Kaurava is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic Mahabharata. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena are the most popular among the brothers. They also had a sister named Dussala and a half-brother named Yuyutsu.
Kaurava army (left) faces the Pandavas. A 17th-18th century painting from Mewar, Rajasthan.
The term Kauravas is used in the Mahabharata with two meanings:
The wider meaning is used to represent all the descendants of Kuru. This meaning, which includes the Pandava brothers, is often used in the earlier parts of popular renditions of the Mahabharata.[1]
The narrower but more common meaning is used to represent the elder line of the descendants of Kuru. This restricts it to the children of King Dhritarashtra, excluding the children of his younger brother, Pandu, whose children form the Pandava line.
The rest of this article deals with the Kaurava in the narrower sense, that is, the children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari. When referring to these children, a more specific term is also used – Dhārtarāṣṭra (Sanskrit: धार्तराष्ट्र), a derivative of Dhritarashtra.[citation needed]
Birth of Kauravas
After Gandhari was married to Dhritarashtra, she wrapped a cloth over her eyes and vowed to share the darkness that her husband lived in. Once Sage Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa came to visit Gandhari in Hastinapur and she took great care of the comforts of the great saint and saw that he had a pleasant stay in Hastinapur. The saint was pleased with Gandhari and granted her a boon. Gandhari wished for one hundred sons who would be as powerful as her husband. Dwaipayan Vyasa granted her the boon and in due course of time, Gandhari found herself to be pregnant. But two years passed and still, the baby was not born.[2] Meanwhile, Kunti received a son from Yama whom she called Yudhishthira. After two years of pregnancy, Gandhari gave birth to a hard piece of lifeless flesh that was not a baby at all. Gandhari was devastated as she had expected a hundred sons according to the blessing of Rishi Vyasa. She was about to throw away the piece of flesh while Rishi Vyasa appeared and told her that his blessings could not have been in vain and asked Gandhari to arrange for one hundred jars to be filled with ghee. He told Gandhari that he would cut the piece of flesh into a hundred pieces and place them in the jars, which would then develop into the one hundred sons that she so desired. Gandhari told Vyasa then that she also wanted to have a daughter. Vyasa agreed, cut the piece of flesh into one hundred and one-pieces, and placed them each into a jar. After two more years of patient waiting the jars were ready to be opened and were kept in a cave. Bhima was born on the same day on which Duryodhana was born thus making them of the same age. Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva were born after Duryodhana was born.[3]
Children of Dhritarashtra
The children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari are also referred by a more specific and frequently encountered term - Dhārtarāṣṭra, a derivative of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhritarashtra).[dubious – discuss]
According to the epic, Gandhari wanted a hundred sons and Vyasa granted her a boon that she would have these. Another version says that she was unable to have any children for a long time and she eventually became pregnant but did not deliver for two years, after which she gave birth to a lump of flesh. Vyasa cut this lump into a hundred and one-pieces and these eventually developed into a hundred boys and one girl.[4]
The birth of these children is relevant to the dispute over the succession of the kingdom's throne. It attributes the late birth of Duryodhana, the eldest son of Dhritarashtra, despite his father's early marriage and legitimizes the case for his cousin Yudhishthira to claim the throne, since he could claim to be the eldest of his generation. All the sons of Dhritarashtra (excluding Yuyutsu) were killed in the Battle of Kurukshetra.
Names of the Kauravas
The Mahabharata notes the names of all Kauravas, of which only Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena play a significant role. The Kauravas also had a half-brother, Yuyutsu, and a sister, Duhsala.
