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Sultan

January 09, 2023

For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation).

Sultan (/ˈsʌltən/; Arabic: سلطان sulṭān, pronounced [sʊlˈtˤɑːn, solˈtˤɑːn]) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic",[1] and the state and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a sultanate (سلطنة salṭanah).[2][3]

Suleiman the Magnificent, the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire

The term is distinct from king (ملك malik), despite both referring to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance,[4][5] contrasting the more secular king, which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries.

Brunei and Oman are the only independent countries which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is Morocco, whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957.

History of the term

The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa "to be hard, strong". The noun sulṭān initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur'an.[6]

In the early Muslim world, ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held the title of amir (traditionally translated as "commander" or "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became de facto independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the Aghlabids and Tulunids.[7] Towards the late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority,[8] although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish.[6] The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day Afghanistan and the surrounding region.[8][6] Soon after, the Great Seljuks adopted this title after defeating the Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphs. The early Seljuk leader Tughril Bey was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his coinage.[6] While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the Muslim community, their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably Al-Juwayni and Al-Ghazali – attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law (shari'a), coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan.[9][8]

The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the Crusades, when leaders who held the title of "sultan" (such as Salah ad-Din and the Ayyubid dynasty) led the confrontation against the Crusader states in the Levant.[6] Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of Abbasid political power. Thenceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in Cairo under the protection of the Mamluks and were still nominally recognized by the latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world.[9] As protectors of the line of the Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title.[6] Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so.[6]

The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe. The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist, Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi, recognized the Ottoman sultan (Suleiman the Magnificent at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims.[9] This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in the face of European (Christian) colonial expansion.[10] As part of this narrative, it was claimed that when Sultan Selim I captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him.[10] This combination thus elevated the sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority.[9][10]

During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the Somali aristocrats, Malay nobles and the sultans of Morocco (such as the Alaouite dynasty founded in the 17th century).[6] It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by Shi'a Muslim rulers. The Safavid dynasty of Iran, who controlled the largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the Persian title Shah, a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term sultan, by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm.[6]

Feminine forms

As a feminine form of sultan, used by Westerners, is Sultana or Sultanah and this title has been used legally for some (not all) Muslim women monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However, Turkish and Ottoman Turkish also uses sultan for imperial lady, as Turkish grammar uses the same words for both women and men. However, this styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German field marshal might be styled Frau Feldmarschall (similarly, in French, constructions of the type madame la maréchale were historically used for the wives of office-holders). The female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of Indonesia and Malaysia are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The queen consort in Brunei especially is known as Raja Isteri with the title of Pengiran Anak suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess.

Compound ruler titles

 
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV attended by a eunuch and two pages.

These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.:

  • Mani Sultan – Manney Sultan (meaning the "Pearl of Rulers" or "Honoured Monarch") – a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the Maharaja of Travancore
  • Sultan of Sultans – the sultanic equivalent of the style King of Kings
  • Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation; e.g., Sultan ul-Mujahidin as champion of jihad (to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah).
  • Sultanic Highness – a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt (a British protectorate since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of Prince (Amir; Turkish: Prens) or Princess, after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these titles for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt's independence in 1922, when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king (malik Misr, considered a promotion) were granted the title Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malaki, or Royal Highness.
  • Sultan-ul-Qaum – a title meaning King of the Nation, given to 18th-century Sikh leader Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by his supporters

Former sultans and sultanates

Sultanates in Anatolia and Central Asia

Caucasus

Levant and Arabian peninsula

 
H.M. Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, from the Al Said dynasty, ruled Oman for nearly 50 years.

North Africa

Horn of Africa

 
19th century map of central Somaliland showing the territory of Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis
Main articles: Somali aristocratic and court titles and Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles

Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean

Maliki

Apparently derived from the Arabic malik, this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of Tanzania).

Swahili Coast

 
The eighth Sultan of Zanzibar, Ali bin Hamud. Photograph taken between 1902 and 1911.
  • Sultanate of Zanzibar: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices;[citation needed] since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of Tanzania)

Mfalume is the (Ki)Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:

Sultani

This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe.

