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Khyber Pass

May 04, 2023

For the road in Auckland, New Zealand, see Khyber Pass Road, New Zealand.

The Khyber Pass (Pashto: د خيبر دره, romanized: De Xēber Dara, lit. 'Valley of Khyber' [d̪ə xebər d̪ara]) is a mountain pass in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, on the border with the Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan. It connects the town of Landi Kotal to the Valley of Peshawar at Jamrud by traversing part of the White Mountains. Since it was part of the ancient Silk Road, it has been a vital trade route between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent and a strategic military choke point for various states that controlled it. The Khyber Pass is considered one of the most famous mountain passes in the world.[1]

Khyber Pass
د خیبر درہ (Pashto)
درۂ خیبر (Urdu)
تنگه خیبر (Dari)
The pass connects Landi Kotal to the Valley of Peshawar.
Elevation1,070 m (3,510 ft)
Traversed byN-5 National Highway; Khyber Pass Railway
LocationBetween Landi Kotal and Jamrud
RangeWhite Mountains (Spīn Ghar, Safēd Kōh)
Coordinates34°04′33″N 71°12′14″E / 34.07570°N 71.20394°E / 34.07570; 71.20394
Location of Khyber Pass
Khyber Pass
د خیبر درہ (Pashto)
درۂ خیبر (Urdu)
تنگه خیبر (Dari) (Pakistan)
Khyber Pass
د خیبر درہ (Pashto)
درۂ خیبر (Urdu)
تنگه خیبر (Dari) (Afghanistan)

Geography

 
The Khyber Pass with the fortress of Ali Masjid in 1848

The Khyber Pass runs through a range of arid hills forming the last spurs of the Spīn Ghar Range, and is characterized by a winding gorge flanked by shale and limestone cliffs that rise up to 600-1000 feet (180-300 meters) high.[2]

The pass is threaded by a caravan track and a hard-surface road. The highest point in the pass is Landi Kotal, which is an important market center.[3]

History

During the times of Indus Valley civilisation (3300 BCE – 1700 BCE) the Khyber Pass through Hindu Kush provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions.[4] From 1500 BCE, Indo-Iranian peoples started to enter in the region from Central Asia after having passed the Khyber Pass.[5][6]

Historical invasions of the Indian subcontinent from Central Asia have been predominantly through the Khyber Pass, including those of Scythians, Parthians, Kushans, Huns, Turks, and Mongols.

Prior to the Kushan era, the Khyber Pass was not a widely used trade route.[7] The Khyber Pass became a critical part of the Silk Road, a major trade route from East Asia to Europe.[8][9] Through the Khyber Pass, Gandhara (in present-day Pakistan) became a regional center of trade connecting Central and South Asia.[10]: 74 

The Sikhs under Ranjit Singh captured the Khyber Pass in 1834. The Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa, who manned the Khyber Pass for years, became a household name in Afghanistan.[10]: 186 [11] A common phrase at the time described the length of what was then India as "Khyber to Kanyakumari".[12]

For strategic reasons, after the First World War, the government of British India built a heavily engineered railway through the Pass. The Khyber Pass Railway, from Jamrud, near Peshawar, to the Afghan border near Landi Kotal was opened in 1925.

During World War II, concrete dragon's teeth were erected on the valley floor due to British fears of a German tank invasion of India.[13]

 
Bab-e-Khyber, the entrance gate of the Khyber Pass

Current conflicts

 
The pass was serviced by the Khyber Pass Railway, currently closed.

During the War in Afghanistan, the Khyber Pass was a major route for resupplying military armament and food to NATO forces in the Afghan theater of conflict since the US started the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Almost 80 percent of the NATO and US supplies that were brought in by road were transported through the Khyber Pass. It was also used to transport civilians from the Afghan side to the Pakistani one.

