Kashmiri language

Kashmiri (English: /kæʃˈmɪəri/)^[7] or Koshur (كٲشُر, कॉशुर, 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀, /kəːʃur/)^[1] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, primarily in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.^[8]

Kashmiri
كٲشُر, कॉशुर, 𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀
The word "Koshur" in Perso-Arabic script (contemporary, official status), Sharada script (ancient, liturgical) and Devanagari (contemporary)
Native to	India and Pakistan
Region	Kashmir (Kashmir division and parts of Chenab valley, Jammu and Kashmir,^[1] parts of northern Azad Kashmir)
Ethnicity	Kashmiris
Native speakers	7.1 million (2011)^[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Kashmiri
Dialects	Kishtwari, Poguli^[2]^[3]
Writing system	Perso-Arabic script (contemporary, official status),^[4] Devanagari (contemporary),^[4] Sharada script (ancient/liturgical)^[4]
Official status
Official language in	India Jammu and Kashmir^[5]^[6]
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ks
ISO 639-2	kas
ISO 639-3	kas
Glottolog	kash1277
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In 2020, the Parliament of India passed a bill to make Kashmiri an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri, Hindi, Urdu and English.^[9] Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India.

Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb-second word order.

Geographic distribution and status

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.^[10] Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.^[11] In the Kashmir valley, they form a majority.

Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir's population.^[12] According to the 1998 Pakistan Census, there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.^[13] Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,^[14][15] particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) and Hattian (15%), with very small minorities in Haveli (5%) and Bagh (2%).^[13] The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still intelligible with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.^[15] In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.^[15] The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly Kupwara.^[15] At the 2017 Census of Pakistan, as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.^[16][17]

A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman, as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu.^{[18][14][19][15]} This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.^[20][21] There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol.^[22] Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.^[22]

The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.^[23] It was a part of the eighth Schedule in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.^[24]

Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule.^[25][26] In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.^[27][28][29]

Kashmiri is closely related to Poguli and Kishtwari, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

Phonology

Kashmiri has the following phonemes.^[30][31]

Vowels

The oral vowels are as follows:

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Mid	e eː	ə əː	o oː
Low		a aː	ɔ ɔː

The short high vowels are near-high, and the low vowels apart from /aː/ are near-low.

Nasalization is phonemic. All sixteen oral vowels have nasal counterparts.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	ʈ	t͡ʃ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡sʰ	ʈʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d		ɖ	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s		ʃ		h
	voiced			z
Approximant		w	l			j
Trill			r

Palatalization is phonemic. All consonants apart from those in the post-alveolar/palatal column have palatalized counterparts.

Archaisms

Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants s ṣ ś of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but du- in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stop d). Seventy-two is dusatath in Kashmiri, bahattar in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and dvisaptati in Sanskrit.^[32]

Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (This tendency was complete in the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds to rost in Kashmiri. Similarly, sahit (meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds to sost in Kashmiri.^[32]

Writing system

There are three orthographical systems used to write the Kashmiri language: the Perso-Arabic script, the Devanagari script and the Sharada script. The Roman script is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.^[4]

The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in the Sharada script after the 8th Century A.D.^[33] The script grew increasingly unsuitable for writing Kashmiri because it couldn't adequately represent Kashmiri peculiar sounds by the usage of its vowel signs.^[34] Therefore, it is not in common use today and is restricted to religious ceremonies of the Kashmiri Pandits.^[35]

Today it is written in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts (with some modifications).^[36] Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.^[37]

The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Despite, Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both the Kashmiri Hindus and the Kashmiri Muslims,^[42] some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections of Kashmiri Hindu community.^[43][44][45]

Perso-Arabic script

Consonants

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph
بے	bē	b	[b]	ب
پے	pē	p	[p]	پ
پھَ	pha	ph	[pʰ]	پھ
تے	tē	t	[t]	ت
تھَ	tha	th	[tʰ]	تھ
ٹے	ṭē	ṭ	[ʈ]	ٹ
ٹھَ	ṭha	ṭh	[ʈʰ]	ٹھ
ثے	sē	s	[s]	ث
جیٖم	jīm	j	[d͡ʒ]	ج
چیٖم	chīm	ch	[t͡ʃ]	چ
چھَ	chha	chh	[t͡ʃʰ]	چھ
حَے	hay	h	[h]	ح
خَے	khay	kh	[x], [kʰ]	خ
دال	dāl	d	[d]	د
ڈال	ḍāl	ḍ	[ɖ]	ڈ
ذال	zāl	z	[z]	ذ
رے	rē	r	[r]	ر
ڑے	ṛē	ṛ	[ɽ]	ڑ
زے	zē	z	[z]	ز
ژے	tsē	ts	[t͡s]	ژ
ژھَ	tsha	tsh	[t͡sʰ]	ژھ
سیٖن	sīn	s	[s]	س
شـیٖـن	shīn	sh	[ʃ]	ش
صۄاد	sọ̄d	s	[s]	ص
ضۄاد	zọ̄d	z	[z]	ض
طۄے	tọy	t	[t]	ط
ظۄے	zọy	z	[z]	ظ
عٲن	ạ̄n	–	[∅]	ع
غٲن	gạ̄n	g	[ɡ], [ɣ]	غ
فے	fē	f	[f], [pʰ]	ف
قاف	qāf	q	[k], [q]	ق
كیٖف	kīf	k	[k]	ک
کھَ	kha	kh	[kʰ]	کھ
گاف	gāf	g	[ɡ]	گ
لام	lām	l	[l]	ل
میٖم	mīm	m	[m]	م
نوٗن	nūn	n, ̃	[n] , [◌̃]	ن
نوٗن غۄنَہ	nūn gọnā	̃	[◌̃]	ں
واو	wāw	v/w	[w]	و
ہے	hē	h	[h]	ہ
لۄکُٹ یے, بۆڈ یے	lọkuṭ yē, boḍ yē	y	[j]	ی, ے
گول یایُگ, تالٕرؠ	gōl yāyuk, tālür'	ya, '	[ʲa], [ʲ]	ؠ

Vowels

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Vowel combined with consonant ب (be)	Final vowel glyph	Medial vowel glyph	Initial vowel glyph	Isolated vowel glyph	Unicode diacritic glyph details
زَبَر	zabar	a	[a]	بَ	–َ	–َ	اَ	اَ	U+064E ARABIC FATHA
مَد	mad	ā	[aː]	با	ا	ا	آ	آ	(آ) U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOV (Initial & Isolate) (ا) U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF (Medial & Final)
اَمالہٕ	amālü	ạ (ö)	[ə]	بٔ	–ٔ	–ٔ	أ	أ	U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE
اَمالہٕ مَد	amālü mad	ạ̄ (ȫ)	[əː]	بٲ	ٲ	ٲ	ٲ	ٲ	(ٲ) U+0672 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE
زیر	zēr	i	[i]	بِ	–ِ	–ِ	اِ	اِ	U+0650 ARABIC KASRA
کَشہِ زیر	kashi zēr	ī	[iː]	بی	ی	ـیٖـ	ایٖـ	ای	(ای) U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH & U+0656 ARABIC SUBSCRIPT ALEF (Initial & Medial) U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH (Final & Isolate)
سایہِ	sāyi	ụ, u', ü	[ɨ]	بٕ	–ٕ	–ٕ	إ	إ	U+0655 ARABIC HAMZA BELOW
سایہِ مَد	sāyi mad	ụ̄, ū', ǖ	[ɨː]	بٟ	–ٟ	–ٟ	ٳ	ٳ	(ٳ) U+0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW
پیش	pēsh	u	[u]	بُ	–ُ	–ُ	اُ	اُ	U+064F ARABIC DAMMA
کَشہِ واوُک	kashi wāwuk	ū	[uː]	بوٗ	ـوٗ	ـوٗ	اوٗ	اوٗ	(وٗ) U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW & U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA
نیٖمہٕ واوُک	nīmü wāwuk	o	[o]	بۆ	ـۆ	ـۆ	اۆ	اۆ	(ۆ) U+06C6 ARABIC LETTER OE
واوُک	wāwuk	ō	[oː]	بو	ـو	ـو	او	او	(و) U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW
لٔٹؠ واوُک	lạṭ' wāwuk	ọ	[ɔ]	بۄ	ـۄ	ۄ	اۄ	اۄ	(ۄ) U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING
لٔٹؠ واوُک مَد	lạṭ' wāwuk mad	ọ̄	[ɔː]	بۄا	ـۄا	ۄا	اۄا	اۄا	(ۄ + ا) U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING & U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF
نیٖمہٕ یایُک	nīmü yāyuk	e	[e]	بـٚے	ـٚے	ـێـ	ێـ	اےٚ	( ٚ) U+065A ARABIC VOWEL SIGN SMALL V ABOVE combined with (ے) U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE
یایُک	yāyuk	ē	[eː]	بے	ے	ـیـ	یـ	اے	(ی) U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE

Devanagari

Consonants

Letter	क	ख	ग	च	छ	ज	च़	छ़	ज़	ट	ठ	ड	त	थ	द	न	प	फ	ब	म	य	र	ल	व	श	स	ह
IPA	[k]	[kʰ]	[g]	[t͡ʃ]	[t͡ʃʰ]	[d͡ʒ]	[t͡s]	[t͡sʰ]	[z]	[ʈ]	[ʈʰ]	[ɖ]	[t]	[tʰ]	[d]	[n]	[p]	[pʰ]	[b]	[m]	[j]	[r]	[l]	[w]	[ʃ]	[s]	[h]
Transliteration	k	kh	g	ch	chh	j	ts	tsh	z	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	t	th	d	n	p	ph	b	m	y	r	l	w	sh	s	h

Vowels

There have been a few versions of the devanagari script for Kashmiri.^[46] The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.^[47] This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal.^[48][49] This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] and elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.

Letter	अ	आ	ॲ	ऑ	इ	ई	ॶ	ॷ	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ	-व	ँ
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[ə]	[əː]	[i]	[iː]	[ɨ]	[ɨː]	[u]	[uː]	[e]	[eː]	[əi]	[o]	[oː]	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	[◌̃]
Transliteration	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant k	क	का	कॅ	कॉ	कि	की	कॖ	कॗ	कु	कू	कॆ	के	कै	कॊ	को	कौ	क्व or कव	कं

Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari.^[50][51] The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signs कऺ / कऻ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] & elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] and a new stand alone vowel ॵ and vowel sign कॏ for the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.

Letter	अ	आ	ॳ	ॴ	इ	ई	ॶ	ॷ	उ	ऊ	ऎ	ए	ऐ	ऒ	ओ	औ	ॵ	ँ
IPA	[a]	[aː]	[ə]	[əː]	[i]	[iː]	[ɨ]	[ɨː]	[u]	[uː]	[e]	[eː]	[əi]	[o]	[oː]	[ɔː]	[ɔ]	[◌̃]
Transliteration^[52]	a	ā	ạ	ạ̄	i	ī	ü	ǖ	u	ū	e	ē	ai	o	ō	ọ̄	ọ	̃
Vowel mark indicated on consonant k	क	का	कऺ	कऻ	कि	की	कॖ	कॗ	कु	कू	कॆ	के	कै	कॊ	को	कौ	कॏ	कं

