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Konkani language

Konkani[note 4] (Kōṅkaṇī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people, primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution,[9] and the official language of the Indian state of Goa. It is also spoken in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala,[10] Gujarat & Daman, Diu & Silvassa.

Konkani
कोंकणी
The word "Konkani" in Devanagari script
Pronunciation[kõkɳi] (in the language itself), [kõkɵɳi] (anglicised)
Native toIndia
RegionKonkan (includes Goa and the coastal areas of Karnataka, Maharashtra and some parts of Kerala, Gujarat (Dang district) and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu)[1][2]
EthnicityKonkani people
Native speakers
2 million (2011 census)[3]
Dialects
Past:
Brahmi
Nāgarī
Goykanadi
Modi script
Present:
Devanagari (official)[note 1]
Roman[note 2]
Kannada[note 3]
Malayalam[5]
Perso-Arabic
Official status
Official language in
 India
Regulated byKarnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy and the Government of Goa[7]
Language codes
ISO 639-2kok
ISO 639-3kok – inclusive code
Individual codes:
gom – Goan Konkani
knn – Maharashtrian Konkani
Glottologgoan1235  Goan Konkani
konk1267  Konkani
Distribution of native Konkani speakers in India

Konkani is a member of the Southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.[11] The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 A.D.[12]

There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from Daman in the north to karwar in the south, most of which are only partially and mutually intelligible with one another due to a lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in Surat, Cochin, Mangalore, Ahmedabad, Karachi, New Delhi etc.[13][14][15][16][17] Dialects such as Malvani, Chitpavani, East Indian, Koli & Aagri in coastal Maharashtra; are also threatened by language assimilation into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani states and territories of India.[18][19]

Classification

Konkani belongs to the Indo-Aryan language branch. It is part of the Marathi-Konkani group of the southern Indo-Aryan languages.[20] It is inflexive, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of variety of Prakrits. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over the years.[21]

Names

It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers.[22] Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in "Abhanga 263" of the 13th century Hindu Marathi saint poet, Namadeva (1270–1350).[23] Konkani has been known by a variety of names: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani. Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki.[24]

Konkani was commonly referred to as Língua Canarim by the Portuguese[25] and Língua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries.[25] The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Língua Concanim.[25] The name Canarim or Língua Canarim, which is how the 16th century European Jesuit Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing. It is possible that the term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada.[26] All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the plebeian, called Canarim, and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called Língua Canarim Brâmana or simply Brâmana de Goa. The latter was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes.[27]

There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani:

  • V. P. Chavan states that the etymology of Konkan and hence Konkani is derived from the Kannada word konku meaning 'uneven ground'. The Kannada origin suggests that Konkana might have included Kannada territory and 'uneven ground' suggests the hilly nature of the territory.[28] Konku in Kannada also means that which is 'not straight' and is 'crooked'.[29]
  • The word Konkan comes from the Kukkana (Kokna) tribe, who were the original inhabitants of the land where Konkani originated.[30]
  • According to some texts of Puranas, Parashurama shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his arrow landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as Konkan meaning piece of earth or corner of earth, kōṇa (corner) + kaṇa (piece). This legend is mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana.

History

Proposed substrate influences

The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh, Oraon, and Kukni, whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto.[31] According to the Indian Anthropological Society, these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India (Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur) and are not found in Konkan any more.[32][33] Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the Mundari substratum.[34] Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic Munda words in Konkani, like mund, mundkar, dhumak, goem-bab.[35] This substratum is very prominent in Konkani.[36]

The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum.[37] Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: naall (coconut), madval (washerman), choru (cooked rice) and mulo (radish).[38] Linguists also suggest that the substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada.[39][40]

Prehistory and early development

Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 2400 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 1000–700 BC.[35] Many spoke old Indo-Aryan vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus the ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci. The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Dr. Taraporewala, who in his book Elements of Science of Languages (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present-day Kashmiri.[21] Thus, the archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists.[30] This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari, and Leela Charitra.)[41] Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into a lexical fund of its own.[41] The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau.[35] Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians.[42]

Goa and Konkan were ruled by the Konkan Mauryas and the Bhojas; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to a mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit.[43] The overtones of Pali[41] (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary.[44] A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya, which have their roots in Magadhi.[45]

Maharashtri Prakrit is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani,[46] it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri".[47] This old language that was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart.[47]

The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms.[48] The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes o or u in Konkani.[49] Examples include: dando, suno, raakhano, dukh, rukhu, manisu (from Prakrit), dandao, sunnao, rakkhakao, dukkhao, vukkhao, vrukkhao, and mannisso. Another example could be the sound of at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later Maharashtri Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha, which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani.[44]

Although most of the stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan.[50]

Though it belongs to the Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the Kadambas, who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in Karnataka. Konkani was never used for official purposes.[51] Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka.[52] Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has prothetic glides y- and w-.[53] The Kannada influence is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in yes/no questions and the negative marker are sentence final.[53] Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada.[53] Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns.[54]

The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during the pre-historic period and later. Chavada, a tribe of warriors (now known as Chaddi or Chaddo), migrated to Goa from Saurashtra, during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740.[55] Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati.

  • Konkani and Gujarati have many words in common, not found in Marathi.[56]
  • The Konkani O (as opposed to the Marathi A, which is of different Prakrit origin), is similar to that in Gujarati.[56]
  • The case terminations in Konkani, lo, li, and le, and the Gujarati no, ni, and ne have the same Prakrit roots.[56]
  • In both languages the present indicatives have no gender, unlike Marathi.[56]

Early

An inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith Bahubali (The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and īśvara "lord".[57]) at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī:[58]

"śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" (Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done).[note 5][note 6]

The language of these lines is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, Nagpur University) and Jose Pereira (former professor, Fordham University, USA).[59]

Another inscription in Nāgarī, of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified.[60]

Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and the base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi.[61] Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi.[34] One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to the Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga, kulaagra, naralel, tambavem, and tilel.[62]

 
Konkani Inscription with 'Maee Shenvi' of 1413 AD, Nagueshi, Goa.

A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says:

"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu". (The one who brought the Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu, he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).

A hymn from the later 16th century goes

vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.[63]

Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo, , and jẽ. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa. The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.[64] The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ. The pronoun moho, which is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā.

Medieval

This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin.

These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o".

Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Bhatkal came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.[65] Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis, who are descended from Bantu peoples from South East Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves.[66]

Contemporary

Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani.

Revival

Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab.[67] His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).[68]

Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939.[69] Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far.

Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti.

Post-independence period

Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration.

However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The Goa Opinion Poll, a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.[67] However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.[6]

Recognition as an independent language

With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language.

Official language status

All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.[6]

Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages.

Geographical distribution

 
Modern day Goan Konkani in Devanagari

The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the Konkan division of Maharashtra, the state of Goa and the territory of Daman, the Uttara Kannada, Udupi & Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka,belagavi,Mysore, and Bengaluru along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod, Kochi, Alappuzha, Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects, pronunciation and prose styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.[70]

According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.[71] The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka, 964,305 in Goa,[72] 399,255 in Maharashtra, and 69,449 in Kerala. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates (NRIs) with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries (immigrants). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad.

During the days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre-Partition India many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the Portuguese and British Empires, and to the Pakistan of Pre-Partition India. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya, Uganda, Pakistan, the Persian Gulf countries, Portugal and the European Union, and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority.

Current status and issues

The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons:

  1. The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects.
  2. The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.[how?][citation needed]
  3. The dominance of Marathi and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in Goa state, the union territory of Damaon& the Konkan division of Maharashtra.[additional citation(s) needed]
  4. Progressive inroads made by Urdu into the Konkani Muslim community.[verification needed]
  5. Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.
  6. The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.
  7. The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature& media.
  8. The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in potaachi bhaas (language of the stomach) over maai bhaas (mother tongue). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.[5]

Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent.

Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre& the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.

Opposition

Marathi dispute

José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy, pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a “dialect of Maharashtra” as an origin of the language controversy.[5]

Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson. Grierson's work on the languages of India, the Linguistic Survey of India, was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi.

S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani, which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.[5][73] Shenoi Goembab, who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians.

Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the Goa Opinion Poll).[5]

The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987.

Karnataka

MLC Ivan D'Souza attempted to speak in Konkani at the Karnataka state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.[74]

Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by Kannada "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in Yeswanthpur and Rajajinagar, Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want church services to be held in any other language other than Kannada,[citation needed] even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time.[75] It is still the official language of the Mangalore Archdiocese.[76]

Multilingualism

According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of multilingualism. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India.

