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Rawalpindi

February 06, 2023

For the district, see Rawalpindi District. For other uses, see Rawalpindi (disambiguation).

Rawalpindi (pronounced [raːwəlˈpɪndi] (listen) or /rɔːlˈpɪndi/;[4] Urdu, Punjabi: راولپنڈی, romanized: Rāwalpinḍī) is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad, and third largest in Punjab after Lahore and Faisalabad. Rawalpindi is next to Pakistan's capital Islamabad, and the two are jointly known as the "twin cities" because of the social and economic links between them.[5]

Rawalpindi
راولپنڈی
Metropolis
From top, left to right:
 Rawal Lake, Gulshan Dadan Khan Mosque, Bahria Town, Rawat Fort, Christ Church, Rawalpindi Railway Station
Emblem
Rawalpindi
Location in Pakistan
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (Pakistan)
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (South Asia)
Coordinates: 33°36′N 73°02′E / 33.600°N 73.033°E / 33.600; 73.033Coordinates: 33°36′N 73°02′E / 33.600°N 73.033°E / 33.600; 73.033
CountryPakistan
ProvincePunjab
DivisionRawalpindi
DistrictRawalpindi
Tehsils8
Union councils38
Settled1867; 156 years ago (1867)[1]
Government
 • TypeMetropolitan Corporation
 • MayorNone (Vacant)
 • Deputy MayorNone (Vacant)
 • CommissionerNoor Ul Amin Mengal[2]
 • Administrator/Deputy CommissionerTahir Farooq[2]
Area
 • City479 km2 (185 sq mi)
 • Metro
311 km2 (120 sq mi)
Elevation
508 m (1,667 ft)
Population
 (2017)[3]
 • City2,098,231
 • Rank4th, Pakistan
 • Density4,400/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
3,108,063
 Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metropolitan
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)
 • Summer (DST)PKT
Area code051
WebsiteOfficial Website

Rawalpindi is on the Pothohar Plateau, known for its ancient Hindu and Buddhist heritage, especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[6] In 1765, the ruling Gakhars were defeated and the city came under Sikh rule, becoming an important city within the Sikh Empire based at Lahore. The city's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders that had fled Mashhad, Persia, in the 1830s.[7] The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849, and in the late 19th century became the largest garrison town of the British Indian Army's Northern command as its climate suited the British authorities.[8][9] Britain's army elevated the city from a small town to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921.[8] Following the partition of British India in 1947, the city became home to the headquarters of the Pakistan Army, retaining its status as a major military city.[10][11][12][13]

In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.[14] Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination. On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.[8]

Construction of Pakistan's new purpose-built national capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in the city provided by IMF and local banks,[15] as well as a brief stint as the country's capital before the completion of Islamabad.[16] Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad.[17][18] As home to the GHQ of the Pakistan Army and the former Benazir Bhutto International Airport (now part of PAF Base Nur Khan), and with connections to the M-1 and M-2 motorways, Rawalpindi is a major logistics and transportation centre for northern Pakistan.[19] The city is also home to historic havelis and temples, and serves as a hub for tourists visiting Rohtas Fort, Azad Kashmir, Taxila and Gilgit-Baltistan.[20][21][22]

History

Origins

The region around Rawalpindi has been inhabited for thousands of years. It was founded as a village by Bappa Rawal, and remained a regional town of less importance up until late 18th century when it became an important city within Mughal empire.[23] Rawalpindi falls within the ancient boundaries of Gandhara, and is thus in a region containing many Buddhist ruins. In the region north-west of Rawalpindi, traces have been found of at least 55 stupas, 28 Buddhist monasteries, 9 temples, and various artifacts in the Kharoshthi script.[24]

 
Possible Kushano-Sasanian plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, fourth century CE. British Museum 124093.[25]
 
The "Fasting Buddha," on display at the British Museum in London, was discovered in Rawalpindi.

To the southeast are the ruins of the Mankiala stupa – a second-century stupa where, according to the Jataka tales, a previous incarnation of the Buddha leapt off a cliff in order to offer his corpse to seven hungry tiger cubs.[26] The nearby town of Taxila is thought to have been home to the world's first university.[27] Sir Alexander Cunningham identified ruins on the site of the Rawalpindi Cantonment as the ancient city of Ganjipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatti tribe in the ages preceding the Christian era.[28]

Medieval

The first mention of Rawalpindi's earliest settlement dates from when Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by Gakhar chief Kai Gohar in the early 11th century. The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in the 14th century.[29] Situated along an invasion route, the settlement did not prosper and remained deserted until 1493, when Jhanda Khan re-established the ruined town, and named it Rawal.[30]

Mughal

 
The 16th century Rawat Fort offered military protection to Rawalpindi.

During the Mughal era, Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the Ghakhar clan, who in turn pledged allegiance to the Mughal Empire. The city was developed as an important outpost in order to guard the frontiers of the Mughal realm.[31] Gakhars fortified a nearby caravanserai, in the 16th century, transforming it into the Rawat Fort in order to defend the Pothohar plateau from Sher Shah Suri's forces.[32] Construction of the Attock Fort in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim, further securing Rawalpindi's environs.[28] In December 1585, the Emperor Akbar arrived in Rawalpindi, and remained in and around Rawalpindi for 13 years as he extended the frontiers of the empire,[31] in an era described as a "glorious period" in his career as Emperor.[31]

With the onset of chaos and rivalry between Gakhar chiefs after the death of Kamal Khan in 1559, Rawalpindi was awarded to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor.[33] The Emperor Jehangir visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622, where he first learned of Shah Abbas I of Persia's plan to invade Kandahar.[34]

Sikh Misl

Rawalpindi declined in importance as Mughal power declined, until the town was captured in the mid-1760s from Muqarrab Khan by the Sikhs under Sardar Gujjar Singh and his son Sahib Singh.[33] The city's administration was handed to Sardar Milkha Singh, who then invited traders from the neighbouring commercial centers of Jhelum and Shahpur to settle in the territory in 1766.[29][33] The city then began to prosper, although the population in 1770 is estimated to have been only about 300 families.[35] Rawalpindi became for a time the refuge of Shah Shuja, the exiled king of Afghanistan, and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century.[28]

Sikh Empire

Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi, after Ranjit Singh seized the district in 1810.[33] Sikh rule over Rawalpindi was consolidated by defeat of the Afghans at Haidaran in July 1813.[33] The Sikh rulers allied themselves with some of the local Gakhar tribes, and jointly defeated Syed Ahmad Barelvi at Akora Khattak in 1827, and again in 1831 in Balakot.[33] Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839,[36] in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty. In 1841, Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed Sardar of Rawalpindi.[33]

On 14 March 1849, Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi, ceding the city to the British.[37] The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849.

British

 
Rawalpindi's Fatima Jinnah Women University is housed in a Victorian mansion.
 
