Recently, the J&K Socially Economically Backward Classes Commission constituted by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 2020 in its report has recommended to renaming the group 'Pahari Speaking People' (who speak Pothowari dialects fall under Lahnda Western Punjabi) with the substitute nomenclature 'Pahari Ethnic Group' in terms of provisions that grant Reservation to them , as PSP, under J&K Reservation Rules 2004 and accordingly , the J&K government has issued instructions on October 19, 2022 and replaced 'Pahari Speaking People' with 'Pahari Ethnic Group' ,[7] which tends to identify them as an ethnic group to be brought under the purview of the Schedule of Tribes under the Constitution of India.[8][9]
People and Languagesedit
The Pahari people are mainly referred to two groups:
Speakers of Lahnda (Western Punjabi)[14] dialects including Pahari–Pothwari in Azad Kashmir and Hindko. The dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari language complex cover most of the territory of Jammu and Azad Kashmir.[15] People of Azad Kashmir despite not being ethnic Kashmiris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri national identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir,[16] such as the PothwariPunjabis.[17] The dialects are also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million,[18] is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara,[19] and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.[20]
Gujjar-Pahari rift over grant of Scheduled Tribe statusedit
The Gujjars and other Tribal communities who have already listed as Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 are opposing grant of ST status and other similar benefits to the Pahari Speaking People of J&K with the argument that such a step will dilute the entire Scheduled Tribe status. They (Gujjars) are constantly countering the move to grant Scheduled Tribe status to 'Pahari Speaking People' on the basis of (Pahari) Language.[21][22][23][24] The Gujjars are of the view that such a move will adversely affect the development of tribes of the UT of J&K. The demand for grant of ST status – by Pahari-speaking people is based on the sole premises of the linguistic identity.[25]
In order to oppose the demand of ST to Paharis, the tribal Gujjar youth started foot March in November 2022.After 21 days struggle the Joint Action Committee was invited by the Home Minister of India in New Delhi for a dialogue.[26][27][28] Noted Tribal Researcher Javaid Rahi led the dialogue for and on behalf of Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir.[29][30][31]
The Gujjars argue that majority of Pahari Speaking People belongs to upper class Muslims such as Syeds, Qazi, Per, Beg, Raja, Malik, Mirza, Khan, Mughals, Rajputs, Kashmiris and upper caste Sikhs, Hindus and Christians including Brahmins, Rajputs, Mahajans and they do not face any social stigma or caste inequality like Gujjars, Bakerwals, Gaddis and other tribes of Jammu and Kashmir do.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] They said as per 2011 census the literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes of J&K is 50% and 59% in STs across India but in Pahari Speaking People especially in Poonch, Rajouri districts it is 68% and if Paharis entered into ST status the existing tribes will get affected adversely.[39][40][41][42] The Gujjars further arguing that the 'Pahari Speaking People' do not belong to a Socially, Economically and Educationally backward class like Gujjars, Bakarwals , Gaddis , Sippis and Shina who are in ST list of J&K.Tribes are opposing ST status to Pahari speaking as they are already enjoying 4% reservation under Actual Control Line habitat, 10% under RBA, 4% under Other Social Castes, 10% under Economically Weaker Section, 4% under Pahari Speaking besides 48% General Category and now they are trying to get the share in 10% granted to Gujjars under ST.[43][44][45][46]
Meanwhile a number of organisations of displaced communities' have started a struggle and demanding ST status for them as they are also Paharis. In addition to this, they are urging for a share in 4% reservations in Govt Jobs/ Admissions granted to 'Pahari Speaking People' as these communities belongs to same clans of PSP and they speaks Pahari dialects fall under Lehnda Group.[47][48]
Establishment of Pahari Board & grant of 4% Reservation to PSPedit
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir has established an Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People in 1989 for the welfare of Pahari People.[49][50] Nevertheless, core demands – like that for a Scheduled Tribe status and the associated affirmative action benefits – were not met. In 1989, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir recommended to the Union Government of India that the Paharis of Kashmir should be granted such status,[51][52] and this recommendation was reiterated in 1994 by the governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the chief ministers of the state.[53][54]
In April 2020, the government of Jammu and Kashmir granted to "Pahari-speaking people" four percent reservation for direct recruitment and admission and distribution of seats in professional institutions.[55] This has sparked disagreements between representatives of the two unrelated "Pahari" communities – those of eastern Kashmir and those of mountains of western Jammu – as to which group of the two constitutes the "genuine Paharis" with a more disadvantaged status, and therefore stronger claim to receiving the benefits of the reservation policy.[56][57]
^"Ethnic Plurality in Jammu and Kashmir- A Sociological Analysis -Book- Man in India". Research Gate.