This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.

The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi[5][73] and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa.

Scripts and dialects

The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use Devnagari as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.[6] Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to Romi Konkani in Goa or Konkani in the Kannada script.[6] Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.[77]

In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.[78] The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.[79]

Phonology

The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many diphthongs. Like the other Indo-Aryan languages, it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.[80]

  • The palatal and alveolar stops are affricates. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are alveopalatal.[81]
  • The voiced/voiceless contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The fricatives are all voiceless and the sonorants are all voiced.[81]
  • The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the aspirates and fricatives. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.[81]
  • Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. Palatalisation/non-palatisation is found in all obstruents, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones[81]

Vowels

One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of /ɵ/, the close-mid central vowel, instead of the schwa found in Hindustani and Marathi.

Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: /e/, /ɛ/ and /æ/.

Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for /ʌ/.

Consonants

The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in Marathi.

Grammar

Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a stress-timed language, nor as a tonal language.[83]

  • Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:[84]
  1. naam (noun)
  2. sarvanaam (pronoun)
  3. visheshan (adjective)
  4. kriyapad (verb)
  5. kriyavisheshana (adverb)
  6. ubhayanvayi avyaya
  7. shabdayogi avyaya
  8. kevalaprayogi avyaya

Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an SOV language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also modifiers and complements tend to precede the head and postpositions are far more common than prepositions. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a head-last language, unlike English, which is an SVO language.[85]

  • Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the avyayas are either tatsama or tadbhava.[84]

Verbs

Verbs are either tatsama or tadbhava:[84]

Verbs and their roots:
Konkani verbs Sanskrit/Prakrit Root Translation
वाच vaach (tatsama) वच् vach read
आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama) आव्हय् aavhay call, summon
रांध raandh (tatsama) रांध् raandh cook
बरय baray (tadbhav) वर्णय् varnay write
व्हर vhar (tadbhav) हर har take away
भक bhak (tadbhav) भक्ष् bhaksh eat
हेड hedd (tadbhav) अट् att roam
ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav) लेह् leh lick
शीन sheen (tadbhav) छिन्न chinna cut
Source: Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh[84]
  • Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with present participle of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.[84] When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in dialects spoken in Karnataka whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.

For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living).

Apabhramsha and metathesis

  • Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.[84] Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.[84]

Metathesis is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ukar).[86]

  • Unlike Sanskrit, anusvara has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, Konkani still retains the anusvara on the initial or final syllable.[84] Similarly visarga, is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख.
  • Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.[84] The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the tatsamas than the tadbhavas.[84] Declension also affects the accent.[84]
  • Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives.
  • Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.[84]
  • Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.[84]

Vocabulary

The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of tatsama (Sanskrit loanwords without change), tadhbhava (evolved Sanskrit words), deshya (indigenous words) and antardeshya (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.[85]

Loanwords

Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.[52] A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are karz (debt), fakt (only), dusman (enemy), and barik (thin).[52] Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include mustaiki (from Arabic mustaid, meaning "ready"), and kapan khairo ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser").

Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, krupa for grace, Yamakunda for hell, Vaikuntha for paradise and so on). The syntax used by Goan Catholics in their literature shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.[87][88] The Portuguese influence is also evident in the Marathi–Konkani spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, Thane a variant of Konkani used by East Indians Catholic community.

Sanskritisation

Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like Marathi, but still retains Prakrit and apabhramsa structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit loanwords are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a Sanskritisation policy.[81] Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change.[81] On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by Kannada − one of the most Sanskritised languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.[81]

Writing systems

 
The name Konkani in the five scripts it is written in: Devanagari, Kannada, Latin, Malayalam, Arabic.

Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.[89]

Past

The Brahmi script for Konkani fell into disuse.[90] Later, some inscriptions were written in old Nagari. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the restrictions imposed by the inquisition, some early form of Devanagari was disused in Goa.[89] The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of Konkani and Nagari scripts.[25]

Another script, called Kandevi or Goykandi, was used in Goa since the times of the Kadambas, although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the Halegannada script, with strikingly similar features.[91] Unlike Halegannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the Kadamba script, which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan.[92] The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.[63] The Roman script has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.

Present

Konkani is written in five scripts: Devanagari, Roman, Kannada, Malayalam, and Perso-Arabic.[5] Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called Romi Konkani) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics).[53] This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic liturgy and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the Kannada script; however, the Saraswats of Karnataka use the Devanagari script in the uttara Kannada district. Malayalam script was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years.[93] Konkani Muslims use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects.[citation needed] When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed Tiatr is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Romi Lipi Action Front seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.[94]

Alphabet/vaṇamāḷha

The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:[95]

a
/ɐ/
ā
/ɑː/
i
/i/
ī
/iː/
u
/u/
ū
/uː/
e
/eː/
ai
/aːi/
o
/oː/
au
/aːu/
अं aṃ
/ⁿ/
अः aḥ
/h/
ka
/k/
kha
/kʰ/
ga
/ɡ/
gha
/ɡʱ/
ṅa
/ŋ/
ca
/c, t͡ʃ/
cha
/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/
ja
/ɟ, d͡ʒ/
jha
/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/
ña
/ɲ/
ṭa
/ʈ/
ṭha
/ʈʰ/
ḍa
/ɖ/
ḍha
/ɖʱ/
ṇa
/ɳ/
ta
/t̪/
tha
/t̪ʰ/
da
/d̪/
dha
/d̪ʱ/
na
/n/
pa
/p/
pha
/pʰ/
ba
/b/
bha
/bʱ/
ma
/m/
ya
/j/
ra
/r/
la
/l/
va
/ʋ/
ṣa
/ʂ/
śa
/ɕ, ʃ/
sa
/s/
ha
/ɦ/
ḷha
//ɭʱ//
क्ष kṣa
/kʃ/
ज्ञ jña
/ɟʝɲ/

Dialects

 
Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages

Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of dialects. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.[5]

Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, N. G. Kalelkar has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:[5]

  • Northern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to Marathi; i.e. Malvani
  • Central Konkani: Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture and Kannada.
  • Southern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the South Canara region (Mangalore, Udupi) of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, which came in close contact with Tulu and Kannada. Southern Konkani is very similar to Marathi, with few loanwords from Tulu and Kannada, and slight differences in pronunciation.

Goan Konkani

 
Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa

Goan Konkani refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani macrolanguage except for those that fall under Maharashtrian Konkani and Canarese Konkani. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code gom under the ISO 639-3 classification (since it is sometimes called Goan Marathi).

In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of Goa, e.g. the Antruz, Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goanese Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as Malvani Konkani, Chitpavani Konkani, and Karwari Konkani.

Organisations

 
The campus of the Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK), a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Alto Porvorim, near Panaji in Goa

There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The All India Konkani Parishad founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.[96] A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.

Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called ‘Mandd Sobhann’ – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled ‘Mandd Sobhann’, grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/

The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in Mumbai, is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of All India Konkani Parishad. On 28 December 1984, Goa Konkani Akademi (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.[97] The Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) is a popular research institute based in the Goan capital Panaji. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.[98] The Dalgado Konkani Academy is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji.

 
World Konkani Centre, Mangalore

The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in Mumbai, which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The government of Karnataka established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.[99] The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa.

The First World Konkani Convention was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.[100]

The World Konkani Centre built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, Mangalore was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,[101] "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over.”

The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2-4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June.

Literature

 
Cover of Dovtrina Christam by Fr. Thomas Stephens, first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language

During the Goa Inquisition which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.[102]

The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is Krishnadas Shama from Quelossim in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Krishnacharitrakatha in prose style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in Braga in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.[103]

The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English Jesuit priest, Fr. Thomas Stephens in 1622, and entitled Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim (Old Portuguese for: Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, Arte da Lingoa Canarim, was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.[30]

Media

Radio

All India Radio started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly Trivandrum, Alleppey, Trichur, and Calicut AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.[30]

In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. Rakno, Daize, and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year.

Print

Udentichem Sallok was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by Eduardo Bruno de Souza. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.[104]

Dailies

Sanjechem Nokhetr was started in 1907 by B. F. Cabral in Bombay, and is the first Concanim newspaper. It contained detailed news of Bombay, as it was published from there. In 1982, "Novem Goem" was a daily edited by Gurunath Kelekar, Dr. F. M. Rebello and Felisio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. Freddy J. da Costa, began a Konkani daily "Goencho Avaz". It became a monthly after one and a half year. Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called Bhaangar Bhuin. For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, Sunaparant, which was published in Panjim.