West and Central Africa

  • In Cameroon:
    • Bamoun (Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
    • Bibemi, founded in 1770 - initially styled lamido
    • Mandara Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing Wandala kingdom); 1902 Part of Cameroon
    • Rey Bouba Sultanate founded 1804
  • in the Central African Republic:
    • Bangassou created c.1878; 14 June 1890 under Congo Free State protectorate, 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
    • Dar al-Kuti - French protectorate since December 12, 1897
    • Rafai c. 1875 Sultanate, April 8, 1892, under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909, under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
    • Zemio c. 1872 established; December 11, 1894, under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909, under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed
  • in Niger: Arabic alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
  • in Nigeria most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as emir and sometimes sultan.

Southern Asia


Southeast and East Asia

 
Hamengkubuwono X, the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta
 
Pakubuwono XII, last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta
 
Sultan Saifuddin of Tidore
 
Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram, last recognised Sultan of Sulu

In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies):

In Malaysia:

In Brunei:

In China:

  • Dali, Yunnan, capital of the short-lived Panthay Rebellion
    • Furthermore, the Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.
  • Ili Sultanate [zh]

In the Philippines:

In Thailand:

Current sultans

Sultans of sovereign states

Sultans in Federal Monarchies

Sultan with power within Republic

In some parts of the Middle East and North Africa, there still exist regional sultans or people who are descendants of sultans and who are styled as such. See List of current constituent Asian monarchs and List of current constituent African monarchs.

Princely and aristocratic titles

 
The valide sultan (sultana mother) of the Ottoman Empire

By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably khatun for women and bey for men). This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.

Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, with imperial princesses carrying it after. Example, Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan, son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, living mother and main consort of reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example, Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother and first valide sultan, and Hürrem Sultan, Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between Sultanate of Women, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of 17th century, the main consort lost the title "sultan", which replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan".[11]

In Kazakh Khanate a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of Genghis Khan) elected by clans, i.e. a kind of princes[citation needed]. The best of sultans was elected as khan by people at Kurultai[citation needed]. See ru:Казахские султаны

Military rank

In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as khan, malik, amir as mere rank denominations.

In the Persian empire, the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day captain in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled 'Ali Jah.

See also

References

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sultans.
  1. ^ Sultanic – Define sultan at dictionary.com
  2. ^ "Definition of 'Sultanate'". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  3. ^ "Sultanate Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  4. ^ James Edward Montgomery (2004). ʻAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 July 2002. Peeters Publishers. p. 83. ISBN 978-90-429-1433-9.
  5. ^ Riad Aziz Kassis (1999). The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works. Brill. p. 65. ISBN 90-04-11305-3.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kramers, J.H.; Bosworth, C.E.; Schumann, O.; Kane, Ousmane (2012). "Sulṭān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
  7. ^ Duri, A.A. (2012). "Amīr". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
  8. ^ a b c Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Sultan". The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ a b c d Turan, Ebru (2009). "Sultan". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.
  10. ^ a b c Finkel, Caroline (2012). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. John Murray Press. ISBN 978-1848547858.
  11. ^ Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507673-7.