Map of Pothohar

Following Rawalpindi's capture by the British East India company, 53rd Regiment of the company army took quarters in the newly captured city.[28] The decision to man a permanent military cantonment in the city was made in 1851 by the Marquess of Dalhousie.[28] The city saw its first telegraph office in the early 1850s.[38] The city's Garrison Church was built shortly after in 1854,[28] and is the site where Robert Milman, Bishop of Calcutta, was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876.[28] The city was home to 15,913 people in the 1855 census.[35] During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the area's Gakhars and Janjua tribes remained loyal to the British.[38] Numerous civil and military buildings were built during the British era, and the Municipality of Rawalpindi was constituted in 1867,[28] while the city's population as per the 1868 census was 19,228, with another 9,358 people residing in the city's cantonment.[28] The city was also connected to railways that offered connection to India and the northwest frontier in Peshawar in the 1880s.[28] The Commissariat Steam Flour Mills were the first such mills in Punjab, and supplied most of the needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab.[28] Rawalpindi's cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region.[28]

Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre, though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era.[28] A large portion of Kashmir's external trade passing through the city; in 1885, 14% of Kashmir's exports, and 27% of its imports passed through the city.[28] A large market was opened in central Rawalpindi in 1883 by Sardar Sujan Singh, while the British further developed a shopping district for the city's elite known as Saddar with an archway built to commemorate Brigadier General Massey.[28]

 
Statue of Queen Victoria, Rawalpindi, 1939

Rawalpindi's cantonment became a major centre of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883.[29] Britain's army elevated the city from a small town, to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921.[38] In 1868, 9,358 people lived in the city's cantonment – by 1891, the number rose to 37,870.[28] In 1891, the city's population excluding the Cantonment was 34,153.[28] The city was considered to be a favourite first posting for newly arrived soldiers from England, owing to the city's agreeable climate, and the nearby hill station of Murree.[28] In 1901, Rawalpindi was made the winter headquarters of the Northern Command and of the Rawalpindi military division. Riots broke out against British rule in 1905, following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act.[39]

During World War I, Rawalpindi District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into the area in return.[38] By 1921, Rawalpindi's cantonment had overshadowed the city - Rawalpindi was one of seven cities of Punjab in which over half the population lived in the cantonment district.[38] Communal riots erupted between Rawalpindi's Sikh and Muslim communities in 1926 after Sikhs refused to silence music from a procession that was passing in front of a mosque.[39]

HMS Rawalpindi was launched as an ocean liner in 1925 by Harland and Wolff, the same company which built RMS Titanic. The ship was converted into an armed vessel, and was sunk in October 1939. The British government carried out poison gas testing on Indian troops during the Rawalpindi experiments over the course of more than a decade beginning in the 1930s.[40]

Partition

On 5 March 1947, members of Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh communities took out a procession against the formation of a Muslim ministry within the Government of Punjab. Policemen fired upon protestors, while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter-protestors.[41] The area's first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947, when the city's Muslims, angered by the actions of Hindus and Sikhs and encouraged by the Pir of Golra Sharif, raided nearby villages after they were unable to do so in the city on account of Rawalpindi's heavily armed Sikhs.[42]

At the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947 following the success of the Pakistan Movement, Rawalpindi was a 43.79% Muslim, while Rawalpindi District as a whole was 80% Muslim.[43] The region, on account of its large Muslim majority, was thus awarded to Pakistan. Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh population, who had made up 33.72% and 17.32% of the city,[43] migrated en masse to the newly independent Dominion of India after anti-Hindu and anti-Sikh pogroms in western Punjab, while Muslim refugees from India settled in the city following anti-Muslim pogroms in eastern Punjab and northern India.[42]

Modern

 
Murree Road is one of the main arteries in Rawalpindi.

In the years following independence, Rawalpindi saw an influx of Muhajir, Pashtun and Kashmiri settlers. Having been the largest British Cantonment in the region at the dawn of Pakistan's independence, Rawalpindi was chosen as headquarters for the Pakistani Army, despite the fact that Karachi had been selected as the first capital.[14]

In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.[14] Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination, in what is now known as Liaquat Bagh Park. In 1958, Field Marshal Ayub Khan launched his coup d'etat from Rawalpindi.[14] In 1959, the city became the interim capital of the country under Ayub Khan, who had sought the creation of a new planned capital of Islamabad in the vicinity of Rawalpindi. As a result, Rawalpindi saw most major central government offices and institutions relocate to nearby territory, and its population rapidly expand.

Construction of Pakistan's new capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi.[16] Rawalpindi remained the headquarters of the Pakistani Army after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969, while the Pakistan Air Force continues to maintain an airbase in the Chaklala district of Rawalpindi.[44][45] The military dictatorship of General Zia ul Haq hanged Pakistan's deposed Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in Rawalpindi in 1979.[46]

In 1980, tens of thousands of Shia protestors led by Mufti Jaffar Hussain marched on Rawalpindi to protest a provision of Zia ul Haqs Islamization programme.[43] A spate of bombings in September 1987 took place in the city killing 5 people, in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan's communist government.[47]

On 10 April 1988, Rawalpindi's Ojhri Camp, an ammunition depot for Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.[48][49] At the time, the New York Times reported more than 93 were killed and another 1,100 wounded;[50] many believe that the toll was much higher.[51]

Riots erupted in Rawalpindi in 1992 as mobs attacked Hindu temples in retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India .[43] On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.[52]

Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad.[17][18] In June 2015, the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, a new bus rapid transit line with various points in Islamabad, opened for service.

Geography

 
Satellite image of Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area with Margalla Hills to the north and Potohar Plateau on the other 3 sides.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa)[53] with hot and wet summers, a cooler and drier winter. Rawalpindi and its twin city Islamabad, during the year experiences an average of 91 thunderstorms, which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country. Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by Pakistan Meteorological Department to have reached 176 km/h (109 mph). In such thunder/wind storms, which results in some damage of infrastructure.[54] The weather is highly variable due to the proximity of the city to the foothills of Himalayas.

The average annual rainfall is 1,254.8 mm (49.40 in), most of which falls in the summer monsoon season. However, westerly disturbances also bring quite significant rainfall in the winter. In summer, the record maximum temperature has soared to 47.7 °C (118 °F) recorded in June 1954, while it has dropped to a minimum of −3.9 °C (25 °F) several occasions, though the last of which was in January 1967.

Climate data for Rawalpindi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.1
(86.2) 		30
(86) 		34.5
(94.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		45.6
(114.1) 		46.6
(115.9) 		44.4
(111.9) 		42
(108) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.5
(99.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.3
(82.9) 		46.6
(115.9)
Average high °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		30.5
(86.9) 		36
(97) 		38.4
(101.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		33.7
(92.7) 		30.9
(87.6) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		28.9
(84.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		21.8
(71.3)
Average low °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		6
(43) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		14.7
(58.5)
Record low °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.6
(52.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−3.9
(25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.1
(2.64) 		84.1
(3.31) 		92.4
(3.64) 		63.2
(2.49) 		34.1
(1.34) 		75.3
(2.96) 		305.3
(12.02) 		340.3
(13.40) 		110.7
(4.36) 		31.7
(1.25) 		14.4
(0.57) 		36.2
(1.43) 		1,254.8
(49.41)
Average precipitation days 5 6 6 5 4 6 15 17 7 2 2 3 78
Source 1: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 497m[53]
Source 2: SCBM[55]

Cityscape

 
College Road is famous for electronic markets.

Social structures in Rawalpindi's historic core centre around neighbourhoods, each known as a Mohallah. Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar and mosque, which in turn serve as a place where people can gather for trade and manufacturing.[56] Each Mohallah has narrow gallies, and the grouping of houses around short lanes and cul-de-sacs lends a sense of privacy and security to residents of each neighbourhood.[original research?] Major intersections in the neighbourhood are each referred to as a chowk.

