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Kangri language

January 08, 2023

Kangri (Takri: 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra, Una and few parts of Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh as well as in some parts of the Gurdaspur, Rupnagar and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.[1] It is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1.1 million as of 2011.[1]

Kangri
कांगड़ी
Kangri written in Takri and Devanagari
Native toIndia
RegionHimachal Pradesh, Punjab
Native speakers
1.1 million (2011)[1]
Takri,
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3xnr
Glottologkang1280
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Wiktionary has a category on Kangri language.

Like most of IA languages, Kangri does form a dialect continuum with its neighbouring languages. This includes the Pahari varieties spoken to the east Mandeali and Kullui, north to Chambeali, Gaddi & Bhateali & south-east to Kahluri. Besides it also share continuum north-west to Jammu Dogri and in south and west to Punjabi.[2] It is currently classified under Western Pahari branch.

Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now.

Script

The native script of the language is Takri Script but now people write Kangri Language in Devanagari script.

 
Specimen in Kangri language

Phonology

Consonants

  • It is not clear whether or not [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it does occur in various phonetic environments.
  • [ɳ] is heard mostly as either an allophone of /ɽ̃/, and as /n/ before a retroflex stop.[3]

Vowels

  • /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.

Tone

Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi or Dogri but the assignment of tones differs in Kangri when compared to them.[4]

Most of the surrounding language varieties (including Kangri) lack voiced, aspirated obstruents (J. C. Sharma 2002, Masica 1993). Hindi cognate words which have a voiced, aspirated obstruent (or /h/) become tonal in these languages. Another difference to note between Kangri and Punjabi/Dogri is that these forms surface as voiced consonants in Kangri, but voiceless consonants in Punjabi/Dogri. That is, Kangri has lost the aspiration (in gaining tone), but Punjabi/Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing. It is likely that these are separate innovations which originated in the West (Punjab or Jammu & Kashmir) and have spread outwards. The loss of aspiration (and gaining of tone) has been fully realized in all three languages, but the loss of voicing has not yet reached Kangri.[5]

Grammar

Pronouns

1st Person Singular : मैं /mæ̃/

1st Person Plural : असाँ, अहाँ /əsãː, əhãː/

2nd Person Singular : तू /tu/

2nd Person Plural : तुसाँ, त्वहाँ /t̪usãː, t̪vəhãː/

3rd Person Singular and Plural : सै /sæ/

Noun Cases

  • Kangri - Hindi - English - Case
  • घर /kʱər/ (noun)

1. घर - घर - home - Nominative

2. घरे यो/जो - घर को - to home - Accusative

3. घरैँ - घर ने - Ergative

‌4. घरेने - घर के साथ - with house - Comitative

5. घरेते - घर से - through home - Instrumental

6. घरेताँइ - घर के लिए - for home - Dative

7. घरेते - घर से - from home - Ablative

8. घरे दा, दे, दि, दियाँ - घर का/की/के - of home - Genetive

  • Locatives

9. घरेच् - घर में - Innesive

10. घरे पर - घर पर - Addesive

  • Others

11. घर॑ - ओ घर - Vocative

12. घर देआ, दए, दइ, दीयाँ - घर सा/सी/से - Semblative

13. घरे साइ - घर जैसा - Similative

14. घरे तिक्कर् - घर तक - Terminative


  • Postpositional/Oblique forms -

Noun - Sin., Plu.

घर - घरे, घरेयाँ

घड़ा - घड़े, घड़ेयाँ

नदी - नदिया, नदियाँ

घ्यो - घ्यो, घ्योआँ

Status

Interview of Sahil in Kangri language at Dharamshala, India

The language is commonly clubbed as Pahari or Himachali. Some Dogri and Punjabi linguists have referred Kangri as part of their language due to similarities and decent mutual intelligibility between them.[6][7][need quotation to verify] This is generally observed only in bordering lects due to dialect continuum present among many IA languages. Kangri writers & poets have been making submissions to Pahari language's cause under Himachal Pradesh Academy of Arts, Culture & Languages (HPAACL).[8] The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[9] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language.[10] Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it.

References

  1. ^ a b c Kangri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ "Kangri - The Language Of Himachal Pradesh". www.indiamapped.com. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  3. ^ Eaton, Robert D. (2008)
  4. ^ Eaton, Robert D. (8 August 2008). "Kangri in Context: An Areal Perspective". hdl:10106/945.
  5. ^ Eaton, Robert D. (8 August 2008). "Kangri in Context: An Areal Perspective". hdl:10106/945.
  6. ^ Guptā, Vīṇā (1986). Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza.
  7. ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1992). Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
  8. ^ Katha Sarvari II (in Hindi). 1977.
  9. ^ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
  10. ^ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.

Further reading

  • Eaton, Robert D. (2008). Kangri in context: An areal perspective (PhD). The University of Texas at Arlington.

External links

  • Singh, Amitjit. "" Sagar, Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 1997.
  • Goldsmith, Parvin. "Scripture in Kangri recordings (mp3s)" 2007.