Sharada script

Consonants

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks^[53]^[54]
𑆑𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆑	kōv kạ	ka	[ka]	𑆑
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤𑆴 𑆒	khvani khạ	kha	[kʰa]	𑆒
𑆓𑆓𑆫𑇀 𑆓	gagar gạ	ga	[ɡa]	𑆓
𑆓𑆳𑆱𑆴 𑆔	gāsi ghạ	gha	[ɡʰa]	𑆔	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆫𑆶𑆓𑇀 𑆕	nārug ṅạ	ṅa	[ŋa]	𑆕	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆖𑆳𑆛𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆖	tsāṭuv chạ	cha	[t͡ʃa]	𑆖
𑆗𑇀𑆮𑆛𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆗	tshvaṭiñ chhạ	chha	[t͡ʃʰa]	𑆗
𑆘𑆪𑆴 𑆘	zayi jạ	ja	[d͡ʒa]	𑆘
𑆘𑆳𑆯𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆙	zashiñ jhạ	jha	[d͡ʒʰa]	𑆙	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤 𑆦𑆶𑆛𑆴 𑆚	khvana phuṭi ñạ	ña	[ɲa]	𑆚	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆃𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆛	ar mām̐ṭa	ṭa	[ʈa]	𑆛
𑆱𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆜	sar mām̐ṭha	ṭha	[ʈʰa]	𑆜
𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝	ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḍa	[ɖa]	𑆝
𑆝𑆑 𑆞	ḍaka ḍhạ	ḍha	[ɖʰa]	𑆞	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆳𑆤𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆟	nānaguri ṇạ	ṇa	[ɳa]	𑆟	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆠𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆠	tov tạ	ta	[ta]	𑆠
𑆡𑆳𑆯𑆴 𑆡	thāshi thạ	tha	[tʰa]	𑆡
𑆢𑆢𑆮𑇀 𑆢	dadav dạ	da	[da]	𑆢
𑆢𑆷𑆚𑇀 𑆣	dūñ dhạ	dha	[dʰa]	𑆣	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆤𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆤	nastūv nạ	na	[na]	𑆤
𑆥𑆝𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆥	paḍuri pạ	pa	[pa]	𑆥
𑆦𑆫𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆦	phariñ phạ	pha	[pʰa]	𑆦
𑆧𑆶𑆧𑇀 𑆧	bub bạ	ba	[ba]	𑆧
𑆧𑆳𑆪𑆴 𑆨	bāyi bhạ	bha	[bʰa]	𑆨	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆩𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆩	mōv mạ	ma	[ma]	𑆩
𑆪𑆳𑆮 𑆪	yāva yạ	ya	[ja]	𑆪
𑆫𑆑 𑆫	raka rạ	ra	[ra]	𑆫
𑆬𑆳𑆮 𑆬	lāva lạ	la	[la]	𑆬
𑆧𑆝𑆶 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝	boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ	ḷa	[ɭa]	𑆭	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆮𑆯𑆴 𑆮	vashi vạ	va	[wa]	𑆮
𑆯𑆑𑆫𑇀 𑆯	shakar shạ	sha	[ʃa]	𑆯
𑆦𑆳𑆫𑆴 𑆰	phāri ṣạ	ṣa	[ʂa]	𑆰	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
𑆱𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆱	sus sạ	sa	[sa]	𑆱
𑆲𑆳𑆬 𑆲	hala hạ	ha	[ha]	𑆲

Vowels

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated glyph	Remarks^[53]
𑆄𑆢𑆿 𑆃	ādau a	a	[a]	𑆃
𑆎𑆠𑆮𑇀 𑆄	aitav ā	ā	[aː]	𑆄
𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆪𑆼	yeyev yē	i	[i]	𑆅
𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮𑇀 𑆆	yisherav yī	ī	[iː]	𑆆
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆮𑆾	vọpal vō	u	[u]	𑆇
𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆧𑆳 𑆈	vọpal bā ū	ū	[uː]	𑆈
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉	r̥enav	r̥	[r̩]	𑆉	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊	rakhav	r̥̄	[r̩ː]	𑆊	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋	leyev	l̥	[l̩]	𑆋	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆬𑆵𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆌	līsav	l̥̄	[l̩ː]	𑆌	The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
𑆠𑆬𑆮𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑆍	talavya yē	ē	[eː]	𑆍
𑆠𑆳𑆬𑆵 𑆎	tolī ai	ai	[əi]	𑆎
𑆮𑆶𑆜𑆾 𑆏	vuṭhō ō	ō	[oː]	𑆏
𑆃𑆯𑆴𑆢𑆵 𑆐	ashidī au	au	[ɔː]	𑆐
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶	aḍi tsandra phyor	am̐	[◌̃]	𑆃𑆀
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁	mas phyori aṃ	aṃ	[n],[m]	𑆃𑆁
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂	dō phyori aḥ	aḥ	[h]	𑆃𑆂

Vowel mark

Name		Transliteration	IPA	Isolated vowel mark	Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa	Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants
𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀	vahāy	-ā	[aː]	𑆳	𑆥𑆳	𑆕 = 𑆕𑆳 𑆘 = 𑆘𑆳 𑆛 = 𑆛𑆳 𑆟 = 𑆟𑆳
𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀	mūnthar	-i	[i]	𑆴	𑆥𑆴
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀	ar mūnthar	-ī	[iː]	𑆵	𑆥𑆵
𑆒𑆶𑆫𑆶	khuru	-u	[u]	𑆶	𑆥𑆶	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆶 𑆓 = 𑆓𑆶 𑆙 = 𑆙𑆶 𑆚 = 𑆚𑆶 𑆝 = 𑆝𑆶 𑆠 = 𑆠𑆶 𑆨 = 𑆨𑆶 𑆫 = 𑆫𑆶 𑆯 = 𑆯𑆶
𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆒𑆷𑆫𑆷	ar khūrū	-ū	[uː]	𑆷	𑆥𑆷	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆷 𑆓 = 𑆓𑆷 𑆙 = 𑆙𑆷 𑆚 = 𑆚𑆷 𑆝 = 𑆝𑆷 𑆠 = 𑆠𑆷 𑆨 = 𑆨𑆷 𑆫 = 𑆫𑆷 𑆯 = 𑆯𑆷
𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉	r̥enav r̥a	-r̥	[r̩]	𑆸	𑆥𑆸	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆸
𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊	rakhav ru	-r̥̄	[r̩ː]	𑆹	𑆥𑆹	𑆑 = 𑆑𑆹
𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋	leyev l̥a	-l̥	[l̩]	𑆺	𑆥𑆺
𑆬𑆵𑆱𑆮𑇀 𑆌	līsav l̥̄a	-l̥̄	[l̩ː]	𑆻	𑆥𑆻
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆝𑆷	hvanḍū	-ē	[eː]	𑆼	𑆥𑆼
𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆘𑆾𑆫𑇀	hvanjōr	-ai	[əi]	𑆽	𑆥𑆽
𑆃𑆑𑆶 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆷𑆫𑆶	oku shyūr	-ō	[oː]	𑆾	𑆥𑆾
𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆴 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀	okushi vahāy	-au	[ɔː]	𑆿	𑆥𑆿
𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑇀𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶	aḍi tsandra phyor	-am̐	[◌̃]	𑆀	𑆥𑆀
𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁	mas phyori aṃ	-aṃ	[n],[m]	𑆁	𑆥𑆁
𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂	dō phyori aḥ	-aḥ	[h]	𑆂	𑆥𑆂

Grammar

Kashmiri is a fusional language^[55] with verb-second (V2) word order.^[56] Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages.^[57]

Nouns

Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.^[55]

Gender

The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a morphophonemic change, or both) to a masculine noun.^[55] A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.^[58] The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:^[59]

Process	Masculine	Feminine	Meaning
Adding of affix	[huːn] ہوٗن	[huːnʲ] ہوٗنؠ	dog/bitch
vowel change	[gagur] گَگُر	[gagɨr] گَگٕر	rat
consonant change	[hokʰ] ہۆکھ	[hot͡ʃʰ] ہۆچھ	dry
vowel/consonant change	[tot] تۆت	[tət͡s] تٔژ	hot
suppletive form	[marɨd] مَرٕد	[zanaːn] زَنان	man/woman
masculine only	[kaːw] کاو	---	crow
feminine only	---	[mət͡ʃʰ] مٔچھ	housefly

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.^[58]

Case

There are five cases in Kashmiri: nominative, dative, ergative, ablative and vocative.^[60] Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.

Kashmiri utilizes an ergative-absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense.^[60] Thus, in these sentences, the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked.^[60][61][62] However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.^[63]

Other case distinctions, such as locative, instrumental, genitive, comitative and allative, are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation.^[64]

Noun morphology

The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.^[63][65]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø
Erg.	-[an] اَن	-[aw] اَو	-[i] اِ	-[aw] اَو
Dat.	-[as] or -[is] اَس or اِس	-[an] اَن	-[i] اِ	-[an] اَن
Abl.	-[i] or -[ɨ] اِ or إ	-[aw] اَو	-[i] اِ	-[aw] اَو
Voc.	-[aː] ا	-[aw] اَو	-[ij] اِے	-[aw] اَو

Verbs

Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the infinitive ending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries.^[66] Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.^[67]

Tense

Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):^[68]

Present

	Masculine	Feminine
1st Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰus jiwaːn] چھُس یِوان	[t͡ʃʰas jiwaːn] چھَس یِوان
2nd Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰukʰ jiwaːn] چھُکھ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰakʰ jiwaːn] چھَکھ یِوان
3rd Person Sing.	[t͡ʃʰu jiwaːn] چھُ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰe jiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان
1st Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰi jiwaːn] چھِ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰa jiwaːn] چھَ یِوان
2nd Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰiw jiwaːn] چھِو یِوان	[t͡ʃʰaw jiwaːn] چھَو یِوان
3rd Person Pl.	[t͡ʃʰi jiwaːn] چھِ یِوان	[t͡ʃʰe jiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان

Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.^[69] The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.^[70]

As described above, Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.^[70] Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.^[70][71]

Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ("to read"):^[72]

Simple Past (Transitive)

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[por] پۆر	[pərʲ] پٔرؠ	[pər] پٔر	[pari] پَرِ
2nd Person	Non-honorific	[porutʰ] پۆرُتھ	[pəritʰ] پٔرِتھ	[pərɨtʰ] پٔرٕتھ	[parʲatʰ] پَرؠتھ
	Honorific	[porwɨ] پۆروٕ	[pəriwɨ] پٔرِوٕ	[pərwɨ] پٔروٕ	[pariwɨ] پَرِوٕ
3rd Person		[por] پۆر	[pərʲ] پٔرؠ	[pər] پٔر	[pari] پَرِ

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.^[73]

Simple Past (Special Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[us] اُس	-[ʲ] ؠ	-[as] اَس	-[i] اِ
2nd Person	-[kʰ] کھ	-[wɨ] وٕ	-[kʰ] کھ	-[wɨ] وٕ
3rd Person	-Ø	-Ø	-[t͡ʃʰ] چھ	-[i] اِ

Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.^[74]

Simple Past (Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jas] یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjas] یے یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[jaːkʰ] یاکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person	-[joːw] یوو	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ

In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.^[75] Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:^[76]

Indefinite Past (Transitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd Person	-[joːw] یوو	-[eːji] ے یہِ	-[eːji] ے یہِ	-[eːji] ے یہِ
2nd Person	-[joːtʰ] یوتھ	-[eːjatʰ] ے یَتھ	-[eːjatʰ] ے یَتھ	-[eːjatʰ] ے یَتھ

Remote Past (Transitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st/3rd Person	-[eːjoːw] ے یوو	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ
2nd Person	-[eːjoːtʰ] ے یوتھ	-[eːjeːjatʰ] ے یے یَتھ	-[eːjeːjatʰ] ے یے یَتھ	-[eːjeːjatʰ] ے یے یَتھ

As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:^[77]

Indefinite Past (Special Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[aːs] اس	-[aːjas] ایَس	-[aːjas] ایَس	-[aːji] ایہِ
2nd Person	-[kʰ] کھ	-[kʰ] کھ	-[aːjakʰ] ایَکھ	-[aːjiwɨ] ایِوٕ
3rd Person	-[aw] اَو	-[aːji] ایہِ	-[aːji] ایہِ	-[aːji] ایہِ

Remote Past (Special Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Perso	-[aːjaːs] ایاس	-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ	-[eːjeːjas] ے یے یَس	-[eːjeːji] ے یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[aːkʰ] اکھ	-[eːjiwɨ] ے یِوٕ	-[aːjakʰ] ایَکھ	-[aːjiwɨ] ایِوٕ
3rd Person	-[eːjoːw] ے یوو	-[eːjeːji] ے یے یہِ	-[eːjaːjɨ] ے یایہٕ	-[eːjaːjɨ] ے یایہٕ

Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:^[78]

Indefinite Past (Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jas] یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjas] یے یَس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[jaːkʰ] یاکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person	-[joːw] یوو	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːji] یے یہِ

Remote Past (Intransitive)

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person	-[jeːjaːs] یے یاس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjaːs] یے یاس	-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ	-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ	-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person	-[jeːjoːw] یے یوو	-[jeːji] یے یہِ	-[jeːjaːjɨ] یے یایہٕ	-[jeːjɨ] یے یہٕ

Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:^[79]

Future (Intransitive)

	Singular	Plural
1st Person	-[mɨ] مہٕ	-[maw] مَو
2nd Person	-[akʰ] اَکھ	-[jiw] یِو
3rd Person	-[ji] یِہ	-[an] اَن