Rawalpindi is relatively a new city contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar.[57] South of Rawalpindi's historic core, and across the Lai Nullah, are the wide lanes of the Rawalpindi Cantonment. With tree-lined avenues and historic architecture, the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule. British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core, which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city. Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for Islamabad's commuter population.[56]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Rawalpindi District

The population of Rawalpindi is 2,098,231 in 2017. 84% of the population is Punjabi, 9% is Pashtun, and 7% is from other ethnic groups.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1855 15,913—    
1868 28,586+79.6%
1881 52,975+85.3%
1891 72,023+36.0%
1901 87,688+21.7%
1911 86,483−1.4%
1921 101,142+17.0%
1931 119,284+17.9%
1941 185,000+55.1%
1951 237,000+28.1%
1961 340,000+43.5%
1972 615,000+80.9%
1981 795,000+29.3%
1998 1,409,768+77.3%
2017 2,098,231+48.8%
2020 2,237,000+6.6%
Source: [58][59][60]

Religion

 
An abandoned Hindu Temple at Bagh Sardaran.

96.8% of Rawalpindi's population is Muslim, 2.47% is Christian, 0.73% belong to other religious groups. The city's Kohaati Bazaar is site of large Shia mourning-processions for Ashura.[61] The neighbourhoods of Waris Shah Mohallah and Pir Harra Mohallah form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi's old city.

Rawalpindi was a majority Hindu and Sikh city prior to the Partition of India in 1947,[62] while Muslims made up 43.79% of the population.[43] The Baba Dyal Singh Gurdwara in Rawalpindi was where the reformist Nirankari movement of Sikhism originated.[61] The city still has a small Sikh population, but has been bolstered by the arrival of Sikhs fleeing political instability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[63]

The city is still home to a few hundred Hindu families.[62] Despite the fact that the vast majority of the city's Hindus fled en masse to India after Partition, most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing, although in disrepair and often abandoned.[62] Many of the old city's neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names, such as Krishanpura, Arya Mohallah, Akaal Garh, Mohanpura, Amarpura, Kartarpura, Bagh Sardaraan, Angatpura.

The Shri Krishna Mandir is the only functional Hindu temple in Rawalpindi.[64] It was built in the Kabarri Bazaar in 1897.[62] Other temples are abandoned or were repurposed. Rawalpindi's large Kalyan Das Temple from 1880 has been used as the "Gov't. Qandeel Secondary School for the Blind" since 1973.[65][66] The Ram Leela Temple in Kanak Mandi, and the Kaanji Mal Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar, are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees. Mohan Temple in the Lunda Bazaar remains standing, but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose. The city's "Shamshan Ghat" serves as the city's cremation grounds, and was partly renovated in 2012.[67]

The city's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders that had fled Mashhad, Persia in the 1830s.[36] The community had entirely emigrated to Israel by the 1960s.

In the British era many churches were built for the British soldiers to come to the churches for Sunday prayer because Rawalpindi Cantonment was the home for the British Army.[36][68]

Religious groups in Rawalpindi City (1891−2017)[a]
Religious
group 		1891[70]: 68  1901[71]: 44  1911[72]: 20  1921[73]: 23  1931[74]: 26  1941[69]: 32  2017[75]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam   32,787 44.43% 40,807 46.54% 40,678 47.04% 47,653 47.11% 55,637 46.64% 81,038 43.79% 2,029,304 96.73%
Hinduism   29,264 39.66% 33,227 37.89% 29,106 33.66% 35,279 34.88% 40,161[b] 33.67% 62,394[b] 33.72% 628 0.03%
Christianity   6,072 8.23% 6,275 7.16% 7,846 9.07% 8,111 8.02% 6,850 5.74% 3,668 1.98% 65,729 3.13%
Sikhism   4,767 6.46% 6,302 7.19% 8,306 9.6% 9,144 9.04% 15,532 13.02% 32,064 17.33% N/A N/A
Jainism   848 1.15% 1,008 1.15% 963 1.11% 916 0.91% 1,025 0.86% 1,301 0.7% N/A N/A
Zoroastrianism   51 0.07% 65 0.07% 58 0.07% 39 0.04% 65 0.05% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Judaism   2 0% N/A N/A 16 0.02% 0 0% 5 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Buddhism   0 0% 0 0% 10 0.01% 0 0% 9 0.01% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ahmadiyya   N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,848 0.09%
Others 4 0.01% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 4,587 2.48% 315 0.02%
Total population 73,795 100% 87,688 100% 86,483 100% 101,142 100% 119,284 100% 185,042 100% 2,097,824 100%

Transportation

Public transportation

The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 48.1 km (29.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.[76][77] The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority.

Road

Rawalpindi is situated along the historic Grand Trunk Road that connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Lahore. The road is roughly paralleled by the M-1 Motorway between Peshawar and Rawalpindi, while the M-2 Motorway provides an alternate route to Lahore via the Salt Range. The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the Khyber Pass, with onwards connections to Kabul and Central Asia via the Salang Pass. The Karakoram Highway provides access between Islamabad and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via Kashgar in the Chinese region of Xinjiang.

The Islamabad Expressway connects Rawalpindi's eastern portions with the Rawal Lake and heart of Islamabad. The IJP Road separates Rawalpindi's northern edge from Islamabad.

Motorways

 
The M-2 motorway connects Rawalpindi to Lahore, and is part of a network of motorways under construction that will continue to the port city of Karachi.

Rawalpindi is connected to Peshawar by the M-1 Motorway. The motorway also links Rawalpindi to major cities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, such as Charsadda and Mardan. The M-2 motorway offers high speed access to Lahore via the Potohar Plateau and Salt Range. The M-3 Motorway branches off from the M-2 at the city of Pindi Bhattian, where the M-3 offers onward connections to Faisalabad, and connects to the M-4 Motorway which continues onward to Multan. A new motorway network is under construction to connect Multan and Karachi as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. The Hazara Motorway is also under construction as part of CPEC, and will provide control-access motorway travel all the way to Mansehra via the M-1 or Grand Trunk Road.

Rail

Rawalpindi railway station in the Saddar neighbourhood serves as a stop along Pakistan's 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi)-long Main Line-1 railway that connects the city to the port city of Karachi to Peshawar. The stations is served by the Awam Express, Hazara Express, Islamabad Express, Jaffar Express, Khyber Mail trains, and serves as the terminus for the Margalla Express, Mehr Express, Rawal Express, Pakistan Express, Subak Raftar Express, Green Line Express, Sir Syed Express, Subak Kharam Express and Tezgam trains.

The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $3.65 billion for the first phase of the project,[78] with completion by 2021.[79] Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track.[80]

Air

Rawalpindi is served by the Islamabad International Airport. The airport is located 21 km west of the city. It offers non-stop flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Middle East, Europe, North America, Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Administrative divisions

 
Administrative subdivisions of Rawalpindi District.

The City-District of Rawalpindi is sub-divided into one Municipal Corporation Two Cantonment Board and Seven tehsils:

Sr. Tehsil Headquarters Area
(km2)		 Population
(2017)
1 Taxila Taxila NA 677,951
2 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 479 2,237,000
3 Gujar Khan Gujar Khan 1,466 678,503
4 Kallar Syedan Kallar Syedan 421 217,273
5 Kahuta Kahuta NA 220,576
6 Kotli Sattian Kotli Sattian NA 119,312
7 Murree Murree NA 233,471

Rawalpindi also holds many private colonies that have developed themselves rapidly, e.g. Gulraiz Housing Society, Korang Town, Agochs Town, Ghori Town, Pakistan Town, Judicial Town, Bahria Town[81] which is the Asia's largest private colony, Kashmir Housing Society, Danial Town, Al-Haram City, Education City, Gul Afshan Colony, Allama Iqbal Colony.

Parks

 
The gate of Paharwala Fort.