In January 2009, Pakistan sealed off the bridge as part of a military offensive against Taliban guerrillas. This military operation was mainly focused on Jamrud, a district on the Khyber road. The target was to “dynamite or bulldoze homes belonging to men suspected of harboring or supporting Taliban militants or carrying out other illegal activities”.[14]

This increasingly unstable situation in northwest Pakistan, made the US and NATO broaden supply routes, through Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). Even the option of supplying material through the Iranian far southeastern port of Chabahar was considered.[15]

In 2010, the already complicated relationship with Pakistan (always accused by the US of hosting the Taliban in this border area without reporting it) became tougher after the NATO forces, under the pretext of mitigating the Taliban's power over this area, executed an attack with drones over the Durand line, passing the frontier of Afghanistan and killing three Pakistani soldiers. Pakistan answered by closing the pass on 30 September which caused a convoy of several NATO trucks to queue at the closed border.[16] This convoy was attacked by extremists apparently linked to Al Qaida which caused the destruction of more than 29 oil tankers and trucks and the killing of several soldiers.[17] NATO chief members had to issue a formal apology to the Pakistani government so the supply traffic at this pass could be restored.[citation needed]

In August 2011, the activity at the Khyber pass was again halted by the Khyber Agency administration due to the more possible attacks of the insurgency over the NATO forces, which had suffered a period of large number of assaults over the trucks heading to supply the NATO and ISAF coalitions all over the frontier line.[18] This instability made the Pakistan Oil Tanker Owners Association demand more protection from the Pakistani and US government threatening not to supply fuel for the Afghan side.[citation needed]

Gallery

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    Khyber Pass Gateway southbound towards Peshawar

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    Typical Pakistani transport truck and passengers

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    Washed out bridge

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    The Khyber Railway. With a Pakistan Railways HGS 2-8-0 at front and rear a charter train climbs the Khyber Pass through a series of zig-zags to gain height

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    An advertisement card from 1910 depicting Khaiber Pass

  •  

    A camp of the British Indian Army near the Khyber Pass (c. 1920)

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    Mountain passes of Afghanistan

  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  

    Afghan chiefs and a British political officer posed at Jamrud Fort at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878

  •  

    The British Indian Army's elephant battery of heavy artillery along the Khyber Pass at Campbellpur, 1895

Cultural references

A number of locations around the world have been named after the Khyber Pass:

Other references include the following:

See also

References

  1. ^ Wright, Colin. "Maliks of Khyber Pass". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  2. ^ Arnold, Guy (2000). World Strategic Highways. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-57958-098-8.
  3. ^ Alter, Stephen (2001). Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8122-1743-8.
  4. ^ (Princeton Roadmap to Regents, p. 80)
  5. ^ Mohiuddin, Yasmeen (2007). Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 36. ISBN 9781851098019.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference humshehri.org2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108009416. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  8. ^ Insight Guides Silk Road. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. 2017. p. 424. ISBN 9781786716996.
  9. ^ Arnold, Guy (2014). World Strategic Highways. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781135933739.
  10. ^ a b The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion. Union Square Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4027-5696-2.
  11. ^ Nalwa, Vanit (2009). Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837). New Delhi: Manohar. pp. 318–. ISBN 978-81-7304-785-5.
  12. ^ a b Rajghatta, Chidanand (27 June 2017). "Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  13. ^ "Introducing The Khyber Pass". Lonelyplanet.com. 2009-03-24. from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
  14. ^ Oppel Jr, Richard A. (2 January 2009). "Pakistan Briefly Reopens Key NATO Supply Route". The New York Times. from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  15. ^ "Pakistan and Afghanistan". Institute for the Study of War. from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  16. ^ "Pakistan Reopens Khyber Pass To US/NATO". from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  17. ^ Karin Brulliard (October 9, 2010). "Pakistan reopens border to NATO supply trucks". Washington Post Foreign Service. from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  18. ^ Ahmad Nabi (August 17, 2011). . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  19. ^ "Khyber Pass Trail at Mugdock Park". Trailforks. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  20. ^ Khyber Pass Map 2011-10-30 at the Wayback Machine. Mapsofindia.com (2013-03-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  21. ^ "Khyber Pass Delhi". Google Maps. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  23. ^ "East's Eden". Kingston upon Hull City Council. September 2002. from the original on 2013-05-17.
  24. ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1001519)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  25. ^ McNally, Frank (20 February 2013). "An Irishman's Diary". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  26. ^ "OpenStreetMap". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  27. ^ "New subway to replace Kings Cross "Khyber Pass"". This Is Local London.
  28. ^ a b National Geographic Society (2011-11-21). "The Khyber Pass". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  29. ^ "The Ballad of East and West". www.kiplingsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  30. ^ "Where was 'Ghosted' filmed? All 'Ghosted' filming locations". Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  31. ^ "Where was Ghosted filmed?". Retrieved 2023-04-27.

