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Kashmiris

February 24, 2023

For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation).

Kashmiris (Kashmiri pronunciation: [kəːʃirʲ]) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group[5] speaking the Kashmiri language, living mostly, but not exclusively, in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India.[6][7]

Kashmiris
A Kashmiri man with his grandson
Regions with significant populations
 India (Jammu and Kashmir)6,797,587 (2011)*[1]
 Pakistan (outside Azad Kashmir)353,064 (2017)*[2]
 Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)132,450 (as per 1998 census)[3]
 Canada6,165[4]
Languages
Kashmiri
Religion
Majority:
Islam
(Sunni majority, Shia minority)
Minority:
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Aryan peoples
*The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language. May not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language.

History

Main article: History of Kashmir
For the 1954–2019 history, see Jammu and Kashmir (state) § History.

The earliest known Neolithic sites in Kashmir valley are from c. 3000 BCE. The most important sites are at Burzahom.[8][9] During the later Vedic period, the Uttara–Kurus settled in Kashmir.[10][11] In 326 BCE, Abisares, the king of Kashmir,[a] aided Porus against Alexander the Great in the Battle of Hydaspes. After the battle, Abhisares submitted to Alexander by sending him treasures and elephants.[13][14]

During the reign of Ashoka (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became part of the Maurya Empire and the city of Srinagari (Srinagar) was built.[15] Kanishka (127–151 CE), an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, conquered Kashmir.[16] In the eighth century, during the Karkota Empire, Kashmir grew as an imperial power.[17] Lalitaditya Muktapida defeated Yashovarman of Kanyakubja and conquered the eastern kingdoms of Magadha, Kamarupa, Gauda, and Kalinga. He defeated the Arabs at Sindh.[18][19][17] The Utpala dynasty, founded by Avantivarman, followed the Karkotas.[20] Queen Didda, who descended from the Hindu Shahis of Udabhandapura on her mother's side, took over as ruler in the second half of the 10th century.[17] After her death in 1003 CE the Lohara dynasty ruled the region.[21]

In 1339 Shah Mir became the ruler of Kashmir, establishing the Shah Mir dynasty. During the rule of the Shah Mir dynasty Islam spread in Kashmir. From 1586 to 1751 the Mughal Empire ruled Kashmir. The Afghan Durrani Empire ruled from 1747 until 1819. The Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir in 1819. In 1846, after the First Anglo-Sikh War, the Treaty of Lahore was signed and upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became ruler of Kashmir. The rule of the Dogra dynasty under the British Crown lasted until 1947, when the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India. It is now a disputed territory, administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.

Geographic distribution

See also: States of India by Kashmiri speakers, Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir, Kashmiris in Punjab, and Kashmiri language

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.[22] Most Kashmiris are located in the Kashmir Valley and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.[23] In the Kashmir valley, they form a majority.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir's population.[24] According to the 1998 Pakistan Census, there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.[25] Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,[26][27] particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) and Hattian (15%), with very small minorities in Haveli (5%) and Bagh (2%).[25] The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still intelligible with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.[27] In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.[27] The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly Kupwara.[27] At the 2017 Census of Pakistan, as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.[28][29]

A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman, as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu.[30][26][31][27] This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.[32][33] There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol.[34] Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.[34]

Language

The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.[35] It was a part of the eighth Schedule in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.[36]

 
 
An example of early Sharada script in the Bakhshali manuscript (left); Stone Slab in Verinag in Perso-Arabic script (right)

Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule.[37][38] In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.[39][40][41]

Kashmiri is closely related to Poguli and Kishtwari, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

Krams (surnames)

See also: Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage
 
Kashmiri Hindu priests in the 1890s

Kashmiri Hindus claim to be Saraswat Brahmins and are known by the exonym Pandit.[42] The Muslims living in Kashmir are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are designated as Kashmiri Muslims.[43] Kashmiri Muslims are descended from Kashmiri Hindus and are also known as 'Sheikhs'.[44][45][46] Both the Kashmiri Hindus and Muslim society reckons descent patrilineally. Certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line, but certain inheritances may accrue through the female line. After Kashmiri Hindus had converted to Islam they largely retained their family names (kram) which indicated their original profession, locality or community.[47] These include:

Culture

Main article: Culture of Kashmir

Music

Main article: Music of Jammu and Kashmir § Kashmir

Some traditional types of music of Kashmir are Chakri, Henzae, and Ladishah.