Ayub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on Jhelum Road. It covers an area of about 2,300 acres (930 ha) and has a playland, lake with boating facility, an aquarium and a garden-restaurant. Rawalpindi Public Park is on Murree Road near Shamsabad. The Park was opened to the public in 1991. It has a playland for children, grassy lawns, fountains and flower beds.

In 2008 Jinnah Park was inaugurated at the heart of Rawalpindi and has since become a hotspot of activity for the city. It houses a state-of-the-art cinema, Cinepax,[82] a Metro Cash and Carry supermart, an outlet of McDonald's, gaming lounges, Motion Rides and other recreational facilities. The vast lawns also provide an adequate picnic spot.[83][84]

 
A view of Rawal Lake

Rawalpindi is situated near the Ayub National Park formerly known as 'Topi Rakh' (keep the hat on) is by the old Presidency, between the Murree Brewery Co. and Grand Trunk Road. It covers an area of about 2,300 acres (930 ha) and has a play area, lake with boating facility, an aquarium, a garden-restaurant and an open-air theater. This park hosts "The Jungle Kingdom" which is particularly popular among young residents.[85]

  • Liaquat Bagh, formerly known as the "company bagh" (East India Company's Garden), is of great historical interest. The first prime minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated here in 1950. Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated here on 27 December 2007. She was the youngest and the only woman to be elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan.
  • Rawalpindi Public Park (previously Nawaz Sharif Park, renamed Iqbal Park in 2019[86]) is located on Murree Road just opposite to the Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. The park was opened in 1991. It has a play area for children, lawns, fountains and flower beds. A cricket stadium was built in 1992 opposite the public park. Several matches in the 1996 World Cup were held on this cricket ground.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Rawalpindi

Education

 
Govt College for Women
Main article: List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi District is home to 2,463 government public schools, out of which 1706 are primary schools, 306 middle schools, 334 are high schools, while 117 are higher education colleges.[87]

97.4% of children ages 6–16 in urban areas of Rawalpindi District are enrolled in school – the third highest percentage in Pakistan after Islamabad and Karachi.[88] 77.1% of Rawalpindi's students in Class 5 are able to read sentences in English.[88] 27% of children in Rawalpindi attend paid private schools.[89]

  • Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rawalpindi, established in 1978 to conduct SSC and HSSC examinations.
  • Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University (also known as Barani University) is a renowned public university offering research and education in a number of fields and specializing in agriculture. It is on the Murree Road and is placed near other landmarks of the city including the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi Public Park, Rawalpindi Arts Council etc. Arid University is the only university providing agriculture related degrees in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.[citation needed]
  • Army Medical College is also known as the College of Medical Sciences and is on Abid Majid Road in Rawalpindi. Separate computer labs are available for post-graduate and undergraduate students. Other facilities in the campus include a library, cafeteria, college mosque, swimming pool, gym, squash court, and auditorium. There are seven hostels for male and female students near the college campus.
  • College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering is located on Grand Trunk Road in Rawalpindi, EME is the largest constituent college of NUST.[90] The campus includes all on-campus facilities, auditorium and conference hall, accommodation and mess facilities. The library is fully computerized, with a collection of 70,000 volumes.
  • Rawalpindi University is on Hamayun Road in Rawalpindi Cantt; it is the oldest constituent college of NUST before, founded in 2022 after the Pakistani Khan government to train the members of Pakistan Armed Forces. The College of Telecommunication Engineering is located on this campus. The MCS library is computerized, with over 55,000 volumes.
  • Rawalpindi Medical University provides education in health care. It is a comprehensive, state-assisted institution. It was established in March 1974.It has the highest enrollment of 350 students among medical colleges in Pakistan.
  • The Rawalpindi Public Library was one of the earliest private public libraries organized after separation from India. The building was donated for a public library by the then-Deputy Commissioner Major Davis on the initiative of philanthropist Khurshid Anwar Jilani, an attorney, writer and social worker. However, the building was confiscated for election and political campaigning during the last days of Field Marshal Ayub Khan's reign, and rare manuscripts and artifacts were taken away by the influential.
  • Fatima Jinnah Women University The first ever Women University of Pakistan
  • Gordon College Rawalpindi is one of the oldest colleges located in the heart of the city. It was established in 1872. College offers Graduate and master's degree program. Historically the college has been known for its cultural activities as it has one of the largest auditorium in which stage dramas and other programs were regularly conducted. College remained co-education until the early 1970s but after Zia-ul-Haq regime it was converted to boys only.
  • Foundation University RWP Campus located in new Lalazar alongside FFCB. They offer mainly IT and Biotech related courses like Phd in Computer Science etc.[91][circular reference]
  • Rawalpindi Women University The Rawalpindi Women University is a public university funded by the Government of Punjab. The university has been running 15 BS Honors,16 Masters and 1 M.Phil. program successfully.

Media

Rawalpindi, being so close to the capital, has an active media and newspaper climate. There are over a dozen of newspaper companies based in the city including Daily Nawa-i-Waqt, Daily Jang, Daily Asas, The Daily Sada-e-Haq, Daily Express, Daily Din, Daily Aajkal Rawalpindi, Daily Islam, and Daily Pakistan in Urdu and Dawn, Express Tribune, Daily Times, The News International and The Nation in English.

There are a large number of Cable TV service providers in the city such as Nayatel, PTCL, SA Cable Network and DWN. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has a centre in Rawalpindi Television channels based in Rawalpindi include:

  • ATV
  • Lights Asia
  • Aapna Channel
  • Pothohari TV (Regional language channel)
  • City 51
  • Pahariwood Network (Regional language channel)
  • K2 TV
  • Oxygene TV
  • Samaa News

Recreation

 
I Love Rawalpindi signboard outside Punjab House.

In mid-2012 3D cinema, The Arena, started its operations in Bahria Town Phase-4 in Rawalpindi.[92][93]

  • Rawalpindi Golf Course was completed in 1926 by Rawalpindi Golf Club, one of the oldest golf clubs of Pakistan. The facility was initially developed as a nine-hole course. After several phases of development, it is now a 27-hole course and the biggest in Pakistan.[94] From the clubhouse, there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque, the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Major domestic golf tournaments are regularly held here.
  • Playland is another public park parallel to Ayub Park
  • In 2019, after the Army Heritage Foundation took over Ayub park from Chaklala Cantonment Board, a new amusement park called JoyLand was opened on the site of a previously failed project.[95] This newly developed park has a number of rides and activities for visitors, from the relaxing Ferris wheel to the daring Discovery. All rides are imported and meet safety standards. JoyLand is the only amusement park in Pakistan that is ISO 9001:2008 certified.[96]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 1891-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Rawalpindi, which included Rawalpindi Municipality and Rawalpindi Cantonment.[69]: 34 
  2. ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

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Bibliography

External links

  • Rawalpindi (Pakistan) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  •   Rawalpindi travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Rawalpindi at Curlie
  • [4]