The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:^[80]

Future (Transitive)

	Singular Object	Plural Object
1st Person Sing.	-[an] اَن	-[akʰ] اَکھ
1st Person Pl.	-[ɨhoːn] إہون	-[ɨhoːkʰ] إہوکھ
2nd Person Sing.	-[ɨhǝn] إۂن	-[ɨhǝkʰ] إۂکھ
2nd Person Pl.	-[ɨhuːn] إہوٗن	-[ɨhuːkʰ] إہوٗکھ
3rd Person Sing.	-[jas] یَس	-[jakʰ] یَکھ
3rd Person Pl.	-[ɨnas] إنَس	-[ɨnakʰ] إنَکھ

Aspect

There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ("to be")—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).^[81]

Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:^[81]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
	-[mut] مُت	-[mɨtʲ] مٕتؠ	-[mɨt͡s] مٕژ	-[mat͡sɨ] مَژٕ

The imperfective (expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.^[82] A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle.^[83]

Pronouns

Pronouns are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.^[84]

Nominative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[bɨ] بہٕ	[ǝsʲ] أسؠ	[bɨ] بہٕ	[ǝsʲ] أسؠ
2nd Person		[t͡sɨ] ژٕ	[tohʲ] or [tuhʲ] تۆہؠ or تُہؠ	[t͡sɨ] ژٕ	[tohʲ] or [tuhʲ] تۆہؠ or تُہؠ
3rd Person	proximate	[ji] یہِ	[jim] یِم	[ji] یہِ	[jimɨ] یِمہٕ
	remote I	[hu] ہُہ	[hum] ہُم	[hɔ] ہۄ	[humɨ] ہُمہٕ
	remote II	[su] سُہ	[tim] تِم	/sɔ/ سۄ	[timɨ] تِمہٕ

Ergative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ	[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] تۄہِہ	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] تۄہِہ
3rd Person	proximate	[jemʲ] یێمؠ	[jimaw] یِمَو	[jemi] یێمِہ	[jimaw] یِمَو
	remote I	[humʲ] ہُمؠ	[humaw] ہُمَو	[humi] ہُمہِ	[humaw] ہُمَو
	remote II	[tǝmʲ] تٔمؠ	[timaw] تِمَو	[tami] تَمہِ	[timaw] تِمَو

Dative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ	[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] تۄہہِ	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] تۄہہِ
3rd Person	proximate	[jemis] یێمِس	[jiman] یِمَن	[jemis] یێمِس	[jiman] یِمَن
	remote I	[humis] ہُمِس	[human] ہُمَن	[humis] ہُمِس	[human] ہُمَن
	remote II	[tǝmis] تٔمِس	[timan] تِمَن	[tǝmis] تٔمِس	[timan] تِمَن

Ablative

		Masculine		Feminine
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Person		[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ	[me] مےٚ	[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person		[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] تۄہہِ	[t͡se] ژےٚ	[tɔhi] تۄہہِ
3rd Person	proximate	[jemi] یێمہِ	[jimaw] یِمَو	[jemi] یێمہِ	[jimaw] یِمَو
	remote I	[humi] ہُمہِ	[humaw] ہُمَو	[humi] ہُمہِ	[humaw] ہُمَو
	remote II	[tǝmi] تٔمہِ	[timaw] تِمَو	[tǝmi] تٔمہِ	[timaw] تِمَو

There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.^[85]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st Sing.	[mjoːn] میٛون	[mjəːnʲ] میٛٲنؠ	[mjəːnʲ] میٛٲنؠ	[mjaːni] میٛانہِ
1st Pl.	[soːn] سون	[səːnʲ] سٲنؠ	[səːnʲ] سٲنؠ	[saːni] سانہِ
2nd Sing.	[t͡ʃoːn] چون	[t͡ʃəːnʲ] چٲنؠ	[t͡ʃəːnʲ] چٲنؠ	[t͡ʃaːni] چانہِ
2nd Pl.	[tuhund] تُہُنٛد	[tuhɨndʲ] تُہٕنٛدؠ	[tuhɨnz] تُہٕنٛز	[tuhnzɨ] تُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. Prox.	[jemʲ sund] یێمؠ سُنٛد	[jemʲ sɨndʲ] یێمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[jemʲ sɨnz] یێمؠ سٕنٛز	[jemʲ sɨnzɨ] یێمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. Prox.	[jihund] یِہُنٛد	[jihɨndʲ] یِہٕنٛدؠ	[jihɨnz] یِہٕنٛز	[jihnzɨ] یِہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R I	[humʲ sund] ہُمؠ سُنٛد	[humʲ sɨndʲ] ہُمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[humʲ sɨnz] ہُمؠ سٕنٛز	[humʲ sɨnzɨ] ہُمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R I	[huhund] ہُہُنٛد	[huhɨndʲ] ہُہٕنٛدؠ	[huhɨnz] ہُہٕنٛز	[huhnzɨ] ہُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R II	[tǝmʲ sund] تٔمؠ سُنٛد	[tǝmʲ sɨndʲ] تٔمؠ سٕنٛدؠ	[tǝmʲ sɨnz] تٔمؠ سٕنٛز	[tǝmʲ sɨnzɨ] تٔمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R II	[tihɨnd] تِہٕنٛد	[tihɨndʲ] تِہٕنٛدؠ	[tihɨnz] تِہٕنٛز	[tihnzɨ] تِہنٛزٕ

Adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.^[86] Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.^[87] The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective /wɔzul/ ("red"):^[88][89]

	Masculine		Feminine
	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nom.	[wɔzul] وۄزُل	[wɔzɨlʲ] وۄزٕلؠ	[wɔzɨd͡ʒ] وۄزٕج	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ
Erg.	[wɔzlɨ] وۄزلہٕ	[wɔzlʲaw] وۄزلؠو	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ	[wɔzd͡ʒaw] وۄزجَو
Dat.	[wɔzlis] وۄزلِس	[wɔzlʲan] وۄزلؠن	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ	[wɔzd͡ʒan] وۄزجَن
Abl.	[wɔzlɨ] وۄزلہٕ	[wɔzlʲaw] وۄزلؠو	[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ	[wɔzd͡ʒaw] وۄزجَو

Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -lad or -a, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.^[88]

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words tsor ("more") and sitha ("most"), respectively.^[90]

Numerals

Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers.^[91] These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.), multiplicative (two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.^[91]