A traditional dance form usually performed by women on occasions like marriages and similar social functions is Rouf.[54]

Cuisine

Main article: Kashmiri cuisine

Rice is the staple food of Kashmir.[55] Meat and rice are the popular food item in Kashmir.[56]

Noon Chai or Sheer Chai and Kahwah or Kehew are beverages of Kashmir.

Kashmir is also known for its bakery tradition. Sheermal, baqerkhayn (puff pastry), lavas (unleavened bread) and kulcha are popular baked goods.[57]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Formally, "Abisares" was the ruler of Abhisaras, the people of the Poonch and Rajouri districts. Historian P. N. K. Bamzai believes his domain included Kashmir.[12]

References

  1. ^ "Abstract Of Speakers' Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues – 2011" (PDF). Census India (.gov). 2011. (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  2. ^ Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  3. ^ Shakil, Mohsin (2012), Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)
  4. ^ "Canada 2021 Census Profile". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  5. ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.
  6. ^ (a) "Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent", Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannia, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
    (b) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
  7. ^ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  8. ^ Singh 2008, pp. 111–3.
  9. ^ Kennedy 2000, p. 259.
  10. ^ Rapson 1955, p. 118.
  11. ^ Sharma 1985, p. 44.
  12. ^ Bamzai 1974, p. 68.
  13. ^ Heckel 2003, p. 48.
  14. ^ Green 1970, p. 403.
  15. ^ Sastri 1988, p. 219.
  16. ^ Chatterjee 1998, p. 199.
  17. ^ a b c Singh 2008, p. 571.
  18. ^ Majumdar 1977, pp. 260–3.
  19. ^ Wink 1991, pp. 242–5.
  20. ^ Majumdar 1977, p. 357.
  21. ^ Khan 2008, p. 58.
  22. ^ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2018. The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).
  23. ^ "Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri". Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org). Retrieved 2 June 2007.
  24. ^ Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  25. ^ a b Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  26. ^ a b Kachru, Braj B. (3 July 2002). "The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language" (PDF). Kashmiri Overseas Association. (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  27. ^ a b c d e Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640. Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.
  28. ^ Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  29. ^ Snedden, Christopher (15 September 2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0.
  30. ^ Kaw, M. K. (2004). Kashmir and It's People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. APH Publishing. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1. In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), "there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere ..." Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of the them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government.
  31. ^ Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (24 May 2016). The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 811. ISBN 978-3-11-042338-9. In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu (Dhar 2009)
  32. ^ "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". The Express Tribune. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2020. He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying.
  33. ^ Khan, Zafar Ali (20 February 2016). "Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad...
  34. ^ a b Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
  35. ^ . Central Institute of Indian Languages. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
  36. ^ (PDF). General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
  37. ^ Weber, Siegfried (1 May 2012). "kashmir iii. Persian language in the state administration". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  38. ^ Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 9781443862608.
  39. ^ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  40. ^ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  41. ^ ANI. "BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020". BW Businessworld. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  42. ^ Brower & Johnston 2016, p. 130 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBrowerJohnston2016 (help): "Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat Brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri Brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng)."
  43. ^ Kaw, M. K. (2001). Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future. APH Publishing. p. 223. ISBN 978-81-7648-236-3. The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.
  44. ^ Kaw, M. K. (2001). Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future. APH Publishing. p. 223. ISBN 978-81-7648-236-3. The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.
  45. ^ Bhasin, M.K.; Nag, Shampa (2002). "A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Journal of Human Ecology. Kamla-Raj Enterprises: 15. Retrieved 1 January 2017. Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.
  46. ^ Bhasin, M.K.; Nag, Shampa (2002). "A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Journal of Human Ecology: 16. Retrieved 1 January 2017. The Sheikhs are considered to be the descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.
  47. ^ Brower & Johnston 2016, p. 130. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBrowerJohnston2016 (help)
  48. ^ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey. 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2010. The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.
  49. ^ a b Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Dharma Publications. ISBN 9780963479860. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  50. ^ a b c Brower & Johnston 2016, p. 130 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBrowerJohnston2016 (help): "Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these"
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63. Indian History Congress. 2003. p. 867. Retrieved 30 December 2016. ...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Yatoo.....
  52. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in conflict. I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 4. ISBN 1860648983. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  53. ^ Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781315430393. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).
  54. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  55. ^ Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1994). Culture and Political History of Kashmir. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 243. ISBN 9788185880310. Rice was, as now, the staple food of Kashmiris in ancient times.
  56. ^ Kaw, M.K. (2004). Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. APH Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 9788176485371. But perhaps the most popular items of the Kashmiri cuisine were meat and rice.
  57. ^ "Kashmir has special confectionary". Thaindian.com. 13 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