^"Chapter 05-IDENTITY FORMATION AND ASSERTION A STUDY OF PAHARI SPEAKING COMMUNITY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR" (PDF). Department of Sociology University of Jammu -shodhganga.
^"Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^ ab"GADDI -Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^"Gujari -Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^"Definition of Pahari". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^"JK govt sets up backward classes commission". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^Sharma, Ronik (2022-11-07). "Opposition to ST Status to Pahari ethnic group".
^"J&K amends rules: Pahari ethnicity, not language, to be criterion for reservation". The Indian Express. 2022-10-23. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^"Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^"Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^"Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^"Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
^Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
^Shackle 2007, p. 114. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShackle2007 (help)
^Sonstige., Joseph C., Mathew 1966- (2017). Understanding Pakistan : emerging voices from india. ISBN978-1-138-23490-1. OCLC 991571023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFEthnologue2017 (help)
^Singh 2014, p. 18 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSingh2014 (help); Bhat 2014, ch. 1, pp. 38, 40 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBhat2014 (help)
^Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat (2014, ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBhat2014 (help) and Kour (2014) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKour2014 (help).
^"Gujjars, Paharis spar over tribe status". The Hindustan Times. December 2007.
^"J&K Gujjars meet Union Tribal Minister oppose ST status to Paharis". The Scoop News.
^"Gujjar and Bakerwal oppose ST status to 'Paharis' in J&K". 20 August 2007.
^Sharma, Malvika (2020). "Remaking of ethnic-boundaries: identity and religion among Sikhs in the borderland of Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir". Asian Ethnicity. 23 (2): 1–19. doi:10.1080/14631369.2020.1811951. S2CID 225268135.
^KO (2021-12-28). "Gujjar-Pahari: The Vicious Divide in Pir Panjal Region". Kashmir Observer. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^Ashiq, Peerzada (2022-06-06). "Pir Panjal emerges key electoral battleground to capture power in J&K". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^"Schemes State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People" (PDF). Social Welfare Department, Jammu and Kashmir Government -Pahari Speaking People Board.
^"State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People". Jammu and Kashmir Government - Pahari Speaking People Board.
^"Pahari Speaking People meet PM with ST status demand". Excelsior News. 3 February 2019.
^"Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status". Jammu Kashmir Archives.
^"Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status". Jammu Kashmir Archives.
^"Scheduled Tribe Status for Paharis in J&K". IPCS News.
^"Govt of Jammu and Kashmir ordered granting 4% Reservation for Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). IPEC.
