The historian and political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot believes that the Arain are displaced farming communities who moved to Punjab from Sindh and Multan as Arab Muslim armies encroached; they originally practised Hinduism but many later converted to Islam. He says that the community is related to the KambojRajput community mainly located in northern India and eastern Pakistan.[4][5]
Ishtiaq Ahmed, a political scientist who is also a member of the Arain community, acknowledges that some early Arain texts ascribe a Suryavanshi Rajput origin, while others note a Persian one to reflect to others the status of being "conquerors". He believes that the Arains "are a mix of many ethnicities and races", similar to other "farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana".[6]
History
According to Ahmed, during the Mughal and Sikh periods Arain held prominent positions, such as governors and army generals; he also believes that numerous names adopted by the community may indicate a tradition of military employment.[7]
During the Indian rebellion of 1857, Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi, an Arain, led an uprising from Ludhiana to Delhi where he was killed. In the aftermath, the British viewed the Arain as a disloyal community, and categorised them as a non-martial caste which denied them entry into the Bengal Army.[7] Due to lobbying by the Arain community, in the early 20th century the Arain were officially re-classified as an "agricultural tribe", then effectively synonymous with the martial race classification.[8]
Traditionally associated with farming, when the British wanted land developed in the Punjab, Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around cities, and were one of the agricultural communities given preference to assist with opening up the agrarian frontier in the Canal Colonies between 1885 and 1940.[9][10][11]Shahid Javed Burki says that the British favoured the Arain for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline". The development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly, and Arain families flourished. Education was prioritised with the new-found wealth and Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used law to enter politics.[12]
During the colonial era, detailed decadal census reports covered the plethora of castes, subcastes and tribes that existed throughout British India. Information regarding the Arains was highlighted in census reports taken from Punjab Province.
"Arains are mostly Muhammadans. They have been declared an agricultural tribe throughout the Province with the exception of the Rohtak, Gurgaon, Simla, Kangra, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock Districts, where their number is very limited. Apparently a functional caste with a strong nucleus of converted Kambohs, some of whom still call themselves Kamboh Arains. There are still 1,186 Hindu Arains, mostly in Patiala (803) and Karnal (290), and the Kambohs have a sub-caste called Arain. The term is derived probably from Rain or Rahin, equivalent to Rahak (tiller of soil).".[1]: 445
— Excerpt from the Census of India (Punjab Province), 1911 AD
Organisation
Several meetings were held to establish an organisation to represent the Arain community in the 1890s. Eventually, in 1915, Anjuman Ra’iyan-i-Hind emerged as such a body in Lahore and a national community newspaper, titled Al-Rai, was established.[13]
Culture
The Arains are in majority in Lahore and this biradari is also active in industrial and commercial activities. A few families play a significant role in the politics of Lahore at national and local level.[13][clarification needed]
Diaspora
There are several diasporic Arain communities in British towns and cities, such as Manchester, Glasgow and Oxford.[14] The tribe has its own organisation, Arain Council UK, which was established as Anjuman-e-Arains in the 1980s and renamed in 2008.[15]
^Horace Arthur Rose (1990). "Arain". Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North... (page 16) via Google Books website. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
^Ahmed, Ishtiaq (18 April 2006). . Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
^ abAhmed, Ishtiaq (15 December 2007). "An Arain freedom fighter". The News.
^Rajit K. Mazumder (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 104–105. ISBN978-81-7824-059-6.
^Ali, Imran (1979). The Punjab Canal Colonies, 1885-1940 (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University. p. 29. doi:10.25911/5d74e7b3b71c9.
^Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri (2008). Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India, Volume 8. Center for studies in Civilization. p. 195. ISBN9788131716885. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
^ ab"British home secy belongs to TT Singh". The Nation. 8 May 2018. from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. Newly appointed British Home Secretary Sajid Javed belongs to a Toba Tek Singh village.
^"'Did you ever think we'd be here today?' UK's Sajid Javid asks mother in Punjabi". The Express Tribune. 2 October 2019. from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^"Javid replaces Rudd as home secretary". BBC News. 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
^"Boris Johnson overhauls cabinet on first day as PM". BBC News. 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
^Individuals and Ideas in Modern India: Nine Interpretative Studies. India, Firma KLM, 1982.
^LaPorte, Robert, et al. Pakistan under the military : eleven years of Zia ul-Haq. United Kingdom, Avalon Publishing, 1991.
^"After election debacle, Wattoo resigns as PPP's central Punjab president". Dawn (newspaper). 14 May 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^"پاکستان کی خدمت کرنے والے 'روشن خیال' اینگلو انڈینز جنھیں بھلا دیا گیا". BBC News اردو – via BBC News website.
^"Anas Sarwar - First Muslim and Pakistani Who Elected leader of Scottish Labour Party". March 2021.