February 06, 2023
rawalpindi, district, district, other, uses, disambiguation, pronounced, raːwəlˈpɪndi, listen, ɔː, urdu, punjabi, راولپنڈی, romanized, rāwalpinḍī, city, punjab, province, pakistan, fourth, largest, city, pakistan, after, karachi, lahore, faisalabad, third, lar. For the district see Rawalpindi District For other uses see Rawalpindi disambiguation Rawalpindi pronounced raːwelˈpɪndi listen or r ɔː l ˈ p ɪ n d i 4 Urdu Punjabi راولپنڈی romanized Rawalpinḍi is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan It is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi Lahore and Faisalabad and third largest in Punjab after Lahore and Faisalabad Rawalpindi is next to Pakistan s capital Islamabad and the two are jointly known as the twin cities because of the social and economic links between them 5 Rawalpindi راولپنڈیMetropolisFrom top left to right Rawal Lake Gulshan Dadan Khan Mosque Bahria Town Rawat Fort Christ Church Rawalpindi Railway StationEmblemRawalpindiLocation in PakistanShow map of Punjab PakistanRawalpindiRawalpindi Pakistan Show map of PakistanRawalpindiRawalpindi South Asia Show map of South AsiaCoordinates 33 36 N 73 02 E 33 600 N 73 033 E 33 600 73 033 Coordinates 33 36 N 73 02 E 33 600 N 73 033 E 33 600 73 033CountryPakistanProvincePunjabDivisionRawalpindiDistrictRawalpindiTehsils8Union councils38Settled1867 156 years ago 1867 1 Government TypeMetropolitan Corporation MayorNone Vacant Deputy MayorNone Vacant CommissionerNoor Ul Amin Mengal 2 Administrator Deputy CommissionerTahir Farooq 2 Area City479 km2 185 sq mi Metro311 km2 120 sq mi Elevation508 m 1 667 ft Population 2017 3 City2 098 231 Rank4th Pakistan Density4 400 km2 11 000 sq mi Metro3 108 063 Rawalpindi Islamabad MetropolitanTime zoneUTC 5 PKT Summer DST PKTArea code051WebsiteOfficial WebsiteRawalpindi is on the Pothohar Plateau known for its ancient Hindu and Buddhist heritage especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila a UNESCO World Heritage Site 6 In 1765 the ruling Gakhars were defeated and the city came under Sikh rule becoming an important city within the Sikh Empire based at Lahore The city s Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders that had fled Mashhad Persia in the 1830s 7 The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849 and in the late 19th century became the largest garrison town of the British Indian Army s Northern command as its climate suited the British authorities 8 9 Britain s army elevated the city from a small town to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921 8 Following the partition of British India in 1947 the city became home to the headquarters of the Pakistan Army retaining its status as a major military city 10 11 12 13 In 1951 the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan 14 Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan s assassination On 27 December 2007 Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto 8 Construction of Pakistan s new purpose built national capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in the city provided by IMF and local banks 15 as well as a brief stint as the country s capital before the completion of Islamabad 16 Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad and the greater metropolitan area The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for workers in Islamabad 17 18 As home to the GHQ of the Pakistan Army and the former Benazir Bhutto International Airport now part of PAF Base Nur Khan and with connections to the M 1 and M 2 motorways Rawalpindi is a major logistics and transportation centre for northern Pakistan 19 The city is also home to historic havelis and temples and serves as a hub for tourists visiting Rohtas Fort Azad Kashmir Taxila and Gilgit Baltistan 20 21 22 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Medieval 1 3 Mughal 1 4 Sikh Misl 1 5 Sikh Empire 1 6 British 1 7 Partition 1 8 Modern 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Cityscape 3 Demographics 3 1 Religion 4 Transportation 4 1 Public transportation 4 2 Road 4 3 Motorways 4 4 Rail 4 5 Air 5 Administrative divisions 5 1 Parks 6 Economy 7 Education 8 Media 9 Recreation 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External linksHistoryOrigins The region around Rawalpindi has been inhabited for thousands of years It was founded as a village by Bappa Rawal and remained a regional town of less importance up until late 18th century when it became an important city within Mughal empire 23 Rawalpindi falls within the ancient boundaries of Gandhara and is thus in a region containing many Buddhist ruins In the region north west of Rawalpindi traces have been found of at least 55 stupas 28 Buddhist monasteries 9 temples and various artifacts in the Kharoshthi script 24 Possible Kushano Sasanian plate excavated in Rawalpindi fourth century CE British Museum 124093 25 The Fasting Buddha on display at the British Museum in London was discovered in Rawalpindi To the southeast are the ruins of the Mankiala stupa a second century stupa where according to the Jataka tales a previous incarnation of the Buddha leapt off a cliff in order to offer his corpse to seven hungry tiger cubs 26 The nearby town of Taxila is thought to have been home to the world s first university 27 Sir Alexander Cunningham identified ruins on the site of the Rawalpindi Cantonment as the ancient city of Ganjipur or Gajnipur the capital of the Bhatti tribe in the ages preceding the Christian era 28 Medieval The first mention of Rawalpindi s earliest settlement dates from when Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by Gakhar chief Kai Gohar in the early 11th century The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in the 14th century 29 Situated along an invasion route the settlement did not prosper and remained deserted until 1493 when Jhanda Khan re established the ruined town and named it Rawal 30 Mughal The 16th century Rawat Fort offered military protection to Rawalpindi During the Mughal era Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the Ghakhar clan who in turn pledged allegiance to the Mughal Empire The city was developed as an important outpost in order to guard the frontiers of the Mughal realm 31 Gakhars fortified a nearby caravanserai in the 16th century transforming it into the Rawat Fort in order to defend the Pothohar plateau from Sher Shah Suri s forces 32 Construction of the Attock Fort in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim further securing Rawalpindi s environs 28 In December 1585 the Emperor Akbar arrived in Rawalpindi and remained in and around Rawalpindi for 13 years as he extended the frontiers of the empire 31 in an era described as a glorious period in his career as Emperor 31 With the onset of chaos and rivalry between Gakhar chiefs after the death of Kamal Khan in 1559 Rawalpindi was awarded to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor 33 The Emperor Jehangir visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622 where he first learned of Shah Abbas I of Persia s plan to invade Kandahar 34 Sikh Misl Rawalpindi declined in importance as Mughal power declined until the town was captured in the mid 1760s from Muqarrab Khan by the Sikhs under Sardar Gujjar Singh and his son Sahib Singh 33 The city s administration was handed to Sardar Milkha Singh who then invited traders from the neighbouring commercial centers of Jhelum and Shahpur to settle in the territory in 1766 29 33 The city then began to prosper although the population in 1770 is estimated to have been only about 300 families 35 Rawalpindi became for a time the refuge of Shah Shuja the exiled king of Afghanistan and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century 28 Sikh Empire Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi after Ranjit Singh seized the district in 1810 33 Sikh rule over Rawalpindi was consolidated by defeat of the Afghans at Haidaran in July 1813 33 The Sikh rulers allied themselves with some of the local Gakhar tribes and jointly defeated Syed Ahmad Barelvi at Akora Khattak in 1827 and again in 1831 in Balakot 33 Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi s Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad Persia in 1839 36 in order to flee from anti Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty In 1841 Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed Sardar of Rawalpindi 33 On 14 March 1849 Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi ceding the city to the British 37 The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849 British Rawalpindi s Fatima Jinnah Women University is housed in a Victorian mansion Map of Pothohar Following Rawalpindi s capture by the British East India company 53rd Regiment of the company army took quarters in the newly captured city 28 