davinderjit Singh, Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab, Parminder Singh Grover, 20 May 2011
- ^ Tom G. Kessinger, University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, Vilyatpur, 1848-1968: Social and Economic Change in a North Indian Village, University of California Press, 1 Jan 1974, p.16
- ^ a b "1941 Punjab Census and its Interpretation". 18 November 2018.
- ^ "Heavy Rainfall". from the original on 25 July 2018.
- ^ "Average Weather for Jalandhar — Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Jalandhar City Population Census 2011-2019 | Punjab". from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "Jalandhar City Population Census 2011". Census2011. from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ a b "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME I-A INDIA PART II-TABLES". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB PART II TABLES". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XV PUNJAB AND DELHI PART II TABLES". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "Gurudwara Nauvin Patshahi, Dukh Nivaran Sahib | ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਨੌਵੀਂ ਪਾਤਸ਼ਾਹੀ, ਦੂਖ ਨਿਵਾਰਨ ਸਾਹਿਬ". www.gurudwaragtbjal.org. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ "Wonderland". Wonderlandthemepark. from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ "हिन्दी समाचार | ताज़ा खबरें | विश्व समाचार - Punjab Kesari". Punjabkesari.in. from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ . Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Jalandhar News, Jalandhar Hindi News, Jalandhar News Headlines, Daily News Paper, Local News". Bhaskar.com. from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India". Tribuneindia.com. from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Truescoop News, Jalandhar, India". Truescoopnews.com. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ "Latest Hindi News, Breaking News, हिन्दी समाचार, हिंदी न्यूज़ - News 360 Broadcast, Jalandhar, India". News360broadcast.com. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Jalandhar City Hospitals | Asia".
- ^ Service, Tribune News. "Jalandhar District gets three new health centres". Tribuneindia News Service.
- ^ "Gandhi Stadium | India | Cricket Grounds | ESPNcricinfo.com". Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Bhattal, Amardeep (11 February 2000). . tribuneindia.com. Ludhiana, Punjab: The Tribune Online. Tribune News Service. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Apeejay School Jalandhar - Best CBSE Schools in Jalandhar". Apeejay School Jalandhar - Mahavir Marg Branch.
- ^ "Welcome to Apeejay School Rama Mandi - Best School in Jalandhar".
- ^ "Best CBSE School in Jalandhar". British Olivia School. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ "Home". Cambridge Innovative School,Jalandhar. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "DPS,Jalandhar". Delhi Public School, Jalandhar.
- ^ "MGN Public School, Adarsh Nagar, Jalandhar". MGN Public School, Adarsh Nagar, Jalandhar. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^ "Montgomery Guru Nanak Public School, Urban Estate Phase-II, Jalandhar". Montgomery Guru Nanak Public School, Urban Estate Phase-II, Jalandhar. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^ "SD MODEL SCHOOL | An English Medium Co-Educational Institution". Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ "Home". Shiv Jyoti Public School.
- ^ "Swami Sant Dass Public School – Service to Humanity". www.swamisantdass.com. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "King Khan salutes Yash Chopra's alma mater". from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ Ranbir Singh Kanwar
- ^ "The Modern Novel". from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ "village khurd in jalandhar". from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "imdb". from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ "veethi". from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
External links
- The dictionary definition of jalandhar at Wiktionary
- Media related to Jalandhar at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Jalandhar travel guide from Wikivoyage