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Trill consonant

January 13, 2023

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator. Standard Spanish ⟨rr⟩ as in perro, for example, is an alveolar trill.

A trill is made by the articulator being held in place and the airstream causing it to vibrate. Usually a trill vibrates for 2–3 contacts, but may be up to 5, or even more if geminate.[1] However, trills may also be produced with only one contact. While single-contact trills are similar to taps and flaps, a tap or flap differs from a trill in that it is made by a muscular contraction rather than airstream.[2]

Phonemic trills

Trill consonants included in the International Phonetic Alphabet:

In addition,

  • [ʩ] – velopharyngeal fricative found in disordered speech sometimes involves trilling of the velopharyngeal port, producing a 'snort'.

The bilabial trill is uncommon. The coronal trill is most frequently alveolar [r͇], but dental and postalveolar articulations [r̪] and [r̠] also occur. An alleged retroflex trill found in Toda has been transcribed [ɽ] (that is, the same as the retroflex flap), but might be less ambiguously written [ɽr], as only the onset is retroflex, with the actual trill being alveolar. The epiglottal trills are identified by the IPA as fricatives, with the trilling assumed to be allophonic. However, analyzing the sounds as trills may be more economical.[3] There are also so-called strident vowels which are accompanied by epiglottal trill.

The cells in the IPA chart for the velar,[why?] (upper) pharyngeal, and glottal places of articulation are shaded as impossible. The glottis quite readily vibrates, but this occurs as the phonation of vowels and consonants, not as a consonant of its own. Dorso-palatal and velar vibratory motions of the tongue are occasionally produced, especially during the release of dorsal stops,[4] and ingressive velar trills occur in snoring, but not in normal speech. The upper pharyngeal tract cannot reliably produce a trill, but the epiglottis does, and epiglottal trills are pharyngeal in the broad sense.[5] A partially devoiced pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) fricative trill [ʀ̝̊˖] has been reported to occur as coda allophone of /ʀ/ in Limburgish dialects of Maastricht and Weert. It is in free variation with partially devoiced uvular fricative trill [ʀ̝̊].[6][7]

Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. Welsh and Icelandic. (See also voiceless alveolar trill, voiceless retroflex trill, voiceless uvular trill.) Mangbetu and Ninde have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills.

The Czech language has two contrastive alveolar trills, one a fricative trill (written ř in the orthography). In the fricative trill the tongue is raised, so that there is audible frication during the trill, sounding a little like a simultaneous [r] and [ʐ] (or [r̥] and [ʂ] when devoiced). A symbol for this sound, [ɼ], has been dropped from the IPA, and it is now generally transcribed as a raised r, [r̝].

Liangshan Yi ("Cool Mountain" Yi) has two "buzzed" or fricative vowels /i̝/, /u̝/ (written ṳ, i̤) which may also be trilled, [ʙ̝], [r̝].

A number of languages have trilled affricates such as [mbʙ] and [dʳ]. The Chapakuran language Wariʼ and the Muran language Pirahã have a very unusual trilled phoneme, a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥].

A nasal trill [r̃] has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.[8]

Extralinguistic trills

A linguolabial trill [r̼] is not known to be used phonemically but occurs when blowing a raspberry.

Snoring typically consists of vibration of the uvula and the soft palate (velum), which may be described as an ingressive velic trill.[9][10] Like the uvular trill, the ingressive velic trill does not involve the tongue; it is the velum that passively vibrates in the airstream. The Speculative Grammarian has proposed a jocular symbol for the sound (and also the sound used to imitate a pig's snort), a wide O with a double dot (Ꙫ), suggesting a pig's snout.[11] The Extensions to the IPA identifies an egressive fricative pronounced with this same configuration, common with a cleft palate, as velopharyngeal [ʩ], and with accompanying uvular trill as [ʩ𐞪] ([ʩʀ]) or [𝼀] ( ).[12]

Lateral trills are also possible and may be pronounced by initiating [ɬ] or [ɮ] with an especially forceful airflow. There is no symbol for them in the IPA. Lateral coronal trills are sometimes used to imitate bird calls, and are a component of Donald Duck talk.[citation needed] A labiodental trill, [ʙ̪], is most likely to be lateral, but laterality is not distinctive among labial sounds.[citation needed]

Ejective trills are not known from any language although they are easy to produce. They may occur as mimesis of a cat's purr.