Weeklies

O Luzo-Concanim was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, A Luz, O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent and O Opinião Nacional were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, O Goano was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English.

The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named Vauraddeancho Ixtt. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. Arsencio Fernandes and Fr. Graciano Moraes.

Fortnightly

There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called Kodial Khaber', edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore.

Monthlies

Katolik Sovostkai was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication.

Dor Mhoineachi Rotti is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. Vincent Lobo, from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. António Ludovico Pereira, also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. Antanasio Moniz, from Verna, took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. Elias D'Souza, from Bodiem, Tivim in Goa became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to Velha Goa in Goa around 1964, Fr. Moreno de Souza was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the Jesuits in Goa, edited by Fr. Vasco do Rego, S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015.

Gulab is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon.

Konkani periodicals published in Goa include Vauraddeancho Ixtt (Roman script, weekly), Gulab (Roman script, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari script, monthly), Panchkadayi (Kannada script, monthly) and Poddbimb (Roman script, monthly). Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly). Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly). Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967.

Digital and audible

The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala.

www.poinnari.com is the first literaryyy webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017.

'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala.

'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan.

'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3.

'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Dr.Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam.

Television

The Doordarshan centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others.

Film

In popular culture

Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of Hindi films. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie Aasha, contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "Eeny, meeny, miny, moe", which inspired C Ramchandra and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a Goan, added the words "maka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".[105][106]

An international ad campaign by Nike for the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "Bebdo", composed by Chris Perry and sung by Lorna Cordeiro. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino.

A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in Mangalore on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a Brazilian musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.[107]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Devanagari has been promulgated as the official script.
  2. ^ Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script. "Panchayat Raj Act And Rules" (PDF). panchayatsgoa.gov.in. 1996. (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2022.
  3. ^ The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance. However, in the state of Karnataka, Konkani is used in the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script.
  4. ^ Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called Konkan, on the western coast of India. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the Daman Ganga River to the north and the Kali River to the south; the north–south length is about 650 km and the east–west breadth is about 50 km. The dialect spoken in Goa, coastal Karnataka and in some parts of Northern Kerala has distinct features and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani.[8]
  5. ^ Chavundaraya was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty-era King Gangaraya. This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi (Jain Temple) initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century AD. Ref: S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p256
  6. ^ The above inscription has been quite controversial, and is touted as old-Marathi. But the distinctive instrumental viyalem ending of the verb is the hallmark of the Konkani language, and the verb sutatale or sutatalap is not prevalent in Marathi. So linguists and historians such as S.B. Kulkarni of Nagpur University, Dr V.P. Chavan (former vice-president of the Anthropological Society of Mumbai), and others have thus concluded that it is Konkani.

References

  1. ^ Whiteley, Wilfred Howell (1974). Language in Kenya. Oxford University Press. p. 589.
  2. ^ Kurzon, Denis (2004). Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters. Multilingual Matters. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-85359-673-5.
  3. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  4. ^ Kapoor, Subodh (10 April 2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 9788177552713 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mother Tongue blues – Madhavi Sardesai
  6. ^ a b c d e "PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA". 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  7. ^ (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
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Further reading

  • Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline, Karthik Malli (Firstpost)

External links

  • , Konkani language site
  • Konkani News, Konkani language site
  • Kital, Konkani language site
  • Chilume.com, Konkani Literature
  • Niz Goenkar, Konkani-English bilingual site
  • Read Konkani News online
  • World Konkani Centre, Mangalore
  • Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility

konkani, language, konkani, redirects, here, other, uses, konkani, disambiguation, konkani, note, kōṅkaṇī, indo, aryan, language, spoken, konkani, people, primarily, konkan, region, along, western, coast, india, scheduled, languages, mentioned, indian, constit. Konkani redirects here For other uses see Konkani disambiguation Konkani note 4 Kōṅkaṇi is an Indo Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people primarily in the Konkan region along the western coast of India It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution 9 and the official language of the Indian state of Goa It is also spoken in Karnataka Maharashtra Kerala 10 Gujarat amp Daman Diu amp Silvassa Konkaniक कण The word Konkani in Devanagari scriptPronunciation kokɳi in the language itself kokɵɳi anglicised Native toIndiaRegionKonkan includes Goa and the coastal areas of Karnataka Maharashtra and some parts of Kerala Gujarat Dang district and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 1 2 EthnicityKonkani peopleNative speakers2 million 2011 census 3 Language familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanSouthern ZoneMarathi KonkaniKonkaniDialectsDialect groups Canara Konkani Goan Konkani Maharashtrian Konkani Kerala Konkani Individual dialects Malvani Mangalorean Chitpavani Antruz Bardeskari Saxtti Daldi Pednekari Koli and Aagri 4 Writing systemPast BrahmiNagariGoykanadiModi scriptPresent Devanagari official note 1 Roman note 2 Kannada note 3 Malayalam 5 Perso ArabicOfficial statusOfficial language in India Goa 6 Regulated byKarnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy and the Government of Goa 7 Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks kok span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kok class extiw title iso639 3 kok kok a inclusive codeIndividual codes a href https iso639 3 sil org code gom class extiw title iso639 3 gom gom a Goan Konkani a href https iso639 3 sil org code knn class extiw title iso639 3 knn knn a Maharashtrian KonkaniGlottologgoan1235 Goan Konkanikonk1267 KonkaniDistribution of native Konkani speakers in IndiaPart of a series onConstitutionally recognised languages of IndiaCategory22 Official Languages of the Indian RepublicAssamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Manipuri Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu UrduRelatedEighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Official Languages Commission Classical Languages of India List of languages by number of native speakers in India Asia portal India portal Language portal Politics portalKonkani is a member of the Southern Indo Aryan language group It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo Aryan languages 11 The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 A D 12 There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region from Daman in the north to karwar in the south most of which are only partially and mutually intelligible with one another due to a lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper in Surat Cochin Mangalore Ahmedabad Karachi New Delhi etc 13 14 15 16 17 Dialects such as Malvani Chitpavani East Indian Koli amp Aagri in coastal Maharashtra are also threatened by language assimilation into the linguistic majority of non Konkani states and territories of India 18 19 Contents 1 Classification 2 Names 3 History 3 1 Proposed substrate influences 3 2 Prehistory and early development 3 3 Early 3 4 Medieval 3 5 Contemporary 4 Revival 4 1 Post independence period 4 2 Recognition as an independent language 4 3 Official language status 5 Geographical distribution 6 Current status and issues 6 1 Opposition 6 1 1 Marathi dispute 6 2 Karnataka 6 3 Multilingualism 6 4 Scripts and dialects 7 Phonology 7 1 Vowels 7 2 Consonants 8 Grammar 8 1 Verbs 8 2 Apabhramsha and metathesis 9 Vocabulary 9 1 Loanwords 9 2 Sanskritisation 10 Writing systems 10 1 Past 10 2 Present 10 2 1 Alphabet vaṇamaḷha 11 Dialects 11 1 Goan Konkani 12 Organisations 13 Literature 14 Media 14 1 Radio 14 2 Print 14 2 1 Dailies 14 2 2 Weeklies 14 2 3 Fortnightly 14 2 4 Monthlies 14 3 Digital and audible 14 4 Television 14 5 Film 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 Footnotes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External linksClassification EditKonkani belongs to the Indo Aryan language branch It is part of the Marathi Konkani group of the southern Indo Aryan languages 20 It is inflexive and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo Aryan languages Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of variety of Prakrits This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over the years 21 Names EditIt is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers 22 Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to the 13th century The first reference of the name Konkani is in Abhanga 263 of the 13th century Hindu Marathi saint poet Namadeva 1270 1350 23 Konkani has been known by a variety of names Canarim Concanim Gomantaki Bramana and Goani Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki 24 Konkani was commonly referred to as Lingua Canarim by the Portuguese 25 and Lingua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries 25 The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Lingua Concanim 25 The name Canarim or Lingua Canarim which is how the 16th century European Jesuit Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing It is possible that the term is derived from the Persian word for coast kinara if so it would mean the language of the coast The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada 26 All the European authors however recognised two forms of the language in Goa the plebeian called Canarim and the more regular used by the educated classes called Lingua Canarim Bramana or simply Bramana de Goa The latter was the preferred choice of the Europeans and also of other castes for writing sermons and religious purposes 27 There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani V P Chavan states that the etymology of Konkan and hence Konkani is derived from the Kannada word konku meaning uneven ground The Kannada origin suggests that Konkana might have included Kannada territory and uneven ground suggests the hilly nature of the territory 28 Konku in Kannada also means that which is not straight and is crooked 29 The word Konkan comes from the Kukkana Kokna tribe who were the original inhabitants of the land where Konkani originated 30 According to some texts of Puranas Parashurama shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his arrow landed The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as Konkan meaning piece of earth or corner of earth kōṇa corner kaṇa piece This legend is mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana History EditProposed substrate influences Edit This section needs attention from an expert in linguistics The specific problem is The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages not Austroasiatic WikiProject Linguistics may be able to help recruit an expert October 2017 The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh Oraon and Kukni whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux Kunrukh Kunna and Malto 31 According to the Indian Anthropological Society these Australoid tribes speaking Austro Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan migrated to Northern India Chota Nagpur Plateau Mirzapur and are not found in Konkan any more 32 33 Olivinho Gomes in his essay Medieval Konkani Literature also mentions the Mundari substratum 34 Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro Asiatic Munda words in Konkani like mund mundkar dhumak goem bab 35 This substratum is very prominent in Konkani 36 The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo Aryan languages is difficult to fathom Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo Aryan and New Indo Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum 37 Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are naall coconut madval washerman choru cooked rice and mulo radish 38 Linguists also suggest that the substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada 39 40 Prehistory and early development Edit Migrations of Indo Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast Around 2400 BC the first wave of Indo Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred with the second wave appearing around 1000 700 BC 35 Many spoke old Indo Aryan vernacular languages which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects Thus the ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Dr Taraporewala who in his book Elements of Science of Languages Calcutta University ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present day Kashmiri 21 Thus the archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists 30 This progenitor of Konkani or Paishachi Apabhramsha has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari and Leela Charitra 41 Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure which eventually developed into a lexical fund of its own 41 The second wave of Indo Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau 35 Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians 42 Goa and Konkan were ruled by the Konkan Mauryas and the Bhojas as a result numerous migrations occurred from north east and western India Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages which led to a mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit 43 The overtones of Pali 41 the liturgical language of the Buddhists also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary 44 A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya which have their roots in Magadhi 45 Maharashtri Prakrit is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani 46 it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time Studying early Maharashtri compilations many linguists have called Konkani the first born daughter of Maharashtri 47 This old language that was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart 47 The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms 48 The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni which becomes o or u in Konkani 49 Examples include dando suno raakhano dukh rukhu manisu from Prakrit dandao sunnao rakkhakao dukkhao vukkhao vrukkhao and mannisso Another example could be the sound of ण at the beginning of words it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin such as णव nine Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution and later Maharashtri Prakrit was commonly spoken until 875 AD and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani 44 Although most of the stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa and other parts of Konkan from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit influenced Sanskrit mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi most of the places grants agricultural related terms and names of some people are in Konkani This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan 50 Though it belongs to the Indo Aryan group Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family A branch of the Kadambas who ruled Goa for a long period had their roots in Karnataka Konkani was never used for official purposes 51 Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani speaking territories to Karnataka 52 Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary Like southern Dravidian languages Konkani has prothetic glides y and w 53 The Kannada influence is more evident in Konkani syntax The question markers in yes no questions and the negative marker are sentence final 53 Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada 53 Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo Aryan languages however Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns 54 The Kols Kharwas Yadavas and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during the pre historic period and later Chavada a tribe of warriors now known as Chaddi or Chaddo migrated to Goa from Saurashtra during the 7th and 8th century AD after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740 55 Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states as well as trade relationships had a major impact on Goan society Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati Konkani and Gujarati have many words in common not found in Marathi 56 The Konkani O as opposed to the Marathi A which is of different Prakrit origin is similar to that in Gujarati 56 The case terminations in Konkani lo li and le and the Gujarati no ni and ne have the same Prakrit roots 56 In both languages the present indicatives have no gender unlike Marathi 56 Early EditAn inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith Bahubali The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means beautiful or handsome and isvara lord 57 at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads in a variant of Nagari 58 sricavuṇḍaraje kara viyale srigaṅgaraje suttale kara viyale Chavundaraya got it done Gangaraya got the surroundings done note 5 note 6 The language of these lines is Konkani according to S B Kulkarni former head of Department