Bibliography

Encyclopedia

  • Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria (2009), "Kashmir", in John L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islamic World, ISBN 9780195305135
  • Khan, Nyla Ali. Kashmir. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women.
  • West, Barbara (2010), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, ISBN 9781438119137

Scholarly books

  • Ames, Frank (1986). The Kashmir shawl and its Indo-French influence. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 9780907462620.
  • Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017), The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6260-8
  • Bose, Sumantra (2013), Transforming India, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72819-6
  • Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3154-3039-3.
  • C. Baron V. Hugel, Annotated By D.C. Sharma (1984). Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788171560943.
  • Chowdhary, Rekha (2015), Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-41405-6
  • Chen, Yu-Wen; Shih, Chih-Yu (2016), Borderland Politics in Northern India, Routledge, ISBN 9781317605171
  • Drace-Francis, Alex, European Identity: A Historical Readered. European Identity: a historical reader.] Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Fahim, Farukh (2011), "Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle", in Harsh Dobhal (ed.), Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law, 2002–2010, New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network/Socio Legal Information Centre, pp. 258–264, ISBN 9788189479787
  • Hangloo, Rattan Lal (2000), The State in Medieval Kashmir, Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-251-5
  • Jalal, Ayesha (2002), Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0
  • Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
  • Schofield, Victoria (2000), Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 9781860648984
  • Schofield, Victoria (2010), Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-0-85773-078-7
  • Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139536394
  • Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
  • Watt, George (2014). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108068796.
  • Zutshi, Chitralekha (2004), Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-700-2

Books

  • Bamzai, P. N. K. (1994), Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Ancient Kashmir, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., ISBN 978-81-85880-31-0
  • Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1994), Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir, M.D. Publications, ISBN 978-81-85880-33-4
  • Bakshi, S. R. (1997), Kashmir Through Ages, Volume 2: Kashmir - Valley and its Culture, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-85431-71-0
  • Bhandari, Mohan C. (2006), Solving Kashmir, Lancer Publishers, ISBN 978-81-7062-125-6
  • Chatterjee, Suhas (1998), Indian Civilization And Culture, M.D. Publications, ISBN 978-81-7533-083-2
  • Dar, P Krishna (2000). Kashmiri Cooking. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351181699.
  • Green, Peter (1970), Alexander of Macedon: 356-323 B.c. : a Historical Biography, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07166-7
  • Heckel, Waldemar (2003), The Wars of Alexander the Great 336–323 BC, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-49959-7
  • Kaw, M.K. (2001), Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future, APH Publishing, ISBN 9788176482363
  • Kaw, M. K. (2004), Kashmir and its People: Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society, Volume 4 of KECSS research series: Culture and heritage of Kashmir, APH Publishing, p. 90, ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8
  • Madison Books; Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC; Corby Kummer (1 November 2007). 1001 Foods To Die For. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-7043-2.
  • Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998), Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-076-7
  • Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. (2000), God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-11013-1
  • Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977), Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4
  • Parashar, Parmanand (2004), Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-518-9
  • Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2003), World Religions and Islam: A Critical Study, Part 2, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 9788176254144
  • Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2005), Saints and Saviours of Islam, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-555-4
  • Rapson, Edward James (1955), The Cambridge History of India, Cambridge University Press, GGKEY:FP2CEFT2WJH
  • Janet Rizvi (2001), Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-565817-0
  • Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1988), Age of the Nandas And Mauryas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1
  • Sharma, Subhra (1985), Life in the Upanishads, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-202-4
  • Singh, Upinder (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education India, ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0
  • Wink, André (1991), Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-09509-0
  • Solomon H. Katz; William Woys Weaver (2003). Encyclopedia of Food and Culture: Food production to Nuts. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80566-5.
  • The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1993. p. 22.