January 09, 2023
sultan, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, schola. For other uses see Sultan disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sultan news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sultan ˈ s ʌ l t en Arabic سلطان sulṭan pronounced sʊlˈtˤɑːn solˈtˤɑːn is a position with several historical meanings Originally it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning strength authority rulership derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah meaning authority or power Later it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty i e not having dependence on any higher ruler without claiming the overall caliphate or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate The adjectival form of the word is sultanic 1 and the state and territories ruled by a sultan as well as his office are referred to as a sultanate سلطنة salṭanah 2 3 Suleiman the Magnificent the longest reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire The term is distinct from king ملك malik despite both referring to a sovereign ruler The use of sultan is restricted to Muslim countries where the title carries religious significance 4 5 contrasting the more secular king which is used in both Muslim and non Muslim countries Brunei and Oman are the only independent countries which retain the title sultan for their monarchs In recent years the title has been gradually replaced by king by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law A notable example is Morocco whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957 Contents 1 History of the term 2 Feminine forms 3 Compound ruler titles 4 Former sultans and sultanates 4 1 Sultanates in Anatolia and Central Asia 4 2 Caucasus 4 3 Levant and Arabian peninsula 4 4 North Africa 4 5 Horn of Africa 4 6 Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean 4 6 1 Maliki 4 6 2 Swahili Coast 4 6 3 Sultani 4 7 West and Central Africa 4 8 Southern Asia 4 9 Southeast and East Asia 5 Current sultans 6 Princely and aristocratic titles 7 Military rank 8 See also 9 ReferencesHistory of the term EditThe word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa to be hard strong The noun sulṭan initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power as opposed to political power and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur an 6 In the early Muslim world ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph who was considered the leader of the caliphate The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century however challenged this consensus Local governors with administrative authority held the title of amir traditionally translated as commander or prince and were appointed by the caliph but in the 9th century some of these became de facto independent rulers who founded their own dynasties such as the Aghlabids and Tulunids 7 Towards the late 10th century the term sultan begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority 8 although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish 6 The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud r 998 1030 CE who controlled an empire over present day Afghanistan and the surrounding region 8 6 Soon after the Great Seljuks adopted this title after defeating the Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included Baghdad the capital of the Abbasid caliphs The early Seljuk leader Tughril Bey was the first leader to adopt the epithet sultan on his coinage 6 While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the Muslim community their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter This led to various Muslim scholars notably Al Juwayni and Al Ghazali attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs In general the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized Al Ghazali for example argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law shari a coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan 9 8 The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the Crusades when leaders who held the title of sultan such as Salah ad Din and the Ayyubid dynasty led the confrontation against the Crusader states in the Levant 6 Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 which eliminated the remnants of Abbasid political power Thenceforth the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in Cairo under the protection of the Mamluks and were still nominally recognized by the latter However from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world 9 As protectors of the line of the Abbasid caliphs the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar Khalil al Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title 6 Nonetheless in practice many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well Mongol rulers who had since converted to Islam and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so 6 The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the Middle East North Africa and Eastern Europe The 16th century Ottoman scholar and jurist Ebussuud Mehmet Efendi recognized the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent at the time as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims 9 This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire s territorial decline when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in the face of European Christian colonial expansion 10 As part of this narrative it was claimed that when Sultan Selim I captured Cairo in 1517 the last descendant of the Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him 10 This combination thus elevated the sultan s religious or spiritual authority in addition to his formal political authority 9 10 During this later period the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well as with the examples of the Somali aristocrats Malay nobles and the sultans of Morocco such as the Alaouite dynasty founded in the 17th century 6 It was however not used as a sovereign title by Shi a Muslim rulers The Safavid dynasty of Iran who controlled the largest Shi a Muslim state of this era mainly used the Persian title Shah a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties The term sultan by contrast was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm 6 Feminine forms EditAs a feminine form of sultan used by Westerners is Sultana or Sultanah and this title has been used legally for some not all Muslim women monarchs and sultan s mothers and chief consorts However Turkish and Ottoman Turkish also uses sultan for imperial lady as Turkish grammar uses the same words for both women and men However this styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans In a similar usage the wife of a German field marshal might be styled Frau Feldmarschall similarly in French constructions of the type madame la marechale were historically used for the wives of office holders The female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as sultanas However the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the panguian while the sultan s chief wife in many sultanates of Indonesia and Malaysia are known as permaisuri Tunku Ampuan Raja Perempuan or Tengku Ampuan The queen consort in Brunei especially is known as Raja Isteri with the title of Pengiran Anak suffixed should the queen consort also be a royal princess Compound ruler titles Edit Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV attended by a eunuch and two pages These are generally secondary titles either lofty poetry or with a message e g Mani Sultan Manney Sultan meaning the Pearl of Rulers or Honoured Monarch a subsidiary title part of the full style of the Maharaja of Travancore Sultan of Sultans the sultanic equivalent of the style King of Kings Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation e g Sultan ul Mujahidin as champion of jihad to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah Sultanic Highness a rare hybrid western Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son daughter in law and daughters of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt a British protectorate since 1914 who bore it with their primary titles of Prince Amir Turkish Prens or Princess after 11 October 1917 They enjoyed these titles for life even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt s independence in 1922 when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king malik Misr considered a promotion were granted the title Sahib at us Sumuw al Malaki or Royal Highness Sultan ul Qaum a title meaning King of the Nation given to 18th century Sikh leader Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by his supportersFormer sultans and sultanates EditSultanates in Anatolia and Central Asia Edit Ghaznavid Empire its ruler Mahmud of Ghazni was the first Muslim sovereign to be known as sultan Great Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Ottoman Empire Timurid EmpireCaucasus Edit Elisu Sultanate and a few others A Sultan ranked below a Khan Levant and Arabian peninsula Edit H M Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said from the Al Said dynasty ruled Oman for nearly 50 years in Syria Ayyubid Sultans Mamluk Sultans in present day Yemen various small sultanates of the defunct Aden Protectorate and South Arabia Audhali Fadhli Haushabi Kathiri Lahej Lower Aulaqi Lower Yafa Mahra Qu aiti Subeihi Upper Aulaqi Upper Yafa and the Wahidi sultanates in present day Saudi Arabia Sultans of Nejd Sultans of the Hejaz Oman Sultan of Oman authentically referred to as Hami on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula still an independent sultanate since 1744 assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861 North Africa Edit Sultan Abd al Hafid of Morocco in Algeria Sultanate of Tuggurt Sultans of Tlemcen in Egypt Ayyubid Sultans Mamluk Sultans Sultans of the Muhammad Ali dynasty in Morocco until Mohammed V changed the style to Malik king on August 14 1957 maintaining the subsidiary style Amir al Mu minin Commander of the Faithful in Sudan Darfur Dar al Masalit Dar Qimr Funj Sultanate of Sinnar Sennar Kordofan in Chad Baguirmi main native title Mbang Wada i main native title Kolak successor state to Birgu Dar Sila actually a wandering group of tribes Horn of Africa Edit 19th century map of central Somaliland showing the territory of Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis Main articles Somali aristocratic and court titles and Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles Ajuran Sultanate in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia Adal Sultanate in western Somaliland southern Djibouti and the Somali Harari and Afar regions of Ethiopia Isaaq Sultanate in Somaliland and the Somali region of Ethiopia Habr Yunis Sultanate in Somaliland and Somali region of Ethiopia Majeerteen Sultanate Migiurtinia in northern Somalia Sultanate of the Geledi in southern Somalia Sultanate of Aussa in northeastern Ethiopia Sultanate of Harar in eastern Ethiopia Sultanate of Hobyo in central Somalia Sultanate of Ifat in Somaliland Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia Sultanate of Mogadishu in south central Somalia Sultanate of Showa in central Ethiopia Bimaal Sultanate in south eastern Somalia centred in MerkaSoutheast Africa and Indian Ocean Edit Angoche Sultanate on the Mozambiquan coast also several neighbouring sheikdoms various sultans on the Comoros however on the Comoros the normally used styles were alternative native titles including Mfalme Phany or Jambe and the hegemonic title Sultani tibe the Maore or Mawuti sultanate on Mayotte separated from the Comoros Maliki Edit Apparently derived from the Arabic malik this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanganyika presently the continental part of Tanzania Swahili Coast Edit The eighth Sultan of Zanzibar Ali bin Hamud Photograph taken between 1902 and 1911 Sultanate of Zanzibar two incumbents from the Omani dynasty since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806 the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices citation needed since 1964 union with Tanganyika part of Tanzania Mfalume is the Ki Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan in Kenya Pate on part of Pate island capital also named Pate in the Lamu Archipelago Wituland became a German then British protectorate in Tanganyika presently part of Tanzania of Hadimu on the island of that name also styled JembeSultani Edit This was the native ruler s title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe West and Central Africa Edit In Cameroon Bamoun Bamun 17th century founded uniting 17 chieftaincies 1918 becomes a sultanate but in 1923 re divided into the 17 original chieftaincies Bibemi founded in 1770 initially styled lamido Mandara Sultanate since 1715 replacing Wandala kingdom 1902 Part of Cameroon Rey Bouba Sultanate founded 1804 in the Central African Republic Bangassou created c 1878 14 June 1890 under Congo Free State protectorate 1894 under French protectorate 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French Dar al Kuti French protectorate since December 12 1897 Rafai c 1875 Sultanate April 8 1892 under Congo Free State protectorate March 31 1909 under French protectorate 1939 Sultanate suppressed Zemio c 1872 established December 11 1894 under Congo Free State protectorate April 12 1909 under French protectorate 1923 Sultanate suppressed in Niger Arabic alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers the Amenokal of the Air confederation of Tuareg the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the Sultanate of Damagaram Zinder in Nigeria most monarchies previously had native titles but when most in the north converted to Islam Muslim titles were adopted such as emir and sometimes sultan in Borno alongside the native title Mai since 1817 in Sokoto the suzerain also styled Amir al Mu minin and Sarkin Musulmi of all Fulbe jihad states and premier traditional Muslim leader in the Sahel according to some once a caliph Southern Asia Edit Afghan Kingdom Sultan had a different meaning It was a high title of honour superior to Amir and Sardar but ranking below Shah citation needed Bahmani Sultanate Bahmani Shahs Sultanate of Bengal Ilyas Shahi Ganesha Habshi Hussain Shahi Muhammad Shah and Karranis Sultanates of the Deccan Adil Shahi of Bijapur Barid Shahi of Bidar Imad Shahi of Berar Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar Qutb Shahi of Golconda Sultanate of Delhi Mamluks Khiljis Tughlaqs Sayyids and Lodis Sultanate of Gujarat Muzaffarids Sultanate of Jaunpur Sharqi dynasty Sultanate of Kandesh Faruqi dynasty Sultanate of Malwa three dynasties Sultanate of Madurai Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore Arakkal Kingdom Sultanate of Kashmir Shahmirids and Chaks Sultanate of Maldives Southeast and East Asia Edit Hamengkubuwono X the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta Pakubuwono XII last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta Sultan Saifuddin of Tidore Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram last recognised Sultan of Sulu In Indonesia formerly in the Dutch East Indies On Kalimantan Sultanate of Banjar Sultanate of Berau Sultanate of Bulungan Sultanate of Gunung Tabur Sultanate of Kubu Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate Sultanate of Mempawah Sultanate of Paser Sultanate of Pontianak Sultanate of Sambaliung Sultanate of Sambas On Sulawesi Sultanate of Buton Sultanate of Bone Sultanate of Gowa Sultanate of Luwu Sultanate of Soppeng Sultanate of Wajoq On Java Sultanate of Banten Sultanate of Cirebon the rulers in three of the four palaces kraton from which divided Cirebon was ruled Kraton Kasepuhan Kraton Kanoman and Kraton Kacirebonan only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler s title Panembahan Sultanate of Demak Sultanate of Pajang Sumedang Larang Sultanate Sultanate of Mataram was divided into two kingdoms the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta Sultanate of Yogyakarta The Divine Sultanate of which its ruler Sri Sultan Hamengkubowono is considered a divine being a half God citation needed Sunanate of Surakarta susuhunan a high ranked monarch equivalent to emperor In the Maluku Islands Sultanate of Iha Saparua Sultanate of Honimoa Siri Sori Saparua Sultanate of Huamual id West Seram Sultanate of Negeri Soya id Ambon Sultanate of Tanah Hitu id Ambon Sultanate of Ternate Sultanate of Tidore Sultanate of Bacan Sultanate of Jailolo Sultanate of Loloda North Halmahera In the Nusa Tenggara Bima Sultanate on Sumbawa island In the Riau Archipelago sultanate of Lingga Riau by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of Johore on Malaya Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al Marhum Sultan Mahmud In Sumatra Aceh Sultanate full style Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil Alam Sultanate of Asahan Awak Sungai established 17th century at the split in four of Minangkabau in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government Sultanate of Deli Sultanate of Indragiri Sultanate of Langkat previous style Raja Palembang Sultanate Darussalam also holding the higher title of Susuhunan Sultanate of Pagaruyung Sultanate of Perleuak Riau Lingga Sultanate Samudera Pasai Sultanate Sultanate of Serdang Sultanate of SiakIn Malaysia In Peninsular Malaysia where all seven of the country s present sultanates are located Sultanate of Perlis Sultanate of Johor Sultanate of Kedah Sultanate of Kelantan Sultanate of Pahang Sultanate of Perak Sultanate of Selangor Sultanate of Terengganu Furthermore the ruler of Luak