of Marathi Nagpur University and Jose Pereira former professor Fordham University USA 59 Another inscription in Nagari of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words but this has not been reliably verified 60 Many stone and copper plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani The grammar and the base of such texts is in Konkani whereas very few verbs are in Marathi 61 Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century and from Quepem in the early 14th century have been written in Goykanadi 34 One such stone inscription or shilalekh written Nagari is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa dating back to the year 1463 AD It mentions that the then ruler of Goa Devaraja Gominam had gifted land to the Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state It mentions words like kullgga kulaagra naralel tambavem and tilel 62 Konkani Inscription with Maee Shenvi of 1413 AD Nagueshi Goa A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says jaṇẽ rasataḷavantũ matsyarupe veda aṇiyele manusivaka vaṇiyele to saṁsarasagara taraṇu mōhō to rakho narayaṇu The one who brought the Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu he is the one Saviour of the world that is Narayana my God A hymn from the later 16th century goesvaikuṇṭhace jhaḍa tu ge phaḷa amṛtace jivita rakhile tuve manasakuḷace 63 Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo ji and jẽ These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa The conjunctions yedō and tedō when and then which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use 64 The use of viyalẽ has been replaced by aylẽ The pronoun moho which is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhe has been replaced by maka Medieval Edit This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara today s coastal Karnataka and Cochin Exodus between 1312 1327 when General Malik Kafur of the Delhi Sultans Alauddin Khalji and Muhammed bin Tughlaq destroyed Govepuri and the Kadambas Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the Bahamani kingdom captured Goa and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur held territory due to the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510 Migration of Hindu converts to Canara in South India after the Christianisation of Goa the subsequent Goa Inquisition and the Sackings of Goa and Bombay Bassein These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers Examples include dar door giving way to the word bagil Also the phoneme a in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme o Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Bhatkal came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam 65 Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis who are descended from Bantu peoples from South East Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves 66 Contemporary Edit Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari Kannada Malayalam Persian and Roman scripts It is written by speakers in their native dialects The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani Revival EditSee also Konkani Language Agitation Konkani language was in decline due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus and the Konkani Christian Hindu divide Seeing this Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis Hindus as well as Christians regardless of caste or religion He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule but also against the pre eminence of Marathi over Konkani Almost single handedly he crusaded writing a number of works in Konkani He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab 67 His death anniversary 9 April is celebrated as World Konkani Day Vishwa Konkani Dis 68 Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag an advocate by profession from Karwar who with a few like minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of one language one script one literature He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939 69 Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar North Kanara and Konkan Patti Post independence period Edit Following India s independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961 Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory directly under central administration However with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines and growing calls from Maharashtra as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra an intense debate was started in Goa The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa s future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state The Goa Opinion Poll a plebiscite retained Goa as an independent state in 1967 67 However English Hindi and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication while Konkani was sidelined 6 Recognition as an independent language Edit With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi Suniti Kumar Chatterji the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute On 26 February 1975 the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language classified as an Indo European language which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language Official language status Edit All this did not change anything in Goa Finally fed up with the delay Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986 demanding official status for Konkani The agitation turned violent in various places resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao Aldrin Fernandes Mathew Faria C J Dias John Fernandes and Joaquim Pereira all from Agacaim Finally on 4 February 1987 the Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill making Konkani the official language of Goa 6 Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy First Amendment on 20 August 1992 adding it to the list of official languages Geographical distribution Edit Modern day Goan Konkani in Devanagari The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the Konkan division of Maharashtra the state of Goa and the territory of Daman the Uttara Kannada Udupi amp Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka belagavi Mysore and Bengaluru along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod Kochi Alappuzha Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects pronunciation and prose styles vocabulary tone and sometimes significant differences in grammar 70 According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India there were 2 489 016 Konkani speakers in India 71 The Census Department of India 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2 256 502 making up 0 19 of India s population Out of these 788 294 were in Karnataka 964 305 in Goa 72 399 255 in Maharashtra and 69 449 in Kerala It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9 34 in the decade 2001 2011 It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade A very large number of Konkanis live outside India either as expatriates NRIs with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries immigrants Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad During the days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre Partition India many Goans and non Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the Portuguese and British Empires and to the Pakistan of Pre Partition India The migratory trend has continued well into the post colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya Uganda Pakistan the Persian Gulf countries Portugal and the European Union and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority Current status and issues EditThis article contains statements that are anachronistic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons The fragmentation of Konkani into various sometimes mutually unintelligible dialects The Portuguese influence in Goa especially on Catholics how citation needed The dominance of Marathi and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in Goa state the union territory of Damaon amp the Konkan division of Maharashtra additional citation s needed Progressive inroads made by Urdu into the Konkani Muslim community verification needed Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies literature amp media The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in potaachi bhaas language of the stomach over maai bhaas mother tongue They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools 5 Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani starting with Shenoi Goembab s efforts to revive Konkani The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent Some organisations such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal World Konkani Centre amp the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis Opposition Edit Marathi dispute Edit Main article Konkani language agitation Jose Pereira in his 1971 work Konkani A Language A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807 wherein Konkani is called a dialect of Maharashtra as an origin of the language controversy 5 Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson Grierson s work on the languages of India the Linguistic Survey of India was regarded as an important reference by other linguists In his book Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra then part of Bombay and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself In his opinion Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself but in Marathi S M Katre s 1966 work The Formation of Konkani which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi 5 73 Shenoi Goembab who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement rallied against the pre eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians Goa s accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many Konkani Goans were opposed to the move The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa s merger which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 the Goa Opinion Poll 5 The Sahitya Akademi a prominent literary organisation in India recognised it as an independent language in 1975 and subsequently Konkani in Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987 Karnataka Edit Main article Canarese Konkani MLC Ivan D Souza attempted to speak in Konkani at the Karnataka state s Legislative Council but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani Even though Mr D Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution he was not given permission to continue in Konkani 74 Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by Kannada activists Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively in Yeswanthpur and Rajajinagar Bangalore These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want church services to be held in any other language other than Kannada citation needed even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30 of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese Konkani activists and associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time 75 It is still the official language of the Mangalore Archdiocese 76 Multilingualism Edit According to the Census Department of India Konkani speakers show a very high degree of multilingualism In the 1991 census as compared to the national average of 19 44 for bilingualism and 7 26 for trilingualism Konkani speakers scored 74 20 and 44 68 respectively This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi 5 73 and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa Scripts and dialects Edit Main article Konkani alphabets The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people The Goa state s decision to use Devnagari as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it 6 Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans let alone other Konkani people outside Goa and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to Romi Konkani in Goa or Konkani in the Kannada script 6 Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986 87 and have for a long time used the Roman script including producing literature in Roman script They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari 77 In Karnataka which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari 78 The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts 79 Phonology EditSee also Konkani phonology The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels excluding an equal number of long vowels 36 consonants 5 semi vowels 3 sibilants 1 aspirate and many diphthongs Like the other Indo Aryan languages it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language 80 The palatal and alveolar stops are affricates The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are alveopalatal 81 The voiced voiceless contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates The fricatives are all voiceless and the sonorants are all voiced 81 The initial vowel syllable is shortened after the aspirates and fricatives Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates 81 Aspirates in a non initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech Palatalisation non palatisation is found in all obstruents except for palatal and alveolars Where a palatalised alveolar is expected a palatal