The decision to man a permanent military cantonment in the city was made in 1851 by the Marquess of Dalhousie 28 The city saw its first telegraph office in the early 1850s 38 The city s Garrison Church was built shortly after in 1854 28 and is the site where Robert Milman Bishop of Calcutta was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876 28 The city was home to 15 913 people in the 1855 census 35 During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny the area s Gakhars and Janjua tribes remained loyal to the British 38 Numerous civil and military buildings were built during the British era and the Municipality of Rawalpindi was constituted in 1867 28 while the city s population as per the 1868 census was 19 228 with another 9 358 people residing in the city s cantonment 28 The city was also connected to railways that offered connection to India and the northwest frontier in Peshawar in the 1880s 28 The Commissariat Steam Flour Mills were the first such mills in Punjab and supplied most of the needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab 28 Rawalpindi s cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region 28 Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era 28 A large portion of Kashmir s external trade passing through the city in 1885 14 of Kashmir s exports and 27 of its imports passed through the city 28 A large market was opened in central Rawalpindi in 1883 by Sardar Sujan Singh while the British further developed a shopping district for the city s elite known as Saddar with an archway built to commemorate Brigadier General Massey 28 Statue of Queen Victoria Rawalpindi 1939 Rawalpindi s cantonment became a major centre of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883 29 Britain s army elevated the city from a small town to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921 38 In 1868 9 358 people lived in the city s cantonment by 1891 the number rose to 37 870 28 In 1891 the city s population excluding the Cantonment was 34 153 28 The city was considered to be a favourite first posting for newly arrived soldiers from England owing to the city s agreeable climate and the nearby hill station of Murree 28 In 1901 Rawalpindi was made the winter headquarters of the Northern Command and of the Rawalpindi military division Riots broke out against British rule in 1905 following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act 39 During World War I Rawalpindi District stood first among districts in recruiting for the British war effort with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into the area in return 38 By 1921 Rawalpindi s cantonment had overshadowed the city Rawalpindi was one of seven cities of Punjab in which over half the population lived in the cantonment district 38 Communal riots erupted between Rawalpindi s Sikh and Muslim communities in 1926 after Sikhs refused to silence music from a procession that was passing in front of a mosque 39 HMS Rawalpindi was launched as an ocean liner in 1925 by Harland and Wolff the same company which built RMS Titanic The ship was converted into an armed vessel and was sunk in October 1939 The British government carried out poison gas testing on Indian troops during the Rawalpindi experiments over the course of more than a decade beginning in the 1930s 40 Partition On 5 March 1947 members of Rawalpindi s Hindu and Sikh communities took out a procession against the formation of a Muslim ministry within the Government of Punjab Policemen fired upon protestors while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter protestors 41 The area s first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947 when the city s Muslims angered by the actions of Hindus and Sikhs and encouraged by the Pir of Golra Sharif raided nearby villages after they were unable to do so in the city on account of Rawalpindi s heavily armed Sikhs 42 At the dawn of Pakistan s independence in 1947 following the success of the Pakistan Movement Rawalpindi was a 43 79 Muslim while Rawalpindi District as a whole was 80 Muslim 43 The region on account of its large Muslim majority was thus awarded to Pakistan Rawalpindi s Hindu and Sikh population who had made up 33 72 and 17 32 of the city 43 migrated en masse to the newly independent Dominion of India after anti Hindu and anti Sikh pogroms in western Punjab while Muslim refugees from India settled in the city following anti Muslim pogroms in eastern Punjab and northern India 42 Modern Murree Road is one of the main arteries in Rawalpindi In the years following independence Rawalpindi saw an influx of Muhajir Pashtun and Kashmiri settlers Having been the largest British Cantonment in the region at the dawn of Pakistan s independence Rawalpindi was chosen as headquarters for the Pakistani Army despite the fact that Karachi had been selected as the first capital 14 In 1951 the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan 14 Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan s assassination in what is now known as Liaquat Bagh Park In 1958 Field Marshal Ayub Khan launched his coup d etat from Rawalpindi 14 In 1959 the city became the interim capital of the country under Ayub Khan who had sought the creation of a new planned capital of Islamabad in the vicinity of Rawalpindi As a result Rawalpindi saw most major central government offices and institutions relocate to nearby territory and its population rapidly expand Construction of Pakistan s new capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi 16 Rawalpindi remained the headquarters of the Pakistani Army after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969 while the Pakistan Air Force continues to maintain an airbase in the Chaklala district of Rawalpindi 44 45 The military dictatorship of General Zia ul Haq hanged Pakistan s deposed Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Rawalpindi in 1979 46 In 1980 tens of thousands of Shia protestors led by Mufti Jaffar Hussain marched on Rawalpindi to protest a provision of Zia ul Haqs Islamization programme 43 A spate of bombings in September 1987 took place in the city killing 5 people in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan s communist government 47 On 10 April 1988 Rawalpindi s Ojhri Camp an ammunition depot for Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet forces in Afghanistan exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad 48 49 At the time the New York Times reported more than 93 were killed and another 1 100 wounded 50 many believe that the toll was much higher 51 Riots erupted in Rawalpindi in 1992 as mobs attacked Hindu temples in retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India 43 On 27 December 2007 Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto 52 Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad and the greater metropolitan area The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for workers in Islamabad 17 18 In June 2015 the Rawalpindi Islamabad Metrobus a new bus rapid transit line with various points in Islamabad opened for service Geography Satellite image of Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area with Margalla Hills to the north and Potohar Plateau on the other 3 sides Climate Main article Climate of Rawalpindi Rawalpindi features a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cwa 53 with hot and wet summers a cooler and drier winter Rawalpindi and its twin city Islamabad during the year experiences an average of 91 thunderstorms which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by Pakistan Meteorological Department to have reached 176 km h 109 mph In such thunder wind storms which results in some damage of infrastructure 54 The weather is highly variable due to the proximity of the city to the foothills of Himalayas The average annual rainfall is 1 254 8 mm 49 40 in most of which falls in the summer monsoon season However westerly disturbances also bring quite significant rainfall in the winter In summer the record maximum temperature has soared to 47 7 C 118 F recorded in June 1954 while it has dropped to a minimum of 3 9 C 25 F several occasions though the last of which was in January 1967 Climate data for RawalpindiMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 30 1 86 2 30 86 34 5 94 1 40 6 105 1 45 6 114 1 46 6 115 9 44 4 111 9 42 108 38 1 100 6 37 5 99 5 32 2 90 0 28 3 82 9 46 6 115 9 Average high C F 17 9 64 2 19 7 67 5 24 5 76 1 30 5 86 9 36 97 38 4 101 1 35 3 95 5 33 7 92 7 33 7 92 7 30 9 87 6 25 9 78 6 20 2 68 4 28 9 84 0 Daily mean C F 10 6 51 1 12 9 55 2 17 6 63 7 23 2 73 8 28 4 83 1 31 1 88 0 29 9 85 8 28 8 83 8 27 4 81 3 22 7 72 9 17 1 62 8 12 3 54 1 21 8 71 3 Average low C F 3 2 37 8 6 43 10 7 51 3 15 8 60 4 20 7 69 3 23 7 74 7 24 4 75 9 23 8 74 8 21 1 70 0 14 5 58 1 8 3 46 9 4 3 39 7 14 7 58 