Journal articles

  • Bhasin, M.K.; Nag, Shampa (2002). "A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir"(PDF). Journal of Human Ecology
  • Downie, J.M.; Tashi, T.; Lorenzo, F.R.; Feusier, J.E.; Mir, H.; Prchal, J.T. (2016), "A Genome-Wide Search for Greek and Jewish Admixture in the Kashmiri Population", PLOS ONE, 11 (8): e0160614, Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1160614D, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160614, PMC 4973929, PMID 27490348
  • Journal of History. Department of History, Jadavpur University. 1981. p. 76.
  • The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey.
  • The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 96. The Society.

Primary sources

  • Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper (1895), The Valley of Kashmir, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-81-206-1630-1
  • Mohamed, C K. Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report.
  • Proceedings – Indian History Congress, Volume 63. Indian History Congress. 2003.
  • Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881. 1883.
  • Ram, Anant; Raina, Hira Nand (1933). Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables.
  • Sir George Watt (1903). Indian Art at Delhi 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902–1903. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0278-0.

External links

  Media related to Kashmiri people at Wikimedia Commons

February 24, 2023
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For other uses see Kashmiri disambiguation This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is extremely poor writing in some places including grammar spelling etc Please help improve this article if you can August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Kashmiris Kashmiri pronunciation keːʃirʲ are an Indo Aryan ethnolinguistic group 5 speaking the Kashmiri language living mostly but not exclusively in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir India 6 7 KashmirisA Kashmiri man with his grandsonRegions with significant populations India Jammu and Kashmir 6 797 587 2011 1 Pakistan outside Azad Kashmir 353 064 2017 2 Pakistan Azad Kashmir 132 450 as per 1998 census 3 Canada6 165 4 LanguagesKashmiriReligionMajority Islam Sunni majority Shia minority Minority Hinduism SikhismRelated ethnic groupsOther Indo Aryan peoples The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language May not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language Contents 1 History 2 Geographic distribution 3 Language 4 Krams surnames 5 Culture 5 1 Music 5 2 Cuisine 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 9 1 Encyclopedia 9 2 Scholarly books 9 3 Books 9 4 Journal articles 9 5 Primary sources 10 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Kashmir For the 1954 2019 history see Jammu and Kashmir state History The earliest known Neolithic sites in Kashmir valley are from c 3000 BCE The most important sites are at Burzahom 8 9 During the later Vedic period the Uttara Kurus settled in Kashmir 10 11 In 326 BCE Abisares the king of Kashmir a aided Porus against Alexander the Great in the Battle of Hydaspes After the battle Abhisares submitted to Alexander by sending him treasures and elephants 13 14 During the reign of Ashoka 304 232 BCE Kashmir became part of the Maurya Empire and the city of Srinagari Srinagar was built 15 Kanishka 127 151 CE an emperor of the Kushan dynasty conquered Kashmir 16 In the eighth century during the Karkota Empire Kashmir grew as an imperial power 17 Lalitaditya Muktapida defeated Yashovarman of Kanyakubja and conquered the eastern kingdoms of Magadha Kamarupa Gauda and Kalinga He defeated the Arabs at Sindh 18 19 17 The Utpala dynasty founded by Avantivarman followed the Karkotas 20 Queen Didda who descended from the Hindu Shahis of Udabhandapura on her mother s side took over as ruler in the second half of the 10th century 17 After her death in 1003 CE the Lohara dynasty ruled the region 21 In 1339 Shah Mir became the ruler of Kashmir establishing the Shah Mir dynasty During the rule of the Shah Mir dynasty Islam spread in Kashmir From 1586 to 1751 the Mughal Empire ruled Kashmir The Afghan Durrani Empire ruled from 1747 until 1819 The Sikhs under Ranjit Singh annexed Kashmir in 1819 In 1846 after the First Anglo Sikh War the Treaty of Lahore was signed and upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar the Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh became ruler of Kashmir The rule of the Dogra dynasty under the British Crown lasted until 1947 when the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India It is now a disputed territory administered by three countries India Pakistan and the People s Republic of China Geographic distribution EditSee also States of India by Kashmiri speakers Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir Kashmiris in Punjab and Kashmiri language There are about 6 8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India 22 Most Kashmiris are located in the Kashmir Valley and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir 23 In the Kashmir valley they form a majority Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir s population 24 