Anjum Sultan Shahbaz, a Pakistani author, recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as:[7]
Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing beside the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas.
However, some writers[who?] believe that when Mughal prince Dara-e-Azam reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles, he fixed his flag at that place and called it Ja-e-Alam (Persian: جا علم, lit. 'Place of the Flag'). As time passed, the name Ja-e-Alam became Jhelum in its modern form.[citation needed]
The Sanskrit name of this river is Vitástā. The river's name is derived from an apocryphal legend regarding the origin of the river as explained in the Nilamata Purana. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river, Vyath.
History
A passenger traversing the river precariously seated in a small suspended cradle Circa 1900
Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in BC 326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River, where he defeated an Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bukephalus or Bucephalus which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City. According to a historian of Gujrat district, Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephalus was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their tehsilPhalia was named after Alexander's dead horse, saying that the name Phalia was a distortion of Bucephala. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus Waters Treaty.[8]
Mythology
The river was regarded as a god by the ancient Greeks, as were most mountains and streams; the poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca (section 26, line 350) makes the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra. He was the brother of Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the Harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river. According to the Nilmata Purana, Hindu goddess Parvati was requested by the sage Kasyapa to come to Kashmir for purification of the land from evil practices and impurities of Pisachas living there. Goddess Parvati then assumed the form of a river in the Nether World. Then Lord Shiva made a stroke with his spear near the abode of Nila (Verinag Spring). By that stroke of the spear, Goddess Parvati came out of the Nether World. Shiva himself named her as Vitasta. He had excavated with the spear a ditch measuring one Vitasti (a particular measure of length defined either as a long span between the extended thumb and little finger, or as the distance between the wrist and the tip of the fingers, and said to be about 9 inches), through which the river – gone to the Nether World – had come out, so she was given the name Vitástā by him.[9]
The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following:
Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5,900,000 acre-feet (7.3 km3)
Karot Hydropower Project, is an under-construction concrete-core rockfill gravity large dam in Pakistan, with a planned installed capacity of 720 MW.
Rasul Barrage, constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).
Trimmu Barrage, constructed in 1939 some 20 km from Jhang Sadar at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
Haranpur (Victoria Bridge) Constructed in 1933 Approximate 5 km from Malakwal near Chak Nizam Village. Its length is 1 km mainly used by Pakistan Railways but there is a passage for light vehicles, motorcycles, cycles and pedestrians at one side.
The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal (Pakistan)|Chashma]]-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the Chashma Barrage on the Indus River to the Jhelum river downstream of Rasul Barrage. This is 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Mari Shah Sakhira town.
Gallery
Jhelum river, Baramullah, Kashmir, 1880s
Jhelum River c. 1900; photo taken by Eugene Whitehead Esq.
^The Quarterly Review. Murray. 1816. p. 170. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^Bakshi, S. R. (1997). Kashmir Through Ages (5 Vol). Sarup & Sons. p. 110. ISBN9788185431710. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^Rapson, E. J. (9 June 2011). Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN9780521229371.
^Naqvi, Saiyid Ali (November 2012). Indus Waters and Social Change: The Evolution and Transition of Agrarian Society in Pakistan. Oxford University Press Pakistan. p. 10. ISBN9780199063963. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir. Arihant Publications (India) Ltd. November 2012. p. 35. ISBN9789313169161. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
^Jhelum River -- Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2013-10-04.
^Shahbaz, Anjum Sultan (2003). Tārīkh-i Jihlam (in Urdu). Main Bazar, Jhelum: Buk Kārnar [Book Corner]. OCLC 60589679.