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Aggregative	Multiplicative	Emphatic
Suffix		-[jum] for masculine -[im] for feminine	-[waj]	-[ɡun] or -[ɡon] for masculine -[ɡɨn] for feminine	-[j]
0.	[sifar] صِفَر
1.	[akʰ] اَکھ	[ǝkjum] or [ǝkim] أکیُٛم or أکِم		[oɡun] or [oɡɨn] اۆگُن or اۆگٕن	[akuj] اَکُے
2.	[zɨ] زٕ	[dojum] or [dojim] دۆیُم or دۆیِم	[dɔʃwaj] دۄشوَے	[doɡun] or [doɡɨn] دۆگُن or دۆگٕن	[zɨj] زٕے
3.	[tre] ترٛےٚ	[trejum] or [trejim] ترٛیٚیُم or ترٛیٚیِم	[treʃwaj] ترٛیٚشوَے	[troɡun] or [troɡɨn] ترٛۆگُن or ترٛۆگٕن	[trej] ترٛیٚے
4.	[t͡soːr] ژور	[t͡suːrjum] or [t͡suːrim] ژوٗریُٛم or ژوٗرِم	[t͡sɔʃwaj] ژۄشوَے	[t͡soɡun] or [t͡soɡɨn] ژۆگُن or ژۆگٕن	[t͡soːraj] ژورَے
5.	[pãːt͡sʰ] or [pə̃ːt͡sʰ] پانٛژھ or پٲنٛژھ	[pɨ:t͡sjum] or [pɨ:t͡sim] پٟنٛژیُٛم or پٟنٛژِم	[pãːt͡sɨwaj] پانٛژٕوَے	[pãːt͡sɨɡun] or [pãːt͡sɨɡɨn] پانٛژٕگُن or پانٛژٕگٕن	[pãːt͡saj] پانٛژَے
6.	[ʃe] شےٚ	[ʃejum] or [ʃejim] شیٚیُم or شیٚیِم	[ʃenɨwaj] شیٚنہٕ وَے	[ʃuɡun] or [ʃuɡɨn] شُگُن or شُگٕن	[ʃej] شیٚے
7.	[satʰ] سَتھ	[sətjum] or [sətim] سٔتیُٛم or سٔتِم	[satɨwaj] سَتہٕ وَے	[satɨɡun] or [satɨɡɨn] سَتہٕ گُن or سَتہٕ گٕن	[sataj] سَتَے
8.	[əːʈʰ] ٲٹھ	[ɨːʈʰjum] or [uːʈʰjum] اٟٹھیُٛم or اوٗٹھیُٛم [ɨːʈʰim] or [uːʈʰim] اٟٹھِم or اوٗٹھِم	[əːʈʰɨwaj] ٲٹھٕ وَے	[əːʈʰɨɡun] or [əːʈʰɨɡɨn] ٲٹھٕ گُن or ٲٹھٕ گٕن	[əːʈʰaj] ٲٹھَے
9.	[naw] نَو	[nəwjum] or [nəwim] نٔویُٛم or نٔوِم	[nawɨwaj] نَوٕوَے	[nawɨɡun] or [nawɨɡɨn] نَوٕگُن or نَوٕگٕن	[nawaj] نَوَے
10.	[dəh] or [daːh] دٔہ or داہ	[dəhjum] or [dəhim] دٔہیُٛم or دٔہِم	[dəhɨwaj] دٔہہٕ وَے	[dəhɨɡon] or [dəhɨɡɨn] دٔہہٕ گۆن or دٔہہٕ گٕن	[dəhaj] دٔہَے
11.	[kah] or [kaːh] کَہہ or کاہ	[kəhjum] or [kəhim] کٔہیُٛم or کٔہِم
12.	[bah] or [baːh] بَہہ or باہ	[bəhjum] or [bəhim] بٔہیُٛم or بٔہِم
13.	[truwaːh] ترُٛواہ	[truwəːhjum] or [truwəːhim] ترُٛوٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوٲہِم
14.	[t͡sɔdaːh] ژۄداہ	[t͡sɔdəːhjum] or [t͡sɔdəːhim] ژۄدٲہیُٛم or ژۄدٲہِم
15.	[pandaːh] پَنٛداہ	[pandəːhjum] or [pandəːhim] پَنٛدٲہیُٛم or پَنٛدٲہِم
16.	[ʃuraːh] شُراہ	[ʃurəːhjum] or [ʃurəːhim] شُرٲہیُٛم or شُرٲہِم
17.	[sadaːh] سَداہ	[sadəːhjum] or [sadəːhim] سَدٲہیُٛم or سَدٲہِم
18.	[arɨdaːh] اَرٕداہ	[arɨdəːhjum] or [arɨdəːhim] اَرٕدٲہیُٛم or اَرٕدٲہِم
19.	[kunɨwuh] کُنہٕ وُہ	[kunɨwuhjum] or [kunɨwuhim] کُنہٕ وُہیُٛم or کُنہٕ وُہِم
20.	[wuh] وُہ	[wuhjum] or [wuhim] وُہیُٛم or وُہِم
21.	[akɨwuh] اَکہٕ وُہ	[akɨwuhjum] or [akɨwuhim] اَکہٕ وُہیُٛم or اَکہٕ وُہِم
22.	[zɨtoːwuh] زٕتووُہ	[zɨtoːwuhjum] or [zɨtoːwuhim] زٕتووُہیُٛم or زٕتووُہِم
23.	[trowuh] ترٛۆوُہ	[trowuhjum] or [trowuhim] ترٛۆوُہیُٛم or ترٛۆوُہِم
24.	[t͡sowuh] ژۆوُہ	[t͡sowuhjum] or [t͡sowuhim] ژۆوُہیُٛم or ژۆوُہِم
25.	[pɨnt͡sɨh] پٕنٛژٕہ	[pɨnt͡sɨhjum] or [pɨnt͡sɨhim] پٕنٛژٕہیُٛم or پٕنٛژٕہِم
26.	[ʃatɨwuh] شَتہٕ وُہ	[ʃatɨwuhjum] or [ʃatɨwuhim] شَتہٕ وُہیُٛم or شَتہٕ وُہِم
27.	[satoːwuh] سَتووُہ	[satoːwuhjum] or [satoːwuhim] سَتووُہیُٛم or سَتووُہِم
28.	[aʈʰoːwuh] اَٹھووُہ	[aʈʰoːwuhjum] or [aʈʰoːwuhim] اَٹھووُہیُٛم or اَٹھووُہِم
29.	[kunɨtrɨh] کُنہٕ ترٕٛہ	[kunɨtrɨhjum] or [kunɨtrɨhim] کُنہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or کُنہٕ ترٕٛہِم
30.	[trɨh] ترٕٛہ	[trɨhjum] or [trɨhim] ترٕٛہیُٛم or ترٕٛہِم
31.	[akɨtrɨh] اَکہٕ ترٕٛہ	[akɨtrɨhjum] or [akɨtrɨhim] اَکہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or اَکہٕ ترٕٛہِم
32.	[dɔjitrɨh] دۄیہِ ترٕٛہ	[dɔjitrɨhjum] or [dɔjitrɨhjim] دۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or دۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
33.	[tejitrɨh] تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ	[tejitrɨhjum] or [tejitrɨhim] تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
34.	[t͡sɔjitrɨh] ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہ	[t͡sɔjitrɨhjum] or [t͡sɔjitrɨhim] ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
35.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨh] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨh] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہ or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim] پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم
36.	[ʃejitrɨh] شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ	[ʃejitrɨhjum] or [ʃejitrɨhim] شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
37.	[satɨtrɨh] سَتہٕ ترٕٛہ	[satɨtrɨhjum] or [satɨtrɨhim] سَتہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or سَتہٕ ترٕٛہِم
38.	[arɨtrɨh] اَرٕترٕٛہ	[arɨtrɨhjum] or [arɨtrɨhim] اَرٕترٕٛہیُٛم or اَرٕترٕٛہِم
39.	[kunɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒiː] کُنہٕ تٲجِہہ or کُنہٕ تٲجی	[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒihim] کُنہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or کُنہٕ تٲجِہِم
40.	[t͡satd͡ʒih] or [t͡satd͡ʒiː] ژَتجِہہ or ژَتجی	[t͡satd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡satd͡ʒihim] ژَتجِہیُٛم or ژَتجِہِم
41.	[akɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒiː] اَکہٕ تٲجِہہ or اَکہٕ تٲجی	[akɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒihim] اَکہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or اَکہٕ تٲجِہِم
42.	[dɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒiː] دۄیہِ تٲجِہہ or دۄیہِ تٲجی	[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒihim] دۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or دۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
43.	[tejitəːd͡ʒih] or [tejitəːd͡ʒiː] تیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ or تیٚیہِ تٲجی	[tejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [tejitəːd͡ʒihim] تیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or تیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
44.	[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒiː] ژۄیہِ تٲجِہہ or ژۄیہِ تٲجی	[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihim] ژۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or ژۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
45.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or پٲنٛژٕ تٲجی or پانٛژٕ تٲجی	[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہِم or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہِم
46.	[ʃejitəːd͡ʒih] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒiː] شیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ or شیٚیہِ تٲجی	[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒihim] شیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or شیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
47.	[satɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒiː] سَتہٕ تٲجِہہ or سَتہٕ تٲجی	[satɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒihim] سَتہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or سَتہٕ تٲجِہِم
48.	[arɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒiː] اَرٕتٲجِہہ or اَرٕتٲجی	[arɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒihim] اَرٕتٲجِہیُٛم or اَرٕتٲجِہِم
49.	[kunɨwanzaːh] کُنہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[kunɨwanzəːhjum] or [kunɨwanzəːhim] کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
50.	[pant͡saːh] پَنٛژاہ	[pant͡səːhjum] or [pant͡səːhim] پَنٛژٲہیُٛم or پَنٛژٲہِم
51.	[akɨwanzaːh] اَکہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[akɨwanzəːhjum] or [akɨwanzəːhim] اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
52.	[duwanzaːh] دُوَنٛزاہ	[duwanzəːhjum] or [duwanzəːhim] دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or دُوَنٛزٲہِم
53.	[truwanzaːh] or [trɨwanzaːh] ترُٛوَنٛزاہ or ترٕٛوَنٛزاہ	[truwanzəːhjum] or [truwanzəːhim] ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم [trɨwanzəːhjum] or [trɨwanzəːhim] ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم
54.	[t͡suwanzaːh] ژُوَنٛزاہ	[t͡suwanzəːhjum] or [t͡suwanzəːhim] ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ژُوَنٛزٲہِم
55.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzaːh] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzaːh] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhim] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhim] پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
56.	[ʃuwanzaːh] شُوَنٛزاہ	[ʃuwanzəːhjum] or [ʃuwanzəːhim] شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or شُوَنٛزٲہِم
57.	[satɨwanzaːh] سَتہٕ وَنٛزاہ	[satɨwanzəːhjum] or [satɨwanzəːhim] سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
58.	[arɨwanzaːh] اَرٕوَنٛزاہ	[arɨwanzəːhjum] or [arɨwanzəːhim] اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم
59.	[kunɨhəːʈʰ] کُنہٕ ہٲٹھ	[kunɨhəːʈʰjum] or [kunɨhəːʈʰim] کُنہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or کُنہٕ ہٲٹھِم
60.	[ʃeːʈʰ] شیٹھ	[ʃeːʈʰjum] or [ʃeːʈʰim] شیٹھیُٛم or شیٹھِم
61.	[akɨhəːʈʰ] اَکہٕ ہٲٹھ	[akɨhəːʈʰjum] or [akɨhəːʈʰim] اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or اَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم
62.	[duhəːʈʰ] دُ ہٲٹھ	[duhəːʈʰjum] or [duhəːʈʰim] دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم or دُ ہٲٹھِم
63.	[truhəːʈʰ] or [trɨhəːʈʰ] ترُٛہٲٹھ or ترٕٛہٲٹھ	[truhəːʈʰjum] or [truhəːʈʰim] ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترُٛہٲٹھِم [trɨhəːʈʰjum] or [trɨhəːʈʰim] ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترٕٛہٲٹھِم
64.	[t͡suhəːʈʰ] ژُہٲٹھ	[t͡suhəːʈʰjum] or [t͡suhəːʈʰim] ژُہٲٹھیُٛم or ژُہٲٹھِم
65.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھ or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم
66.	[ʃuhəːʈʰ] شُہٲٹھ	[ʃuhəːʈʰjum] or [ʃuhəːʈʰim] شُہٲٹھیُٛم or شُہٲٹھِم
67.	[satɨhəːʈʰ] سَتہٕ ہٲٹھ	[satɨhəːʈʰjum] or [satɨhəːʈʰim] سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم
68.	[arɨhəːʈʰ] اَرٕہٲٹھ	[arɨhəːʈʰjum] or [arɨhəːʈʰim] اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم or اَرٕہٲٹھِم
69.	[kunɨsatatʰ] کُنہٕ سَتَتھ	[kunɨsatatyum] or [kunɨsatatim] کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ سَتَتِم
70.	[satatʰ] سَتَتھ	[satatjum] or [satatim] سَتَتیُٛم or سَتَتِم
71.	[akɨsatatʰ] اَکہٕ سَتَتھ	[akɨsatatjum] or [akɨsatatim] اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ سَتَتِم
72.	[dusatatʰ] دُسَتَتھ	[dusatatjum] or [dusatatim] دُسَتَتیُٛم or دُسَتَتِم