All the 100 Kauravas were mentioned to have wives in the Adi Parva.[6] Some of them had children - Duryodhana was mentioned to have a Kalinga princess as his wife, named in folklores as Mayuri. They had 3 children - a son Laxman Kumara and two daughters named Lakshmana and one unnamed daughter. Lakshman Kumar participated in the Kurukshetra War and killed Shikhandi's son Kshatradeva on the 12th day of the war. He is killed by Abhimanyu on the 13th day of the War. Lakshmana was said to have married Krishna's son Samba, and they had a son Ushneek. Dushasana was also said to have two sons, who killed Abhimanyu in the war. Dushasana's first son was ultimately killed by Shrutasena in the War. Dushasan's second son was killed by Abhimanyu and Dushasan also had an unnamed daughter. Chitrasena's son was said to have been killed by Shrutakarma in the Kurukshetra War. Chitrasena also had an unnamed daughter. However, it was mentioned that all these sons of the Kauravas were killed by the sons of the Pandavas.
In literature
Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) narrates the Jain version of their story.[7]
^Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1872). A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages. Clarendon Press.
kaurava, sanskrit, term, which, refers, descendants, kuru, legendary, king, india, ancestor, many, characters, epic, mahabharata, usually, term, used, sons, king, dhritarashtra, wife, gandhari, duryodhana, dushasana, vikarna, chitrasena, most, popular, among, . Kaurava is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic Mahabharata Usually the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna and Chitrasena are the most popular among the brothers They also had a sister named Dussala and a half brother named Yuyutsu Kaurava army left faces the Pandavas A 17th 18th century painting from Mewar Rajasthan Contents 1 Etymology 2 Birth of Kauravas 3 Children of Dhritarashtra 4 Names of the Kauravas 5 Marriages and children of Kauravas 6 In literature 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Reference 10 Sources 11 External linksEtymology EditThe term Kauravas is used in the Mahabharata with two meanings The wider meaning is used to represent all the descendants of Kuru This meaning which includes the Pandava brothers is often used in the earlier parts of popular renditions of the Mahabharata 1 The narrower but more common meaning is used to represent the elder line of the descendants of Kuru This restricts it to the children of King Dhritarashtra excluding the children of his younger brother Pandu whose children form the Pandava line The rest of this article deals with the Kaurava in the narrower sense that is the children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari When referring to these children a more specific term is also used Dhartaraṣṭra Sanskrit ध र तर ष ट र a derivative of Dhritarashtra citation needed Birth of Kauravas EditAfter Gandhari was married to Dhritarashtra she wrapped a cloth over her eyes and vowed to share the darkness that her husband lived in Once Sage Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa came to visit Gandhari in Hastinapur and she took great care of the comforts of the great saint and saw that he had a pleasant stay in Hastinapur The saint was pleased with Gandhari and granted her a boon Gandhari wished for one hundred sons who would be as powerful as her husband Dwaipayan Vyasa granted her the boon and in due course of time Gandhari found herself to be pregnant But two years passed and still the baby was not born 2 Meanwhile Kunti received a son from Yama whom she called Yudhishthira After two years of pregnancy Gandhari gave birth to a hard piece of lifeless flesh that was not a baby at all Gandhari was devastated as she had expected a hundred sons according to the blessing of Rishi Vyasa She was about to throw away the piece of flesh while Rishi Vyasa appeared and told her that his blessings could not have been in vain and asked Gandhari to arrange for one hundred jars to be filled with ghee He told Gandhari that he would cut the piece of flesh into a hundred pieces and place them in the jars which would then develop into the one hundred sons that she so desired Gandhari told Vyasa then that she also wanted to have a daughter Vyasa agreed cut the piece of flesh into one hundred and one pieces and placed them each into a jar After two more years of patient waiting the jars were ready to be opened and were kept in a cave Bhima was born on the same day on which Duryodhana was born thus making them of the same age Arjuna Nakula and Sahadeva were born after Duryodhana was born 3 Children of Dhritarashtra EditThe