^"India fast-tracks work on Jhelum river hydroelectric power project". Retrieved 25 May 2010.
jhelum, river, hong, kong, shan, river, hydaspes, redirects, here, historic, battle, battle, hydaspes, mythological, character, hydaspes, mythology, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citati. For the Jhelum River in Hong Kong see Tan Shan River Hydaspes redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes For the mythological character see Hydaspes mythology This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Jhelum River news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Jhelum River dʒʰeːlem is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent It originates at Verinag and flows through the Indian administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the Pakistani administered territory of Kashmir and then into the Pakistani province of Punjab It is the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region and flows through the Kashmir Valley It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 kilometres 450 mi 6 JhelumHydaspes 1 Bidaspes 2 Vitasta 3 Bihat Wihat Bihatab Biyatta Jailam 4 Vyath 5 Jhelum River photographed in Pakistan c 2006Map showing the Jhelum s watercourse 1 LocationCountriesIndia PakistanPhysical characteristicsSource locationVerinag SpringMouth locationChenab River at trimmu Jhang DistrictLength725 km 450 mi Discharge average1 026 6 m3 s 36 250 cu ft s near Mangla Dam minimum234 19 m3 s 8 270 cu ft s near Mangla Dam maximum26 419 13 m3 s 932 983 cu ft s near Mangla Dam Discharge average313 19 m3 s 11 060 cu ft s near Domel Discharge average229 20 m3 s 8 094 cu ft s near Baramulla Basin featuresRiver systemIndus RiverTributaries leftPoonch River Sukhnag River rightArpath River Lidder River Neelum River Sind River Kunhar River Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Mythology 4 Course 5 Lakes 6 Dams and barrages 7 Canals 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External linksEtymology Edit Verinag Spring is a major source of Jhelum RiverAnjum Sultan Shahbaz a Pakistani author recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh e Jhelum as 7 Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal pure water and Ham snow The name thus refers to the waters of a river flowing beside the city which have their origins in the snow capped Himalayas However some writers who believe that when Mughal prince Dara e Azam reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles he fixed his flag at that place and called it Ja e Alam Persian جا علم lit Place of the Flag As time passed the name Ja e Alam became Jhelum in its modern form citation needed The Sanskrit name of this river is Vitasta The river s name is derived from an apocryphal legend regarding the origin of the river as explained in the Nilamata Purana The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river Vyath History Edit A passenger traversing the river precariously seated in a small suspended cradle Circa 1900 The river Jhelum is called Hydaspes Greek Ydasphs by the ancient Greeks Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in BC 326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River where he defeated an Indian king Porus According to Arrian Anabasis 29 he built a city on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes which he named Bukephala or Bucephala to honour his famous horse Bukephalus or Bucephalus which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City According to a historian of Gujrat district Mansoor Behzad Butt Bukephalus was buried in Jalalpur Sharif but the people of Mandi Bahauddin a district close to Jehlum believed that their tehsil Phalia was named after Alexander s dead horse saying that the name Phalia was a distortion of Bucephala The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus Waters Treaty 8 Mythology EditThe river was regarded as a god by the ancient Greeks as were most mountains and streams the poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca section 26 line 350 makes the Hydaspes a titan descended god the son of the sea god Thaumas and the cloud goddess Elektra He was the brother of Iris the goddess of the rainbow and half brother to the Harpies the snatching winds Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks it is not clear whether they named the river after the god or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river According to the Nilmata Purana Hindu goddess Parvati was requested by the sage Kasyapa to come to Kashmir for purification of the land from evil practices and impurities of Pisachas living there Goddess Parvati then assumed the form of a river in the Nether World Then Lord Shiva made a stroke with his spear near the abode of Nila Verinag Spring By that stroke of the spear Goddess Parvati came out of the Nether World Shiva himself named her as Vitasta He had excavated with the spear a ditch measuring one Vitasti a particular measure of length defined either as a long span between the extended thumb and little finger or as the distance between the wrist and the tip of the fingers