According to the 1998 Pakistan Census there were 132 450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir 25 Native speakers of the language were dispersed in pockets throughout Azad Kashmir 26 27 particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad 15 Neelam 20 and Hattian 15 with very small minorities in Haveli 5 and Bagh 2 25 The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from although still intelligible with the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north 27 In Neelam Valley Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages where in about half of these it is the sole mother tongue 27 The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley particularly Kupwara 27 At the 2017 Census of Pakistan as many as 350 000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri 28 29 A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari Pothwari Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu 30 26 31 27 This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri 32 33 There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level in 1983 a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school level education However the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful and it is Urdu rather than Kashmiri that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol 34 Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri speaking community in Azad Kashmir 34 Language EditThe Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India 35 It was a part of the eighth Schedule in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule as well as Hindi and Urdu the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state 36 An example of early Sharada script in the Bakhshali manuscript left Stone Slab in Verinag in Perso Arabic script right Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries under the influence of Islam It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule 37 38 In 2020 Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time 39 40 41 Kashmiri is closely related to Poguli and Kishtwari which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri Krams surnames EditSee also Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage Kashmiri Hindu priests in the 1890s Kashmiri Hindus claim to be Saraswat Brahmins and are known by the exonym Pandit 42 The Muslims living in Kashmir are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are designated as Kashmiri Muslims 43 Kashmiri Muslims are descended from Kashmiri Hindus and are also known as Sheikhs 44 45 46 Both the Kashmiri Hindus and Muslim society reckons descent patrilineally Certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line but certain inheritances may accrue through the female line After Kashmiri Hindus had converted to Islam they largely retained their family names kram which indicated their original profession locality or community 47 These include Bhat Bhatt or Butt 48 49 50 51 Dhar Dar 49 50 51 Lone 51 Kaul 52 Raina 53 Mantu Mantoo Mintoo 51 Ganai 51 Tantray 51 Mattoo Pandit 50 Rajguru Rather 51 Razdan Sapru Magre Magray 51 Yatoo 51 WaniCulture Edit Kashmiri Samovar and Noon Chai Main article Culture of Kashmir Music Edit Main article Music of Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir Some traditional types of music of Kashmir are Chakri Henzae and Ladishah A traditional dance form usually performed by women on occasions like marriages and similar social functions is Rouf 54 Cuisine Edit Main article Kashmiri cuisine Rice is the staple food of Kashmir 55 Meat and rice are the popular food item in Kashmir 56 Noon Chai or Sheer Chai and Kahwah or Kehew are beverages of Kashmir Kashmir is also known for its bakery tradition Sheermal baqerkhayn puff pastry lavas unleavened bread and kulcha are popular baked goods 57 See also EditList of Kashmiris Kashmiri diaspora Kashmiri Hindus Kashmiri Shaikh Kashmiriyat 1931 Kashmir agitation 1941 Census of Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir conflict All Parties Hurriyat Conference Elections in Jammu and Kashmir Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of IsraelNotes Edit Formally Abisares was the ruler of Abhisaras the people of the Poonch and Rajouri districts Historian P N K Bamzai believes his domain included Kashmir 12 References Edit Abstract Of Speakers Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues 2011 PDF Census India gov 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 15 August 2020 Retrieved 17 March 2020 Kiani Khaleeq 28 May 2018 CCI defers approval of census results until elections DAWN COM Archived from the original on 15 September 2020 Retrieved 17 March 2020 Shakil Mohsin 2012 Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir A Preliminary Study Canada 2021 Census Profile Census Profile 2021 Census Statistics Canada Statistique Canada 7 May 2021 Retrieved 3 January 2023 Gupta Jyoti Bhusan Das 6 December 2012 Jammu and Kashmir Springer p 14 ISBN 978 94 011 9231 6 a Kashmir region Indian subcontinent Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannia retrieved 15 August 2019 subscription required Quote Kashmir region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas Azad Kashmir Gilgit and Baltistan