Further reading

  • Molesworth, Lt-Gen. G.N. (1962). Afghanistan 1919 : an Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War. Asia Publishing House. OCLC 7233999.

External links

May 04, 2023
khyber, pass, road, auckland, zealand, road, zealand, pashto, خيبر, دره, romanized, xēber, dara, valley, khyber, xebər, mountain, pass, khyber, pakhtunkhwa, province, pakistan, border, with, nangarhar, province, afghanistan, connects, town, landi, kotal, valle. For the road in Auckland New Zealand see Khyber Pass Road New Zealand The Khyber Pass Pashto د خيبر دره romanized De Xeber Dara lit Valley of Khyber d e xeber d ara is a mountain pass in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan on the border with the Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan It connects the town of Landi Kotal to the Valley of Peshawar at Jamrud by traversing part of the White Mountains Since it was part of the ancient Silk Road it has been a vital trade route between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent and a strategic military choke point for various states that controlled it The Khyber Pass is considered one of the most famous mountain passes in the world 1 Khyber Passد خیبر درہ Pashto درۂ خیبر Urdu تنگه خیبر Dari The pass connects Landi Kotal to the Valley of Peshawar Elevation1 070 m 3 510 ft Traversed byN 5 National Highway Khyber Pass RailwayLocationBetween Landi Kotal and JamrudRangeWhite Mountains Spin Ghar Safed Kōh Coordinates34 04 33 N 71 12 14 E 34 07570 N 71 20394 E 34 07570 71 20394Location of Khyber PassShow map of Khyber PakhtunkhwaKhyber Passد خیبر درہ Pashto درۂ خیبر Urdu تنگه خیبر Dari Pakistan Show map of PakistanKhyber Passد خیبر درہ Pashto درۂ خیبر Urdu تنگه خیبر Dari Afghanistan Show map of Afghanistan Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2 1 Current conflicts 3 Gallery 4 Cultural references 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksGeography Edit The Khyber Pass with the fortress of Ali Masjid in 1848The Khyber Pass runs through a range of arid hills forming the last spurs of the Spin Ghar Range and is characterized by a winding gorge flanked by shale and limestone cliffs that rise up to 600 1000 feet 180 300 meters high 2 The pass is threaded by a caravan track and a hard surface road The highest point in the pass is Landi Kotal which is an important market center 3 History EditDuring the times of Indus Valley civilisation 3300 BCE 1700 BCE the Khyber Pass through Hindu Kush provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions 4 From 1500 BCE Indo Iranian peoples started to enter in the region from Central Asia after having passed the Khyber Pass 5 6 Historical invasions of the Indian subcontinent from Central Asia have been predominantly through the Khyber Pass including those of Scythians Parthians Kushans Huns Turks and Mongols Prior to the Kushan era the Khyber Pass was not a widely used trade route 7 The Khyber Pass became a critical part of the Silk Road a major trade route from East Asia to Europe 8 9 Through the Khyber Pass Gandhara in present day Pakistan became a regional center of trade connecting Central and South Asia 10 74 The Sikhs under Ranjit Singh captured the Khyber Pass in 1834 The Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa who manned the Khyber Pass for years became a household name in Afghanistan 10 186 11 A common phrase at the time described the length of what was then India as Khyber to Kanyakumari 12 For strategic reasons after the First World War the government of British India built a heavily engineered railway through the Pass The Khyber Pass Railway from Jamrud near Peshawar to the Afghan border near Landi Kotal was opened in 1925 During World War II concrete dragon s teeth were erected on the valley floor due to British fears of a German tank invasion of India 13 Bab e Khyber the entrance gate of the Khyber Pass Current conflicts Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2021 This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Khyber Pass news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The pass was serviced by the Khyber Pass Railway currently closed During the War in Afghanistan the Khyber Pass was a major route for resupplying military armament and food to NATO forces in the Afghan theater of conflict since the US started the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 Almost 80 percent of the NATO and US supplies that were brought in by road were transported through the Khyber Pass It was also used to transport civilians from the Afghan side to the Pakistani one In January 2009 Pakistan sealed off the bridge as part of a military offensive against Taliban guerrillas This military operation was mainly focused on Jamrud a district on the Khyber road The target was to dynamite