children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari are also referred by a more specific and frequently encountered term Dhartaraṣṭra a derivative of Dhṛtaraṣṭra Dhritarashtra dubious discuss According to the epic Gandhari wanted a hundred sons and Vyasa granted her a boon that she would have these Another version says that she was unable to have any children for a long time and she eventually became pregnant but did not deliver for two years after which she gave birth to a lump of flesh Vyasa cut this lump into a hundred and one pieces and these eventually developed into a hundred boys and one girl 4 The birth of these children is relevant to the dispute over the succession of the kingdom s throne It attributes the late birth of Duryodhana the eldest son of Dhritarashtra despite his father s early marriage and legitimizes the case for his cousin Yudhishthira to claim the throne since he could claim to be the eldest of his generation All the sons of Dhritarashtra excluding Yuyutsu were killed in the Battle of Kurukshetra Names of the Kauravas EditThe Mahabharata notes the names of all Kauravas of which only Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna and Chitrasena play a significant role The Kauravas also had a half brother Yuyutsu and a sister Duhsala Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna Chitrasena Upachitran Suvarma Dussaha Jalagandha Sama Saha Vindha Anuvindha Durdharsha Subahu Dushpradarshan Durmarshan Durmukha Dushkarna karna Salan Sathwa Sulochan Chithra Chitraksha Charuchithra Sarasana Durmada Durviga Vivitsu Viktana Urnanabha Sunabha Nanda Upananda Chitravarma Suvarma Durvimochan Ayobahu Mahabahu Chitranga Chitrakundala Bhimvega Bhimba Balaki Balvardhana Ugrayudha Sushena Kundhadhara Mahodara Chithrayudha Nishangi Pashi Vridaraka Dridhavarma Dridhakshatra Somakirti Anudara Dridasandha Jarasangha Sathyasandha Sadas Suvak Ugrasarva Ugrasena Senani Dushparajai Aparajit Kundusai Vishalaksha Duradhara Dridhahastha Suhastha Vatvega Suvarcha Aadiyaketu Bahvasi Nagaadat Agrayayi Kavachi Kradhan Kundi Kundadhara Dhanurdhara Bhimaratha Virabahi Alolupa Abhaya Raudrakarma Dhridarathasraya Anaghrushya Kundhabhedi Viravi Chitrakundala Dirghlochan Pramati Veeryavan Dirgharoma Dirghabhu Kundashi Virjasa 5 Marriages and children of Kauravas EditAll the 100 Kauravas were mentioned to have wives in the Adi Parva 6 Some of them had children Duryodhana was mentioned to have a Kalinga princess as his wife named in folklores as Mayuri They had 3 children a son Laxman Kumara and two daughters named Lakshmana and one unnamed daughter Lakshman Kumar participated in the Kurukshetra War and killed Shikhandi s son Kshatradeva on the 12th day of the war He is killed by Abhimanyu on the 13th day of the War Lakshmana was said to have married Krishna s son Samba and they had a son Ushneek Dushasana was also said to have two sons who killed Abhimanyu in the war Dushasana s first son was ultimately killed by Shrutasena in the War Dushasan s second son was killed by Abhimanyu and Dushasan also had an unnamed daughter Chitrasena s son was said to have been killed by Shrutakarma in the Kurukshetra War Chitrasena also had an unnamed daughter However it was mentioned that all these sons of the Kauravas were killed by the sons of the Pandavas In literature EditHarivamsa Purana 8th century CE narrates the Jain version of their story 7 In popular culture EditThe term Kaurava is used as the name of a fictional planetary system in the 2008 real time strategy video game Warhammer 40 000 Dawn of War Soulstorm as well as the names of the system s planets See also EditKuru KingdomReference Edit Monier Williams Sir Monier 1872 A Sanskṛit English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged With Special Reference to Greek Latin Gothic German Anglo Saxon and Other Cognate Indo European Languages Clarendon Press Kauravas World History Encyclopedia Retrieved 5 May 2020 Mahabharat Chapter 6 Birth of Pandavas and Kauravas Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 3 September 2015 The Birth of the Pandavas and Kauravas Pattanaik Devdutt 2010 Jaya an Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata Gurgaon Haryana India ISBN 978 0 14 310425 4 OCLC 692288394 The Mahabharata Book 1 Adi Parva Sambhava Parva Section CXVII Upinder Singh 2016 p 26 Sources EditSingh Upinder 2016 A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century Pearson Education ISBN 978 93 325 6996 6External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kauravas Persons and Stories from Mahabharata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaurava amp oldid 1132750214, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,