the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh the easternmost portion of the region since 1962 b Kashmir Encyclopedia Americana Scholastic Library Publishing 2006 p 328 ISBN 978 0 7172 0139 6 C E Bosworth University of Manchester Quote KASHMIR kash mer the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent administered partly by India partly by Pakistan and partly by China The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947 Osmanczyk Edmund Jan 2003 Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements G to M Taylor amp Francis pp 1191 ISBN 978 0 415 93922 5 Quote Jammu and Kashmir Territory in northwestern India subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan It has borders with Pakistan and China Singh 2008 pp 111 3 Kennedy 2000 p 259 Rapson 1955 p 118 Sharma 1985 p 44 Bamzai 1974 p 68 sfn error no target CITEREFBamzai1974 help Heckel 2003 p 48 Green 1970 p 403 Sastri 1988 p 219 Chatterjee 1998 p 199 a b c Singh 2008 p 571 Majumdar 1977 pp 260 3 Wink 1991 pp 242 5 Majumdar 1977 p 357 Khan 2008 p 58 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 PDF Retrieved 2 July 2018 The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6 554 36 for Kashmiri as a mother tongue and 6 797 587 for Kashmiri as a language which includes closely related smaller dialects languages Koshur An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri Kashmir News Network Language Section koshur org Retrieved 2 June 2007 Bukhari Shujaat 14 June 2011 The other Kashmir The Hindu Retrieved 24 October 2020 a b Shakil Mohsin 2012 Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir A Preliminary Study University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir Retrieved 24 October 2020 a b Kachru Braj B 3 July 2002 The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language PDF Kashmiri Overseas Association Archived PDF from the original on 19 June 2018 Retrieved 24 October 2020 a b c d e Akhtar Raja Nasim Rehman Khawaja A 2007 The Languages of the Neelam Valley Kashmir Journal of Language Research 10 1 65 84 ISSN 1028 6640 Additionally Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad Kiani Khaleeq 28 May 2018 CCI defers approval of census results until elections DAWN COM Retrieved 17 March 2020 Snedden Christopher 15 September 2015 Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris Oxford University Press p 33 ISBN 978 1 84904 622 0 Kaw M K 2004 Kashmir and It s People Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society APH Publishing pp 328 329 ISBN 978 81 7648 537 1 In parts of Pakistan as a Pakistani scholar Rahman observes 1996 225 226 there are pockets of Kashmiri speaking people in Azad Kashmir Pakistan occupied Kashmir and elsewhere Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too as most of the them Kashmiris are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi Most literate people use Urdu since in both Azad and Indian held Kashmir Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government Hock Hans Henrich Bashir Elena 24 May 2016 The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia A Comprehensive Guide Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 811 ISBN 978 3 11 042338 9 In Pakistan controlled Kashmir Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu Dhar 2009 Up north Call for exploration of archaeological sites The Express Tribune 4 June 2015 Retrieved 24 October 2020 He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages which were spoken in the Neelum Valley were on the verge of dying Khan Zafar Ali 20 February 2016 Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death The Express Tribune Retrieved 25 October 2020 Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri said pluralistic and tolerance promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth He said that after a few decades not a single Kashmiri speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad a b Rahman Tariq 1996 Language and politics in Pakistan Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 577692 8 Scheduled Languages of India Central Institute of Indian Languages Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 Retrieved 2 June 2007 The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir India PDF General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu amp Kashmir India Archived from the original PDF on 7 May 2012 Retrieved 2 June 2007 Weber Siegfried 1 May 2012 kashmir iii Persian language in the state administration Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 5 February 2022 Bhat M Ashraf 2017 The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 75 ISBN 9781443862608 The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act 2020 PDF The Gazette of India 27 September 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill 2020 Rising Kashmir 23 September 2020 Retrieved 23 September 2020 ANI BJP president congratulates J K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020 BW Businessworld Retrieved 27 June 2021 Brower amp Johnston 2016 p 130harvnb error multiple targets 2 CITEREFBrowerJohnston2016 help Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat Brahmins known by the exonym Pandit the endonym being Batta a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri Brahmins in Mughal service Their surnames kram designate their original professions or their ancestors nicknames e g Hakim Kaul Dhar Raina Teng Kaw M K 2001 Kashmiri Pandits Looking to the Future APH Publishing p 223 ISBN 978 81 7648 236 3 The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims both sharing their habitat language dress food and other habits Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane Kaw M K 2001 Kashmiri Pandits Looking to the Future APH Publishing p 223 ISBN 978 81 7648 236 3 The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims both sharing their habitat language dress food and other habits Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane Bhasin M K Nag Shampa 2002 A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir PDF Journal of Human Ecology Kamla Raj Enterprises 15 Retrieved 1 January 2017 Thus the two population groups Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population came to differ from each other in faith and customs Bhasin M K Nag Shampa 2002 A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir PDF Journal of Human Ecology 16 Retrieved 1 January 2017 The Sheikhs are considered to be the descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims professing Sunni faith the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state Brower amp Johnston 2016 p 130 sfn error multiple targets 2 CITEREFBrowerJohnston2016 help The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India Volume 52 The Survey 2003 Retrieved 2 December 2010 The But Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine a b Explore Kashmiri Pandits Dharma Publications ISBN 9780963479860 Retrieved 2 December 2010 a b c Brower amp Johnston 2016 p 130harvnb error multiple targets 2 CITEREFBrowerJohnston2016 help Sheikh local converts subdivided into numerous subgroups Most largely retain their family names or patronyms kram indicating their original profession locality or community such as Khar carpenter Pampori a place Butt and Pandit Brahmin Dar kshatriya but with increasing Islamization some have dropped these a b c d e f g h i Proceedings Indian History Congress Volume 63 Indian History Congress 2003 p 867 Retrieved 30 December 2016 the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste names known as Krams e g Tantre Nayak Magre Rather Lone Bat Dar Parray Mantu Yatoo Schofield Victoria 2003 Kashmir in conflict I B Tauris amp Co p 4 ISBN 1860648983 Retrieved 25 June 2012 Brower Barbara Johnston Barbara Rose 2016 Disappearing Peoples Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia Routledge ISBN 9781315430393 Their surnames kram designate their original professions or their ancestors nicknames e g Hakim Kaul Dhar Raina Teng Folk Dances of Kashmir Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2022 Bamzai Prithivi Nath Kaul 1994 Culture and Political History of Kashmir M D Publications Pvt Ltd p 243 ISBN 9788185880310 Rice was as now the staple food of Kashmiris in ancient times Kaw M K 2004 Kashmir and Its People Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society APH Publishing p 98 ISBN 9788176485371 But perhaps the most popular items of the Kashmiri cuisine were meat and rice Kashmir has special confectionary Thaindian com 13 March 2008 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Bibliography EditEncyclopedia Edit Amin Tahir Schofield Victoria 2009 Kashmir in John L Esposito ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islamic World ISBN 9780195305135 Khan Nyla Ali Kashmir The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women West Barbara 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania ISBN 9781438119137Scholarly books Edit Ames Frank 1986 The Kashmir shawl and its Indo French influence Antique Collectors Club ISBN 9780907462620 Bhat M Ashraf 2017 The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978 1 4438 6260 8 Bose Sumantra 2013 Transforming India Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 72819 6 Brower Barbara Johnston Barbara Rose 2016 Disappearing Peoples Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia Routledge ISBN 978 1 3154 3039 3 C Baron V Hugel Annotated By D C Sharma 1984 Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh Atlantic Publishers amp Distributors Pvt Ltd ISBN 9788171560943 Chowdhary Rekha 2015 Jammu and Kashmir Politics of Identity and Separatism Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 41405 6 Chen Yu Wen Shih Chih Yu 2016 Borderland Politics in Northern India Routledge ISBN 9781317605171 Drace Francis Alex European Identity A Historical Readered European Identity a historical reader Palgrave Macmillan 2013 Fahim Farukh 2011 Centuries Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle in Harsh Dobhal ed Writings on Human Rights Law and Society in India A Combat Law Anthology Selections from Combat Law 2002 2010 New Delhi Human Rights Law Network Socio Legal Information Centre pp 258 264 ISBN 9788189479787 Hangloo Rattan Lal 2000 The State in Medieval Kashmir Manohar ISBN 978 81 7304 251 5 Jalal Ayesha 2002 Self and Sovereignty Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 59937 0 Rai Mridu 2004 Hindu Rulers Muslim Subjects Islam Rights and the History of Kashmir C Hurst amp Co ISBN 