73.	[trusatatʰ] or [trɨsatatʰ] ترُٛسَتَتھ or ترٕٛسَتَتھ	[trusatatjum] or [trusatatim] ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترُٛسَتَتِم [trɨsatatjum] or [trɨsatatim] ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترٕٛسَتَتِم
74.	[t͡susatatʰ] ژُسَتَتھ	[t͡susatatjum] or [t͡susatatim] ژُسَتَتیُٛم or ژُسَتَتِم
75.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatʰ] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھ or پانٛژٕ سَتَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatjum] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatim] پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتِم
76.	[ʃusatatʰ] شُسَتَتھ	[ʃusatatjum] or [ʃusatatim] شُسَتَتیُٛم or شُسَتَتِم
77.	[satɨsatatʰ] سَتہٕ سَتَتھ	[satɨsatatjum] or [satɨsatatim] سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ سَتَتِم
78.	[arɨsatatʰ] اَرٕسَتَتھ	[arɨsatatjum] or [arɨsatatim] اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم or اَرٕسَتَتِم
79.	[kunɨʃiːtʰ] کُنہٕ شيٖتھ	[kunɨʃiːtjum] or [kunɨʃiːtim] کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or کُنہٕ شيٖتِم
80.	[ʃiːtʰ] شيٖتھ	[ʃiːtjum] or [ʃiːtjim] شيٖتیُٛم or شيٖتِم
81.	[akɨʃiːtʰ] اَکہٕ شيٖتھ	[akɨʃiːtjum] or [akɨʃiːtim] اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or اَکہٕ شيٖتِم
82.	[dɔjiʃiːtʰ] دۄیہِ شيٖتھ	[dɔjiʃiːtjum] or [dɔjiʃiːtjum] دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or دۄیہِ شيٖتِم
83.	[trejiʃiːtʰ] ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ	[trejiʃiːtjum] or [trejiʃiːtim] ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
84.	[t͡sɔjiʃiːtʰ] ژۄیہِ شيٖتھ	[t͡sɔjiʃiːtjum] or [t͡sɔjiʃiːtim] ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ژۄیہِ شيٖتِم
85.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھ or پانٛژٕ شيٖتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim] پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم
86.	[ʃejiʃiːtʰ] شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ	[ʃejiʃiːtjum] or [ʃejiʃiːtim] شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or شیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
87.	[satɨʃiːtʰ] سَتہٕ شيٖتھ	[satɨʃiːtjum] or [satɨʃiːtim] سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or سَتہٕ شيٖتِم
88.	[arɨʃiːtʰ] اَرٕشيٖتھ	[arɨʃiːtjum] or [arɨʃiːtim] اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم or اَرٕشيٖتِم
89.	[kunɨnamatʰ] کُنہٕ نَمَتھ	[kunɨnamatjum] or [kunɨnamatim] کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ نَمَتِم
90.	[namatʰ] نَمَتھ	[namatjum] or [namatim] نَمَتیُٛم or نَمَتِم
91.	[akɨnamatʰ] اَکہٕ نَمَتھ	[akɨnamatjum] or [akɨnamatim] اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ نَمَتِم
92.	[dunamatʰ] دُنَمَتھ	[dunamatjum] or [dunamatim] دُنَمَتیُٛم or دُنَمَتِم
93.	[trunamatʰ] or [trɨnamatʰ] ترُٛنَمَتھ or ترٕٛنَمَتھ	[trunamatjum] or [trunamatim] ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترُٛنَمَتِم [trɨnamatjum] or [trɨnamatim] ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترٕٛنَمَتِم
94.	[t͡sunamatʰ] ژُنَمَتھ	[t͡sunamatjum] or [t͡sunamatim] ژُنَمَتیُٛم or ژُنَمَتِم
95.	[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatʰ] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھ or پانٛژٕ نَمَتھ	[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatjum] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم [pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatim] پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتِم
96.	[ʃunamatʰ] شُنَمَتھ	[ʃunamatjum] or [ʃunamatim] شُنَمَتیُٛم or May 28, 2023 Latest articles January 01, 1970 Jado January 01, 1970 Jadunath Sarkar January 01, 1970 Jae-gyun Hwang January 01, 1970 Jaejae January 01, 1970 Jaffna Wesleyan English School January 01, 1970 Jaffa Port January 01, 1970 Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki January 01, 1970 Jagannath Mahto January 01, 1970 Jagannath Temple (Puri) January 01, 1970 Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet) Most Read January 01, 1970 Nodaway Island January 01, 1970 Noddy (TV series) January 01, 1970 Node (mathematics) January 01, 1970 Node B January 01, 1970 Nodena phase kashmiri, language, kashmiri, english, ɪər, koshur, كٲش, 𑆑, 𑆯, 𑆫, kəːʃur, indo, aryan, language, spoken, around, million, kashmiris, kashmir, region, primarily, indian, union, territory, jammu, kashmir, kashmiriكٲش, 𑆑, 𑆯, 𑆫, word, koshur, perso, arabic, script. Kashmiri English k ae ʃ ˈ m ɪer i 7 or Koshur كٲش ر क श र 𑆑 𑆯 𑆫 keːʃur 1 is an Indo Aryan language spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region primarily in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir 8 Kashmiriكٲش ر क श र 𑆑 𑆯 𑆫 The word Koshur in Perso Arabic script contemporary official status Sharada script ancient liturgical and Devanagari contemporary Native toIndia and PakistanRegionKashmir Kashmir division and parts of Chenab valley Jammu and Kashmir 1 parts of northern Azad Kashmir EthnicityKashmirisNative speakers7 1 million 2011 1 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanDardicKashmiriDialectsKishtwari Poguli 2 3 Writing systemPerso Arabic script contemporary official status 4 Devanagari contemporary 4 Sharada script ancient liturgical 4 Official statusOfficial language in India Jammu and Kashmir 5 6 Language codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks ks span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks kas span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kas class extiw title iso639 3 kas kas a Glottologkash1277This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Part of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission Classical Languages of India List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portalIn 2020 the Parliament of India passed a bill to make Kashmiri an official language of Jammu and Kashmir along with Dogri Hindi Urdu and English 9 Kashmiri is also among the 22 scheduled languages of India Kashmiri has split ergativity and the unusual verb second word order Contents 1 Geographic distribution and status 2 Phonology 2 1 Vowels 2 2 Consonants 2 3 Archaisms 3 Writing system 3 1 Perso Arabic script 3 1 1 Consonants 3 1 2 Vowels 3 2 Devanagari 3 2 1 Consonants 3 2 2 Vowels 3 3 Sharada script 3 3 1 Consonants 3 3 2 Vowels 4 Grammar 4 1 Nouns 4 1 1 Gender 4 1 2 Case 4 1 3 Noun morphology 4 2 Verbs 4 2 1 Tense 4 2 2 Aspect 4 3 Pronouns 4 4 Adjectives 4 5 Numerals 5 Vocabulary 5 1 Preservation of old Indo Aryan vocabulary 5 2 First person pronoun 5 3 Variations 6 Sample text 6 1 Perso Arabic script 6 2 Sharada script 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External linksGeographic distribution and status EditThere are about 6 8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India 10 Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir 11 In the Kashmir valley they form a majority Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir s population 12 According to the 1998 Pakistan Census there were 132 450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir 13 Native speakers of the language were dispersed in pockets throughout Azad Kashmir 14 15 particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad 15 Neelam 20 and Hattian 15 with very small minorities in Haveli 5 and Bagh 2 13 The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from although still intelligible with the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north 15 In Neelam Valley Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages where in about half of these it is the sole mother tongue 15 The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley particularly Kupwara 15 At the 2017 Census of Pakistan as many as 350 000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri 16 17 A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari Pothwari Hindko or move towards the lingua franca Urdu 18 14 19 15 This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri 20 21 There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level in 1983 a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school level education However the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful and it is Urdu rather than Kashmiri that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol 22 Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri speaking community in Azad Kashmir 22 The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India 23 It was a part of the eighth Schedule in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule as well as Hindi and Urdu the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state 24 Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries under the influence of Islam It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule 25 26 In 2020 Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time 27 28 29 Kashmiri is closely related to Poguli and Kishtwari which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri Phonology EditKashmiri has the following phonemes 30 31 Vowels Edit The oral vowels are as follows Front Central BackHigh i iː ɨ ɨː u uːMid e eː e eː o oːLow a aː ɔ ɔːThe short high vowels are near high and the low vowels apart from aː are near low Nasalization is phonemic All sixteen oral vowels have nasal counterparts Consonants Edit Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m nStop Affricate voiceless p t t s ʈ t ʃ kaspirated pʰ tʰ t sʰ ʈʰ t ʃʰ kʰvoiced b d ɖ d ʒ ɡFricative voiceless s ʃ hvoiced zApproximant w l jTrill rPalatalization is phonemic All consonants apart from those in the post alveolar palatal column have palatalized counterparts Archaisms Edit Kashmiri as also the other Dardic languages shows important divergences from the Indo Aryan mainstream One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants s ṣ s of the Old Indo Aryan period For another example the prefixing form of the number two which is found in Sanskrit as dvi has developed into ba bi in most other Indo Aryan languages but du in Kashmiri preserving the original dental stop d Seventy two is dusatath in Kashmiri