is found instead In the case of sonorants only unaspirated consonants show this contrast and among the glides only labeo velar glides exhibit this Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones 81 Vowels Edit Vowels Front Central BackClose i ĩ u ũClose mid e ẽ ɵ ɵ o oOpen mid ɛ ɛ ʌ ɔ ɔ Open ae a aOne of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of ɵ the close mid central vowel instead of the schwa found in Hindustani and Marathi Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए Konkani uses three e ɛ and ae Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for ʌ Consonants Edit Consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo palatal Velar GlottalStops p pʰ b bʱ t tʰ d dʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ k kʰ ɡ ɡʱ Affricates ts tsʰ dz dzʱ tɕ tɕʰ dʑ dʑʱ Fricatives f s ɕ hNasals m mʱ n nʱ ɳ ɳʱ ɲ ŋLiquids ʋ ʋʱ ɾ ɾʱ l lʱ ɽ 82 j The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in Marathi Grammar EditKonkani grammar is similar to other Indo Aryan languages Notably Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages It cannot be described as a stress timed language nor as a tonal language 83 Speech can be classified into any of the following parts 84 naam noun sarvanaam pronoun visheshan adjective kriyapad verb kriyavisheshana adverb ubhayanvayi avyaya shabdayogi avyaya kevalaprayogi avyayaLike most of the Indo Aryan languages Konkani is an SOV language meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also modifiers and complements tend to precede the head and postpositions are far more common than prepositions In terms of syntax Konkani is a head last language unlike English which is an SVO language 85 Almost all the verbs adverbs adjectives and the avyayas are either tatsama or tadbhava 84 Verbs Edit Verbs are either tatsama or tadbhava 84 Verbs and their roots Konkani verbs Sanskrit Prakrit Root Translationव च vaach tatsama वच vach readआफय आपय aaphay aapay tatsama आव हय aavhay call summonर ध raandh tatsama र ध raandh cookबरय baray tadbhav वर णय varnay writeव हर vhar tadbhav हर har take awayभक bhak tadbhav भक ष bhaksh eatह ड hedd tadbhav अट att roamल ह व lhev tadbhav ल ह leh lickश न sheen tadbhav छ न न chinna cutSource Koṅkaṇi Dhatukosh 84 Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with present participle of the primary verb and the auxiliary is partially dropped 84 When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in dialects spoken in Karnataka whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form For example I eat and I am eating sound similar in Goan Konkani due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech Hav khata corresponds to I am eating On the other hand in Karnataka Konkani hav khata corresponds to I eat and hav khatoasa or hav khater asa means I am eating However the word jito living is universal to jitoasa he is living Out of eight grammatical cases Konkani has totally lost the dative the locative and the ablative 84 It has partially lost the accusative and the instrumental cases too 84 So the preserved cases are the nominative the genitive and the vocative case 84 Apabhramsha and metathesis Edit Like Marathi and Gujarati the Konkani language has three genders During the Middle Ages most of the Indo Aryan languages lost their neuter gender except Maharashtri in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani 84 Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex 84 Metathesis is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo Aryan languages including Konkani Consider the Sanskrit word स न ष daughter in law Here the ष is dropped and स न alone is utilised स न gt स न and you get the word स न metathesis of ukar 86 Unlike Sanskrit anusvara has great importance in Konkani A characteristic of Middle Indo Aryan dialects Konkani still retains the anusvara on the initial or final syllable 84 Similarly visarga is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and or ओ For example in Sanskrit द प becomes द व and द ख becomes द ख Konkani retains the pitch accent which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent which probably would account for nasalism in Konkani 84 The breathed accent is retained in most of the tatsamas than the tadbhavas 84 Declension also affects the accent 84 Konkani has lost its passive voice and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives Konkani has rejected ऋ ॠ ऌ ॡ ष and क ष which are assimilated with र ख ह श and स 84 Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani For example in Sanskrit द व प र य ग हस थ उद य त become ब प र य ग र स त and उज ज respectively in Konkani 84 Vocabulary EditThe vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources The main source is Prakrits So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary Konkani vocabulary is made of tatsama Sanskrit loanwords without change tadhbhava evolved Sanskrit words deshya indigenous words and antardeshya foreign words Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic Persian and Turkish Finally Kannada Marathi and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content 85 Loanwords Edit Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language 52 A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day to day life examples are karz debt fakt only dusman enemy and barik thin 52 Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted Examples include mustaiki from Arabic mustaid meaning ready and kapan khairo eater of one s own shroud meaning a miser Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence On the other hand dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa as well as the Canara to some extent and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items but these are almost all religious terms Even in the context of religious terminology the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts For example krupa for grace Yamakunda for hell Vaikuntha for paradise and so on The syntax used by Goan Catholics in their literature shows a prominent Portuguese influence As a result many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech 87 88 The Portuguese influence is also evident in the Marathi Konkani spoken in the former Northern Konkan district Thane a variant of Konkani used by East Indians Catholic community Sanskritisation Edit Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like Marathi but still retains Prakrit and apabhramsa structures verbal forms and vocabulary Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised numerous Sanskrit loanwords are found while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself and the Catholic Church has also adopted a Sanskritisation policy 81 Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations there has not been wide resistance to the change 81 On the other hand southern Konkani dialects having been influenced by Kannada one of the most Sanskritised languages of Dravidian origin have undergone re Sanskritisation over time 81 Writing systems Edit The name Konkani in the five scripts it is written in Devanagari Kannada Latin Malayalam Arabic Main article Konkani script Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts and not just one single script used everywhere This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language which is spoken and understood by all despite some inevitable dialectal convergences 89 Past Edit Main article Goykanadi The Brahmi script for Konkani fell into disuse 90 Later some inscriptions were written in old Nagari However owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the restrictions imposed by the inquisition some early form of Devanagari was disused in Goa 89 The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of Konkani and Nagari scripts 25 Another script called Kandevi or Goykandi was used in Goa since the times of the Kadambas although it lost its popularity after the 17th century Kandevi Goykandi is very different from the Halegannada script with strikingly similar features 91 Unlike Halegannada Kandevi Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar like the Nagari scripts This script may have been evolved out of the Kadamba script which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan 92 The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD 63 The Roman script has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition beginning from the 16th century Present Edit Konkani is written in five scripts Devanagari Roman Kannada Malayalam and Perso Arabic 5 Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra most Konkanis especially Hindus in those two states write the language in Devanagari However Konkani is widely written in the Roman script called Romi Konkani by many Konkanis especially Catholics 53 This is because for many years all Konkani literature was in the Latin script and Catholic liturgy and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script Most people of Karnataka use the Kannada script however the Saraswats of Karnataka use the Devanagari script in the uttara Kannada district Malayalam script was used by the Konkani community in Kerala but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years 93 Konkani Muslims use Arabic script to write Konkani There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects citation needed When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556 However after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987 the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed Tiatr is written in Romi Konkani In January 2013 the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Romi Lipi Action Front seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted 94 Alphabet vaṇamaḷha Edit The vowels consonants and their arrangement are as follows 95 अ a ɐ आ a ɑː इ i i ई i iː उ u u ऊ u uː ए e eː ऐ ai aːi ओ o oː औ au aːu अ aṃ ⁿ अ aḥ h क ka k ख kha kʰ ग ga ɡ घ gha ɡʱ ङ ṅa ŋ च ca c t ʃ छ cha cʰ t ʃʰ ज ja ɟ d ʒ झ jha ɟʱ d ʒʱ ञ na ɲ ट ṭa ʈ ठ ṭha ʈʰ ड ḍa ɖ ढ ḍha ɖʱ ण ṇa ɳ त ta t थ tha t ʰ द da d ध dha d ʱ न na n प pa p फ pha pʰ ब ba b भ bha bʱ म ma m य ya j र ra r ल la l व va ʋ ष ṣa ʂ श sa ɕ ʃ स sa s ह ha ɦ ळ ḷha ɭʱ क ष kṣa kʃ ज ञ jna ɟʝɲ Further information Kannada script and Malayalam scriptDialects EditSee also Karnataka Konkani Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages Konkani despite having a small population shows a very high number of dialects The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region religion caste and local tongue influence 5 Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers N G Kalelkar has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups 5 Northern Konkani Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to Marathi i e Malvani Central Konkani Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture and Kannada Southern Konkani Dialects spoken in the South Canara region Mangalore Udupi of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala which came in close contact with Tulu and Kannada Southern Konkani is very similar to Marathi with few loanwords from Tulu and Kannada and slight differences in pronunciation Goan Konkani Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium Margao Goa Goan Konkani refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani macrolanguage except for those that fall under Maharashtrian Konkani and Canarese Konkani These dialects are collectively assigned the language code gom under the ISO 639 3 classification since it is sometimes called Goan Marathi In common usage Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of Goa e g the Antruz Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects But in the broader linguistic context Goanese Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa such as Malvani Konkani Chitpavani Konkani and Karwari Konkani Organisations Edit The campus of the Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr TSKK a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language located at Alto Porvorim near Panaji in Goa There are organisations working for Konkani but primarily these were restricted to individual communities The All India Konkani Parishad founded on 8 July 1939 provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions 96 A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad which aims to be an all inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world was founded on 11 September 2005 Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve promote propagate and enrich the Konkani language and culture It all began with the experiment called Mandd Sobhann a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore What began as a performance titled Mandd Sobhann grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann Today Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely a performance a movement and an organization https www manddsobhann org The Konkan Daiz Yatra started in 1939 in Mumbai is the oldest Konkani organisation The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942 during the Third Adhiveshan of All India Konkani Parishad On 28 December 1984 Goa Konkani Akademi GKA was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language literature and culture 97 The Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr TSKK is a popular research institute based in the Goan capital Panaji It works on issues related to the Konkani language literature culture and education 98 The Dalgado Konkani Academy is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji World Konkani Centre Mangalore The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in Mumbai which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement The government of Karnataka established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994 99 The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa The First World Konkani Convention was held in Mangalore in December 1995 The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995 100 The World Konkani Centre built on a three acre plot called Konkani Gaon Konkani Village at Shakti Nagar Mangalore was inaugurated on 17 January 2009 101 to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language art and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over The North American Konkani Association NAKA serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states Furthermore the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America 18 of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage Every 2 4 years a Konkani Sammelan where Konkanis from across the continent attend is held in a different city in the US A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago IL in June Literature EditMain article Konkani literature Cover of Dovtrina Christam by Fr Thomas Stephens first published work in Konkani and any Indian language During the Goa Inquisition which commenced in 1560 all books found in the Konkani language were burnt and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence 102 The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is Krishnadas Shama from Quelossim in Goa He began writing 25 April 1526 and he authored Ramayana Mahabharata and Krishnacharitrakatha in prose style The manuscripts have not been found although transliterations in Roman script are found in Braga in Portugal The script used by him for his work is not known 103 The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English Jesuit priest Fr Thomas Stephens in 1622 and entitled Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim Old Portuguese for Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar Arte da Lingoa Canarim was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese 30 Media EditRadio Edit All India Radio started broadcasting Konkani news and other services Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945 AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively Portuguese Radio Lisbon started services in 1955 for India East Africa and Portugal Similarly Trivandrum Alleppey Trichur and Calicut AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts 30 In Manglore and Udupi many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani Rakno Daize and a few others are very famous among the Christian community Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year Print Edit Udentichem Sallok was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888 from Poona by Eduardo Bruno de Souza It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly It closed down in 1894 104 Dailies Edit Sanjechem Nokhetr was started in 1907 by B F Cabral in Bombay and is the first Concanim newspaper It contained detailed news of Bombay as it was published from there In 1982 Novem Goem was a daily edited by Gurunath Kelekar Dr F M Rebello and Felisio Cardozo It was started due to people s initiative In 1989 Fr Freddy J da Costa began a Konkani daily Goencho Avaz It became a monthly after one and a half year Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper called Bhaangar Bhuin For a long time there was another Konkani daily Sunaparant which was published in Panjim Weeklies Edit O Luzo Concanim was a Concanim Konkani Portuguese bilingual weekly begun in 1891 by Aleixo Caitano Jose Francisco From 1892 to 1897 A Luz O Bombaim Esse A Lua O Intra Jijent and O Opiniao Nacional were bilingual Concanim Portuguese weeklies published In 1907 O Goano was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese Konkani and English The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier publish the Konkani weekly satollem named Vauraddeancho Ixtt from Pilar It was started in 1933 by Fr Arsencio Fernandes and Fr Graciano Moraes Fortnightly Edit There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called Kodial Khaber edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications Mangalore Monthlies Edit Katolik Sovostkai was started in 1907 by Roldao Noronha It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication Dor Mhoineachi Rotti is the oldest running Konkani periodical It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devocao Vaddounchi Note that the til tilde mark over ao in Devocao is one single til Fr Vincent Lobo from Sangolda in Goa who was then curator at the St Patrick s Church in Karachi began it in 1915 to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature The name was changed subsequently to Dor Muiniachi Rotti Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart On Fr Vincent Lobo s passing away on 11 November 1922 Fr Antonio Ludovico Pereira also from Sangolda took over the responsibility Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12 000 people then After the passing away of Fr Antonio Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936 Fr Antanasio Moniz from Verna took over On his passing away in 1953 Fr Elias D Souza from Bodiem Tivim in Goa became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti After shifting to Velha Goa in Goa around 1964 Fr Moreno de Souza was editor for around 42 years Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the Jesuits in Goa edited by Fr Vasco do Rego S J and printed and published by Fr Jose Silveira S J on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa Dor Mhoineachi Rotti will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015 Gulab is a monthly from Goa It was started by late Fr Freddy J da Costa in 1983 and was printed in colour then uncommon Konkani periodicals published in Goa include Vauraddeancho Ixtt Roman script weekly Gulab Roman script monthly Bimb Devanagari script monthly Panchkadayi Kannada script monthly and Poddbimb Roman script monthly Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include Raknno Kannada script weekly DIVO Kannada Script weekly from Mumbai Kutmacho Sevak Kannada script monthly Dirvem Kannada script monthly Amcho Sandesh Kannada script monthly and Kajulo Kannda script children s magazine monthly Konkani periodical published in Udupi include Uzwad Kannada script monthly and Naman Ballok Jezu Kannada script monthly Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd Devanagari Script monthly is published from Belgaum since 1998 Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967 Digital and audible Edit The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www maaibhaas com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara In 2003 www daaiz com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe apart from various columns literary contests through Ashawadi Prakashan he published several books in Konkani including the first e book Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala www poinnari com is the first literaryyy webportal in Konkani using three scripts Kannada Nagari and Romi started in 2015 is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017 Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori is the first e book in Konkani a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www daaiz com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala Kathadaaiz is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www poinnari com This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan Pattim Gamvak is the first e Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait published in www maaibhaas com in 2002 3 Veez is the first digital weekly in Konkani started in 2018 by Dr Austine D Souza Prabhu in Chicago USA Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts Kannada Nagari Romi and Malayalam Television Edit Main article List of Konkani language television channels The Doordarshan centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs which are broadcast in the evening Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs These include Prudent Media Goa 365 HCN RDX Goa and others Film Edit Main article Konkani cinemaIn popular culture EditMany Konkani songs of the Goan fisher folk appear recurrently in a number of Hindi films Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent A famous song from the 1957 movie Aasha contains the Konkani words mhaka naka and became extremely popular Children were chanting Eeny meeny miny moe which inspired C Ramchandra and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song Eena Meena Deeka De Dai Damanika Gomes who was a Goan added the words maka naka Konkani for I don t want They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with Rum pum po 105 106 An international ad campaign by Nike for the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured a Konkani song Rav Patrao Rav as the background theme It was based on the tune of an older song Bebdo composed by Chris Perry and sung by Lorna Cordeiro The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias who worked in the ad agency that made the ad recomposed by Ram Sampat and sung by Ella Castellino A Konkani cultural event Konkani Nirantari organised by Mandd Sobhann was held in Mangalore on 26 and 27 January 2008 and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for holding a 40 hour long non stop musical singing marathon beating a Brazilian musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non stop for 36 hours 107 See also EditCanara Konkani Konkani in the Roman script Konkani Language Agitation Konkani people Konkani phonology Konkani Poets Konkani Script List of loanwords in Konkani Languages of India Languages with official status in India List of languages by number of native speakers in India Maharashtri Malvani dialect Malvani people Marathi Konkani languages Paisaci Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers World Konkani Centre World Konkani Hall of FameFootnotes Edit Devanagari has been promulgated as the official script Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law However an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees For example the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script Panchayat Raj Act And Rules PDF panchayatsgoa gov in 1996 Archived PDF from the original on 10 June 2022 The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance However in the state of Karnataka Konkani is used in the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called Konkan on the western coast of India Geographically Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the Daman Ganga River to the north and the Kali River to the south the north south length is about 650 km and the east west breadth is about 50 km The dialect spoken in Goa coastal Karnataka and in some parts of Northern Kerala has distinct features and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani 8 Chavundaraya was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty era King Gangaraya This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi Jain Temple initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century AD Ref S Settar in Adiga 2006 p256 The above inscription has been quite controversial and is touted as old Marathi But the distinctive instrumental viyalem ending of the verb is the hallmark of the Konkani language and the verb sutatale or sutatalap is not prevalent in Marathi So linguists and historians such as S B Kulkarni of Nagpur University Dr V P Chavan former vice president of the Anthropological Society of Mumbai and others have thus concluded that it is Konkani References Edit Whiteley Wilfred Howell 1974 Language in Kenya Oxford University Press p 589 Kurzon Denis 2004 Where East looks West success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters Multilingual Matters p 158 ISBN 978 1 85359 673 5 Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 www censusindia gov in Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Retrieved 7 July 2018 Kapoor Subodh 10 April 2002 The Indian Encyclopaedia La Behmen Maheya Cosmo Publications ISBN 9788177552713 via Google Books a b c d e f g h i Mother Tongue blues Madhavi Sardesai a b c d e PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA 24 July 2011 Retrieved 18 September 2020 The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act PDF Government of India Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2009 Retrieved 5 March 2010 Konkani Language and History Language Information Service 6 July 2009 Retrieved 18 March 2011 Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages India States Union Territories 2001 Census Cardona Jain George Dhanesh 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge pp 1088 pages see page 803 804 ISBN 9780415772945 Cardona Jain George Dhanesh 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge pp 1088 pages see page 834 ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 Administrator Department of Tourism Government of Goa India Language goatourism gov in Goan community celebrates World Goa Day 14 September 2020 Goans mourn demise of Karachi GOA founder Delhi Cabinet approves set up of Konkani Academy in city CM Kejriwal About the Gowd Saraswath Samaj Archived from the original on 3 November 2022 Parishad Samyukta Maharashtra 1954 Reorganization of States in India with Particular Reference to the Formation of Maharashtra Being the Memorandum Submitted by the Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad to the States Reorganization Commission Konkanis to be blamed for lingo s precarious state Times of India The Times of India 22 August 2018 Retrieved 27 December 2020 Menezes Vivek 8 September 2017 Konkani a language in crisis mint Retrieved 27 December 2020 Masica Colin P 1991 The Indo Aryan languages p 449 a b Menezes Armando 1970 Essays on Konkani language and literature Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume Konkani Sahitya Prakashan pp 118 pages see page 2 Janardhan Pandarinath Bhuvanendra 1991 A Higher Konkani grammar P B Janardhan pp 540 pages V J P Saldanha Sahitya Akademi 2004 pp 81 pages ISBN 9788126020287 M Saldanha 717 J Thekkedath however quotes Jose Pereira to the following effect A lay brother of the College of St Paul around 1563 composed the first grammar of Konkani His work was continued by Fr Henry Henriques and later by Fr Thomas Stephens The grammar of Fr Stephens was ready in manuscript form before the year 1619 Jose Pereira ed Gaspar de S Miguel s Arte da Lingoa Canarim parte 2a Sintaxis copiossisima na lingoa Bramana e pollida Journal of the University of Bombay Sept 1967 3 5 as cited in J Thekkedath History of Christianity in India vol II From the Middle of the Sixteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century 1542 1700 Bangalore TPI for CHAI 1982 409 a b c d Sardessai Manohar Rai 2000 Missionary period A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 Sahitya Akademi pp 30 70 Arte Canarina na lingoa do Norte Anonymous MS edited by Cunha Rivara under the title Gramatica da Lingua Concani no dialecto do Norte composta no seculo XVII por um Missionario Portugues e agora pela primeira vez dada a estampa Nova Goa Imprensa Nacional 1858 Cunha Rivara suggested that the author was either a Franciscan or a Jesuit residing in Thana on the island of Salcete hence the reference to a Portuguese missionary in the title Mariano Saldanha Historia de Gramatica Concani Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 1935 37 715 See also M L SarDessai A History of Konkani Literature From 1500 to 1992 New Delhi Sahitya Akademi 2000 42 43 The Ebbs and Tides of Konkan Goa News Times of India The Times of India 31 May 2016 Retrieved 12 May 2022 Chavan V P 1995 The Konkan and the Konkani Language Asian Educational Services p 2 ISBN 978 81 206 0666 1 a b c d Saradesaya Manohararaya 2000 A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 New Delhi Sahitya Akademi pp 1 3 ISBN 978 81 7201 664 7 Singh K S 1997 People of India Vol III Scheduled Tribes Oxford University Press pp 522 523 ISBN 978 0 19 564253 7 Indian Anthropological Society 1986 Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society Volumes 21 22 Indian Anthropological Society pp See page 75 Enthoven Reginald Edward 1990 The tribes and castes of Bombay Volume 1 Asian Educational Services pp 195 198 ISBN 978 81 206 0630 2 a b Gomes Olivinho 1997 Medieval Indian literature an anthology Volume 3 Medieval Indian Literature An Anthology K Ayyappapanicker Sahitya Akademi pp 256 290 ISBN 978 81 260 0365 5 a b c Sinai Dhume Anant Ramkrishna 1986 The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B C 1352 A D Ramesh Anant S Dhume pp 355 pages India Office of the Registrar General 1961 Census of India 1961 Volume 1 Issue 1 Census of India 1961 India Office of the Registrar General Manager of Publications p 67 Krishnamurti Bhadriraju 2003 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press Cambridge ISBN 0 521 77111 0 at pp 40 41 Krishnamurti Bhadriraju 2003 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press Cambridge ISBN 0 521 77111 0 at pp 12 Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature Introductory articles Institute of Asian Studies 1990 pp See Page 45 Krishnamurti Bhadriraju 2003 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press Cambridge ISBN 0 521 77111 0 at pp 4 6 a b c Ayyappapanicker K Medieval Indian literature an anthology Vol 3 Sahitya Akademi p 256 James Hastings John Alexander Selbie Louis Herbert Gray 1919 Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics Volume 10 T amp T Clark pp see page 45 Wilford Major F 1812 II Asiatic researches or transactions of the society instituted in Bengal Vol 11 p 93 a b Gomes Olivinho 1999 Old Konkani language and literature the Portuguese role Konkani Sorospot Prakashan 1999 pp 28 29 Southworth Franklin C 2005 Linguistic archaeology of South Asia Routledge pp 369 pages ISBN 978 0 415 33323 8 Roots of Konkani in English and Konkani Goa Konkani Akademi Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 Retrieved 3 September 2009 a b Ayyappapanicker K Medieval Indian literature an anthology Vol 3 Sahitya Akademi p 246 Bhat V Nithyanantha The Konkani language historical and linguistic perspectives Sukṛtindra Oriental Research Institute p 5 Bhat V Nithyanantha The Konkani language historical and linguistic perspectives Sukṛtindra Oriental Research Institute p 12 Sinai Dhume Ananta Ramakrishna 2009 The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to 1352 AD Panaji Broadway book centre pp Chapter 6 pages 202 257 ISBN 9788190571678 Mitragotri Vithal Raghavendra 1999 A socio cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara Institute Menezes Braganza 1999 p 268 a b c Sardessai Manoharray 2000 The foreign influence A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 1st ed Sahitya Akademi pp 21 30 ISBN 978 81 7201 664 7 a b c d George Cardona Dhanesh Jain The Indo Aryan Languages p 840 ndo Iranian journal Mouton 1977 Gune V T 1979 Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa Daman and Diu part 3 Diu Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa p 21 a b c d Saradesaya Publisher Manohararaya 2000 A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 Sahitya Akademi pp 317 pages ISBN 978 81 7201 664 7 Pereira Jose 1977 Monolithic Jinas Motilal Banarsidass pp see pages 47 48 ISBN 9788120823976 Chavan Mahavir S 1 April 2008 Jainism Articles and Essays The First Marathi Inscription at Shravanbelagola Paniker K Ayyappa 1997 Medieval Indian Literature Surveys and selections Sahitya Akademi p 257 ISBN 978 81 260 0365 5 Corpus Inscriptions Indicarum p 163 verses 22 24 https archive org stream corpusinscriptio014678mbp page n395 mode 2up D Souza Edwin V J P Saldanha pp 3 5 Da Cruz Antonio 1974 Goa men and matters s n 1974 p 321 a b Saradesaya Manohararaya 2000 A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 New Delhi Kendra Sahitya Akademi pp 8 10 ISBN 978 81 7201 664 7 Maffei Agnelus F X 2003 A Konkani grammar Asian Educational Services p 83 ISBN 978 81 206 0087 4 Konkani History Kokaniz com Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 Retrieved 23 August 2013 Shah Anish M et al 15 July 2011 Indian Siddis African Descendants with Indian Admixture American Journal of Human Genetics 89 1 154 161 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2011 05 030 PMC 3135801 PMID 21741027 a b Goa News Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Goa News Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Kelekar 2003 14 Kurzon Dennis Where East looks West Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast pp 25 30 Abstract of Speakers strengths of languages and mother tongues 2001 Census of India Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 Retrieved 10 February 2008 Census of India 2011 LANGUAGE PDF a b Language in India Language in India 3 May 2001 Retrieved 23 August 2013 Mangaluru MLC Ivan D Souza told not to speak in Konkani Mangalore Information 17 December 2014 Retrieved 14 January 2015 Bangalore Kannada Activists Target Konkani Catholics Again at Sadbhavana Daijiworld Media Network 2 December 2012 Retrieved 14 January 2015 Saldanha Shet I J 25 March 2014 An exquisite edifice in Mangalore No Bangalore Deccan Herald Retrieved 19 January 2015 PTI 20 February 2007 Goa group wants Konkani in Roman script The Times of India Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 Retrieved 23 August 2013 Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani The Hindu Chennai India 14 March 2006 Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 News headlines Daijiworld com Retrieved 14 July 2012 Bhat V Nithyanantha The Konkani language historical and linguistic perspectives in English and Konkani Sukṛtindra Oriental Research Institute pp 43 44 a b c d e f g Cardona George 2007 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge p 1088 ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 Masica Colin 1991 The Indo Aryan Languages Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 97 ISBN 978 0 521 29944 2 Caroline Menezes The question of Konkani PDF Project D2 Typology of Information Structure Archived from the original PDF on 8 April 2008 Retrieved 10 February 2008 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Janardhan Pandarinath Bhuvanendra 1991 A Higher Konkani grammar Foreign Language Study Indic Languages Konkani language About in English and Konkani P B Janardhan pp 540 pages a b Kurzon Dennis 2004 Where East looks West success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters Multilingual Matters p 158 ISBN 9781853596735 Pandarinath Bhuvanendra Janardhan 1991 A Higher Konkani grammar P B Janardhan pp 540 pages see pages 377 and 384 Anvita Abbi R S Gupta Ayesha Kidwai 2001 Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable Motilal Banarsidass 2001 Language Arts amp Disciplines pp 409 pages Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax ISBN 9788120817654 List of loanwords in Konkani a b Sardessai Manohar Rai 2000 Missionary period A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 Sahitya Akademi pp 9 10 Bhat V Nithyanantha 2004 V Nithyanantha Bhat Ela Sunita ed The Konkani language historical and linguistic perspectives Konkani language Vol 10 Sukṛtindra Oriental Research Institute p 52 Indian archives Vol 34 National Archives of India p 1985 Ghantkar Gajanana 1993 History of Goa through Goykanadi script in English Konkani Marathi and Kannada pp Page x George Cardona Dhanesh Jain The Indo Aryan Languages p 804 HC notice to govt on Romi script The Times of India 22 January 2013 Retrieved 29 March 2015 Gomanta Bharati yatta payali Published by GOA BOARD OF SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION ALTO BETIM page number 11 Goanobserver com www77 goanobserver com Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 Goa Konkani Akademi promoting the development of Konkani language literature and culture Goa Konkani Akademi Retrieved 16 June 2008 Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr Retrieved 16 June 2008 Konkani Kalaangann Mandd Sobhann The Konkani Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 24 February 2008 Retrieved 16 June 2008 Encouragement for Vishwa Konkani Kendra The Hindu Chennai India 6 September 2005 Archived from the original on 24 October 2006 Mangalore Goa CM Dedicates World Konkani Centre to Konkani People Daijiworld com Retrieved 14 July 2012 Saradesaya Manohararaya 2000 A history of Konkani literature from 1500 to 1992 Sahitya Akademi p 317 ISBN 978 81 7201 664 7 Bhembre Uday September 2009 Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar Krishnadas Shama Sunaparant Goa pp 55 57 Romi Konknni Hanging on a Cliff by Fr Peter Raposo Behind the News Voices from Goa s Press pp 183 185 Joshi Lalit Mohan 2002 Bollywood popular Indian cinema Dakini Books pp 351 pages see page 66 Ashwin Panemangalore 16 June 2006 The story of Eena Meena Deeka DNA Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 6 July 2007 Mangalore Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore Retrieved 1 February 2008 Further reading EditRomi Konkani The story of a Goan script born out of Portuguese influence which faces possible decline Karthik Malli Firstpost External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konkani Goan Konkani edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Look up Konkani in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Konkani Vauraddeancho Ixtt Konkani language site Konkani News Konkani language site Kital Konkani language site Chilume com Konkani Literature Niz Goenkar Konkani English bilingual site Learn Goan Konkani online Read Konkani News online Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project Online Konkani GSB dictionary World Konkani Centre Mangalore Konkanverter Konkani script conversion utility Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Konkani language amp oldid 1151090793, wikipedia, wiki, book, 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