5 Record low C F 3 9 25 0 2 7 27 1 1 1 34 0 5 0 41 0 6 1 43 0 15 5 59 9 17 2 63 0 17 2 63 0 11 6 52 9 5 5 41 9 0 5 31 1 2 8 27 0 3 9 25 0 Average precipitation mm inches 67 1 2 64 84 1 3 31 92 4 3 64 63 2 2 49 34 1 1 34 75 3 2 96 305 3 12 02 340 3 13 40 110 7 4 36 31 7 1 25 14 4 0 57 36 2 1 43 1 254 8 49 41 Average precipitation days 5 6 6 5 4 6 15 17 7 2 2 3 78Source 1 Climate Data org altitude 497m 53 Source 2 SCBM 55 Cityscape College Road is famous for electronic markets Social structures in Rawalpindi s historic core centre around neighbourhoods each known as a Mohallah Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar and mosque which in turn serve as a place where people can gather for trade and manufacturing 56 Each Mohallah has narrow gallies and the grouping of houses around short lanes and cul de sacs lends a sense of privacy and security to residents of each neighbourhood original research Major intersections in the neighbourhood are each referred to as a chowk Rawalpindi is relatively a new city contrasted with Pakistan s millennia old cities such as Lahore Multan and Peshawar 57 South of Rawalpindi s historic core and across the Lai Nullah are the wide lanes of the Rawalpindi Cantonment With tree lined avenues and historic architecture the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for Islamabad s commuter population 56 DemographicsMain article Demographics of Rawalpindi District The population of Rawalpindi is 2 098 231 in 2017 84 of the population is Punjabi 9 is Pashtun and 7 is from other ethnic groups Historical populationYearPop 185515 913 186828 586 79 6 188152 975 85 3 189172 023 36 0 190187 688 21 7 191186 483 1 4 1921101 142 17 0 1931119 284 17 9 1941185 000 55 1 1951237 000 28 1 1961340 000 43 5 1972615 000 80 9 1981795 000 29 3 19981 409 768 77 3 20172 098 231 48 8 20202 237 000 6 6 Source 58 59 60 Religion An abandoned Hindu Temple at Bagh Sardaran 96 8 of Rawalpindi s population is Muslim 2 47 is Christian 0 73 belong to other religious groups The city s Kohaati Bazaar is site of large Shia mourning processions for Ashura 61 The neighbourhoods of Waris Shah Mohallah and Pir Harra Mohallah form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi s old city Rawalpindi was a majority Hindu and Sikh city prior to the Partition of India in 1947 62 while Muslims made up 43 79 of the population 43 The Baba Dyal Singh Gurdwara in Rawalpindi was where the reformist Nirankari movement of Sikhism originated 61 The city still has a small Sikh population but has been bolstered by the arrival of Sikhs fleeing political instability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 63 The city is still home to a few hundred Hindu families 62 Despite the fact that the vast majority of the city s Hindus fled en masse to India after Partition most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing although in disrepair and often abandoned 62 Many of the old city s neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names such as Krishanpura Arya Mohallah Akaal Garh Mohanpura Amarpura Kartarpura Bagh Sardaraan Angatpura The Shri Krishna Mandir is the only functional Hindu temple in Rawalpindi 64 It was built in the Kabarri Bazaar in 1897 62 Other temples are abandoned or were repurposed Rawalpindi s large Kalyan Das Temple from 1880 has been used as the Gov t Qandeel Secondary School for the Blind since 1973 65 66 The Ram Leela Temple in Kanak Mandi and the Kaanji Mal Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees Mohan Temple in the Lunda Bazaar remains standing but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose The city s Shamshan Ghat serves as the city s cremation grounds and was partly renovated in 2012 67 The city s Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders that had fled Mashhad Persia in the 1830s 36 The community had entirely emigrated to Israel by the 1960s In the British era many churches were built for the British soldiers to come to the churches for Sunday prayer because Rawalpindi Cantonment was the home for the British Army 36 68 Religious groups in Rawalpindi City 1891 2017 a Religiousgroup 1891 70 68 1901 71 44 1911 72 20 1921 73 23 1931 74 26 1941 69 32 2017 75 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Islam 32 787 44 43 40 807 46 54 40 678 47 04 47 653 47 11 55 637 46 64 81 038 43 79 2 029 304 96 73 Hinduism 29 264 39 66 33 227 37 89 29 106 33 66 35 279 34 88 40 161 b 33 67 62 394 b 33 72 628 0 03 Christianity 6 072 8 23 6 275 7 16 7 846 9 07 8 111 8 02 6 850 5 74 3 668 1 98 65 729 3 13 Sikhism 4 767 6 46 6 302 7 19 8 306 9 6 9 144 9 04 15 532 13 02 32 064 17 33 N A N AJainism 848 1 15 1 008 1 15 963 1 11 916 0 91 1 025 0 86 1 301 0 7 N A N AZoroastrianism 51 0 07 65 0 07 58 0 07 39 0 04 65 0 05 N A N A N A N AJudaism 2 0 N A N A 16 0 02 0 0 5 0 N A N A N A N ABuddhism 0 0 0 0 10 0 01 0 0 9 0 01 N A N A N A N AAhmadiyya N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A 1 848 0 09 Others 4 0 01 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 587 2 48 315 0 02 Total population 73 795 100 87 688 100 86 483 100 101 142 100 119 284 100 185 042 100 2 097 824 100 TransportationPublic transportation The Rawalpindi Islamabad Metrobus is a 48 1 km 29 9 mi bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area The Metrobus network s first phase was opened on 4 June 2015 and stretches 22 5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat in Islamabad and Saddar in Rawalpindi The second stage stretches 25 6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022 76 77 The system uses e ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority Road Rawalpindi is situated along the historic Grand Trunk Road that connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Lahore The road is roughly paralleled by the M 1 Motorway between Peshawar and Rawalpindi while the M 2 Motorway provides an alternate route to Lahore via the Salt Range The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the Khyber Pass with onwards connections to Kabul and Central Asia via the Salang Pass The Karakoram Highway provides access between Islamabad and western China and an alternate route to Central Asia via Kashgar in the Chinese region of Xinjiang The Islamabad Expressway connects Rawalpindi s eastern portions with the Rawal Lake and heart of Islamabad The IJP Road separates Rawalpindi s northern edge from Islamabad Motorways The M 2 motorway connects Rawalpindi to Lahore and is part of a network of motorways under construction that will continue to the port city of Karachi Rawalpindi is connected to Peshawar by the M 1 Motorway The motorway also links Rawalpindi to major cities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province such as Charsadda and Mardan The M 2 motorway offers high speed access to Lahore via the Potohar Plateau and Salt Range The M 3 Motorway branches off from the M 2 at the city of Pindi Bhattian where the M 3 offers onward connections to Faisalabad and connects to the M 4 Motorway which continues onward to Multan A new motorway network is under construction to connect Multan and Karachi as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor The Hazara Motorway is also under construction as part of CPEC and will provide control access motorway travel all the way to Mansehra via the M 1 or Grand Trunk Road Rail Rawalpindi railway station in the Saddar neighbourhood serves as a stop along Pakistan s 1 687 kilometres 1 048 mi long Main Line 1 railway that connects the city to the port city of Karachi to Peshawar The stations is served by the Awam Express Hazara Express Islamabad Express Jaffar Express Khyber Mail trains and serves as the terminus for the Margalla Express Mehr Express Rawal Express Pakistan Express Subak Raftar Express Green Line Express Sir Syed Express Subak Kharam Express and Tezgam trains The entire Main Line 1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of 3 65 billion for the first phase of the project 78 with completion by 2021 79 Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track 80 Air Rawalpindi is served by the Islamabad International Airport The airport is located 21 km west of the city It offers non stop flights throughout Pakistan as well as to the Middle East Europe North America Central Asia East Asia and Southeast Asia Administrative divisions Administrative subdivisions of Rawalpindi District The City District of Rawalpindi is sub divided into one Municipal Corporation Two Cantonment Board and Seven tehsils Rawalpindi Municipal Corporation Rawalpindi City 1 Rawalpindi Cantonment Board Rawalpindi Cantt 2 Chaklala Cantonment Board Chaklala Cantt 3 Sr Tehsil Headquarters Area km2 Population 2017 1 Taxila Taxila NA 677 9512 Rawalpindi Rawalpindi 479 2 237 0003 Gujar Khan Gujar Khan 1 466 678 5034 Kallar Syedan Kallar Syedan 421 217 2735 Kahuta