 

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January 08, 2023
kangri, language, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 202. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kangri language news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Kangri Takri 𑚊 𑚌𑚪 is an Indo Aryan language spoken in northern India predominantly in the Kangra Una and few parts of Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh as well as in some parts of the Gurdaspur Rupnagar and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab 1 It is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley The total number of speakers has been estimated at 1 1 million as of 2011 1 Kangriक गड Kangri written in Takri and DevanagariNative toIndiaRegionHimachal Pradesh PunjabNative speakers1 1 million 2011 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanNorth Western or NorthernWestern PahariKangriWriting systemTakri DevanagariLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xnr class extiw title iso639 3 xnr xnr a Glottologkang1280This article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text Wiktionary has a category on Kangri language Like most of IA languages Kangri does form a dialect continuum with its neighbouring languages This includes the Pahari varieties spoken to the east Mandeali and Kullui north to Chambeali Gaddi amp Bhateali amp south east to Kahluri Besides it also share continuum north west to Jammu Dogri and in south and west to Punjabi 2 It is currently classified under Western Pahari branch Kangri Language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021 Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now Contents 1 Script 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 2 3 Tone 3 Grammar 3 1 Pronouns 3 2 Noun Cases 4 Status 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksScript EditThe native script of the language is Takri Script but now people write Kangri Language in Devanagari script Specimen in Kangri languagePhonology EditConsonants Edit Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɳ Plosive Affricate voiceless p t ʈ tʃ kaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡFricative s ɦLateral l ɭTap ɾ ɽ ɽ Approximant j It is not clear whether or not j is considered as a separate phoneme but it does occur in various phonetic environments ɳ is heard mostly as either an allophone of ɽ and as n before a retroflex stop 3 Vowels Edit Front Central BackClose iː uːNear close ɪ ʊMid e e oOpen mid ɔOpen ae ɑː e can also become lowered to a nasal ɛ after ɽ Tone Edit Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi or Dogri but the assignment of tones differs in Kangri when compared to them 4 Most of the surrounding language varieties including Kangri lack voiced aspirated obstruents J C Sharma 2002 Masica 1993 Hindi cognate words which have a voiced aspirated obstruent or h become tonal in these languages Another difference to note between Kangri and Punjabi Dogri is that these forms surface as voiced consonants in Kangri but voiceless consonants in Punjabi Dogri That is Kangri has lost the aspiration in gaining tone but Punjabi Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing It is likely that these are separate innovations which originated in the West Punjab or Jammu amp Kashmir and have spread outwards The loss of aspiration and gaining of tone has been fully realized in all three languages but the loss of voicing has not yet reached Kangri 5 Grammar EditPronouns Edit 1st Person Singular म mae 1st Person Plural अस अह esaː ehaː 2nd Person Singular त tu 2nd Person Plural त स त वह t usaː t vehaː 3rd Person Singular and Plural स sae Noun Cases Edit Kangri Hindi English Case घर kʱer noun 1 घर घर home Nominative2 घर य ज घर क to home Accusative3 घर घर न Ergative 4 घर न घर क स थ with house Comitative5 घर त घर स through home Instrumental6 घर त इ घर क ल ए for home Dative7 घर त घर स from home Ablative8 घर द द द द य घर क क क of home Genetive Locatives9 घर च घर म Innesive10 घर पर घर पर Addesive Others11 घर ओ घर Vocative12 घर द आ दए दइ द य घर स स स Semblative13 घर स इ घर ज स Similative14 घर त क कर घर तक Terminative Postpositional Oblique forms Noun Sin Plu घर घर घर य घड घड घड य नद नद य नद य घ य घ य घ य आ Status Edit source Interview of Sahil in Kangri language at Dharamshala India The language is commonly clubbed as Pahari or Himachali Some Dogri and Punjabi linguists have referred Kangri as part of their language due to similarities and decent mutual intelligibility between them 6 7 need quotation to verify This is generally observed only in bordering lects due to dialect continuum present among many IA languages Kangri writers amp poets have been making submissions to Pahari language s cause under Himachal Pradesh Academy of Arts Culture amp Languages HPAACL 8 The language has no official status According to the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO the language is of definitely endangered category i e many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer The demand for the inclusion of Western Pahari under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh had been made in the year 2010 by the state s Vidhan Sabha 9 There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language 10 Due to political interest the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it References Edit a b c Kangri at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 Kangri The Language Of Himachal Pradesh www indiamapped com Retrieved 7 July 2022 Eaton Robert D 2008 Eaton Robert D 8 August 2008 Kangri in Context An Areal Perspective hdl 10106 945 Eaton Robert D 8 August 2008 Kangri in Context An Areal Perspective hdl 10106 945 Gupta Viṇa 1986 Ḍogari bhasha udbhava aura vikasa in Hindi Je eṇḍa Ke Akadami apha Arṭa Kalcara eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza Nirmohi Siva 1992 Ḍuggara ka bhashayi paricaya Jammu pranta ke sandarbha meṃ in Hindi Narendra Pablisiṅga Hausa Katha Sarvari II in Hindi 1977 Pahari Inclusion Zee News Pahari Inclusion The Statesman Further reading EditEaton Robert D 2008 Kangri in context An areal perspective PhD The University of Texas at Arlington External links EditSingh Amitjit The Language Divide in Punjab Sagar Volume 4 Number 1 Spring 1997 Goldsmith Parvin Scripture in Kangri recordings mp3s 2007 This article about Indo Aryan languages is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kangri language amp oldid 1129616444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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