Muḥarram (Arabic: ٱلْمُحَرَّم) (fully known as Muharram ul Haram) is the first month of the Islamic calendar.[1] It is one of the four sacred months of the year when warfare is forbidden.[2] It is held to be the second holiest month after Ramadan.
Muharram
Ashura commemorating martyrdom of Prophet's grandson, Tehran, 2016
Shiites mourn the martyrdom of Ḥusayn by abstaining from joyous events. Instead, Shia Muslims hold many events to offer condolences to Imam Husayn and to honor the martyrs by prayer, reading supplications, and holding charity events. Shiʿi Muslims eat as little as possible on the Ashura; however, this is not seen as fasting. Alevis fast ten or twelve days, each day for one of the Twelve Imams of Shiʿa Islam, to commemorate and mourn the Imams, as if a very close relative has died. Some (excluding children, elderly or sick) do not eat or drink, avoid entertainment until zawal (afternoon) as a part of their mourning for Husayn.[2] In addition, there is an important ziyarat book, the Ziyarat Ashura about Ḥusayn. In Shiʿism, it is popular to read this ziyarat on this date.[3]
The word Muharram means forbidden or prohibited. Before Islam, it is said that this month was called as Safer ul Awwal.[2] The sighting of the new moon ushers in the Islamic New Year. The first month, Muharram, is one of the four sacred months mentioned in the Quran (although not mentioned by name), along with the seventh month of Rajab, and the eleventh and twelfth months of Dhu al-Qi'dah and Dhu al-Hijjah, respectively, immediately preceding Muharram. During these sacred months, warfare is forbidden. Before the advent of Islam, the Quraish and Arabs also forbade warfare during those months.[4] Before Islam, the Arabs also fasted on the tenth day of Muharram. This day also had importance in other Semitic religions like Judaism and Christianity. Muhammad also fasted many times on this day before his prophethood and after his migration to Medina and also ordered the Muslims to fast on this day and ninth and eleventh day as well. But the fasting was optional after Ramadan fasting was made obiligatory.[2] It is narrated by Abu Hurairah that the Prophet Muhammad said, "The most virtuous fasting after the month of Ramadan is (in) Allah's month Al-Muharram."[5]
Shia Muslim children in Amroha, India on camels in front of the Azakhana as part of the procession commemorating events on and after Day of Ashura
Ashura, which literally means the "Tenth" in Arabic, refers to the tenth day of Muharram.[6]
According to Sunni Muslims, fasting on Ashura, the tenth day of the Islamic month of Muharram was a practice established by Muhammad in the early days of Islam that commemorates the parting of the Red Sea by Moses.[7][8]
While in Shia Islam, Muharram is a month of remembrance. Ashura is well known in Shia tradition because of its historical significance and mourning for the Shahadat (martyrdom) of Ḥusayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad.[9] Shia Muslims begin mourning from the first night of Muharram and continue for ten nights, climaxing on the 10th of Muharram, known as the Day of Ashura. The last few days up until and including the Day of Ashura are the most important because these were the days in which Hussain and his family and followers (including women, children and elderly people) were deprived of water from the 7th onward and on the 10th, Husayn and 72 of his followers were killed by the army of Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala on Yazid's orders. The surviving members of Husayn's family and those of his followers were taken captive, marched to Damascus, and imprisoned there.
Timing for Muharram
Conversion of Hijri years 1343 to 1500 to the Gregorian calendar, with first days of al-Muharram (brown), Ramadan (grey) and Shawwal (black) bolded, and Eid al-Adha dotted – in the SVG file, hover over a spot to show its dates and a line to show the month
The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Muharram migrates throughout the solar years. The estimated start and end dates for Muharram are as follows (based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia):[10]
3 Muharram: Husayn ibn Ali enters Karbala and establishes camp. Yazid's forces are present. 61 AH (680 AD).
5 Muharram: Death anniversary (urs) of Baba Farid, a Punjabi Sufi saint, in 665 AH (1266 AD). His urs is celebrated for six days during Muharram, in Pakpattan, Pakistan.
7 Muharram: Access to water was banned to Husayn ibn Ali by Yazid's orders. 61 AH (680 AD).
10 Muharram: Referred to as the Day of Ashurah (lit. "the Tenth"), the day on which Husayn ibn Ali was martyred in the Battle of Karbala. Shia Muslims spend the day in mourning, while Sunni Muslims fast on this day, commemorating the rescue of the Israelites by Musa (Moses) from Pharaoh. Shia Muslims also mourn for the martyrs of Karbala.[11] Many Sufi Muslims fast for the same reason as the Sunnis mentioned above, but also for the martyred dead in Karbala.
^Huda (25 June 2019). "Overview of the Islamic Calendar". Learn Religions. Dotdash. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
^ abcdYaşaroğlu, M.Kâmīl (2006). MUHARREM - An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 31 (Muhammediyye - Munazara). Ankara: TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. pp. 4–5. ISBN978-97-53-89458-6.