Kahuta NA 220 5766 Kotli Sattian Kotli Sattian NA 119 3127 Murree Murree NA 233 471Rawalpindi also holds many private colonies that have developed themselves rapidly e g Gulraiz Housing Society Korang Town Agochs Town Ghori Town Pakistan Town Judicial Town Bahria Town 81 which is the Asia s largest private colony Kashmir Housing Society Danial Town Al Haram City Education City Gul Afshan Colony Allama Iqbal Colony Parks The gate of Paharwala Fort Ayub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on Jhelum Road It covers an area of about 2 300 acres 930 ha and has a playland lake with boating facility an aquarium and a garden restaurant Rawalpindi Public Park is on Murree Road near Shamsabad The Park was opened to the public in 1991 It has a playland for children grassy lawns fountains and flower beds In 2008 Jinnah Park was inaugurated at the heart of Rawalpindi and has since become a hotspot of activity for the city It houses a state of the art cinema Cinepax 82 a Metro Cash and Carry supermart an outlet of McDonald s gaming lounges Motion Rides and other recreational facilities The vast lawns also provide an adequate picnic spot 83 84 A view of Rawal Lake Rawalpindi is situated near the Ayub National Park formerly known as Topi Rakh keep the hat on is by the old Presidency between the Murree Brewery Co and Grand Trunk Road It covers an area of about 2 300 acres 930 ha and has a play area lake with boating facility an aquarium a garden restaurant and an open air theater This park hosts The Jungle Kingdom which is particularly popular among young residents 85 Liaquat Bagh formerly known as the company bagh East India Company s Garden is of great historical interest The first prime minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated here in 1950 Pakistan s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated here on 27 December 2007 She was the youngest and the only woman to be elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan Rawalpindi Public Park previously Nawaz Sharif Park renamed Iqbal Park in 2019 86 is located on Murree Road just opposite to the Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi The park was opened in 1991 It has a play area for children lawns fountains and flower beds A cricket stadium was built in 1992 opposite the public park Several matches in the 1996 World Cup were held on this cricket ground EconomyMain article Economy of RawalpindiEducation Govt College for Women Main article List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi Rawalpindi District is home to 2 463 government public schools out of which 1706 are primary schools 306 middle schools 334 are high schools while 117 are higher education colleges 87 97 4 of children ages 6 16 in urban areas of Rawalpindi District are enrolled in school the third highest percentage in Pakistan after Islamabad and Karachi 88 77 1 of Rawalpindi s students in Class 5 are able to read sentences in English 88 27 of children in Rawalpindi attend paid private schools 89 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Rawalpindi established in 1978 to conduct SSC and HSSC examinations Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University also known as Barani University is a renowned public university offering research and education in a number of fields and specializing in agriculture It is on the Murree Road and is placed near other landmarks of the city including the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium Rawalpindi Public Park Rawalpindi Arts Council etc Arid University is the only university providing agriculture related degrees in Rawalpindi and Islamabad citation needed Army Medical College is also known as the College of Medical Sciences and is on Abid Majid Road in Rawalpindi Separate computer labs are available for post graduate and undergraduate students Other facilities in the campus include a library cafeteria college mosque swimming pool gym squash court and auditorium There are seven hostels for male and female students near the college campus College of Electrical amp Mechanical Engineering is located on Grand Trunk Road in Rawalpindi EME is the largest constituent college of NUST 90 The campus includes all on campus facilities auditorium and conference hall accommodation and mess facilities The library is fully computerized with a collection of 70 000 volumes Rawalpindi University is on Hamayun Road in Rawalpindi Cantt it is the oldest constituent college of NUST before founded in 2022 after the Pakistani Khan government to train the members of Pakistan Armed Forces The College of Telecommunication Engineering is located on this campus The MCS library is computerized with over 55 000 volumes Rawalpindi Medical University provides education in health care It is a comprehensive state assisted institution It was established in March 1974 It has the highest enrollment of 350 students among medical colleges in Pakistan The Rawalpindi Public Library was one of the earliest private public libraries organized after separation from India The building was donated for a public library by the then Deputy Commissioner Major Davis on the initiative of philanthropist Khurshid Anwar Jilani an attorney writer and social worker However the building was confiscated for election and political campaigning during the last days of Field Marshal Ayub Khan s reign and rare manuscripts and artifacts were taken away by the influential Fatima Jinnah Women University The first ever Women University of Pakistan Gordon College Rawalpindi is one of the oldest colleges located in the heart of the city It was established in 1872 College offers Graduate and master s degree program Historically the college has been known for its cultural activities as it has one of the largest auditorium in which stage dramas and other programs were regularly conducted College remained co education until the early 1970s but after Zia ul Haq regime it was converted to boys only Foundation University RWP Campus located in new Lalazar alongside FFCB They offer mainly IT and Biotech related courses like Phd in Computer Science etc 91 circular reference Rawalpindi Women University The Rawalpindi Women University is a public university funded by the Government of Punjab The university has been running 15 BS Honors 16 Masters and 1 M Phil program successfully MediaRawalpindi being so close to the capital has an active media and newspaper climate There are over a dozen of newspaper companies based in the city including Daily Nawa i Waqt Daily Jang Daily Asas The Daily Sada e Haq Daily Express Daily Din Daily Aajkal Rawalpindi Daily Islam and Daily Pakistan in Urdu and Dawn Express Tribune Daily Times The News International and The Nation in English There are a large number of Cable TV service providers in the city such as Nayatel PTCL SA Cable Network and DWN Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has a centre in Rawalpindi Television channels based in Rawalpindi include ATV Lights Asia Aapna Channel Pothohari TV Regional language channel City 51 Pahariwood Network Regional language channel K2 TV Oxygene TV Samaa NewsRecreation I Love Rawalpindi signboard outside Punjab House In mid 2012 3D cinema The Arena started its operations in Bahria Town Phase 4 in Rawalpindi 92 93 Rawalpindi Golf Course was completed in 1926 by Rawalpindi Golf Club one of the oldest golf clubs of Pakistan The facility was initially developed as a nine hole course After several phases of development it is now a 27 hole course and the biggest in Pakistan 94 From the clubhouse there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi Major domestic golf tournaments are regularly held here Playland is another public park parallel to Ayub Park In 2019 after the Army Heritage Foundation took over Ayub park from Chaklala Cantonment Board a new amusement park called JoyLand was opened on the site of a previously failed project 95 This newly developed park has a number of rides and activities for visitors from the relaxing Ferris wheel to the daring Discovery All rides are imported and meet safety standards JoyLand is the only amusement park in Pakistan that is ISO 9001 2008 certified 96 See also Pakistan portal Punjab portalBappa Rawal Central Jail Rawalpindi Christ Church Rawalpindi Dhamial General Headquarters Pakistan Army Lal Haveli Mewar Military Hospital Rawalpindi Murree Road Pakhral Rawalpindi GazetteerNotes 1891 1941 Data for the entirety of the town of Rawalpindi which included Rawalpindi Municipality and Rawalpindi Cantonment 69 34 a b 1931 1941 Including Ad DharmisReferences Rawalpindi Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 20 December 2021 Retrieved 5 February 2022 a b Rawalpindi commissioner DC assume charge The Nation newspaper 22 January 2022 Archived from the 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