or bulldoze homes belonging to men suspected of harboring or supporting Taliban militants or carrying out other illegal activities 14 This increasingly unstable situation in northwest Pakistan made the US and NATO broaden supply routes through Central Asia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Even the option of supplying material through the Iranian far southeastern port of Chabahar was considered 15 In 2010 the already complicated relationship with Pakistan always accused by the US of hosting the Taliban in this border area without reporting it became tougher after the NATO forces under the pretext of mitigating the Taliban s power over this area executed an attack with drones over the Durand line passing the frontier of Afghanistan and killing three Pakistani soldiers Pakistan answered by closing the pass on 30 September which caused a convoy of several NATO trucks to queue at the closed border 16 This convoy was attacked by extremists apparently linked to Al Qaida which caused the destruction of more than 29 oil tankers and trucks and the killing of several soldiers 17 NATO chief members had to issue a formal apology to the Pakistani government so the supply traffic at this pass could be restored citation needed In August 2011 the activity at the Khyber pass was again halted by the Khyber Agency administration due to the more possible attacks of the insurgency over the NATO forces which had suffered a period of large number of assaults over the trucks heading to supply the NATO and ISAF coalitions all over the frontier line 18 This instability made the Pakistan Oil Tanker Owners Association demand more protection from the Pakistani and US government threatening not to supply fuel for the Afghan side citation needed Gallery Edit Khyber Pass Gateway southbound towards Peshawar Typical Pakistani transport truck and passengers Washed out bridge The Khyber Railway With a Pakistan Railways HGS 2 8 0 at front and rear a charter train climbs the Khyber Pass through a series of zig zags to gain height An advertisement card from 1910 depicting Khaiber Pass A camp of the British Indian Army near the Khyber Pass c 1920 Mountain passes of Afghanistan Afghan chiefs and a British political officer posed at Jamrud Fort at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878 The British Indian Army s elephant battery of heavy artillery along the Khyber Pass at Campbellpur 1895Cultural references EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message A number of locations around the world have been named after the Khyber Pass A steep and twisting minor road in Mugdock Country Park near Glasgow Scotland The road is a landmark along the West Highland Way and is popular among local road cyclists 19 A suburb of Civil Lines Delhi India 20 21 22 Khyber Pass Road a major road in the suburb of Newmarket Auckland New Zealand Google Earth view An artificial rockwork feature at East Park Kingston upon Hull UK 23 24 Khyber Road in Phoenix Park Dublin Ireland 25 A steep and twisting road up the West Cliff at Whitby UK A pedestrian alley in Stromness Orkney Scotland 26 Khyber Pass Pub in Philadelphia Pennsylvania Khyber Himalayan Resort and Spa in Gulmarg Jammu and Kashmir A mountain bike trail connecting the Top of the World trail at Whistler British Columbia to the Whistler Creekside Village citation needed A subway in the King s Cross St Pancras tube station After the King s Cross fire in November 1987 it was replaced 27 Other references include the following The bus journey on this road was belle lettered very beautifully and a part of its first act in the selective memoir Deshe Bideshe 1948 by Syed Mujtaba Ali Before the partition of India the pass was mentioned as part of common Hindustani phrase used to describe the length of colonial India Khyber se Kanyakumari 12 Khyber Pass is Cockney rhyming slang meaning ass This use is alluded to in the 1968 film Carry On Up the Khyber In the 1975 movie The Man Who Would Be King the character Peachy Carnehan tells Rudyard Kipling how he and his comrade in arms Danny Dravot had fought under Frederick Roberts 1st Earl Roberts yard by yard through the Khyber Pass during the Second Anglo Afghan War of 1878 1880 The podcast Twilight Histories has an episode called Napoleon in Afghanistan which partly takes place in the Khyber Pass citation needed The Vampire Weekend song M79 references the Khyber Pass The Tom Cochrane song Life Is a Highway covered by Rascal Flatts and others references the Khyber Pass The album Rio Grande Blood by Ministry 2006 has a song called Khyber Pass which references it as a possible hiding place for then missing and at large Osama bin Laden This song was also featured at the end of the film The Hurt Locker The song Red War by Probot featuring Max Cavalera on