^"NC demands Pahari status to erstwhile Doda distt". Daily Excelsior Jammu. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^"Row over decision on quota issue Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir refugees claim to be the 'real Paharis'". Daily Excelsior Jammu. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
pahari, people, kashmir, pahari, people, pahari, speaking, people, cover, term, number, heterogeneous, communities, inhabiting, panjal, region, jammu, division, indian, administered, jammu, kashmir, also, parts, pakistan, administered, azad, kashmir, pahari, a. The Pahari people or Pahari speaking people is a cover term for a number of heterogeneous communities inhabiting the Pir Panjal Region in the Jammu division of the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir and also parts of Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir 1 2 3 4 5 Pahari is also an ambiguous term used to describe a variety of Northern Indo Aryan languages most of which are found in the lower Himalayas They are divided into Eastern Pahari which includes Nepali Central Pahari and Western Pahari consisting of a number of different languages 6 The term is also used to refer to the Pahari variant of the Pahari Pothwari dialect cluster Contents 1 Pahari Ethnic Group 2 People and Languages 3 Gujjar Pahari rift over grant of Scheduled Tribe status 4 Establishment of Pahari Board amp grant of 4 Reservation to PSP 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksPahari Ethnic Group editRecently the J amp K Socially Economically Backward Classes Commission constituted by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 2020 in its report has recommended to renaming the group Pahari Speaking People who speak Pothowari dialects fall under Lahnda Western Punjabi with the substitute nomenclature Pahari Ethnic Group in terms of provisions that grant Reservation to them as PSP under J amp K Reservation Rules 2004 and accordingly the J amp K government has issued instructions on October 19 2022 and replaced Pahari Speaking People with Pahari Ethnic Group 7 which tends to identify them as an ethnic group to be brought under the purview of the Schedule of Tribes under the Constitution of India 8 9 People and Languages editThe Pahari people are mainly referred to two groups Speakers of several languages dialects which are classified as Western Pahari by G A Grierson in the first Linguistic Survey of India These include Bhadarwahi including Bhalesi Padderi Sarazi Gaddi and Dogri They are predominantly spoken in the Jammu region in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir 10 11 nbsp Folk dance performed by the Bhaderwahi Pahari people The Pahari People who speak these languages are mainly drwan from Rajput clans popularly known as Rana Parihar Chandail Charak Chib etc The Bhadarwahi Sarazi Bhalesi Padri and Gaddi language mainly found in Doda district Ramban district and Kishtwar district and Kathua district of Jammu region while speakers of Gujari speakers are found in entire J amp K 12 13 4 Speakers of Lahnda Western Punjabi 14 dialects including Pahari Pothwari in Azad Kashmir and Hindko The dialects of the Pahari Pothwari language complex cover most of the territory of Jammu and Azad Kashmir 15 People of Azad Kashmir despite not being ethnic Kashmiris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri national identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir 16 such as the Pothwari Punjabis 17 The dialects are also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir The population estimated at 1 million 18 is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara 19 and also as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir 20 Gujjar Pahari rift over grant of Scheduled Tribe status editThe Gujjars and other Tribal communities who have already listed as Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 are opposing grant of ST status and other similar benefits to the Pahari Speaking People of J amp K with the argument that such a step will dilute the entire Scheduled Tribe status They Gujjars are constantly countering the move to grant Scheduled Tribe status to Pahari Speaking People on the basis of Pahari Language 21 22 23 24 The Gujjars are of the view that such a move will adversely affect the development of tribes of the UT of J amp K The demand for grant of ST status by Pahari speaking people is based on the sole premises of the linguistic identity 25 In order to oppose the demand of ST to Paharis the tribal Gujjar youth started foot March in November 2022 After 21 days struggle the Joint Action Committee was invited by the Home Minister of India in New Delhi for a dialogue 26 27 28 Noted Tribal Researcher Javaid Rahi led the dialogue for and on behalf of Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir 29 30 31 The Gujjars argue that majority of Pahari Speaking People belongs to upper class Muslims such as Syeds Qazi