1850656614 Schofield Victoria 2000 Kashmir in Conflict London and New York I B Taurus amp Co ISBN 9781860648984 Schofield Victoria 2010 Kashmir in Conflict India Pakistan and the Unending War I B Tauris ISBN 978 0 85773 078 7 Sevea Iqbal Singh 2012 The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139536394 Snedden Christopher 2015 Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris Oxford University Press ISBN 978 1 84904 342 7 Watt George 2014 A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India Part 2 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108068796 Zutshi Chitralekha 2004 Languages of Belonging Islam Regional Identity and the Making of Kashmir C Hurst amp Co Publishers ISBN 978 1 85065 700 2Books Edit Bamzai P N K 1994 Culture and Political History of Kashmir Ancient Kashmir M D Publications Pvt Ltd ISBN 978 81 85880 31 0 Bamzai Prithivi Nath Kaul 1994 Culture and Political History of Kashmir Medieval Kashmir M D Publications ISBN 978 81 85880 33 4 Bakshi S R 1997 Kashmir Through Ages Volume 2 Kashmir Valley and its Culture Sarup amp Sons ISBN 978 81 85431 71 0 Bhandari Mohan C 2006 Solving Kashmir Lancer Publishers ISBN 978 81 7062 125 6 Chatterjee Suhas 1998 Indian Civilization And Culture M D Publications ISBN 978 81 7533 083 2 Dar P Krishna 2000 Kashmiri Cooking Penguin UK ISBN 9789351181699 Green Peter 1970 Alexander of Macedon 356 323 B c a Historical Biography University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 07166 7 Heckel Waldemar 2003 The Wars of Alexander the Great 336 323 BC Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 203 49959 7 Kaw M K 2001 Kashmiri Pandits Looking to the Future APH Publishing ISBN 9788176482363 Kaw M K 2004 Kashmir and its People Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society Volume 4 of KECSS research series Culture and heritage of Kashmir APH Publishing p 90 ISBN 978 81 7648 537 1 Khan Iqtidar Alam 2008 Historical Dictionary of Medieval India Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 5503 8 Madison Books Andrews McMeel Publishing LLC Corby Kummer 1 November 2007 1001 Foods To Die For Andrews McMeel Publishing ISBN 978 0 7407 7043 2 Haṇḍa Omacanda 1998 Textiles Costumes and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya Indus Publishing ISBN 978 81 7387 076 7 Kennedy Kenneth A R 2000 God Apes and Fossil Men Paleoanthropology of South Asia University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 11013 1 Majumdar Ramesh Chandra 1977 Ancient India Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0436 4 Parashar Parmanand 2004 Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia Sarup amp Sons ISBN 978 81 7625 518 9 Rafiabadi Hamid Naseem 2003 World Religions and Islam A Critical Study Part 2 Sarup amp Sons ISBN 9788176254144 Rafiabadi Hamid Naseem 2005 Saints and Saviours of Islam Sarup amp Sons ISBN 978 81 7625 555 4 Rapson Edward James 1955 The Cambridge History of India Cambridge University Press GGKEY FP2CEFT2WJH Janet Rizvi 2001 Trans Himalayan Caravans Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 565817 0 Sastri K A Nilakanta 1988 Age of the Nandas And Mauryas Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0466 1 Sharma Subhra 1985 Life in the Upanishads Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 81 7017 202 4 Singh Upinder 2008 A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century Pearson Education India ISBN 978 81 317 1120 0 Wink Andre 1991 Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 09509 0 Solomon H Katz William Woys Weaver 2003 Encyclopedia of Food and Culture Food production to Nuts Scribner ISBN 978 0 684 80566 5 The Panjab Past and Present Department of Punjab Historical Studies Punjabi University 1993 p 22 Journal articles Edit Bhasin M K Nag Shampa 2002 A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir PDF Journal of Human Ecology Downie J M Tashi T Lorenzo F R Feusier J E Mir H Prchal J T 2016 A Genome Wide Search for Greek and Jewish Admixture in the Kashmiri Population PLOS ONE 11 8 e0160614 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1160614D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0160614 PMC 4973929 PMID 27490348 Journal of History Department of History Jadavpur University 1981 p 76 The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India Volume 52 The Survey The quarterly journal of the Mythic society Bangalore Volume 96 The Society Primary sources Edit Lawrence Sir Walter Roper 1895 The Valley of Kashmir Asian Educational Services ISBN 978 81 206 1630 1 Mohamed C K Census of India 1921 Vol XXII Kashmir Part I Report Proceedings Indian History Congress Volume 63 Indian History Congress 2003 Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881 1883 Ram Anant Raina Hira Nand 1933 Census of India 1931 Vol XXIV Jammu and Kashmir State Part II Imperial and State Tables Sir George Watt 1903 Indian Art at Delhi 1903 Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902 1903 Motilal Banarsidass Publ ISBN 978 81 208 0278 0 External links Edit Media related to Kashmiri people at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kashmiris amp oldid 1141181536, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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