Jelebu one of the constitutive states of the Negeri Sembilan confederation had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title Undang Luak Jelebu Sultanate of MalaccaIn Brunei Sultan of Brunei Brunei on Borneo island In China Dali Yunnan capital of the short lived Panthay Rebellion Furthermore the Qa id Jami al Muslimin Leader of the Community of Muslims of Pingnan Guo Pacified South State a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan Ili Sultanate zh In the Philippines Sultanate of Buayan Sultanate of Maguindanao Sultanate of Sulu Sulu Basilan Palawan and Tawi Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo In Thailand Sultanate of Patani Sultanate of SinggoraCurrent sultans EditSultans of sovereign states Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Sultan and Yang di pertuan of Nation of Brunei the Abode of Peace Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Sultan of the Sultanate of OmanSultans in Federal Monarchies Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Sultan and Yang di Pertuan of Malaysian State of Johor The Abode of Dignity and its occupied territories Sultan Sallehuddin Sultan and Yang di Pertuan of Malaysian State of Kedah the Abode of Safety Sultan Muhammad V Al Sultan and Yang di Pertuan of Malaysian State of Kelantan the Abode of Bliss and its dependencies Al Sultan Abdullah Ri ayatuddin Sultan and Ruler of Malaysian State of Pahang the Abode of Tranquility Sultan Nazrin Shah Sultan Yang di Pertuan and the Ruler of Malaysian State of Perak the Abode of Grace and its dependencies Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Sultan and Yang di Pertuan of Malaysian State of Selangor the Abode of Sincerity Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Sultan and Yang di Pertuan of Malaysian State of Terengganu the Abode of FaithSultan with power within Republic Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X Sultan and Governor of Indonesian Special Region of YogyakartaIn some parts of the Middle East and North Africa there still exist regional sultans or people who are descendants of sultans and who are styled as such See List of current constituent Asian monarchs and List of current constituent African monarchs Princely and aristocratic titles Edit The valide sultan sultana mother of the Ottoman Empire By the beginning of the 16th century the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known notably khatun for women and bey for men This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as sultan but Ottomans themselves used padisah emperor or hunkar to refer to their ruler The emperor s formal title consisted of sultan together with khan for example Sultan Suleiman Khan In formal address the sultan s children were also entitled sultan with imperial princes Sehzade carrying the title before their given name with imperial princesses carrying it after Example Sehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent Like imperial princesses living mother and main consort of reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names for example Hafsa Sultan Suleiman s mother and first valide sultan and Hurrem Sultan Suleiman s chief consort and first haseki sultan The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women especially between Sultanate of Women as the position of main consort eroded over the course of 17th century the main consort lost the title sultan which replaced by kadin a title related to the earlier khatun Henceforth the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title sultan 11 In Kazakh Khanate a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty a direct descendants of Genghis Khan elected by clans i e a kind of princes citation needed The best of sultans was elected as khan by people at Kurultai citation needed See ru Kazahskie sultanyMilitary rank EditIn a number of post caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule there was a feudal type of military hierarchy These administrations were often decimal mainly in larger empires using originally princely titles such as khan malik amir as mere rank denominations In the Persian empire the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern day captain in the West socially in the fifth rank class styled Ali Jah See also EditSuratrana Mansa Khan title Ilkhan and Khakhan Emir Amir Atabeg Bey Baig Mirza Caliph Datu Maharajah Malik Mir title Padishah Pasha Raja Shah and Shahanshah Vizier ZoltanReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sultans Sultanic Define sultan at dictionary com Definition of Sultanate www merriam webster com Retrieved 2022 06 22 Sultanate Definition amp Meaning Britannica Dictionary www britannica com Retrieved 2022 06 22 James Edward Montgomery 2004 ʻAbbasid Studies Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies Cambridge 6 10 July 2002 Peeters Publishers p 83 ISBN 978 90 429 1433 9 Riad Aziz Kassis 1999 The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works Brill p 65 ISBN 90 04 11305 3 a b c d e f g h i Kramers J H Bosworth C E Schumann O Kane Ousmane 2012 Sulṭan In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill Duri A A 2012 Amir In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill a b c Esposito John L ed 2003 Sultan The Islamic World Past and Present Oxford University Press a b c d Turan Ebru 2009 Sultan In Esposito John L ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World Oxford University Press a b c Finkel Caroline 2012 Osman s Dream The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300 1923 John Murray Press ISBN 978 1848547858 Peirce Leslie P 1993 The Imperial Harem Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 507673 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sultan amp oldid 1127161356, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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