Per Beg Raja Malik Mirza Khan Mughals Rajputs Kashmiris and upper caste Sikhs Hindus and Christians including Brahmins Rajputs Mahajans and they do not face any social stigma or caste inequality like Gujjars Bakerwals Gaddis and other tribes of Jammu and Kashmir do 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 They said as per 2011 census the literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes of J amp K is 50 and 59 in STs across India but in Pahari Speaking People especially in Poonch Rajouri districts it is 68 and if Paharis entered into ST status the existing tribes will get affected adversely 39 40 41 42 The Gujjars further arguing that the Pahari Speaking People do not belong to a Socially Economically and Educationally backward class like Gujjars Bakarwals Gaddis Sippis and Shina who are in ST list of J amp K Tribes are opposing ST status to Pahari speaking as they are already enjoying 4 reservation under Actual Control Line habitat 10 under RBA 4 under Other Social Castes 10 under Economically Weaker Section 4 under Pahari Speaking besides 48 General Category and now they are trying to get the share in 10 granted to Gujjars under ST 43 44 45 46 Meanwhile a number of organisations of displaced communities have started a struggle and demanding ST status for them as they are also Paharis In addition to this they are urging for a share in 4 reservations in Govt Jobs Admissions granted to Pahari Speaking People as these communities belongs to same clans of PSP and they speaks Pahari dialects fall under Lehnda Group 47 48 Establishment of Pahari Board amp grant of 4 Reservation to PSP editThe Government of Jammu and Kashmir has established an Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People in 1989 for the welfare of Pahari People 49 50 Nevertheless core demands like that for a Scheduled Tribe status and the associated affirmative action benefits were not met In 1989 the Government of Jammu and Kashmir recommended to the Union Government of India that the Paharis of Kashmir should be granted such status 51 52 and this recommendation was reiterated in 1994 by the governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the chief ministers of the state 53 54 In April 2020 the government of Jammu and Kashmir granted to Pahari speaking people four percent reservation for direct recruitment and admission and distribution of seats in professional institutions 55 This has sparked disagreements between representatives of the two unrelated Pahari communities those of eastern Kashmir and those of mountains of western Jammu as to which group of the two constitutes the genuine Paharis with a more disadvantaged status and therefore stronger claim to receiving the benefits of the reservation policy 56 57 See also editPunjabisReferences edit Ethnic Plurality in Jammu and Kashmir A Sociological Analysis Book Man in India Research Gate Chapter 05 IDENTITY FORMATION AND ASSERTION A STUDY OF PAHARI SPEAKING COMMUNITY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR PDF Department of Sociology University of Jammu shodhganga Vol Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library a b GADDI Vol Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library Gujari Vol Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library Definition of Pahari Dictionary com Retrieved 15 February 2022 JK govt sets up backward classes commission Business Standard India Press Trust of India 2020 03 19 Retrieved 2022 12 08 Sharma Ronik 2022 11 07 Opposition to ST Status to Pahari ethnic group J amp K amends rules Pahari ethnicity not language to be criterion for reservation The Indian Express 2022 10 23 Retrieved 2022 12 08 Vol Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928 Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library Vol Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library Vol Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928 Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library Vol Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9 Pt 4 Indo Aryan Family Central Group Specimens of the Pahari Languages and Gujuri Digital South Asia Library Linguistic Survey of India Lothers Michael Lothers Laura 2010 Pahari and Pothwari A Sociolinguistic Survey Report SIL Electronic Survey Reports Vol 2010 012 Shackle 2007 p 114 sfn error no target CITEREFShackle2007 help Sonstige Joseph C Mathew 1966 2017 Understanding Pakistan emerging voices from india ISBN 978 1 138 23490 1 OCLC 991571023 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue 2017 harvtxt error no target CITEREFEthnologue2017 help Singh 2014 p 18harvnb error no target CITEREFSingh2014 help Bhat 2014 ch 1 pp 38 40harvnb error no target CITEREFBhat2014 help Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat 2014 ch 1 pp 40 43 44 harvtxt error no target CITEREFBhat2014 help and Kour 2014 harvtxt error no target CITEREFKour2014 help https www tribuneindia com news j k gujjars oppose