and said to be about 9 inches through which the river gone to the Nether World had come out so she was given the name Vitasta by him 9 Course EditThe river Jhelum rises from Verinag Spring situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the southeastern part of the Kashmir Valley administered by India It is joined by its tributaries Lidder River near village Mirgund at Khanabal Veshaw River at Sangam in Anantnag Sind River at Shadipora and Pohru River at Doabgah in Sopore in Jammu and Kashmir It flows through Srinagar and Wular Lake before entering Pakistan administered Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge The Neelum River the largest tributary of the Jhelum joins it at Domel Muzaffarabad as does the next largest the Kunhar River of Kaghan Valley It is then joined by the Poonch River and flows into the Mangla Dam reservoir in the Mirpur District The Jhelum enters Pakistani Punjab in the Jhelum District From there it flows through the plains of Pakistan s Punjab forming the boundary between the Jech and Sindh Sagar Doabs It ends in a confluence with the Chenab River at Trimmu in the Jhang District The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot Most of the villages and important cities in Kashmir valley are situated on the banks of Jhelum 10 Lakes EditWular Lake Dal Lake Manasbal Lake Gangabal Lake Nigeen Lake Anchar Lake Khanpursar Gil SarDams and barrages EditThe river has rich power generation potential in India Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project including the following Mangla Dam completed in 1967 is one of the largest earth fill dams in the world with a storage capacity of 5 900 000 acre feet 7 3 km3 Karot Hydropower Project is an under construction concrete core rockfill gravity large dam in Pakistan with a planned installed capacity of 720 MW Rasul Barrage constructed in 1967 has a maximum flow of 850 000 ft s 24 000 m s Trimmu Barrage constructed in 1939 some 20 km from Jhang Sadar at the confluence with the Chenab has maximum discharge capacity of 645 000 ft s 18 000 m s Haranpur Victoria Bridge Constructed in 1933 Approximate 5 km from Malakwal near Chak Nizam Village Its length is 1 km mainly used by Pakistan Railways but there is a passage for light vehicles motorcycles cycles and pedestrians at one side Uri Dam with 480 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir 11 Uri Dam II with 240 MW HYdro electric station is also located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir 12 Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant with 330 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir 13 Canals EditThe Canals in and around the city of Srinagar The Upper Jhelum Canal runs from Mangla Dam to the Chenab The Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal Pakistan Chashma Jhelum Link Canal runs from the Chashma Barrage on the Indus River to the Jhelum river downstream of Rasul Barrage This is 40 kilometres 25 mi from Mari Shah Sakhira town Gallery Edit Jhelum river Baramullah Kashmir 1880s Jhelum River c 1900 photo taken by Eugene Whitehead Esq Jhelum River at Uri in Kashmir 1903 Rope Bridge at Karli 1908 Bridge over the river Srinagar 1969 Jhelum river near Muzaffarabad 2014 File River Jehlum Muzaffarabad Near Muzaffarabad 2014 The Jhelum at Verinag 2014 Jhelum River at Jhelum City 2005See also EditRivers of Jammu and Kashmir Beas River Indus River Ravi River Satluj River Chenab RiverNotes EditReferences Edit The Quarterly Review Murray 1816 p 170 Retrieved 17 March 2017 Bakshi S R 1997 Kashmir Through Ages 5 Vol Sarup amp Sons p 110 ISBN 9788185431710 Retrieved 17 March 2017 Rapson E J 9 June 2011 Ancient India From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD Cambridge University Press p 171 ISBN 9780521229371 Naqvi Saiyid Ali November 2012 Indus Waters and Social Change The Evolution and Transition of Agrarian Society in Pakistan Oxford University Press Pakistan p 10 ISBN 9780199063963 Retrieved 17 March 2017 Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir Arihant Publications India Ltd November 2012 p 35 ISBN 9789313169161 Retrieved 6 November 2021 Jhelum River Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved on 2013 10 04 Shahbaz Anjum Sultan 2003 Tarikh i Jihlam in Urdu Main Bazar Jhelum Buk Karnar Book Corner OCLC 60589679 India fast tracks work on Jhelum river hydroelectric power project Retrieved 25 May 2010 The Nilamata Purana English Translation by Dr Ved Kumari Ghai verses 247 261 District Survey Report On Kashmir PDF District Survey Report NHPC Limited Projects Power Stations Uri I www nhpcindia com Retrieved 14 February 2021 NHPC Limited Projects Power Stations Uri II www nhpcindia com Retrieved 14 February 2021 NHPC Limited Projects Power Stations Kishanganga www nhpcindia com Retrieved 14 February 2021 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jhelum River Livius org pictures of the Hydaspes Coordinates 31 12 N 72 08 E 31 200 N 72 133 E 31 200 72 133 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jhelum River amp oldid 1130936750, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