Summary

Attested trilled consonants
(excluding secondary phonations and articulations)
Sounds in double parentheses are only attested from mimesis.
Bilabial Linguo-
labial 		Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Retroflex Velar Uvular Velo-
pharyngeal 		Pharyngeal
simple ʙ̥ ʙ ((r̼̊ r̼)) r̪̊ r̪ r̥ r r̠̊ r̠ (ɽr̥ ɽr) ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ
Fricative ʙ̝ r̝̊ r̝ ʀ̝̊ ʀ̝
Affricate p͡ʙ̥ b͜ʙ t͜r̊ d͜r ʡ͡ʜ ʡ͡ʢ
Nasal r̃ (ʩ)
Lateral (ʙ̪) ((bird calls))
Ejective ((r̥ʼ))

See also

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 218.
  2. ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 175.
  3. ^ Esling (2010), p. 695.
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 230.
  5. ^ Esling (2010), p. 688.
  6. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  7. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
  8. ^ Sampson (1999), pp. 312–3.
  9. ^ University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics, 1969, Volume 1, Parts 4–6, Page 115.
  10. ^ 'Velic' is the term in Pike (1948) for velopharyngeal: articulation between the upper surface of the velum and the back wall of the naso-pharynx (Bertil Malmberg & Louise Kaiser, 1968, Manual of phonetics, North-Holland, p. 325)
  11. ^ "SpecGram—Letters to the Editor". specgram.com.
  12. ^ Unicode support from 2021.

Bibliography

  • Esling, John H. (2010), "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.), The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 678–702, doi:10.1002/9781444317251.ch18, ISBN 978-1-4051-4590-9
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Wadsworth, ISBN 978-1-42823126-9
  • Sampson, Rodney (1999), Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823848-7