bahattar in Hindi Urdu and Punjabi and dvisaptati in Sanskrit 32 Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo Aryan even predating the Vedic period For instance there was an s gt h consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit This tendency was complete in the Iranian branch of Indo Iranian yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi Urdu meaning excluding or without corresponds to rost in Kashmiri Similarly sahit meaning including or with corresponds to sost in Kashmiri 32 Writing system EditThere are three orthographical systems used to write the Kashmiri language the Perso Arabic script the Devanagari script and the Sharada script The Roman script is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri especially online 4 The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in the Sharada script after the 8th Century A D 33 The script grew increasingly unsuitable for writing Kashmiri because it couldn t adequately represent Kashmiri peculiar sounds by the usage of its vowel signs 34 Therefore it is not in common use today and is restricted to religious ceremonies of the Kashmiri Pandits 35 Today it is written in Perso Arabic and Devanagari scripts with some modifications 36 Among languages written in the Perso Arabic script Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds 37 The Perso Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and Languages 38 39 40 41 Despite Kashmiri Perso Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both the Kashmiri Hindus and the Kashmiri Muslims 42 some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso Arabic script to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections of Kashmiri Hindu community 43 44 45 Perso Arabic script Edit Consonants Edit Name Transliteration IPA Isolated glyphبے be b b بپے pe p p پپھ pha ph pʰ پھتے te t t تتھ tha th tʰ تھٹے ṭe ṭ ʈ ٹٹھ ṭha ṭh ʈʰ ٹھثے se s s ثجی م jim j d ʒ جچی م chim ch t ʃ چچھ chha chh t ʃʰ چھح ے hay h h حخ ے khay kh x kʰ خدال dal d d دڈال ḍal ḍ ɖ ڈذال zal z z ذرے re r r رڑے ṛe ṛ ɽ ڑزے ze z z زژے tse ts t s ژژھ tsha tsh t sʰ ژھسی ن sin s s سشـی ـن shin sh ʃ شصۄاد sọ d s s صضۄاد zọ d z z ضطۄے tọy t t طظۄے zọy z z ظعٲن ạ n عغٲن gạ n g ɡ ɣ غفے fe f f pʰ فقاف qaf q k q قكی ف kif k k ککھ kha kh kʰ کھگاف gaf g ɡ گلام lam l l لمی م mim m m منو ن nun n n ننو ن غۄن ہ nun gọna ںواو waw v w w وہے he h h ہلۄک ٹ یے بۆڈ یے lọkuṭ ye boḍ ye y j ی ےگول یای گ تال رؠ gōl yayuk talur ya ʲa ʲ ؠVowels Edit Name Transliteration IPA Vowel combined withconsonant ب be Final vowel glyph Medial vowel glyph Initial vowel glyph Isolated vowel glyph Unicode diacritic glyph detailsز ب ر zabar a a ب ا ا U 064E ARABIC FATHAم د mad a aː با ا ا آ آ آ U 0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOV Initial amp Isolate ا U 0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF Medial amp Final ا مالہ amalu ạ o e ب أ أ U 0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVEا مالہ م د amalu mad ạ ȫ eː بٲ ٲ ٲ ٲ ٲ ٲ U 0672 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVEزیر zer i i ب ا ا U 0650 ARABIC KASRAک شہ زیر kashi zer i iː بی ی ـی ـ ای ـ ای ای U 06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH amp U 0656 ARABIC SUBSCRIPT ALEF Initial amp Medial U 06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH Final amp Isolate سایہ sayi ụ u u ɨ ب إ إ U 0655 ARABIC HAMZA BELOWسایہ م د sayi mad ụ u ǖ ɨː ب ٳ ٳ ٳ U 0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOWپیش pesh u u ب ا ا U 064F ARABIC DAMMAک شہ واو ک kashi wawuk u uː بو ـو ـو او او و U 0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW amp U 0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMAنی مہ واو ک nimu wawuk o o بۆ ـۆ ـۆ اۆ اۆ ۆ U 06C6 ARABIC LETTER OEواو ک wawuk ō oː بو ـو ـو او او و U 0648 ARABIC LETTER WAWل ٹؠ واو ک lạṭ wawuk ọ ɔ بۄ ـۄ ۄ اۄ اۄ ۄ U 06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RINGل ٹؠ واو ک م د lạṭ wawuk mad ọ ɔː بۄا ـۄا ۄا اۄا اۄا ۄ ا U 06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING amp U 0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEFنی مہ یای ک nimu yayuk e e بـ ے ـ ے ـێـ ێـ اے U 065A ARABIC VOWEL SIGN SMALL V ABOVE combined with ے U 06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREEیای ک yayuk e eː بے ے ـیـ یـ اے ی U 06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREEDevanagari Edit Consonants Edit Letter क ख ग च छ ज च छ ज ट ठ ड त थ द न प फ ब म य र ल व श स हIPA k kʰ g t ʃ t ʃʰ d ʒ t s t sʰ z ʈ ʈʰ ɖ t tʰ d n p pʰ b m j r l w ʃ s h Transliteration k kh g ch chh j ts tsh z ṭ ṭh ḍ t th d n p ph b m y r l w sh s hVowels Edit There have been a few versions of the devanagari script for Kashmiri 46 The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below 47 This version has readers and more content available on the Internet even though this is an older proposal 48 49 This version makes use of the vowels ॲ ऑ and vowel signs क क for the schwa like vowel e and elongated schwa like vowel eː that also exist in other Devanagari based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels Letter अ आ ॲ ऑ इ ई ॶ ॷ उ ऊ ऎ ए ऐ ऒ ओ औ व IPA a aː e eː i iː ɨ ɨː u uː e eː ei o oː ɔː ɔ Transliteration a a ạ ạ i i u ǖ u u e e ai o ō ọ ọ Vowel mark indicated on consonant k क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क व or कव क Tabulated below is the latest 2009 version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari 50 51 The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ ॴ and vowel signs क क for the schwa like vowel e amp elongated schwa like vowel eː and a new stand alone vowel ॵ and vowel sign क for the open mid back rounded vowel ɔ which can be used instead of the consonant व standing in for this vowel Letter अ आ ॳ ॴ इ ई ॶ ॷ उ ऊ ऎ ए ऐ ऒ ओ औ ॵ IPA a aː e eː i iː ɨ ɨː u uː e eː ei o oː ɔː ɔ Transliteration 52 a a ạ ạ i i u ǖ u u e e ai o ō ọ ọ Vowel mark indicated on consonant k क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क क Sharada script Edit Consonants Edit Name Transliteration IPA Isolated glyph Remarks 53 54 𑆑 𑆮 𑆑 kōv kạ ka ka 𑆑𑆒 𑆮𑆤 𑆒 khvani khạ kha kʰa 𑆒𑆓𑆓𑆫 𑆓 gagar gạ ga ɡa 𑆓𑆓 𑆱 𑆔 gasi ghạ gha ɡʰa 𑆔 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆤 𑆫 𑆓 𑆕 narug ṅạ ṅa ŋa 𑆕 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆖 𑆛 𑆮 𑆖 tsaṭuv chạ cha t ʃa 𑆖𑆗 𑆮𑆛 𑆚 𑆗 tshvaṭin chhạ chha t ʃʰa 𑆗𑆘𑆪 𑆘 zayi jạ ja d ʒa 𑆘𑆘 𑆯 𑆚 𑆙 zashin jhạ jha d ʒʰa 𑆙 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆒 𑆮𑆤 𑆦 𑆛 𑆚 khvana phuṭi nạ na ɲa 𑆚 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆃𑆫 𑆩 𑆛 ar mam ṭa ṭa ʈa 𑆛𑆱𑆫 𑆩 𑆜 sar mam ṭha ṭha ʈʰa 𑆜𑆝 𑆝 𑆝 ḍuḍ ḍạ ḍa ɖa 𑆝𑆝𑆑 𑆞 ḍaka ḍhạ ḍha ɖʰa 𑆞 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆤 𑆤𑆓 𑆫 𑆟 nanaguri ṇạ ṇa ɳa 𑆟 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆠 𑆮 𑆠 tov tạ ta ta 𑆠𑆡 𑆯 𑆡 thashi thạ tha tʰa 𑆡𑆢𑆢𑆮 𑆢 dadav dạ da da 𑆢𑆢 𑆚 𑆣 dun dhạ dha dʰa 𑆣 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆤𑆱 𑆠 𑆮 𑆤 nastuv nạ na na 𑆤𑆥𑆝 𑆫 𑆥 paḍuri pạ pa pa 𑆥𑆦𑆫 𑆚 𑆦 pharin phạ pha pʰa 𑆦𑆧 𑆧 𑆧 bub bạ ba ba 𑆧𑆧 𑆪 𑆨 bayi bhạ bha bʰa 𑆨 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆩 𑆮 𑆩 mōv mạ ma ma 𑆩𑆪 𑆮 𑆪 yava yạ ya ja 𑆪𑆫𑆑 𑆫 raka rạ ra ra 𑆫𑆬 𑆮 𑆬 lava lạ la la 𑆬𑆧𑆝 𑆝 𑆝 𑆝 boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ ḷa ɭa 𑆭 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆮𑆯 𑆮 vashi vạ va wa 𑆮𑆯𑆑𑆫 𑆯 shakar shạ sha ʃa 𑆯𑆦 𑆫 𑆰 phari ṣạ ṣa ʂa 𑆰 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant 𑆱 𑆱 𑆱 sus sạ sa sa 𑆱𑆲 𑆬 𑆲 hala hạ ha ha 𑆲Vowels Edit Name Transliteration IPA Isolated glyph Remarks 53 𑆄𑆢 𑆃 adau a a a 𑆃𑆎𑆠𑆮 𑆄 aitav a a aː 𑆄𑆪𑆪𑆮 𑆪 yeyev ye i i 𑆅𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮 𑆆 yisherav yi i iː 𑆆𑆮 𑆮𑆥𑆬 𑆮 vọpal vō u u 𑆇𑆮 𑆮𑆥𑆬 𑆧 𑆈 vọpal ba u u uː 𑆈𑆉𑆤𑆮 𑆉 r enav r r 𑆉 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel 𑆫𑆒𑆮 𑆊 rakhav r r ː 𑆊 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel 𑆬 𑆪𑆪𑆮 𑆋 leyev l l 𑆋 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel 𑆬 𑆪𑆮 𑆌 lisav l l ː 𑆌 The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel 𑆠𑆬𑆮 𑆪 𑆍 talavya ye e eː 𑆍𑆠 𑆬 𑆎 toli ai ai ei 𑆎𑆮 𑆜 𑆏 vuṭhō ō ō oː 𑆏𑆃𑆯 𑆢 𑆐 ashidi au au ɔː 𑆐𑆃𑆝 𑆖𑆤𑆢 𑆫 𑆦 𑆪𑆫 aḍi tsandra phyor am 𑆃 𑆩𑆱 𑆦 𑆪𑆫 𑆃 mas phyori aṃ aṃ n m 𑆃 𑆢 𑆦 𑆪𑆫 𑆃 dō phyori aḥ aḥ h 𑆃 Vowel mark Name Transliteration IPA Isolated vowel mark Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants𑆮𑆲 𑆪 vahay a aː 𑆥 𑆕 𑆕 𑆘 𑆘 𑆛 𑆛 𑆟 𑆟 𑆩 𑆤 𑆡𑆫 munthar i i 𑆥 𑆃𑆫 𑆩 𑆤 𑆡𑆫 ar munthar i iː 𑆥 𑆒 𑆫 khuru u u 𑆥 𑆑 𑆑 𑆓 𑆓 𑆙 𑆙 𑆚 𑆚 𑆝 𑆝 𑆠 𑆠 𑆨 𑆨 𑆫 𑆫 𑆯 𑆯 𑆃𑆫 𑆒 𑆫 ar khuru u uː 𑆥 𑆑 𑆑 𑆓 𑆓 𑆙 𑆙 𑆚 𑆚 𑆝 𑆝 𑆠 𑆠 𑆨 𑆨 𑆫 𑆫 𑆯 𑆯 𑆉𑆤𑆮 𑆉 r enav r a r r 𑆥 𑆑 𑆑 𑆫𑆒𑆮 𑆊 rakhav ru r r ː 𑆥 𑆑 𑆑 𑆬 𑆪𑆪𑆮 𑆋 leyev l a l l 𑆥 𑆬 𑆱𑆮 𑆌 lisav l a l l ː 𑆥 𑆲 𑆮 𑆝 hvanḍu e eː 𑆥 𑆲 𑆮 𑆘 𑆫 hvanjōr ai ei 𑆥 𑆃𑆑 𑆯 𑆪 𑆫 oku shyur ō oː 𑆥 𑆃𑆑 𑆯 𑆮𑆲 𑆪 okushi vahay au ɔː 𑆥 𑆃𑆝 𑆖𑆤 𑆢 𑆫 𑆦 𑆪𑆫 aḍi tsandra phyor am 𑆥 𑆩𑆱 𑆦 𑆪𑆫 𑆃 mas phyori aṃ aṃ n m 𑆥 𑆢 𑆦 𑆪𑆫 𑆃 dō phyori aḥ aḥ h 𑆥 Grammar EditKashmiri is a fusional language 55 with verb second V2 word order 56 Several of Kashmiri s grammatical features distinguish it from other Indo Aryan languages 57 Nouns Edit Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender number and case There are no articles nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or generic noun qualities 55 Gender Edit The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix or in most cases a morphophonemic change or both to a masculine noun 55 A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms 58 The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms 59 Process Masculine Feminine MeaningAdding of affix huːn ہو ن huːnʲ ہو نؠ dog bitchvowel change gagur گ گ ر gagɨr گ گ ر ratconsonant change hokʰ ہۆکھ hot ʃʰ ہۆچھ dryvowel consonant change tot تۆت tet s ت ژ hotsuppletive form marɨd م ر د zanaːn ز نان man womanmasculine only kaːw کاو crowfeminine only met ʃʰ م چھ housefly dd Some nouns borrowed from other languages such as Persian Arabic Sanskrit Urdu or English follow a slightly different gender system Notably many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri 58 Case Edit There are five cases