^The Arain Diaspora in the Rohilkhand region of India: A historical perspective: General History of Arain tribe of Punjab & Sindh with sociocultural background of the diaspora in Rohilkhand, India. N.p., Rehan Asad , 2017.
^Contemporary Problems of Pakistan. Netherlands, Brill, 1974.
^Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I-M. India, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 2001.
^International Journal of Punjab Studies. India, Sage Publications, 1994.
^"There are still 1,186 Hindu Arains, mostly in Patiala (803) and Karnal (290), and the Kambohs have a sub-caste called Arain."[1]
Further reading
Koul, Ashish (2017). "Making new Muslim Arains: reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab, 1890s-1910s". South Asian History and Culture. 8 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/19472498.2016.1260348. S2CID 151332565.
March 03, 2023
arain, also, known, raeen, large, punjabi, agricultural, tribe, with, strong, political, identity, level, organisation, found, mainly, pakistani, provinces, punjab, sindh, with, small, population, parts, indian, punjab, uttar, pradesh, uttarakhand, raeen, rain. Arain also known as Raeen are a large Punjabi agricultural tribe with a strong political identity and level of organisation 2 3 found mainly in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh with a small population in parts of Indian Punjab Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand ArainRaeen Rain or AraiRaeens or Arains Mahomedans LahoreReligionsIslam and Hinduism a LanguagesPunjabiCountryPrimarily Pakistan and IndiaRegionPunjab and Sindh and Uttar Pradesh Contents 1 Origins 2 History 3 Organisation 4 Culture 5 Diaspora 6 Notable people 7 References 8 Further readingOriginsThe historian and political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot believes that the Arain are displaced farming communities who moved to Punjab from Sindh and Multan as Arab Muslim armies encroached they originally practised Hinduism but many later converted to Islam He says that the community is related to the Kamboj Rajput community mainly located in northern India and eastern Pakistan 4 5 Ishtiaq Ahmed a political scientist who is also a member of the Arain community acknowledges that some early Arain texts ascribe a Suryavanshi Rajput origin while others note a Persian one to reflect to others the status of being conquerors He believes that the Arains are a mix of many ethnicities and races similar to other farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana 6 HistoryAccording to Ahmed during the Mughal and Sikh periods Arain held prominent positions such as governors and army generals he also believes that numerous names adopted by the community may indicate a tradition of military employment 7 During the Indian rebellion of 1857 Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi an Arain led an uprising from Ludhiana to Delhi where he was killed In the aftermath the British viewed the Arain as a disloyal community and categorised them as a non martial caste which denied them entry into the Bengal Army 7 Due to lobbying by the Arain community in the early 20th century the Arain were officially re classified as an agricultural tribe then effectively synonymous with the martial race classification 8 Traditionally associated with farming when the British wanted land developed in the Punjab Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around cities and were one of the agricultural communities given preference to assist with opening up the agrarian frontier in the Canal Colonies between 1885 and 1940 9 10 11 Shahid Javed Burki says that the British favoured the Arain for their hard work frugality and sense of discipline The development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly and Arain families flourished Education was prioritised with the new found wealth and Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims Many used law to enter politics 12 During the colonial era detailed decadal census reports covered the plethora of castes subcastes and tribes that existed throughout British India Information regarding the Arains was highlighted in census reports taken from Punjab Province Arains are mostly Muhammadans They have been declared an agricultural tribe throughout the Province with the exception of the Rohtak Gurgaon Simla Kangra Jhelum Rawalpindi and Attock Districts where their number is very limited Apparently a functional caste with a strong nucleus of converted Kambohs some of whom still call themselves Kamboh Arains There are still 1 186 Hindu Arains mostly in Patiala 803 and Karnal 290 and the Kambohs have a sub caste called Arain The term is derived probably from Rain or Rahin equivalent to Rahak tiller of soil 1 445 Excerpt from the Census of India Punjab Province 1911 ADOrganisationSeveral meetings were held to establish an organisation to represent the Arain community in the 1890s Eventually in 1915 Anjuman Ra iyan i Hind emerged as such a body in Lahore and a national community newspaper titled Al Rai was established 13 CultureThe Arains are in majority in Lahore and this biradari is also active in industrial and commercial activities A few families play a significant role in the politics of Lahore at national and local level 13 clarification needed DiasporaThere are several diasporic Arain communities in British towns and cities such as Manchester Glasgow and Oxford 14 The tribe has its own organisation Arain Council UK which was established as Anjuman e Arains in the 1980s and renamed in 2008 15 British Conservative Party politician Sajid Javid s family were farmers from the village of Rajana near Toba Tek Singh Punjab from where they migrated to the UK in the 1960s Javid speaks some Punjabi 16 17 Javid was the first British Asian to hold one of the British Great Offices of State being first Home Secretary 2018 2019 and then Chancellor of the Exchequer 2019 2020 18 19 Notable peopleSonia Ahmed President of Miss Pakistan World Mrs Pakistan World 20 Adina Beg last Mughal Governor of Punjab 21 Mian Shah Din first Muslim judge at the Chief Court of the Punjab 22 Mian Iftikharuddin activist and politician founder of the Pakistan Times 23 Sajid Javid former British Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer 16 Sir Mian Abdul Rashid first Chief Justice of Pakistan 24 25 Anas Sarwar leader of the Scottish Labour Party 26 Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar businessman Labour Party MP and 33rd Governor of the Punjab 27 Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi lawyer and co founder of All India Muslim League 28 Jahanara Shahnawaz politician and All India Muslim League activist 29 Sir Mian Muhammad Shahnawaz politician 30 Muhammad Zia ul Haq the 6th President of Pakistan 12 References a b Census of India 1911 Vol 14 Punjab Pt 1 Report 1912 JSTOR saoa crl 25393787 Retrieved 16 August 2022 Arain The Punjab Record Or Reference Book for Civil Officers page 24 via Google Books website 1905 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Katherine Pratt Ewing 1997 Arguing sainthood modernity psychoanalysis and Islam Duke University Press p 145 ISBN 9780822320265 Jaffrelot Christophe 2004 A History of Pakistan and its Origins trans Beaumont Gilliam Anthem Press pp 154 208 ISBN 9781843311492 Horace Arthur Rose 1990 Arain Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North page 16 via Google Books website Retrieved 17 January 2023 Ahmed Ishtiaq 18 April 2006 There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip Daily Times Pakistan Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 Retrieved 2014 06 15 a b Ahmed Ishtiaq 15 December 2007 An Arain freedom fighter The News Rajit K Mazumder 2003 The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab Orient Blackswan pp 104 105 ISBN 978 81 7824 059 6 Ali Imran 1979 The Punjab Canal Colonies 1885 1940 Ph D thesis Australian National University p 29 doi 10 25911 5d74e7b3b71c9 Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri 2008 Peasant History of Late Pre colonial and Colonial India Volume 8 Center for studies in Civilization p 195 ISBN 9788131716885 Retrieved February 11 2015 Low Donald Anthony 1968 Soundings in Modern South Asian History University of California Press p 375 ISBN 978 0520007703 a b Burki Shahid Javed October 1988 Pakistan under Zia 1977 1988 Asian Survey 28 10 1082 1100 doi 10 2307 2644708 JSTOR 2644708 subscription required a b Ibrahim Muhammad 2009 Role of Biradari System in Power Politics of Lahore Post Independence Period Thesis Shaw Alison 2000 Kinship and Continuity Pakistani Families in Britain Psychology Press p 121 ISBN 978 90 5823 075 1 About Arain Council UK Retrieved 2020 05 22 a b British home secy belongs to TT Singh The Nation 8 May 2018 Archived from the original on 2 October 2019 Retrieved 2 October 2019 Newly appointed British Home Secretary Sajid Javed belongs to a Toba Tek Singh village Did you ever think we d be here today UK s Sajid Javid asks mother in Punjabi The Express Tribune 2 October 2019 Archived from the original on 19 November 2019 Retrieved 2 October 2019 Javid replaces Rudd as home secretary BBC News 2018 04 30 Retrieved 2020 09 06 Boris Johnson overhauls cabinet on first day as PM BBC News 2019 07 24 Retrieved 2020 09 06 Sonia Ahmed Our Real Hero 22 June 2021 Dina Arain the master double game player Individuals and Ideas in Modern India Nine Interpretative Studies India Firma KLM 1982 LaPorte Robert et al Pakistan under the military eleven years of Zia ul Haq United Kingdom Avalon Publishing 1991 After election debacle Wattoo resigns as PPP s central Punjab president Dawn newspaper 14 May 2013 Retrieved 11 April 2021 پاکستان کی خدمت کرنے والے روشن خیال اینگلو انڈینز جنھیں بھلا دیا گیا BBC News اردو via BBC News website Anas Sarwar First Muslim and Pakistani Who Elected leader of Scottish Labour Party March 2021 The Arain Diaspora in the Rohilkhand region of India A historical perspective General History of Arain tribe of Punjab amp Sindh with sociocultural background of the diaspora in Rohilkhand India N p Rehan Asad 2017 Contemporary Problems of Pakistan Netherlands Brill 1974 Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography I M India A P H Publishing Corporation 2001 International Journal of Punjab Studies India Sage Publications 1994 There are still 1 186 Hindu Arains mostly in Patiala 803 and Karnal 290 and the Kambohs have a sub caste called Arain 1 Further readingKoul Ashish 2017 Making new Muslim Arains reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab 1890s 1910s South Asian History and Culture 8 1 1 18 doi 10 1080 19472498 2016 1260348 S2CID 151332565 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arain amp oldid 1137506981, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