^"Ziyarat Ashoora – Importance, Rewards and Effects". almuntazar.com. p. 24. Retrieved 7 November 2019 – via www.duas.org.
^"Muharram 2020: History, Significance And Know All About The Day Of Ashura". NDTV.com. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^"Ashura fasting in Muharram 2022: Date, history, significance of Shia and Sunni Muslims' fast in Muharram". Hindustan Times. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
^. 8 December 2010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
^Gent, R.H. van. "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". webspace.science.uu.nl.
^Sahih Bukhari 003.031.222-225 November 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
Chelkowski, Peter J. ed. (1979). Ta’ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York: New York University Press.
Cole, Juan (1988). Roots of North Indian Shiism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Avadh, 1722–1859. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kartomi, Margaret (1986). "Tabut – a Shia Ritual Transplanted from India to Sumatra", in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Indonesia: Essays in Honour of Professor J.D. Legge, edited by David P. Chandler and M.C. Ricklefs, Australia: Monash University, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, 141–62.
Mason, P.H. (2016) "Fight-dancing and the Festival: Tabuik in Pariaman, Indonesia, and Iemanjá" in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. Martial Arts Studies Journal, 2, 71–90. doi:10.18573/j.2016.10065
Pinault, David (1992). The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community. London: I.B. Tauris.
External links
Commemoration of Muharram is permissible
Optional prayers for Muharram, especially Qalbi Zikr 9 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
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Muḥarram Arabic ٱل م ح ر م fully known as Muharram ul Haram is the first month of the Islamic calendar 1 It is one of the four sacred months of the year when warfare is forbidden 2 It is held to be the second holiest month after Ramadan MuharramAshura commemorating martyrdom of Prophet s grandson Tehran 2016Native nameٱل م ح ر م Arabic CalendarIslamic calendarMonth number1Number of days29 30 depends on actual observation of the moon s crescent Significant daysAshura Dhu al HijjahSafar The tenth day of Muharram is known as Ashura Better known as part of the Mourning of Muharram Shi a Muslims mourn the tragedy of Ḥusayn ibn Ali s family Shiites mourn the martyrdom of Ḥusayn by abstaining from joyous events Instead Shia Muslims hold many events to offer condolences to Imam Husayn and to honor the martyrs by prayer reading supplications and holding charity events Shiʿi Muslims eat as little as possible on the Ashura however this is not seen as fasting Alevis fast ten or twelve days each day for one of the Twelve Imams of Shiʿa Islam to commemorate and mourn the Imams as if a very close relative has died Some excluding children elderly or sick do not eat or drink avoid entertainment until zawal afternoon as a part of their mourning for Husayn 2 In addition there is an important ziyarat book the Ziyarat Ashura about Ḥusayn In Shiʿism it is popular to read this ziyarat on this date 3 Contents 1 Muharram and Ashura 1 1 Muharram and Ashura to the Muslims 2 Timing for Muharram 3 Incidents that occurred during this month 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksMuharram and Ashura EditThe word Muharram means forbidden or prohibited Before Islam it is said that this month was called as Safer ul Awwal 2 The sighting of the new moon ushers in the Islamic New Year The first month Muharram is one of the four sacred months mentioned in the Quran although not mentioned by name along with the seventh month of Rajab and the eleventh and twelfth months of Dhu al Qi dah and Dhu al Hijjah respectively immediately preceding Muharram During these sacred months warfare is forbidden Before the advent of Islam the Quraish and Arabs also forbade warfare during those months 4 Before Islam the Arabs also fasted on the tenth day of Muharram This day also had importance in other Semitic religions like Judaism and Christianity Muhammad also fasted many times on this day before his prophethood and after his migration to Medina and also ordered the Muslims to fast on this day and ninth and eleventh day as well But the fasting was optional after Ramadan fasting was made obiligatory 2 It is narrated by Abu Hurairah that the Prophet Muhammad said The most virtuous fasting after the month of Ramadan is in Allah s month Al Muharram 5 Muharram and Ashura to the Muslims Edit Main article Mourning of Muharram Shia Muslims in Dar es Salaam Tanzania in a Hussainiya as part of the commemoration of Muharram Shia Muslim children in Amroha India on camels in front of the Azakhana as part of the procession commemorating events on and after Day of Ashura Ashura which literally means the Tenth in Arabic refers to the tenth day of Muharram 6 According to Sunni Muslims fasting on Ashura the tenth day of the Islamic month of Muharram was a practice established by Muhammad in the early days of Islam that commemorates the parting of the Red Sea by Moses 7 8 While in Shia Islam Muharram is a month of remembrance Ashura is well known in Shia tradition because of its historical significance and mourning for the Shahadat martyrdom of Ḥusayn ibn Ali the grandson of Muhammad 9 Shia Muslims begin