January 13, 2023
trill, consonant, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, july, 2018, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, th. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters In phonetics a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator Standard Spanish rr as in perro for example is an alveolar trill A trill is made by the articulator being held in place and the airstream causing it to vibrate Usually a trill vibrates for 2 3 contacts but may be up to 5 or even more if geminate 1 However trills may also be produced with only one contact While single contact trills are similar to taps and flaps a tap or flap differs from a trill in that it is made by a muscular contraction rather than airstream 2 Contents 1 Phonemic trills 2 Extralinguistic trills 3 Summary 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyPhonemic trills EditTrill consonants included in the International Phonetic Alphabet r Voiced alveolar trill r Voiceless alveolar trill ʙ Voiced bilabial trill ʙ Voiceless bilabial trill ɽ r Voiced retroflex trill ʀ Voiced uvular trill ʀ Voiceless uvular trill ʢ voiced epiglottal trill ʜ voiceless epiglottal trillIn addition ʩ velopharyngeal fricative found in disordered speech sometimes involves trilling of the velopharyngeal port producing a snort The bilabial trill is uncommon The coronal trill is most frequently alveolar r but dental and postalveolar articulations r and r also occur An alleged retroflex trill found in Toda has been transcribed ɽ that is the same as the retroflex flap but might be less ambiguously written ɽr as only the onset is retroflex with the actual trill being alveolar The epiglottal trills are identified by the IPA as fricatives with the trilling assumed to be allophonic However analyzing the sounds as trills may be more economical 3 There are also so called strident vowels which are accompanied by epiglottal trill The cells in the IPA chart for the velar why upper pharyngeal and glottal places of articulation are shaded as impossible The glottis quite readily vibrates but this occurs as the phonation of vowels and consonants not as a consonant of its own Dorso palatal and velar vibratory motions of the tongue are occasionally produced especially during the release of dorsal stops 4 and ingressive velar trills occur in snoring but not in normal speech The upper pharyngeal tract cannot reliably produce a trill but the epiglottis does and epiglottal trills are pharyngeal in the broad sense 5 A partially devoiced pre uvular i e between velar and uvular fricative trill ʀ has been reported to occur as coda allophone of ʀ in Limburgish dialects of Maastricht and Weert It is in free variation with partially devoiced uvular fricative trill ʀ 6 7 Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e g Welsh and Icelandic See also voiceless alveolar trill voiceless retroflex trill voiceless uvular trill Mangbetu and Ninde have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills The Czech language has two contrastive alveolar trills one a fricative trill written r in the orthography In the fricative trill the tongue is raised so that there is audible frication during the trill sounding a little like a simultaneous r and ʐ or r and ʂ when devoiced A symbol for this sound ɼ has been dropped from the IPA and it is now generally transcribed as a raised r r Liangshan Yi Cool Mountain Yi has two buzzed or fricative vowels i u written ṳ i which may also be trilled ʙ r A number of languages have trilled affricates such as mbʙ and dʳ The Chapakuran language Wariʼ and the Muran language Piraha have a very unusual trilled phoneme a voiceless bilabially post trilled dental stop t ʙ A nasal trill r has been described from some dialects of Romanian and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism However the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled 8 Extralinguistic trills EditA linguolabial trill r is not known to be used phonemically but occurs when blowing a raspberry Snoring typically consists of vibration of the uvula and the soft palate velum which may be described as an ingressive velic trill 9 10 Like the uvular trill the ingressive velic trill does not involve the tongue it is the velum that passively vibrates in the airstream The Speculative Grammarian has proposed a jocular symbol for the sound and also the sound used to imitate a pig s snort a wide O with a double dot Ꙫ suggesting a pig s snout 11 The Extensions to the IPA identifies an egressive fricative pronounced with this same configuration common with a cleft palate as velopharyngeal ʩ and with accompanying uvular trill as ʩ ʩʀ or 12 Lateral trills are also possible and may be pronounced by initiating ɬ or ɮ with an especially forceful airflow There is no symbol for them in the IPA Lateral coronal trills are sometimes used to imitate bird calls and are a component of Donald Duck talk citation needed A labiodental trill ʙ is most likely to be lateral but laterality is not distinctive among labial sounds citation needed Ejective trills are not known from any language although they are easy to produce They may occur as mimesis of a cat s purr Summary EditAttested trilled consonants excluding secondary phonations and articulations Sounds in double parentheses are only attested from mimesis Bilabial Linguo labial Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Velar Uvular Velo pharyngeal Pharyngealsimple ʙ ʙ r r r r r r r r ɽr ɽr ʀ ʀ ʜ ʢFricative ʙ r r ʀ ʀ Affricate p ʙ b ʙ t r d r ʡ ʜ ʡ ʢNasal r ʩ Lateral ʙ bird calls Ejective r ʼ See also EditList of phonetics topics Bronx cheer gesture References Edit Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 218 Ladefoged amp Johnson 2010 p 175 Esling 2010 p 695 Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 p 230 Esling 2010 p 688 Gussenhoven amp Aarts 1999 p 156 Heijmans amp Gussenhoven 1998 p 108 Sampson 1999 pp 312 3 University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 1969 Volume 1 Parts 4 6 Page 115 Velic is the term in Pike 1948 for velopharyngeal articulation between the upper surface of the velum and the back wall of the naso pharynx Bertil Malmberg amp Louise Kaiser 1968 Manual of phonetics North Holland p 325 SpecGram Letters to the Editor specgram com Unicode support from 2021 Bibliography EditEsling John H 2010 Phonetic Notation in Hardcastle William J Laver John Gibbon Fiona E eds The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences 2nd ed Wiley Blackwell pp 678 702 doi 10 1002 9781444317251 ch18 ISBN 978 1 4051 4590 9 Gussenhoven Carlos Aarts Flor 1999 The dialect of Maastricht PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association University of Nijmegen Centre for Language Studies 29 2 155 166 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006526 S2CID 145782045 Heijmans Linda Gussenhoven Carlos 1998 The Dutch dialect of Weert PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 1 2 107 112 doi 10 1017 S0025100300006307 S2CID 145635698 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Ladefoged Peter Johnson Keith 2010 A Course in Phonetics 6th ed Wadsworth ISBN 978 1 42823126 9 Sampson Rodney 1999 Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 823848 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trill consonant amp oldid 1127028262, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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