vocals mentions the pass British rock band Pink Floyd references the Khyber in their song Up the Khyber featured on the soundtrack to the film More In an episode of the cartoon series The World of Commander McBragg titled Khyber Pass the eponymous commander has to fend off ten thousand screaming tribesmen in the Khyber Pass Parts of the 1985 Jay McInerney book Ransom take place in or near the Khyber Pass The Khyber pass features in several of Rudyard Kipling s poems it appears by name in The Ballad of the King s Jest 28 as the Pass in Arithmetic on the Frontier 28 and semi fictionalized as the Tongue of Jagai in The Ballad of East and West 29 In the 2023 movie Ghosted the farmer Cole played by Chris Evans is abducted to the Khyber Pass and rescued by CIA operative Sadie played by Ana de Armas as shown by the location card at 35 15 but the film was actually filmed in New Mexico 30 31 See also EditAli Masjid Bab e Khyber Battle of Ali Masjid Battle of Khyber Pass Bolan Pass Carry On Up the Khyber film Dasht e Yahudi Dorah Pass Durand Line Khyber Agency Khyber Pass Copy Khyber Pass Railway Khyber Pass Economic Corridor Khyber Rifles Khyber train safariReferences Edit Wright Colin Maliks of Khyber Pass www bl uk Retrieved 2023 03 07 Arnold Guy 2000 World Strategic Highways Taylor amp Francis p 214 ISBN 978 1 57958 098 8 Alter Stephen 2001 Amritsar to Lahore A Journey Across the India Pakistan Border University of Pennsylvania Press p 113 ISBN 978 0 8122 1743 8 Princeton Roadmap to Regents p 80 harv error no target CITEREFPrinceton Roadmap to Regents help Mohiuddin Yasmeen 2007 Pakistan A Global Studies Handbook ABC CLIO p 36 ISBN 9781851098019 Cite error The named reference humshehri org2 was invoked but never defined see the help page Tarn William Woodthorpe 2010 The Greeks in Bactria and India Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108009416 Retrieved 28 March 2017 Insight Guides Silk Road Apa Publications UK Limited 2017 p 424 ISBN 9781786716996 Arnold Guy 2014 World Strategic Highways Routledge p 12 ISBN 9781135933739 a b The Khyber Pass A History of Empire and Invasion Union Square Press 2008 ISBN 978 1 4027 5696 2 Nalwa Vanit 2009 Hari Singh Nalwa champion of the Khalsaji 1791 1837 New Delhi Manohar pp 318 ISBN 978 81 7304 785 5 a b Rajghatta Chidanand 27 June 2017 Attock to Cuttack PM Narendra Modi causes a stir The Economic Times Retrieved 23 June 2020 Introducing The Khyber Pass Lonelyplanet com 2009 03 24 Archived from the original on 2011 06 07 Retrieved 2010 11 12 Oppel Jr Richard A 2 January 2009 Pakistan Briefly Reopens Key NATO Supply Route The New York Times Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Pakistan and Afghanistan Institute for the Study of War Archived from the original on 9 February 2012 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Pakistan Reopens Khyber Pass To US NATO Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Karin Brulliard October 9 2010 Pakistan reopens border to NATO supply trucks Washington Post Foreign Service Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Ahmad Nabi August 17 2011 Nato supplies via Khyber Pass halted due to security Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Khyber Pass Trail at Mugdock Park Trailforks Retrieved 2020 03 30 Khyber Pass Map Archived 2011 10 30 at the Wayback Machine Mapsofindia com 2013 03 01 Retrieved on 2013 07 12 Khyber Pass Delhi Google Maps Retrieved 2013 07 12 MGF City Khyber Pass North Delhi Archived from the original on 2012 03 10 Retrieved 2011 05 19 East s Eden Kingston upon Hull City Council September 2002 Archived from the original on 2013 05 17 Historic England Details from listed building database 1001519 National Heritage List for England Retrieved 14 January 2013 McNally Frank 20 February 2013 An Irishman s Diary The Irish Times Retrieved 2 May 2021 OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap Retrieved 2019 08 07 New subway to replace Kings Cross Khyber Pass This Is Local London a b National Geographic Society 2011 11 21 The Khyber Pass National Geographic Society Retrieved 2019 08 07 The Ballad of East and West www kiplingsociety co uk Retrieved 2019 08 07 Where was Ghosted filmed All Ghosted filming locations Retrieved 2023 04 27 Where was Ghosted filmed Retrieved 2023 04 27 Further reading EditMolesworth Lt Gen G N 1962 Afghanistan 1919 an Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War Asia Publishing House OCLC 7233999 External links EditKhyber Pass at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage History of Khyber Pass Pakistan Twilight histories Napoleon in Afghanistan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khyber Pass amp oldid 1152671474, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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