paharis demand for st status 420531 Gujjars oppose Paharis demand for ST status Gujjars Paharis spar over tribe status The Hindustan Times December 2007 J amp K Gujjars meet Union Tribal Minister oppose ST status to Paharis The Scoop News Gujjar and Bakerwal oppose ST status to Paharis in J amp K 20 August 2007 Sharma Malvika 2020 Remaking of ethnic boundaries identity and religion among Sikhs in the borderland of Poonch Jammu and Kashmir Asian Ethnicity 23 2 1 19 doi 10 1080 14631369 2020 1811951 S2CID 225268135 https www thehindu com news national other states paharis in st list gujjars bakerwals to boycott union tribal ministers jk visit in protest article66115446 ece Paharis in ST list Gujjars Bakerwals to boycott Union Tribal Ministers J amp K visit in protest https www hindustantimes com cities chandigarh news after home minister s assurance bakerwals gujjars discontinue foot march 101669657830211 html After Home Minister s assurance Bakerwals Gujjars discontinue foot march Why are tribals from Jammu and Kashmir protesting inclusion of Paharis in ST list 16 November 2022 https www dailyexcelsior com shah meets protesting gujjar bakerwals assures no dilution in their existing quota Shah Meet Gujjars of J amp K https www thehindu com news national other states gujjar bakerwals call off agitation against paharis st status after amit shahs assurances article66196692 ece Gujjar Bakerwals call off agitation against Paharis ST status after Amit Shah s assurances https www news18 com news politics gujjar leaders protest in jk against st tag granted to paharis say their inclusion will deter upliftment 6331165 html Gujjar Leaders Protest in J amp K Against Paharis Getting ST Tag Say Their Inclusion Will Deter Upliftment https www news9live com india jks gujjar bakkerwal communities up in arms against st status for paharis 140426 Gujjars up in arms against ST status to Paharis https www dailyexcelsior com gujjars bakerwals gaddis oppose st status to paharis Gujjars Bakerwals Gaddis oppose ST status to Paharis https www risingkashmir com Gujjars Bakerwals Gaddis oppose ST status to Paharis appeal HM to intervene 113337 Gujjars Bakerwals Gaddis oppose ST status to Paharis appeal HM to intervene KO 2021 12 28 Gujjar Pahari The Vicious Divide in Pir Panjal Region Kashmir Observer Retrieved 2022 12 08 Ashiq Peerzada 2022 06 06 Pir Panjal emerges key electoral battleground to capture power in J amp K The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2022 12 08 https www thedispatch in bjp on their side pahari leaders have effectively put their gujjar counterparts in spot BJP on their side Pahari leaders have effectively put their Gujjar counterparts in spot https www telegraphindia com india jk pahari gujjar divide sharpens before amit shah visit cid 1890127 J amp K Pahari Gujjar divide sharpens before Amit Shah visit https tribal nic in downloads Statistics AnnualReport AREnglish2021 pdf Tribal Affairs Govt of India Report 2021 on tribes of India https kashmirlife net the peak fault line vol 14 issue 26 300890 The Peak Fault Line ST http www schedujammu nic in district 20poonch html Literacy Rate of Poonch https www indiagrowing com Jammu And Kashmir Rajouri District Literacy Rate of Rajouri Gujjars Paharis spar over tribe status December 2007 Gujjars oppose ST status for Paharis Govt push to grant ST status to Pahari community Mufti 5 Darya News CM promises ST status to Paharis Early Times News https www dailyexcelsior com scheduled tribe status for pojk displaced POK Displaced Communities demanded ST status https theprint in india pojk refugee leader threatens self immolation if pahari status denied 925113 POJK Refugee demands 4 Reservation under PSP Schemes State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People PDF Social Welfare Department Jammu and Kashmir Government Pahari Speaking People Board State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People Jammu and Kashmir Government Pahari Speaking People Board Pahari Speaking People meet PM with ST status demand Excelsior News 3 February 2019 Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status Jammu Kashmir Archives Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status Jammu Kashmir Archives Scheduled Tribe Status for Paharis in J amp K IPCS News Govt of Jammu and Kashmir ordered granting 4 Reservation for Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir PDF IPEC NC demands Pahari status to erstwhile Doda distt Daily Excelsior Jammu 10 September 2020 Retrieved 1 November 2020 Row over decision on quota issue Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir refugees claim to be the real Paharis Daily Excelsior Jammu Retrieved 1 November 2020 External links editMap of Western Pahari languages from Grierson s early 20th century Linguistic Survey of India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pahari people Kashmir amp oldid 1175874071, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