mourning from the first night of Muharram and continue for ten nights climaxing on the 10th of Muharram known as the Day of Ashura The last few days up until and including the Day of Ashura are the most important because these were the days in which Hussain and his family and followers including women children and elderly people were deprived of water from the 7th onward and on the 10th Husayn and 72 of his followers were killed by the army of Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala on Yazid s orders The surviving members of Husayn s family and those of his followers were taken captive marched to Damascus and imprisoned there Timing for Muharram Edit Conversion of Hijri years 1343 to 1500 to the Gregorian calendar with first days of al Muharram brown Ramadan grey and Shawwal black bolded and Eid al Adha dotted in the SVG file hover over a spot to show its dates and a line to show the month The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year Muharram migrates throughout the solar years The estimated start and end dates for Muharram are as follows based on the Umm al Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia 10 Muharram dates between 2020 and 2024 AH First day CE AD Last day CE AD 1442 20 August 2020 17 September 20201443 0 9 August 2021 0 7 September 20211444 30 July 2022 27 August 20221445 19 July 2023 16 August 20231446 0 7 July 2024 0 4 August 2024Incidents that occurred during this month Edit Scenes in the Taziya procession at the Muharram 1 Muharram Seizure of the Grand Mosque in 1400 AH 1979 AD 3 Muharram Husayn ibn Ali enters Karbala and establishes camp Yazid s forces are present 61 AH 680 AD 5 Muharram Death anniversary urs of Baba Farid a Punjabi Sufi saint in 665 AH 1266 AD His urs is celebrated for six days during Muharram in Pakpattan Pakistan 7 Muharram Access to water was banned to Husayn ibn Ali by Yazid s orders 61 AH 680 AD 8 Muharram Referred to as the Muharram Rebellion the day on which Bengali Muslims in Sylhet lead one of the earliest anti British uprisings in the subcontinent 1197 AH 1782 AD 10 Muharram Referred to as the Day of Ashurah lit the Tenth the day on which Husayn ibn Ali was martyred in the Battle of Karbala Shia Muslims spend the day in mourning while Sunni Muslims fast on this day commemorating the rescue of the Israelites by Musa Moses from Pharaoh Shia Muslims also mourn for the martyrs of Karbala 11 Many Sufi Muslims fast for the same reason as the Sunnis mentioned above but also for the martyred dead in Karbala 15 Muharram Birth of Muhammad Sirajuddin Naqshbandi in 1297 AH 1879 AD 25 Muharram Zayn al Abidin fourth Shia Imam was martyred by Marvanian in 95 AH 714 AD 12 28 Muharram Death anniversary urs of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani an Indian Sufi saint in 808 AH 1405 AD See also EditIslamic Calendar Day of Ashura Mourning of Muharram Day of Tasu a Hosay Rawda KhwaniReferences Edit Huda 25 June 2019 Overview of the Islamic Calendar Learn Religions Dotdash Retrieved 7 November 2019 a b c d Yasaroglu M Kamil 2006 MUHARREM An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam in Turkish Vol 31 Muhammediyye Munazara Ankara TDV Encyclopedia of Islam pp 4 5 ISBN 978 97 53 89458 6 Ziyarat Ashoora Importance Rewards and Effects almuntazar com p 24 Retrieved 7 November 2019 via www duas org Muharram 2020 History Significance And Know All About The Day Of Ashura NDTV com Retrieved 4 August 2021 Sahih at Tirmidhi Hadith 740 How Muharram is being observed in India and around the world The Indian Express 12 October 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2021 ʿAshuraʾ Islamic holy day Britannica Ashura fasting in Muharram 2022 Date history significance of Shia and Sunni Muslims fast in Muharram Hindustan Times 2 August 2022 Retrieved 21 August 2022 Muharram 8 December 2010 Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 Retrieved 8 December 2010 Gent R H van The Umm al Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia webspace science uu nl Sahih Bukhari 003 031 222 225 Archived November 26 2009 at the Wayback Machine Allama Majlisi Bihar al Anwar Vol 46 pp 152 54 Further reading EditChelkowski Peter J ed 1979 Ta ziyeh Ritual and Drama in Iran New York New York University Press Cole Juan 1988 Roots of North Indian Shiism in Iran and Iraq Religion and State in Avadh 1722 1859 Berkeley CA University of California Press Kartomi Margaret 1986 Tabut a Shia Ritual Transplanted from India to Sumatra in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Indonesia Essays in Honour of Professor J D Legge edited by David P Chandler and M C Ricklefs Australia Monash University Centre for Southeast Asian Studies 141 62 Mason P H 2016 Fight dancing and the Festival Tabuik in Pariaman Indonesia and Iemanja in Salvador da Bahia Brazil Martial Arts Studies Journal 2 71 90 doi 10 18573 j 2016 10065 Pinault David 1992 The Shiites Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community London I B Tauris External links EditCommemoration of Muharram is permissible Optional prayers for Muharram especially Qalbi Zikr Archived 9 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Muharram Quotes and Wishes Matam beating the chest in Muharram Muharram New International Encyclopedia 1997 A day of mourning for Shiites Muharram in West Sumatra What is Muharram Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muharram amp oldid 1139869612, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