in Kashmiri nominative dative ergative ablative and vocative 60 Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun Kashmiri utilizes an ergative absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense 60 Thus in these sentences the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked 60 61 62 However in sentences constructed in any other tense or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs a nominative dative paradigm is adopted with objects whether direct or indirect generally marked in dative case 63 Other case distinctions such as locative instrumental genitive comitative and allative are marked by postpositions rather than suffixation 64 Noun morphology Edit The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender number and case 63 65 Masculine Femininesingular plural singular pluralNom O O O OErg an ا ن aw ا و i ا aw ا وDat as or is ا س or ا س an ا ن i ا an ا نAbl i or ɨ ا or إ aw ا و i ا aw ا وVoc aː ا aw ا و ij ا ے aw ا و dd Verbs Edit Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person and to a lesser extent gender Tense along with certain distinctions of aspect is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem minus the infinitive ending un and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries 66 Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles 67 Tense Edit Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix aːn added to the verb stem The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number and are provided below with the verb jun to come 68 Present Masculine Feminine1st Person Sing t ʃʰus jiwaːn چھ س ی وان t ʃʰas jiwaːn چھ س ی وان2nd Person Sing t ʃʰukʰ jiwaːn چھ کھ ی وان t ʃʰakʰ jiwaːn چھ کھ ی وان3rd Person Sing t ʃʰu jiwaːn چھ ی وان t ʃʰe jiwaːn چھے ی وان1st Person Pl t ʃʰi jiwaːn چھ ی وان t ʃʰa jiwaːn چھ ی وان2nd Person Pl t ʃʰiw jiwaːn چھ و ی وان t ʃʰaw jiwaːn چھ و ی وان3rd Person Pl t ʃʰi jiwaːn چھ ی وان t ʃʰe jiwaːn چھے ی وان dd Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions 69 The simple sometimes called proximate past refers to completed past actions Remote past refers to actions that lack this in built perfective aspect Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts 70 As described above Kashmiri is a split ergative language in all three of these past tense forms the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative 70 Nominative arguments whether subjects or objects dictate gender number and person marking on the verb 70 71 Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number but there are second person verb endings The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb parun to read 72 Simple Past Transitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person por پۆر perʲ پ رؠ per پ ر pari پ ر 2nd Person Non honorific porutʰ پۆر تھ peritʰ پ ر تھ perɨtʰ پ ر تھ parʲatʰ پ رؠتھHonorific porwɨ پۆرو periwɨ پ ر و perwɨ پ رو pariwɨ پ ر و 3rd Person por پۆر perʲ پ رؠ per پ ر pari پ ر dd A group of irregular intransitive verbs special intransitives take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs 73 Simple Past Special Intransitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person us ا س ʲ ؠ as ا س i ا 2nd Person kʰ کھ wɨ و kʰ کھ wɨ و 3rd Person O O t ʃʰ چھ i ا dd Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form 74 Simple Past Intransitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person jas ی س jeːji یے یہ jeːjas یے ی س jeːji یے یہ 2nd Person jaːkʰ یاکھ jeːjiwɨ یے ی و jeːjakʰ یے ی کھ jeːjiwɨ یے ی و 3rd Person joːw یوو jeːji یے یہ jeːji یے یہ jeːji یے یہ dd In contrast to the simple past verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change 75 Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm 76 Indefinite Past Transitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st 3rd Person joːw یوو eːji ے یہ eːji ے یہ eːji ے یہ 2nd Person joːtʰ یوتھ eːjatʰ ے ی تھ eːjatʰ ے ی تھ eːjatʰ ے ی تھ dd Remote Past Transitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st 3rd Person eːjoːw ے یوو eːjaːji ے یایہ eːjaːji ے یایہ eːjaːji ے یایہ 2nd Person eːjoːtʰ ے یوتھ eːjeːjatʰ ے یے ی تھ eːjeːjatʰ ے یے ی تھ eːjeːjatʰ ے یے ی تھ dd As in the simple past special intransitive verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past 77 Indefinite Past Special Intransitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person aːs اس aːjas ای س aːjas ای س aːji ایہ 2nd Person kʰ کھ kʰ کھ aːjakʰ ای کھ aːjiwɨ ای و 3rd Person aw ا و aːji ایہ aːji ایہ aːji ایہ dd Remote Past Special Intransitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Perso aːjaːs ایاس eːjaːji ے یایہ eːjeːjas ے یے ی س eːjeːji ے یے یہ 2nd Person aːkʰ اکھ eːjiwɨ ے ی و aːjakʰ ای کھ aːjiwɨ ای و 3rd Person eːjoːw ے یوو eːjeːji ے یے یہ eːjaːjɨ ے یایہ eːjaːjɨ ے یایہ dd Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past subject to some morphophonetic variation 78 Indefinite Past Intransitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person jas ی س jeːji یے یہ jeːjas یے ی س jeːji یے یہ 2nd Person jaːkʰ یاکھ jeːjiwɨ یے ی و jeːjakʰ یے ی کھ jeːjiwɨ یے ی و 3rd Person joːw یوو jeːji یے یہ jeːji یے یہ jeːji یے یہ dd Remote Past Intransitive Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person jeːjaːs یے یاس jeːji یے یہ jeːjaːs یے یاس jeːji یے یہ 2nd Person jeːjakʰ یے ی کھ jeːjiwɨ یے ی و jeːjakʰ یے ی کھ jeːjiwɨ یے ی و 3rd Person jeːjoːw یے یوو jeːji یے یہ jeːjaːjɨ یے یایہ jeːjɨ یے یہ dd Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem 79 Future Intransitive Singular Plural1st Person mɨ مہ maw م و2nd Person akʰ ا کھ jiw ی و3rd Person ji ی ہ an ا ن dd The future tense of transitive verbs however is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number in a complex fashion 80 Future Transitive Singular Object Plural Object1st Person Sing an ا ن akʰ ا کھ1st Person Pl ɨhoːn إہون ɨhoːkʰ إہوکھ2nd Person Sing ɨhǝn إۂن ɨhǝkʰ إۂکھ2nd Person Pl ɨhuːn إہو ن ɨhuːkʰ إہو کھ3rd Person Sing jas ی س jakʰ ی کھ3rd Person Pl ɨnas إن س ɨnakʰ إن کھ dd Aspect Edit There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri perfective and imperfective Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary aːsun to be which agrees according to gender number and person with the object for transitive verbs or the subject for intransitive verbs 81 Like the auxiliary the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect expressing completed or concluded action agrees in gender and number with the object for transitive verbs or subject for intransitives as illustrated below 81 Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural mut م ت mɨtʲ م تؠ mɨt s م ژ mat sɨ م ژ dd The imperfective expressing habitual or progressive action is simpler taking the participle suffix aːn in all forms with only the auxiliary showing agreement 82 A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle 83 Pronouns Edit Pronouns are declined according to person gender number and case although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered Also in third person a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity called proximate remote I and remote II 84 Nominative Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person bɨ بہ ǝsʲ أسؠ bɨ بہ ǝsʲ أسؠ2nd Person t sɨ ژ tohʲ or tuhʲ تۆہؠ or ت ہؠ t sɨ ژ tohʲ or tuhʲ تۆہؠ or ت ہؠ3rd Person proximate ji یہ jim ی م ji یہ jimɨ ی مہ remote I hu ہ ہ hum ہ م hɔ ہۄ humɨ ہ مہ remote II su س ہ tim ت م sɔ سۄ timɨ ت مہ dd Ergative Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person me مے asi ا سہ me مے asi ا سہ 2nd Person t se ژے tɔhi تۄہ ہ t se ژے tɔhi تۄہ ہ3rd Person proximate jemʲ یێمؠ jimaw ی م و jemi یێم ہ jimaw ی م وremote I humʲ ہ مؠ humaw ہ م و humi ہ مہ humaw ہ م وremote II tǝmʲ ت مؠ timaw ت م و tami ت مہ timaw ت م و dd Dative Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person me مے asi ا سہ me مے asi ا سہ 2nd Person t se ژے tɔhi تۄہہ t se ژے tɔhi تۄہہ 3rd Person proximate jemis یێم س jiman ی م ن jemis یێم س jiman ی م نremote I humis ہ م س human ہ م ن humis ہ م س human ہ م نremote II tǝmis ت م س timan ت م ن tǝmis ت م س timan ت م ن dd Ablative Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Person me مے asi ا سہ me مے asi ا سہ 2nd Person t se ژے tɔhi تۄہہ t se ژے tɔhi تۄہہ 3rd Person proximate jemi یێمہ jimaw ی م و jemi یێمہ jimaw ی م وremote I humi ہ مہ humaw ہ م و humi ہ مہ humaw ہ م وremote II tǝmi ت مہ timaw ت م و tǝmi ت مہ timaw ت م و dd There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere As with future tense these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number 85 Masculine Femininesingular plural singular plural1st Sing mjoːn می ون mjeːnʲ می ٲنؠ mjeːnʲ می ٲنؠ mjaːni می انہ 1st Pl soːn سون seːnʲ سٲنؠ seːnʲ سٲنؠ saːni سانہ 2nd Sing t ʃoːn چون t ʃeːnʲ چٲنؠ t ʃeːnʲ چٲنؠ t ʃaːni چانہ 2nd Pl tuhund ت ہ ن د tuhɨndʲ ت ہ ن دؠ tuhɨnz ت ہ ن ز tuhnzɨ ت ہن ز 3rd Sing Prox jemʲ sund یێمؠ س ن د jemʲ sɨndʲ یێمؠ س ن دؠ jemʲ sɨnz یێمؠ س ن ز jemʲ sɨnzɨ یێمؠ س ن ز 3rd Pl Prox jihund ی ہ ن د jihɨndʲ ی ہ ن دؠ jihɨnz ی ہ ن ز jihnzɨ ی ہن ز 3rd Sing R I humʲ sund ہ مؠ س ن د humʲ sɨndʲ ہ مؠ س ن دؠ humʲ sɨnz ہ مؠ س ن ز humʲ sɨnzɨ ہ مؠ س ن ز 3rd Pl R I huhund ہ ہ ن د huhɨndʲ ہ ہ ن دؠ huhɨnz ہ ہ ن ز huhnzɨ ہ ہن ز 3rd Sing R II tǝmʲ sund ت مؠ س ن د tǝmʲ sɨndʲ ت مؠ س ن دؠ tǝmʲ sɨnz ت مؠ س ن ز tǝmʲ sɨnzɨ ت مؠ س ن ز 3rd Pl R II tihɨnd ت ہ ن د tihɨndʲ ت ہ ن دؠ tihɨnz ت ہ ن ز tihnzɨ ت ہن ز dd Adjectives Edit There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri those that agree with their referent noun according to case gender and number and those that are not declined at all 86 Most adjectives are declined and generally take the same endings and gender specific stem changes as nouns 87 The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below using the adjective wɔzul red 88 89 Masculine Femininesingular plural singular pluralNom wɔzul وۄز ل wɔzɨlʲ وۄز لؠ wɔzɨd ʒ وۄز ج wɔzd ʒi وۄزجہ Erg wɔzlɨ وۄزلہ wɔzlʲaw وۄزلؠو wɔzd ʒi وۄزجہ wɔzd ʒaw وۄزج وDat wɔzlis وۄزل س wɔzlʲan وۄزلؠن wɔzd ʒi وۄزجہ wɔzd ʒan وۄزج نAbl wɔzlɨ وۄزلہ wɔzlʲaw وۄزلؠو wɔzd ʒi وۄزجہ wɔzd ʒaw وۄزج و dd Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in lad or a adjectives borrowed from other languages and a few isolated irregulars 88 The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words tsor more and sitha most respectively 90 Numerals Edit Within the Kashmir language numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers 91 These numeral forms as well as their aggregative both all the five etc multiplicative two times four times etc and emphatic forms only one only three etc are provided by the table below 91 Cardinal Ordinal Aggregative Multiplicative EmphaticSuffix jum for masculine im for feminine waj ɡun or ɡon for masculine ɡɨn for feminine j 0 sifar ص ف ر1 akʰ ا کھ ǝkjum or ǝkim أکی م or أک م oɡun or oɡɨn اۆگ ن or اۆگ ن akuj ا ک ے2 zɨ ز dojum or dojim دۆی م or دۆی م dɔʃwaj دۄشو ے doɡun or doɡɨn دۆگ ن or دۆگ ن zɨj ز ے3 tre تر ے trejum or trejim تر ی ی م or تر ی ی م treʃwaj تر ی شو ے troɡun or troɡɨn تر ۆگ ن or تر ۆگ ن trej تر ی ے4 t soːr ژور t suːrjum or t suːrim ژو ری م or ژو ر م t sɔʃwaj ژۄشو ے t soɡun or t soɡɨn ژۆگ ن or ژۆگ ن t soːraj ژور ے5 paːt sʰ or pe ːt sʰ پان ژھ or پٲن ژھ pɨ t sjum or pɨ t sim پ ن ژی م or پ ن ژ م paːt sɨwaj پان ژ و ے paːt sɨɡun or paːt sɨɡɨn پان ژ گ ن or پان ژ گ ن paːt saj پان ژ ے6 ʃe شے ʃejum or ʃejim شی ی م or شی ی م ʃenɨwaj شی نہ و ے ʃuɡun or ʃuɡɨn ش گ ن or ش گ ن ʃej شی ے7 satʰ س تھ setjum or setim س تی م or س ت م satɨwaj س تہ و ے satɨɡun or satɨɡɨn س تہ گ ن or س تہ گ ن sataj س ت ے8 eːʈʰ ٲٹھ ɨːʈʰjum or uːʈʰjum ا ٹھی م or او ٹھی م ɨːʈʰim or uːʈʰim ا ٹھ م or او ٹھ م eːʈʰɨwaj ٲٹھ و ے eːʈʰɨɡun or eːʈʰɨɡɨn ٲٹھ گ ن or ٲٹھ گ ن eːʈʰaj ٲٹھ ے9 naw ن و newjum or newim ن وی م or ن و م nawɨwaj ن و و ے nawɨɡun or nawɨɡɨn ن و گ ن or ن و گ ن nawaj ن و ے10 deh or daːh د ہ or داہ dehjum or dehim د ہی م or د ہ م dehɨwaj د ہہ و ے dehɨɡon or dehɨɡɨn د ہہ گۆن or د ہہ گ ن dehaj د ہ ے11 kah or kaːh ک ہہ or کاہ kehjum or kehim ک ہی م or ک ہ م12 bah or baːh ب ہہ or باہ behjum or behim ب ہی م or ب ہ م13 truwaːh تر واہ truweːhjum or truweːhim تر وٲہی م or تر وٲہ م14 t sɔdaːh ژۄداہ t sɔdeːhjum or t sɔdeːhim ژۄدٲہی م or ژۄدٲہ م15 pandaːh پ ن داہ pandeːhjum or pandeːhim پ ن دٲہی م or پ ن دٲہ م16 ʃuraːh ش راہ ʃureːhjum or ʃureːhim ش رٲہی م or ش رٲہ م17 sadaːh س داہ sadeːhjum or sadeːhim س دٲہی م or س دٲہ م18 arɨdaːh ا ر داہ arɨdeːhjum or arɨdeːhim ا ر دٲہی م or ا ر دٲہ م19 kunɨwuh ک نہ و ہ kunɨwuhjum or kunɨwuhim ک نہ و ہی م or ک نہ و ہ م20 wuh و ہ wuhjum or wuhim و ہی م or و ہ م21 akɨwuh ا کہ و ہ akɨwuhjum or akɨwuhim ا کہ و ہی م or ا کہ و ہ م22 zɨtoːwuh ز توو ہ zɨtoːwuhjum or zɨtoːwuhim ز توو ہی م or ز توو ہ م23 trowuh تر ۆو ہ trowuhjum or trowuhim تر ۆو ہی م or تر ۆو ہ م24 t sowuh ژۆو ہ t sowuhjum or t sowuhim ژۆو ہی م or ژۆو ہ م25 pɨnt sɨh پ ن ژ ہ pɨnt sɨhjum or pɨnt sɨhim پ ن ژ ہی م or پ ن ژ ہ م26 ʃatɨwuh ش تہ و ہ ʃatɨwuhjum or ʃatɨwuhim ش تہ و ہی م or ش تہ و ہ م27 satoːwuh س توو ہ satoːwuhjum or satoːwuhim س توو ہی م or س توو ہ م28 aʈʰoːwuh ا ٹھوو ہ aʈʰoːwuhjum or aʈʰoːwuhim ا ٹھوو ہی م or ا ٹھوو ہ م29 kunɨtrɨh ک نہ تر ہ kunɨtrɨhjum or kunɨtrɨhim ک نہ تر ہی م or ک نہ تر ہ م30 trɨh تر ہ trɨhjum or trɨhim تر ہی م or تر ہ م31 akɨtrɨh ا کہ تر ہ akɨtrɨhjum or akɨtrɨhim ا کہ تر ہی م or ا کہ تر ہ م32 dɔjitrɨh دۄیہ تر ہ dɔjitrɨhjum or dɔjitrɨhjim دۄیہ تر ہی م or دۄیہ تر ہ م33 tejitrɨh تی یہ تر ہ tejitrɨhjum or tejitrɨhim تی یہ تر ہی م or تی یہ تر ہ م34 t sɔjitrɨh ژۄیہ تر ہ t sɔjitrɨhjum or t sɔjitrɨhim ژۄیہ تر ہی م or ژۄیہ تر ہ م35 pe ːt sɨtrɨh or paːt sɨtrɨh پٲن ژ تر ہ or پان ژ تر ہ pe ːt sɨtrɨhjum or paːt sɨtrɨhjum پٲن ژ تر ہی م or پان ژ تر ہی م pe ːt sɨtrɨhim or paːt sɨtrɨhim پٲن ژ تر ہ م or پان ژ تر ہ م36 ʃejitrɨh شی یہ تر ہ ʃejitrɨhjum or ʃejitrɨhim شی یہ تر ہی م or شی یہ تر ہ م37 satɨtrɨh س تہ تر ہ satɨtrɨhjum or satɨtrɨhim س تہ تر ہی م or س تہ تر ہ م38 arɨtrɨh ا ر تر ہ arɨtrɨhjum or arɨtrɨhim ا ر تر ہی م or ا ر تر ہ م39 kunɨteːd ʒih or kunɨteːd ʒiː ک نہ تٲج ہہ or ک نہ تٲجی kunɨteːd ʒihjum or kunɨteːd ʒihim ک نہ تٲج ہی م or ک نہ تٲج ہ م40 t satd ʒih or t satd ʒiː ژ تج ہہ or ژ تجی t satd ʒihjum or t satd ʒihim ژ تج ہی م or ژ تج ہ م41 akɨteːd ʒih or akɨteːd ʒiː ا کہ تٲج ہہ or ا کہ تٲجی akɨteːd ʒihjum or akɨteːd ʒihim ا کہ تٲج ہی م or ا کہ تٲج ہ م42 dɔjiteːd ʒih or dɔjiteːd ʒiː دۄیہ تٲج ہہ or دۄیہ تٲجی dɔjiteːd ʒihjum or dɔjiteːd ʒihim دۄیہ تٲج ہی م or دۄیہ تٲج ہ م43 tejiteːd ʒih or tejiteːd ʒiː تی یہ تٲج ہہ or تی یہ تٲجی tejiteːd ʒihjum or tejiteːd ʒihim تی یہ تٲج ہی م or تی یہ تٲج ہ م44 t sɔjiteːd ʒih or t sɔjiteːd ʒiː ژۄیہ تٲج ہہ or ژۄیہ تٲجی t sɔjiteːd ʒihjum or t sɔjiteːd ʒihim ژۄیہ تٲج ہی م or ژۄیہ تٲج ہ م45 pe ːt sɨteːd ʒih or paːt sɨteːd ʒih or pe ːt sɨteːd ʒiː or paːt sɨteːd ʒiː پٲن ژ تٲج ہہ or پان ژ تٲج ہہ or پٲن ژ تٲجی or پان ژ تٲجی pe ːt sɨteːd ʒihjum or paːt sɨteːd ʒihim پٲن ژ تٲج ہی م or پان ژ تٲج ہی م pe ːt sɨteːd ʒihim or paːt sɨteːd ʒihim پٲن ژ تٲج ہ م or پان ژ تٲج ہ م46 ʃejiteːd ʒih or ʃejiteːd ʒiː شی یہ تٲج ہہ or شی یہ تٲجی ʃejiteːd ʒihjum or ʃejiteːd ʒihim شی یہ تٲج ہی م or شی یہ تٲج ہ م47 satɨteːd ʒih or satɨteːd ʒiː س تہ تٲج ہہ or س تہ تٲجی satɨteːd ʒihjum or satɨteːd ʒihim س تہ تٲج ہی م or س تہ تٲج ہ م48 arɨteːd ʒih or arɨteːd ʒiː ا ر تٲج ہہ or ا ر تٲجی arɨteːd ʒihjum or arɨteːd ʒihim ا ر تٲج ہی م or ا ر تٲج ہ م49 kunɨwanzaːh ک نہ و ن زاہ kunɨwanzeːhjum or kunɨwanzeːhim ک نہ و ن زٲہی م or ک نہ و ن زٲہ م50 pant saːh پ ن ژاہ pant seːhjum or pant seːhim پ ن ژٲہی م or پ ن ژٲہ م51 akɨwanzaːh ا کہ و ن زاہ akɨwanzeːhjum or akɨwanzeːhim ا کہ و ن زٲہی م or ا کہ و ن زٲہ م52 duwanzaːh د و ن زاہ duwanzeːhjum or duwanzeːhim د و ن زٲہی م or د و ن زٲہ م53 truwanzaːh or trɨwanzaːh تر و ن زاہ or تر و ن زاہ truwanzeːhjum or truwanzeːhim تر و ن زٲہی م or تر و ن زٲہ م trɨwanzeːhjum or trɨwanzeːhim تر و ن زٲہی م or تر و ن زٲہ م54 t suwanzaːh ژ و ن زاہ t suwanzeːhjum or t suwanzeːhim ژ و ن زٲہی م or ژ و ن زٲہ م55 pe ːt sɨwanzaːh or paːt sɨwanzaːh پٲن ژ و ن زاہ or پان ژ و ن زاہ pe ːt sɨwanzeːhjum or paːt sɨwanzeːhjum پٲن ژ و ن زٲہی م or پان ژ و ن زٲہی م pe ːt sɨwanzeːhim or paːt sɨwanzeːhim پٲن ژ و ن زٲہ م or پان ژ و ن زٲہ م56 ʃuwanzaːh ش و ن زاہ ʃuwanzeːhjum or ʃuwanzeːhim ش و ن زٲہی م or ش و ن زٲہ م57 satɨwanzaːh س تہ و ن زاہ satɨwanzeːhjum or satɨwanzeːhim س تہ و ن زٲہی م or س تہ و ن زٲہ م58 arɨwanzaːh ا ر و ن زاہ arɨwanzeːhjum or arɨwanzeːhim ا ر و ن زٲہی م or ا ر و ن زٲہ م59 kunɨheːʈʰ ک نہ ہٲٹھ kunɨheːʈʰjum or kunɨheːʈʰim ک نہ ہٲٹھی م or ک نہ ہٲٹھ م60 ʃeːʈʰ شیٹھ ʃeːʈʰjum or ʃeːʈʰim شیٹھی م or شیٹھ م61 akɨheːʈʰ ا کہ ہٲٹھ akɨheːʈʰjum or akɨheːʈʰim ا کہ ہٲٹھی م or ا کہ ہٲٹھ م62 duheːʈʰ د ہٲٹھ duheːʈʰjum or duheːʈʰim د ہٲٹھی م or د ہٲٹھ م63 truheːʈʰ or trɨheːʈʰ تر ہٲٹھ or تر ہٲٹھ truheːʈʰjum or truheːʈʰim تر ہٲٹھی م or تر ہٲٹھ م trɨheːʈʰjum or trɨheːʈʰim تر ہٲٹھی م or تر ہٲٹھ م64 t suheːʈʰ ژ ہٲٹھ t suheːʈʰjum or t suheːʈʰim ژ ہٲٹھی م or ژ ہٲٹھ م65 pe ːt sɨheːʈʰ or paːt sɨheːʈʰ پٲن ژ ہٲٹھ or پان ژ ہٲٹھ pe ːt sɨheːʈʰjum or paːt sɨheːʈʰjum پٲن ژ ہٲٹھی م or پان ژ ہٲٹھی م pe ːt sɨheːʈʰim or paːt sɨheːʈʰim پٲن ژ ہٲٹھ م or پان ژ ہٲٹھ م66 ʃuheːʈʰ ش ہٲٹھ ʃuheːʈʰjum or ʃuheːʈʰim ش ہٲٹھی م or ش ہٲٹھ م67 satɨheːʈʰ س تہ ہٲٹھ satɨheːʈʰjum or satɨheːʈʰim س تہ ہٲٹھی م or س تہ ہٲٹھ م68 arɨheːʈʰ ا ر ہٲٹھ arɨheːʈʰjum or arɨheːʈʰim ا ر ہٲٹھی م or ا ر ہٲٹھ م69 kunɨsatatʰ ک نہ س ت تھ kunɨsatatyum or kunɨsatatim ک نہ س ت تی م or ک نہ س ت ت م70 satatʰ س ت تھ satatjum or satatim س ت تی م or س ت ت م71 akɨsatatʰ ا کہ س ت تھ akɨsatatjum or akɨsatatim ا کہ س ت تی م or ا کہ س ت ت م72 dusatatʰ د س ت تھ dusatatjum or dusatatim د س ت تی م or د س ت ت م73 trusatatʰ or trɨsatatʰ تر س ت تھ or تر س ت تھ trusatatjum or trusatatim تر س ت تی م or تر س ت ت م trɨsatatjum or trɨsatatim تر س ت تی م or تر س ت ت م74 t susatatʰ ژ س ت تھ t susatatjum or t susatatim ژ س ت تی م or ژ س ت ت م75 pe ːt sɨsatatʰ or paːt sɨsatatʰ پٲن ژ س ت تھ or پان ژ س ت تھ pe ːt sɨsatatjum or paːt sɨsatatjum پٲن ژ س ت تی م or پان ژ س ت تی م pe ːt sɨsatatim or paːt sɨsatatim پٲن ژ س ت ت م or پان ژ س ت ت م76 ʃusatatʰ ش س ت تھ ʃusatatjum or ʃusatatim ش س ت تی م or ش س ت ت م77 satɨsatatʰ س تہ س ت تھ satɨsatatjum or satɨsatatim س تہ س ت تی م or س تہ س ت ت م78 arɨsatatʰ ا ر س ت تھ arɨsatatjum or arɨsatatim ا ر س ت تی م or ا ر س ت ت م79 kunɨʃiːtʰ ک نہ شي تھ kunɨʃiːtjum or kunɨʃiːtim ک نہ شي تی م or ک نہ شي ت م80 ʃiːtʰ شي تھ ʃiːtjum or ʃiːtjim شي تی م or شي ت م81 akɨʃiːtʰ ا کہ شي تھ akɨʃiːtjum or akɨʃiːtim ا کہ شي تی م or ا کہ شي ت م82 dɔjiʃiːtʰ دۄیہ شي تھ dɔjiʃiːtjum or dɔjiʃiːtjum دۄیہ شي تی م or دۄیہ شي ت م83 trejiʃiːtʰ تر ی یہ شي تھ trejiʃiːtjum or trejiʃiːtim تر ی یہ شي تی م or تر ی یہ شي ت م84 t sɔjiʃiːtʰ ژۄیہ شي تھ t sɔjiʃiːtjum or t sɔjiʃiːtim ژۄیہ شي تی م or ژۄیہ شي ت م85 pe ːt sɨʃiːtʰ or paːt sɨʃiːtʰ پٲن ژ شي تھ or پان ژ شي تھ pe ːt sɨʃiːtjum or paːt sɨʃiːtjum پٲن ژ شي تی م or پان ژ شي تی م pe ːt sɨʃiːtim or paːt sɨʃiːtim پٲن ژ شي ت م or پان ژ شي ت م86 ʃejiʃiːtʰ شی یہ شي تھ ʃejiʃiːtjum or ʃejiʃiːtim شی یہ شي تی م or شی یہ شي ت م87 satɨʃiːtʰ س تہ شي تھ satɨʃiːtjum or satɨʃiːtim س تہ شي تی م or س تہ شي ت م88 arɨʃiːtʰ ا ر شي تھ arɨʃiːtjum or arɨʃiːtim ا ر شي تی م or ا ر شي ت م89 kunɨnamatʰ ک نہ ن م تھ kunɨnamatjum or kunɨnamatim ک نہ ن م تی م or ک نہ ن م ت م90 namatʰ ن م تھ namatjum or namatim ن م تی م or ن م ت م91 akɨnamatʰ ا کہ ن م تھ akɨnamatjum or akɨnamatim ا کہ ن م تی م or ا کہ ن م ت م92 dunamatʰ د ن م تھ dunamatjum or dunamatim د ن م تی م or د ن م ت م93 trunamatʰ or trɨnamatʰ تر ن م تھ or تر ن م تھ trunamatjum or trunamatim تر ن م تی م or تر ن م ت م trɨnamatjum or trɨnamatim تر ن م تی م or تر ن م ت م94 t sunamatʰ ژ ن م تھ t sunamatjum or t sunamatim ژ ن م تی م or ژ ن م ت م95 pe ːt sɨnamatʰ or paːt sɨnamatʰ پٲن ژ ن م تھ or پان ژ ن م تھ pe ːt sɨnamatjum or paːt sɨnamatjum پٲن ژ ن م تی م or پان ژ ن م تی م pe ːt sɨnamatim or paːt sɨnamatim پٲن ژ ن م ت م or پان ژ ن م ت م96 ʃunamatʰ ش ن م تھ ʃunamatjum or ʃunamatim ش ن م تی م or span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article , read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games. © Copyright 2021, All Rights Reserved  |   www.wiki3.en-us.nina.az Rss Feed SiteMap Ping DMCA Contact Us HomePage Closed Call: