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Gothenburg

February 21, 2023

This article is about the city in Sweden. For other uses, see Gothenburg (disambiguation).
"Göteborg" and "Goteborg" redirect here. For other uses, see Göteborg (disambiguation).

Gothenburg (/ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ (listen);[5] abbreviated Gbg;[6][7] Swedish: Göteborg [jœtɛˈbɔrj] (listen)) is the second-largest city in Sweden, fifth-largest in the Nordic countries, and capital of the Västra Götaland County. It is situated by the Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, and has a population of approximately 590,000 in the city proper and about 1.1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area.[8]

Gothenburg
Göteborg
City
Clockwise, from top: Göta älv with Barken Viking to the left, Gunnebo House, Gothia Towers including Svenska Mässan, Elfsborg Fortress, Ullevi stadium, Gothenburg heritage tram, Poseidon at Götaplatsen, The Göteborg Opera
Flag
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
  • Little London
  • Gbg
  • New Amsterdam
  • The front side of Sweden
Gothenburg
Location within Västra Götaland
Gothenburg
Location within South Sweden
Gothenburg
Location within Sweden
Coordinates: 57°42′27″N 11°58′03″E / 57.70750°N 11.96750°E / 57.70750; 11.96750Coordinates: 57°42′27″N 11°58′03″E / 57.70750°N 11.96750°E / 57.70750; 11.96750
Country Sweden
ProvinceVästergötland, Bohuslän and Halland
CountyVästra Götaland County
MunicipalityGothenburg Municipality
Charter1621
Area
[1]
 • City447.76 km2 (172.88 sq mi)
 • Water14.5 km2 (5.6 sq mi)  3.2%
 • Urban
203.67 km2 (78.64 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,694.86 km2 (1,426.59 sq mi)
Elevation
12 m (39 ft)
Population
 (2019)[1][4]
 • City587,549
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)
 • Urban
600,473[3]
 • Metro
1,058,278 [2]
DemonymGöteborgare/Gothenburger
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
40xxx – 41xxx – 421xx – 427xx
Area code(+46) 31
Website
  • goteborg.se
  • goteborg.se – Short ENG description
  • international.goteborg.se

Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony, by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. In addition to the generous privileges (e.g. tax relaxation) given to his Dutch allies from the ongoing Thirty Years' War, the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast. At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavia's largest drainage basin enters the sea, the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries.[9]

Gothenburg is home to many students, as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927.[10] The original parent Volvo Group and the now-separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies are Ericsson, SKF and AstraZeneca.

Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city center. The smaller Göteborg City Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city center, was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015.

The city hosts the Gothia Cup, the world's largest youth football tournament, and the Göteborg Basketball Festival, Europe's largest youth basketball tournament, alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia. The Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival, with over 155,000 visitors each year.[11] In summer, a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city, including the popular Way Out West Festival.

During 2020, Gothenburg's population increased by 3,775 inhabitants.[12]

Name

Further information: Name of the Goths

The city was named Göteborg in the city's charter in 1621[13] and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg.[14] The Swedish name was given after the Göta älv, called Göta River in English,[15] and other cities ending in -borg.[16][17][18]

Both the Swedish and German/English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611.[19] Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely used exonym.

The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish, three Dutch, three German, and two Scottish members. In Dutch, Scots, English, and German, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is or was (in the case of German) used for the city. Variations of the official German/English name Gothenburg in the city's 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, the Swedish name Göteborg is more frequent. In addition, the traditional forms ("Gothenburg" in English, or Gotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese) are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, changed its name to the University of Gothenburg in 2008.[20] The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts.[21]

In 2009, the city council launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name "Göteborg" contains the Swedish letter "ö", they planned to make the name more "international" and "up to date" by turning the "ö" sideways. As of 2015, the name is spelled "Go:teborg" on a large number of signs in the city.[22]

History

Further information: History of Gothenburg
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Gothenburg.

In the early modern period, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to Skagerrak, the North Sea and Atlantic, situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between Danish Halland in the south and Norwegian Bohuslän in the north. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf II Adolf).[23]

 
View from Älvsborg Bridge

The site of the first church built in Gothenburg, subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders, is marked by a stone near the north end of the Älvsborg Bridge in the Färjenäs Park. The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611.[24] The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch, Germans, and Scots, and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city. The town was designed like Dutch cities such as Amsterdam, Batavia (Jakarta) and New Amsterdam (Manhattan).[23] The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta, which was built by the Dutch around the same time.[25] The Dutchmen initially won political power, and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg.[26] During the Dutch period, the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town. Robust city walls were built during the 17th century. In 1807, a decision was made to tear down most of the city's wall. The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment.[27]

Along with the Dutch, the town also was heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg. Many became people of high-profile.[28] William Chalmers, the son of a Scottish immigrant, donated his fortunes to set up what later became the Chalmers University of Technology.[29] In 1841, the Scotsman Alexander Keiller founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989.[30] His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906.[31]

The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the Three Crowns, to defend the city against its enemies.[32]

In the Treaty of Roskilde (1658), Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland, in the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or Bohuslän in the north, which left Gothenburg less exposed. Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast, because it was the only city on the west coast that, along with Marstrand, was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.[26]

In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731, the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China.[33]

The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure for these travellers. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.[34]

With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900).[35][36][37] In the 20th century, major companies that developed included SKF (1907)[38] and Volvo (1927).[39]

 
Panoramic view of Gothenburg's downtown coast line

Geography

 
Satellite picture of Gothenburg

Gothenburg is located on the west coast, in southwestern Sweden, about halfway between the capital cities of Copenhagen (Denmark) and Oslo (Norway). The location at the mouth of the Göta älv, which feeds into the Kattegat, an arm of the North Sea, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslän.[40] Due to the Gulf Stream, the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation.[41] It is the second-largest city in Sweden after its capital Stockholm.[42]

The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area (Stor-Göteborg) has 982,360 inhabitants and extends to the municipalities of Ale, Alingsås, Göteborg, Härryda, Kungälv, Lerum, Lilla Edet, Mölndal, Partille, Stenungsund, Tjörn, Öckerö within Västra Götaland County, and Kungsbacka within Halland County.[43]

Angered, a suburb outside Gothenburg, consists of Hjällbo, Eriksbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten, and Lövgärdet.[44] It is a Million Programme part of Gothenburg, like Rosengård in Malmö and Botkyrka in Stockholm.[45] Angered had about 50,000 inhabitants in 2015.[46][?] It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city. Bergsjön is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg, it has 14,000 inhabitants. Biskopsgården is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of Hisingen, which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river.

 
A panorama of central Gothenburg taken from Keillers park, facing south – from left to right: Göta älvbron, Lilla Bommen, Viking, The Göteborg Opera in front of Göteborgshjulet, Skansen Kronan, Oscar Fredrik Church, Masthugg Church, and Älvsborg Bridge

Climate

Gothenburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification). Despite its northerly latitude, temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as Stockholm; this is mainly because of the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream.[41] During the summer, daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes, but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December. The climate has become significantly milder in later decades, particularly in summer and winter; July temperatures used to be below Stockholm's 1961–1990 averages, but have since been warmer than that benchmark.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F) and lows of 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F), but temperatures of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) occur on many days during the summer. Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F), though it rarely drops below −20 °C (−4 °F). Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year. Snow mainly occurs from December to March, but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May.[47]

Climate data for Gothenburg (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		34.1
(93.4) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		34.1
(93.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		30.3
(86.5)
Average high °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.9
(48.0)
Average low °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.7
(42.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −11.0
(12.2) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		8.7
(47.7) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−13.2
(8.2)
Record low °C (°F) −18.5
(−1.3) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−18.7
(−1.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.0
(3.27) 		61.0
(2.40) 		54.0
(2.13) 		51.3
(2.02) 		54.3
(2.14) 		73.7
(2.90) 		81.4
(3.20) 		92.8
(3.65) 		80.0
(3.15) 		102.9
(4.05) 		84.7
(3.33) 		93.1
(3.67) 		912.2
(35.91)
Source: SMHI Open Data[48]
Climate data for Gothenburg, 2002–2020; sunshine 1961–1990; extremes since 1901
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4) 		11.2
(52.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		34.1
(93.4)
Average high °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		12.5
(54.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		9.3
(48.7)
Average low °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		6.0
(42.7)
Record low °C (°F) −26.0
(−14.8) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		5.3
(41.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−21.9
(−7.4) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 84.2
(3.31) 		57.1
(2.25) 		58.5
(2.30) 		48.6
(1.91) 		54.0
(2.13) 		73.1
(2.88) 		75.2
(2.96) 		83.7
(3.30) 		73.2
(2.88) 		95.9
(3.78) 		84.8
(3.34) 		86.5
(3.41) 		874.8
(34.45)
Average precipitation days 12 9 9 8 8 10 9 11 10 12 12 12 122
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44 69 167 211 239 256 234 196 168 99 47 32 1,762
Source: [49][50][51]
Climate data for Gothenburg
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 4.0
 3.0
 2.7
 6.8
 11.2
 15.5
 18.0
 18.5
 16.5
 12.4
 9.2
 6.1
 10.3
Mean daily daylight hours 7.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 15.0 13.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 12.4
Average Ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
Source: Weather Atlas[52]

Parks and nature

 
The Gothenburg Botanical Garden

Gothenburg has several parks and nature reserves ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares. It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves.

Selection of parks:

  • Kungsparken, 13 ha (32 acres), built between 1839 and 1861, surrounds the canal that circles the city centre.[53]
  • Garden Society of Gothenburg, a park and horticultural garden, is located next to Kungsportsavenyen. Founded in 1842 by the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann, the park has a noted rose garden with some 4,000 roses of 1,900 cultivars.[54]
  • Slottsskogen, 137 ha (340 acres), was created in 1874 by August Kobb. It has a free "open" zoo that includes harbor seals, penguins, horses, pigs, deer, moose, goats, and many birds. The Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) and the city's oldest observatory are located in the park.[54] The annual Way Out West festival is held in the park.[55]
  • Änggårdsbergens naturreservat, 320 ha (790 acres), was bought in 1840 by pharmacist Arvid Gren, and donated in 1963 to the city by Sven and Carl Gren Broberg, who stated the area must remain a nature and bird reserve. It lies partly in Mölndal.[56]
  • Delsjöområdets naturreservat, about 760 ha (1,900 acres),[57] has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area; significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century. Skatås gym and motionscentrum is situated here.
  • Rya Skogs Naturreservat, 17 ha (42 acres), became a protected area in 1928. It contains remnants of a defensive wall built in the mid- to late-17th century.[58]
  • Keillers park was donated by James Keiller in 1906. He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller, who founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company.[31][44]
  • S A Hedlunds park: Sven Adolf Hedlund, newspaper publisher and politician, bought the 15 ha (37 acres) Bjurslätt farm in 1857, and in 1928 it was given to the city.
  • Hisingsparken is Gothenburg's largest park.[59]
  • Flunsåsparken, built in 1950, has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre.[60]
  • Gothenburg Botanical Garden, 175 ha (430 acres), opened in 1923.[61] It won an award in 2003, and in 2006 was third in "The most beautiful garden in Europe" competition. It has around 16,000 species of plants and trees. The greenhouses contain around 4,500 species including 1,600 orchids.[54] It is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge.

Architecture

 
The German Church in central Gothenburg.

Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.[62] Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city's history are Kronhuset and the Torstenson Palace, and the fortresses Skansen Kronan[63] and Skansen Lejonet.

The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses in Neo-Classical style were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses the Göteborg City Museum.[64]

In the 19th century, the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat overdecorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga in wooden houses.[65]

In the 19th century, the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street, Kungsportsavenyen.[66] Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city, Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century – three-storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.[67]

The early 20th century, characterized by the National Romantic style, was rich in architectural achievements.[65] Masthugg Church is a noted example of the style of this period.[68][69] In the early 1920s, on the city's 300th anniversary, the Götaplatsen square with its Neoclassical look was built.[65]

After this, the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such as Västra Frölunda and Bergsjön. The Swedish functionalist architect Uno Åhrén served as city planner from 1932 through 1943.[65] In the 1950s, the big stadium Ullevi was built when Sweden hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup.[70]

The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects as Gert Wingårdh,[71] who started as a Post-modernist in the 1980s.[72]

Gustaf Adolf Square is a town square located in central Gothenburg. Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall (formerly the stock exchange, opened in 1849) and the Nordic Classicism law court. The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square.[65]

Characteristic buildings

 
Skanskaskrapan

The Gothenburg Central Station is in the centre of the city, next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget.[73] The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858. In 2003, a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th-century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains, travellers, and shopping.[74] Not far from the central station is the Skanskaskrapan, or more commonly known as "The Lipstick". It is 86 m (282 ft) high with 22 floors and coloured in red-white stripes. The skyscraper was designed by Ralph Erskine and built by Skanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company.[75]

By the shore of the Göta Älv at Lilla Bommen is The Göteborg Opera. It was completed in 1994. The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as "Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull."[76]

 
Feskekörka fishmarket

Feskekörka, or Fiskhallen, is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg. Feskekörkan was opened on 1 November 1874 and its name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic church.[77] The Gothenburg city hall is in the Beaux-Arts architectural style. The Gothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan, near Drottningtorget, was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Krüger.[78]

The Gunnebo House is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg, in Mölndal. It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century.[79] Created in the early 1900s was the Vasa Church. It is located in Vasastan and is built of granite in a neo-Romanesque style.[80]

Another noted construction is Brudaremossen TV Tower, one of the few partially guyed towers in the world.[81]

Culture

 
The Poseidon Statue at Götaplatsen, a well-known cultural symbol and landmark

The sea, trade, and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg.[82] It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast.

Museums

Many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhsska Museum.[83] On 29 December 2004, the Museum of World Culture opened near Korsvägen.[84][85] Museums include the Göteborgs Konsthall, Gothenburg Museum of Art, and several museums of sea and navigation history, natural history, the sciences, and East India.[86] Aeroseum, close to the Göteborg City Airport, is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base.[87] The Volvo museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today. Products shown include cars, trucks, marine engines, and buses.[88]

Universeum is a public science centre that opened in 2001, the largest of its kind in Scandinavia. It is divided into six sections, each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles, fish, and insects.[89] Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary-school students and Nobel Prize laureates or other scholars.[90]

Leisure and entertainment

 
Liseberg amusement park

The most noted attraction is the amusement park Liseberg, located in the central part of the city. It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides,[91] and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world (2005) by Forbes.[92] It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (more than 3 million).[93]

There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions such as Gothenburg City Theatre, Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.[94]

The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn (commonly known as Avenyn, "The Avenue"). It is about 1 km (0.6 mi) long and starts at Götaplatsen – which is the location of the Gothenburg Museum of Art, the city's theatre, and the city library, as well as the concert hall – and stretches all the way to Kungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg, crossing a canal and a small park.[95] The Avenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest, and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling.[96] Avenyn has Gothenburg's highest concentration of pubs and clubs. Gothenburg's largest shopping centre (8th largest in Sweden), Nordstan, is located in central Gothenburg.[97]

 
The Haga district

Gothenburg's Haga district is known for its picturesque wooden houses[93] and its cafés serving the well-known Haga bulle – a large cinnamon roll similar to the kanelbulle.[98]

Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 Michelin Guide: 28 +, Basement, Fond, Kock & Vin, Fiskekrogen, and Sjömagasinet.[99] The city has a number of star chefs – over the past decade, seven of the Swedish Chef of the Year awards have been won by people from Gothenburg.[100]

The Gustavus Adolphus pastry, eaten every 6 November in Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus Day, is especially connected to, and appreciated in, Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus.[101]

One of Gothenburg's most popular natural tourist attractions is the southern Gothenburg archipelago, which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating from Saltholmen. Within the archipelago are the Älvsborg fortress, Vinga and Styrsö islands.[93]

Festivals and fairs

 
Discussion by Nanna Ullman (1957) in front of the Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre

The annual Gothenburg Film Festival, is the largest film festival in Scandinavia.[11] The Gothenburg Book Fair, held each year in September.[102] It is the largest literary festival in Scandinavia, and the second largest book fair in Europe.[103] A radical bookfair is held at the same time at the Syndikalistiskt Forum.[104]

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is an annual festival since April 1997, in central Gothenburg with thought-provoking science activities for the public. The festival is visited by about 100,000 people each year.[105] This makes it the largest popular-science event in Sweden[106] and one of the leading popular-science events in Europe.[107]

Citing the financial crisis, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions moved the 2010 World Library and Information Congress, previously to be held in Brisbane, Australia, to Gothenburg. The event took place on 10–15 August 2010.[108]

Music

Further information: List of bands from Gothenburg
 
Entrance to the Way Out West Festival

Gothenburg has a diverse music community—the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best-known in classical music.[109] Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg.[110] The first internationally successfully Swedish group, instrumental rock group The Spotnicks came from Gothenburg.[111]

Bands such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives[112] and Ace of Base are well-known pop representatives of the city. During the 1970s, Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement (progg) with such groups as Nationalteatern, Nynningen, and Motvind. The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well.[113]

There is also an active indie scene in Gothenburg. For example, the musician Jens Lekman was born in the suburb of Angered[114] and named his 2007 release Night Falls Over Kortedala after another suburb, Kortedala.[115] Other internationally acclaimed indie artists include the electro pop duos Studio,[116] The Knife,[117] Air France,[118] The Tough Alliance,[119] indie rock band Love is All, songwriter José González,[120] and pop singer El Perro del Mar,[121] as well as genre-bending quartet Little Dragon fronted by vocalist Yukimi Nagano.[122] Another son of the city is one of Sweden's most popular singers, Håkan Hellström, who often includes many places from the city in his songs.[123][124] The glam rock group Supergroupies derives from Gothenburg.[125]

Gothenburg's own commercially successful At the Gates, In Flames, and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering melodic death metal.[126] Other well-known bands of the Gothenburg scene are thrash metal band The Haunted,[127] progressive power metal band Evergrey,[128] and power metal bands HammerFall and Dream Evil.[129]

Many music festivals take place in the city every year. The Metaltown Festival was a two-day festival featuring heavy metal music bands, held in Gothenburg. It used to be arranged annually since 2004, taking place at the Frihamnen venue.[130] In June 2012, the festival included bands such as In Flames, Marilyn Manson, Slayer, Lamb of God, and Mastodon.[131] Another popular festival, Way Out West, focuses more on rock, electronic, and hip-hop genres.[132][133]

Sports

 
Fireworks at the opening ceremony of Gothia Cup

As in all of Sweden, a variety of sports are followed, including football, ice hockey, basketball, handball, floorball, baseball, and figure skating. A varied amateur and professional sports clubs scene exists.[134]

Gothenburg is the birthplace of football in Sweden as the first football match in Sweden was played there in 1892.[135] The city's three major football clubs, IFK Göteborg, Örgryte IS, and GAIS[136] share a total of 34 Swedish championships between them.[137] IFK has also won the UEFA Cup twice.[138] Other notable clubs include BK Häcken (football),[139] Göteborg HC (women's ice hockey), Pixbo Wallenstam IBK (floorball),[140] multiple national handball champion Redbergslids IK,[141] and four-time national ice hockey champion Frölunda HC,[142] Gothenburg had a professional basketball team, Gothia Basket, until 2010 when it ceased.[143] The bandy department of GAIS, GAIS Bandy, played the first season in the highest division Elitserien last season. The group stage match between the main rivals Sweden and Russia in the 2013 Bandy World Championship was played at Arena Heden in central Gothenburg.[144]

The city's most notable sports venues are Scandinavium,[145] and Ullevi (multisport) and the newly built Gamla Ullevi[146] (football).

The 2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held in Rudhallen, Sweden's only indoor speed-skating arena.[147] It is a part of Ruddalens IP, which also has a bandy field and several football fields.[148]

The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing, Ingemar Johansson, who took the title from Floyd Paterson in 1959, was from Gothenburg.[149]

 
Boats at Saltholmen in the Gothenburg archipelago

Gothenburg has hosted a number of international sporting events including the 1958 FIFA World Cup,[70] the 1983 European Cup Winners' Cup Final,[150] an NFL preseason game on 14 August 1988 between the Chicago Bears and the Minnesota Vikings,[151] the 1992 European Football Championship, the 1993[152] and the 2002 World Men's Handball Championship,[153] the 1995 World Championships in Athletics,[154] the 1997 World Championships in Swimming (short track),[155] the 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships,[153] the 2004 UEFA Cup final,[156] the 2006 European Championships in Athletics,[157] and the 2008 World Figure Skating Championships.[158] Annual events held in the city are the Gothia Cup[159] and the Göteborgsvarvet.[160] The annual Gothia Cup, is the world's largest football tournament with regards to the number of participants: in 2011, a total of 35,200 players from 1,567 teams and 72 nations participated.

Gothenburg hosted the XIII FINA World Masters Championships in 2010.[161] Diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and open-water competitions were held on 28 July to 7 August. The water polo events were played on the neighboring city of Borås.[162]

Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks, a professional baseball team in the Elitserien division of baseball in Sweden.[163]

With around 25,000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city, sailing is a popular sports activity in the region, particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago.[164] In June 2015, the Volvo Ocean Race, professional sailing's leading crewed offshore race, concluded in Gothenburg,[165] as well as an event in the 2015–2016 America's Cup World Series in August 2015.[166]

The Gothenburg Amateur Diving Club (Göteborgs amatördykarklubb) has been operating since October 1938.

Economy

 
SKF Wingquist self-aligning bearing

Due to Gothenburg's advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia, trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city's economic history, and they continue to do so. Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour in Scandinavia.[9]

Apart from trade, the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry, which significantly contributes to the city's wealth.[167] Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF, Volvo (both cars and trucks), and Ericsson. Volvo Cars is the largest employer in Gothenburg, not including jobs in supply companies. The blue-collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city's economy, but they are being gradually replaced by high-tech industries.[168][169]

Banking and finance are also important, as well as the event and tourist industry.[9]

Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar-Göteborg gas pipeline, which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden, through Denmark.[170]

Historically, Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company.[171] From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding, with such shipyards as Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad, Götaverken, Arendalsvarvet, and Lindholmens varv.[172] Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma.[173] The city has been ranked as the 12th-most inventive city in the world by Forbes.[174]

Government

Main article: Gothenburg Municipality

Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863.[175] The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members,[176] elected every fourth year.[177] Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate. Political legitimacy can be based on various factors: legality, due process, and equality before the law, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy. One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums.

In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax, signed by 28,000 citizens, was submitted to the City Council. This right to submit so-called "people's initiatives" was inscribed in the Local Government Act, which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5% of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum.[178] A second petition for a referendum, signed by 57,000 citizens, was submitted to the local government in February 2013. This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper – Göteborgs Tidningen – whose editor-in-chief argued that the paper's involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax, as well as out of concern for the local democracy.[179][178]

 
View over Gustav Adolfs torg, square named after Gustavus Adolphus, the founding father of Gothenburg

Proportion of foreign born

Largest groups of foreign residents[180]
Foreign born Population (2021)
  Iraq 12,999
  Iran 12,902
  Somalia 9,756
  Syria 8,839
  India 7,639
  Bosnia 7,151
  Poland 5,901
  Finland 5,539
  Turkey 5,382
  China 4,315
  Afghanistan 3,685
  Germany 3,117
  Romania 2,975
  Lebanon 2,691
  Ethiopia 2,474

In 2019, approximately 28% (159,342 residents) of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46% (265,019 residents) had at least one parent born abroad.[181] In addition, approximately 12% (69,263 residents) were foreign citizens.[182]

In 2016, 45% of Gothenburg's immigrant population is from other parts of Europe, and 10% of the total population is from another Nordic country.[183]

Education

Gothenburg has two universities, both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century. The University of Gothenburg has about 38,000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia,[184] and one of the most versatile in Sweden. Chalmers University of Technology is a well-known university located in Johanneberg 2 km (1 mi) south of the inner city, lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Älvstranden, Hisingen.[185]

In 2015, there were ten adult education centres in Gothenburg: Agnesbergs folkhögskola, Arbetarrörelsens folkhögskola i Göteborg, Finska folkhögskolan, Folkhögskolan i Angered, Göteborgs folkhögskola, Kvinnofolkhögskolan, Mo Gård folkhögskola, S:ta Birgittas folkhögskola, Västra Götalands folkhögskolor and Wendelsbergs folkhögskola.[186]

In 2015, there were 49 high schools in Gothenburg. Some of the more notable schools are Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, Göteborgs Högre Samskola, Sigrid Rudebecks gymnasium and Polhemsgymnasiet. Some high-schools are also connected to large Swedish corporations, such as SKF Technical high-school owned by SKF and Gothenburg's technical high-school jointly owned by Volvo, Volvo Cars and Gothenburg municipality.[187]

There are two folkhögskola that teach fine arts: Domen and Goteborg Folkhögskola.

Transport

 
The west coast motorway E6/E20 in Gothenburg, coming from Malmö. In the interchange (Olskroksmotet) the motorway E20 continue in east direction to Stockholm and E6 continue in north direction to Oslo.

Public transport

 
Gothenburg's trams

With over 80 km (50 mi) of double track, the Gothenburg tram network covers most of the city and is the largest tram/light rail network in Scandinavia. Gothenburg also has a bus network. Boat and ferry services connect the Gothenburg archipelago to the mainland. The lack of a subway is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated. Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions.[188]

The Gothenburg commuter rail with three lines services some nearby cities and towns.[189]

Public transport on the Göta älv river is operated on the Älvsnabben ferry line, operated by Styrsöbolaget on a commission from Västtrafik.

Rail and intercity bus

 
Platforms at Åkareplatsen bus station.

Other major transportation hubs are Centralstationen (Gothenburg Central Station) and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden, as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen (via Malmö).[190]

Air

 
 
 
 
class=notpageimage|
Map showing the locations of airports around Gothenburg

Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport (IATA: GOT, ICAO: ESGG), located about 20 km (12 mi) east of the city centre. It is named after nearby locality Landvetter. Flygbussarna offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20–30 minutes. Swebus, Flixbus and Nettbuss also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg, Borås and other destinations along European route E4. Västtrafik, the local public transport provider in the area, offers additional connections to Landvetter.[191]

The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operator Swedavia, and with 6.8 million passengers served in 2017, it is Sweden's second-largest airport after Stockholm Arlanda.[192] It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines, e.g. Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair. Göteborg Landvetter, however, does not serve as a hub for any airline. In total, there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg, most of them European. An additional 40 destinations are served via charter.[193]

The second airport in the area, Göteborg City Airport (IATA: GSE, ICAO: ESGP), is closed. On 13 January 2015, Swedish airport operator Swedavia announced that Göteborg City Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014, citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high, at 250 million kronor ($31 million). Commercial operations will be gradually wound down.[194] The airport was located 10 km (6 mi) northwest of the city centre. It was formerly known as Säve Flygplats. It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport was also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard, and was used for other general aviation.[195] Most civil air traffic to Göteborg City Airport was via low-cost airlines such as Ryanair and Wizz Air. Those companies have now been relocated to Landvetter Airport.[196]

Sea

 
Gothenburg harbour seen from the Älvsborg bridge, seen to the left is the ship HSS Stena Carisma and to the right MS Stena Scandinavica (1983).

The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg/Frederikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg/Kiel in Germany.[197]

The "England ferry" (Englandsfärjan) to Newcastle via Kristiansand (run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways) ceased at the end of October 2006,[198] after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century.[199] DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles. Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port.[200]

Freight

Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks. Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes per year in 2004.[201]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Gothenburg
 
Kal and Ada at Liseberg

Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional, but have become synonymous with "people from Gothenburg". They are a working class couple called Kal and Ada, featured in "Gothenburg jokes" (göteborgsvitsar), songs, plays and names of events.[202][203] Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of "Kal and Ada".[204] A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist, was placed outside the entrance to Liseberg in 1995.[205]

Some of the noted people from Gothenburg are Academy Award Winning actress Alicia Vikander, footballer Gunnar Gren, artist Evert Taube, golfer Helen Alfredsson, industrialist Victor Hasselblad, singer-songwriter Björn Ulvaeus, diplomat Jan Eliasson, British Open Winner and professional golfer Henrik Stenson, Miss Sweden 1966 and Miss Universe 1966's winner Margareta Arvidsson, heavy metal band In Flames, YouTuber PewDiePie (Felix Kjellberg), for many years the most subscribed-to individual on the platform, with over 100 million subscribers[206] and YouTuber RoomieOfficial (Joel Berghult).

International rankings

Gothenburg has performed well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below: The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg the world's most sustainable destination every year since 2016.[207]

In 2019 Gothenburg was selected by the EU as one of the top 2020 European Capitals of Smart Tourism.[208]

In 2020 Business Region Göteborg received the 'European Entrepreneurial Region Award 2020' (EER Award 2020) from the EU.[208]

International relations

The Gothenburg Award is the city's international prize that recognises and supports work to achieve sustainable development – in the Gothenburg region and from a global perspective.[209] The award, which is one million Swedish crowns, is administrated and funded by a coalition of the City of Gothenburg and 12 companies.[210] Past winners of the award have included Kofi Annan, Al Gore, and Michael Biddle.[211]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden

Twin towns and sister cities

Gothenburg is twinned with:[212]

With Lyon (France) there is no formal partnership, but "a joint willingness to cooperate".[214] Gothenburg had signed an agreement with Shanghai in 1986 which was upgraded in 2003 to include exchanges in culture, economics, trade and sport. The agreement was allowed to lapse in 2020.[215]

See also

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Göteborg.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gothenburg.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gothenburg".
  • Goteborg.se – Official site for city of Gothenburg (in Swedish)
  • – Official web page for short English description of the content in city of Gothenburg site
  • – Official international site for city of Gothenburg
  •   Göteborg travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Goteborg.com – Gothenburg tourism portal
  •  – VisitSweden's profile of Gothenburg
  • Virtual Tour Panoramas of Goteborg
Preceded by
Berlin, Germany (1995)
 World Gymnaestrada host city
1999 		Succeeded by
Lisbon, Portugal (2003)
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w:sv:Wikipedia:KML/Göteborg
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February 21, 2023
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This article is about the city in Sweden For other uses see Gothenburg disambiguation Goteborg and Goteborg redirect here For other uses see Goteborg disambiguation Gothenburg ˈ ɡ ɒ 8 en b ɜːr ɡ listen 5 abbreviated Gbg 6 7 Swedish Goteborg jœtɛˈbɔrj listen is the second largest city in Sweden fifth largest in the Nordic countries and capital of the Vastra Gotaland County It is situated by the Kattegat on the west coast of Sweden and has a population of approximately 590 000 in the city proper and about 1 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area 8 Gothenburg GoteborgCityClockwise from top Gota alv with Barken Viking to the left Gunnebo House Gothia Towers including Svenska Massan Elfsborg Fortress Ullevi stadium Gothenburg heritage tram Poseidon at Gotaplatsen The Goteborg OperaFlagCoat of armsNicknames Little LondonGbgNew AmsterdamThe front side of SwedenGothenburgLocation within Vastra GotalandShow map of Vastra GotalandGothenburgLocation within South SwedenShow map of Southern SwedenGothenburgLocation within SwedenShow map of SwedenCoordinates 57 42 27 N 11 58 03 E 57 70750 N 11 96750 E 57 70750 11 96750 Coordinates 57 42 27 N 11 58 03 E 57 70750 N 11 96750 E 57 70750 11 96750Country SwedenProvinceVastergotland Bohuslan and HallandCountyVastra Gotaland CountyMunicipalityGothenburg MunicipalityCharter1621Area 1 City447 76 km2 172 88 sq mi Water14 5 km2 5 6 sq mi 3 2 Urban203 67 km2 78 64 sq mi Metro3 694 86 km2 1 426 59 sq mi Elevation12 m 39 ft Population 2019 1 4 City587 549 Density1 300 km2 3 400 sq mi Urban600 473 3 Metro1 058 278 2 DemonymGoteborgare GothenburgerTime zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code40xxx 41xxx 421xx 427xxArea code 46 31Websitegoteborg wbr se goteborg se Short ENG description international wbr goteborg wbr seGothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified primarily Dutch trading colony by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus In addition to the generous privileges e g tax relaxation given to his Dutch allies from the ongoing Thirty Years War the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Gota alv where Scandinavia s largest drainage basin enters the sea the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries 9 Gothenburg is home to many students as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 10 The original parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city Other key companies are Ericsson SKF and AstraZeneca Gothenburg is served by Goteborg Landvetter Airport 25 km 16 mi southeast of the city center The smaller Goteborg City Airport 15 km 9 3 mi from the city center was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 The city hosts the Gothia Cup the world s largest youth football tournament and the Goteborg Basketball Festival Europe s largest youth basketball tournament alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia The Gothenburg Film Festival held in January since 1979 is the leading Scandinavian film festival with over 155 000 visitors each year 11 In summer a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city including the popular Way Out West Festival During 2020 Gothenburg s population increased by 3 775 inhabitants 12 Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Parks and nature 6 Architecture 6 1 Characteristic buildings 7 Culture 7 1 Museums 7 2 Leisure and entertainment 7 3 Festivals and fairs 7 4 Music 7 5 Sports 8 Economy 9 Government 10 Proportion of foreign born 11 Education 12 Transport 12 1 Public transport 12 2 Rail and intercity bus 12 3 Air 12 4 Sea 12 5 Freight 13 Notable people 14 International rankings 15 International relations 15 1 Twin towns and sister cities 16 See also 17 References 18 External linksName EditFurther information Name of the Goths The city was named Goteborg in the city s charter in 1621 13 and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg 14 The Swedish name was given after the Gota alv called Gota River in English 15 and other cities ending in borg 16 17 18 Both the Swedish and German English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611 19 Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely used exonym The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish three Dutch three German and two Scottish members In Dutch Scots English and German all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime oriented city the name Gothenburg is or was in the case of German used for the city Variations of the official German English name Gothenburg in the city s 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages The French form of the city name is Gothembourg but in French texts the Swedish name Goteborg is more frequent In addition the traditional forms Gothenburg in English or Gotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Goteborg for example by The Goteborg Opera and the Goteborg Ballet However Goteborgs universitet previously designated as the Goteborg University in English changed its name to the University of Gothenburg in 2008 20 The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts 21 In 2009 the city council launched a new logotype for Gothenburg Since the name Goteborg contains the Swedish letter o they planned to make the name more international and up to date by turning the o sideways As of 2015 update the name is spelled Go teborg on a large number of signs in the city 22 History EditFurther information History of Gothenburg For a chronological guide see Timeline of Gothenburg In the early modern period the configuration of Sweden s borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to Skagerrak the North Sea and Atlantic situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between Danish Halland in the south and Norwegian Bohuslan in the north After several failed attempts Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus Gustaf II Adolf 23 View from Alvsborg BridgeThe site of the first church built in Gothenburg subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders is marked by a stone near the north end of the Alvsborg Bridge in the Farjenas Park The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611 24 The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch Germans and Scots and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city The town was designed like Dutch cities such as Amsterdam Batavia Jakarta and New Amsterdam Manhattan 23 The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta which was built by the Dutch around the same time 25 The Dutchmen initially won political power and it was not until 1652 when the last Dutch politician in the city s council died that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg 26 During the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town Robust city walls were built during the 17th century In 1807 a decision was made to tear down most of the city s wall The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment 27 Along with the Dutch the town also was heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg Many became people of high profile 28 William Chalmers the son of a Scottish immigrant donated his fortunes to set up what later became the Chalmers University of Technology 29 In 1841 the Scotsman Alexander Keiller founded the Gotaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989 30 His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906 31 The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem the Three Crowns to defend the city against its enemies 32 In the Treaty of Roskilde 1658 Denmark Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland in the south and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or Bohuslan in the north which left Gothenburg less exposed Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast because it was the only city on the west coast that along with Marstrand was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries 26 In the 18th century fishing was the most important industry However in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China 33 The harbour developed into Sweden s main harbour for trade towards the west and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased Gothenburg became Sweden s main point of departure for these travellers The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg Nebraska a small Swedish settlement in the United States 34 With the 19th century Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century The population increased tenfold in the century from 13 000 1800 to 130 000 1900 35 36 37 In the 20th century major companies that developed included SKF 1907 38 and Volvo 1927 39 Panoramic view of Gothenburg s downtown coast lineGeography Edit Satellite picture of Gothenburg Gothenburg is located on the west coast in southwestern Sweden about halfway between the capital cities of Copenhagen Denmark and Oslo Norway The location at the mouth of the Gota alv which feeds into the Kattegat an arm of the North Sea has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough barren rocks and cliffs which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslan 40 Due to the Gulf Stream the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation 41 It is the second largest city in Sweden after its capital Stockholm 42 The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area Stor Goteborg has 982 360 inhabitants and extends to the municipalities of Ale Alingsas Goteborg Harryda Kungalv Lerum Lilla Edet Molndal Partille Stenungsund Tjorn Ockero within Vastra Gotaland County and Kungsbacka within Halland County 43 Angered a suburb outside Gothenburg consists of Hjallbo Eriksbo Rannebergen Hammarkullen Gardsten and Lovgardet 44 It is a Million Programme part of Gothenburg like Rosengard in Malmo and Botkyrka in Stockholm 45 Angered had about 50 000 inhabitants in 2015 46 It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city Bergsjon is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg it has 14 000 inhabitants Biskopsgarden is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of Hisingen which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river A panorama of central Gothenburg taken from Keillers park facing south from left to right Gota alvbron Lilla Bommen Viking The Goteborg Opera in front of Goteborgshjulet Skansen Kronan Oscar Fredrik Church Masthugg Church and Alvsborg BridgeClimate EditGothenburg has an oceanic climate Cfb according to the Koppen climate classification Despite its northerly latitude temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as Stockholm this is mainly because of the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream 41 During the summer daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December The climate has become significantly milder in later decades particularly in summer and winter July temperatures used to be below Stockholm s 1961 1990 averages but have since been warmer than that benchmark Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 22 C 68 to 72 F and lows of 12 to 15 C 54 to 59 F but temperatures of 25 30 C 77 86 F occur on many days during the summer Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around 1 to 4 C 30 to 39 F though it rarely drops below 20 C 4 F Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year Snow mainly occurs from December to March but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May 47 Climate data for Gothenburg 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 10 8 51 4 12 6 54 7 18 9 66 0 28 5 83 3 31 1 88 0 31 9 89 4 34 1 93 4 32 0 89 6 27 4 81 3 21 3 70 3 15 7 60 3 12 7 54 9 34 1 93 4 Mean maximum C F 7 8 46 0 8 1 46 6 12 9 55 2 20 8 69 4 25 4 77 7 27 6 81 7 29 2 84 6 28 4 83 1 23 3 73 9 17 2 63 0 12 1 53 8 9 8 49 6 30 3 86 5 Average high C F 3 0 37 4 3 2 37 8 6 4 43 5 12 1 53 8 17 0 62 6 20 1 68 2 22 5 72 5 21 9 71 4 17 7 63 9 12 0 53 6 7 4 45 3 4 2 39 6 12 3 54 1 Daily mean C F 0 8 33 4 0 7 33 3 3 0 37 4 7 7 45 9 12 4 54 3 15 7 60 3 18 3 64 9 17 7 63 9 14 0 57 2 9 0 48 2 5 1 41 2 2 1 35 8 8 9 48 0 Average low C F 1 5 29 3 1 6 29 1 0 1 31 8 3 6 38 5 8 1 46 6 12 0 53 6 14 5 58 1 14 1 57 4 10 6 51 1 6 3 43 3 3 0 37 4 0 2 31 6 5 7 42 3 Mean minimum C F 11 0 12 2 9 9 14 2 7 3 18 9 2 7 27 1 2 1 35 8 7 2 45 0 10 1 50 2 8 7 47 7 3 7 38 7 1 6 29 1 5 0 23 0 9 5 14 9 13 2 8 2 Record low C F 18 5 1 3 16 0 3 2 16 2 2 8 6 2 20 8 1 0 30 2 4 3 39 7 8 4 47 1 5 0 41 0 0 1 32 2 8 5 16 7 10 4 13 3 18 7 1 7 18 7 1 7 Average precipitation mm inches 83 0 3 27 61 0 2 40 54 0 2 13 51 3 2 02 54 3 2 14 73 7 2 90 81 4 3 20 92 8 3 65 80 0 3 15 102 9 4 05 84 7 3 33 93 1 3 67 912 2 35 91 Source SMHI Open Data 48 Climate data for Gothenburg 2002 2020 sunshine 1961 1990 extremes since 1901Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 10 8 51 4 11 2 52 2 18 9 66 0 28 5 83 3 31 3 88 3 32 0 89 6 34 1 93 4 33 5 92 3 28 5 83 3 20 7 69 3 14 5 58 1 12 7 54 9 34 1 93 4 Average high C F 2 9 37 2 3 2 37 8 6 7 44 1 12 5 54 5 17 2 63 0 20 6 69 1 22 7 72 9 21 9 71 4 18 2 64 8 12 1 53 8 7 7 45 9 4 7 40 5 12 5 54 6 Daily mean C F 0 7 33 3 0 9 33 6 3 3 37 9 8 2 46 8 12 9 55 2 16 5 61 7 18 8 65 8 18 1 64 6 14 7 58 5 9 2 48 6 5 5 41 9 2 6 36 7 9 3 48 7 Average low C F 1 6 29 1 1 5 29 3 0 2 31 6 3 8 38 8 8 5 47 3 12 3 54 1 14 8 58 6 14 3 57 7 11 1 52 0 6 2 43 2 3 3 37 9 0 4 32 7 6 0 42 7 Record low C F 26 0 14 8 22 8 9 0 19 2 2 6 11 0 12 2 4 3 24 3 1 8 35 2 5 3 41 5 3 5 38 3 2 5 27 5 8 5 16 7 13 5 7 7 21 9 7 4 26 0 14 8 Average precipitation mm inches 84 2 3 31 57 1 2 25 58 5 2 30 48 6 1 91 54 0 2 13 73 1 2 88 75 2 2 96 83 7 3 30 73 2 2 88 95 9 3 78 84 8 3 34 86 5 3 41 874 8 34 45 Average precipitation days 12 9 9 8 8 10 9 11 10 12 12 12 122Mean monthly sunshine hours 44 69 167 211 239 256 234 196 168 99 47 32 1 762Source 49 50 51 Climate data for GothenburgMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage sea temperature C F 4 0 3 0 2 7 6 8 11 2 15 5 18 0 18 5 16 5 12 4 9 2 6 1 10 3Mean daily daylight hours 7 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 17 0 18 0 17 0 15 0 13 0 10 0 9 0 7 0 12 4Average Ultraviolet index 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3Source Weather Atlas 52 Parks and nature Edit The Gothenburg Botanical Garden Gothenburg has several parks and nature reserves ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves Selection of parks Kungsparken 13 ha 32 acres built between 1839 and 1861 surrounds the canal that circles the city centre 53 Garden Society of Gothenburg a park and horticultural garden is located next to Kungsportsavenyen Founded in 1842 by the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann the park has a noted rose garden with some 4 000 roses of 1 900 cultivars 54 Slottsskogen 137 ha 340 acres was created in 1874 by August Kobb It has a free open zoo that includes harbor seals penguins horses pigs deer moose goats and many birds The Natural History Museum Naturhistoriska Museet and the city s oldest observatory are located in the park 54 The annual Way Out West festival is held in the park 55 Anggardsbergens naturreservat 320 ha 790 acres was bought in 1840 by pharmacist Arvid Gren and donated in 1963 to the city by Sven and Carl Gren Broberg who stated the area must remain a nature and bird reserve It lies partly in Molndal 56 Delsjoomradets naturreservat about 760 ha 1 900 acres 57 has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century Skatas gym and motionscentrum is situated here Rya Skogs Naturreservat 17 ha 42 acres became a protected area in 1928 It contains remnants of a defensive wall built in the mid to late 17th century 58 Keillers park was donated by James Keiller in 1906 He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller who founded the Gotaverken shipbuilding company 31 44 S A Hedlunds park Sven Adolf Hedlund newspaper publisher and politician bought the 15 ha 37 acres Bjurslatt farm in 1857 and in 1928 it was given to the city Hisingsparken is Gothenburg s largest park 59 Flunsasparken built in 1950 has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre 60 Gothenburg Botanical Garden 175 ha 430 acres opened in 1923 61 It won an award in 2003 and in 2006 was third in The most beautiful garden in Europe competition It has around 16 000 species of plants and trees The greenhouses contain around 4 500 species including 1 600 orchids 54 It is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the French Guide Rouge Architecture Edit The German Church in central Gothenburg Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood 62 Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city s history are Kronhuset and the Torstenson Palace and the fortresses Skansen Kronan 63 and Skansen Lejonet The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city Imposing stone houses in Neo Classical style were erected around the canals One example from this period is the East India House which today houses the Goteborg City Museum 64 In the 19th century the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city The style now was an eclectic academic somewhat overdecorated style which the middle class favoured The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga in wooden houses 65 In the 19th century the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created which led to the construction of the main street Kungsportsavenyen 66 Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city Landshovdingehusen were built in the end of the 19th century three storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood 67 The early 20th century characterized by the National Romantic style was rich in architectural achievements 65 Masthugg Church is a noted example of the style of this period 68 69 In the early 1920s on the city s 300th anniversary the Gotaplatsen square with its Neoclassical look was built 65 After this the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such as Vastra Frolunda and Bergsjon The Swedish functionalist architect Uno Ahren served as city planner from 1932 through 1943 65 In the 1950s the big stadium Ullevi was built when Sweden hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup 70 The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects as Gert Wingardh 71 who started as a Post modernist in the 1980s 72 Gustaf Adolf Square is a town square located in central Gothenburg Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall formerly the stock exchange opened in 1849 and the Nordic Classicism law court The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square 65 Characteristic buildings Edit Skanskaskrapan The Gothenburg Central Station is in the centre of the city next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget 73 The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858 In 2003 a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains travellers and shopping 74 Not far from the central station is the Skanskaskrapan or more commonly known as The Lipstick It is 86 m 282 ft high with 22 floors and coloured in red white stripes The skyscraper was designed by Ralph Erskine and built by Skanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company 75 By the shore of the Gota Alv at Lilla Bommen is The Goteborg Opera It was completed in 1994 The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull 76 Feskekorka fishmarket Feskekorka or Fiskhallen is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg Feskekorkan was opened on 1 November 1874 and its name from the building s resemblance to a Gothic church 77 The Gothenburg city hall is in the Beaux Arts architectural style The Gothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan near Drottningtorget was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Kruger 78 The Gunnebo House is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg in Molndal It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century 79 Created in the early 1900s was the Vasa Church It is located in Vasastan and is built of granite in a neo Romanesque style 80 Another noted construction is Brudaremossen TV Tower one of the few partially guyed towers in the world 81 Culture Edit The Poseidon Statue at Gotaplatsen a well known cultural symbol and landmark The sea trade and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg 82 It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast Museums Edit Many of the cultural institutions as well as hospitals and the university were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists for example the Rohsska Museum 83 On 29 December 2004 the Museum of World Culture opened near Korsvagen 84 85 Museums include the Goteborgs Konsthall Gothenburg Museum of Art and several museums of sea and navigation history natural history the sciences and East India 86 Aeroseum close to the Goteborg City Airport is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base 87 The Volvo museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today Products shown include cars trucks marine engines and buses 88 Universeum is a public science centre that opened in 2001 the largest of its kind in Scandinavia It is divided into six sections each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles fish and insects 89 Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary school students and Nobel Prize laureates or other scholars 90 Leisure and entertainment Edit Liseberg amusement park The most noted attraction is the amusement park Liseberg located in the central part of the city It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides 91 and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world 2005 by Forbes 92 It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year more than 3 million 93 There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city besides institutions such as Gothenburg City Theatre Backa Theatre youth theatre and Folkteatern 94 The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn commonly known as Avenyn The Avenue It is about 1 km 0 6 mi long and starts at Gotaplatsen which is the location of the Gothenburg Museum of Art the city s theatre and the city library as well as the concert hall and stretches all the way to Kungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg crossing a canal and a small park 95 The Avenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling 96 Avenyn has Gothenburg s highest concentration of pubs and clubs Gothenburg s largest shopping centre 8th largest in Sweden Nordstan is located in central Gothenburg 97 The Haga district Gothenburg s Haga district is known for its picturesque wooden houses 93 and its cafes serving the well known Haga bulle a large cinnamon roll similar to the kanelbulle 98 Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 Michelin Guide 28 Basement Fond Kock amp Vin Fiskekrogen and Sjomagasinet 99 The city has a number of star chefs over the past decade seven of the Swedish Chef of the Year awards have been won by people from Gothenburg 100 The Gustavus Adolphus pastry eaten every 6 November in Sweden Gustavus Adolphus Day is especially connected to and appreciated in Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus 101 One of Gothenburg s most popular natural tourist attractions is the southern Gothenburg archipelago which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating from Saltholmen Within the archipelago are the Alvsborg fortress Vinga and Styrso islands 93 Festivals and fairs Edit Discussion by Nanna Ullman 1957 in front of the Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre The annual Gothenburg Film Festival is the largest film festival in Scandinavia 11 The Gothenburg Book Fair held each year in September 102 It is the largest literary festival in Scandinavia and the second largest book fair in Europe 103 A radical bookfair is held at the same time at the Syndikalistiskt Forum 104 The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is an annual festival since April 1997 in central Gothenburg with thought provoking science activities for the public The festival is visited by about 100 000 people each year 105 This makes it the largest popular science event in Sweden 106 and one of the leading popular science events in Europe 107 Citing the financial crisis the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions moved the 2010 World Library and Information Congress previously to be held in Brisbane Australia to Gothenburg The event took place on 10 15 August 2010 108 Music Edit Further information List of bands from Gothenburg Entrance to the Way Out West Festival Gothenburg has a diverse music community the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best known in classical music 109 Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg 110 The first internationally successfully Swedish group instrumental rock group The Spotnicks came from Gothenburg 111 Bands such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives 112 and Ace of Base are well known pop representatives of the city During the 1970s Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement progg with such groups as Nationalteatern Nynningen and Motvind The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well 113 There is also an active indie scene in Gothenburg For example the musician Jens Lekman was born in the suburb of Angered 114 and named his 2007 release Night Falls Over Kortedala after another suburb Kortedala 115 Other internationally acclaimed indie artists include the electro pop duos Studio 116 The Knife 117 Air France 118 The Tough Alliance 119 indie rock band Love is All songwriter Jose Gonzalez 120 and pop singer El Perro del Mar 121 as well as genre bending quartet Little Dragon fronted by vocalist Yukimi Nagano 122 Another son of the city is one of Sweden s most popular singers Hakan Hellstrom who often includes many places from the city in his songs 123 124 The glam rock group Supergroupies derives from Gothenburg 125 Gothenburg s own commercially successful At the Gates In Flames and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering melodic death metal 126 Other well known bands of the Gothenburg scene are thrash metal band The Haunted 127 progressive power metal band Evergrey 128 and power metal bands HammerFall and Dream Evil 129 Many music festivals take place in the city every year The Metaltown Festival was a two day festival featuring heavy metal music bands held in Gothenburg It used to be arranged annually since 2004 taking place at the Frihamnen venue 130 In June 2012 the festival included bands such as In Flames Marilyn Manson Slayer Lamb of God and Mastodon 131 Another popular festival Way Out West focuses more on rock electronic and hip hop genres 132 133 Sports Edit Fireworks at the opening ceremony of Gothia Cup As in all of Sweden a variety of sports are followed including football ice hockey basketball handball floorball baseball and figure skating A varied amateur and professional sports clubs scene exists 134 Gothenburg is the birthplace of football in Sweden as the first football match in Sweden was played there in 1892 135 The city s three major football clubs IFK Goteborg Orgryte IS and GAIS 136 share a total of 34 Swedish championships between them 137 IFK has also won the UEFA Cup twice 138 Other notable clubs include BK Hacken football 139 Goteborg HC women s ice hockey Pixbo Wallenstam IBK floorball 140 multiple national handball champion Redbergslids IK 141 and four time national ice hockey champion Frolunda HC 142 Gothenburg had a professional basketball team Gothia Basket until 2010 when it ceased 143 The bandy department of GAIS GAIS Bandy played the first season in the highest division Elitserien last season The group stage match between the main rivals Sweden and Russia in the 2013 Bandy World Championship was played at Arena Heden in central Gothenburg 144 The city s most notable sports venues are Scandinavium 145 and Ullevi multisport and the newly built Gamla Ullevi 146 football The 2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held in Rudhallen Sweden s only indoor speed skating arena 147 It is a part of Ruddalens IP which also has a bandy field and several football fields 148 The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing Ingemar Johansson who took the title from Floyd Paterson in 1959 was from Gothenburg 149 Boats at Saltholmen in the Gothenburg archipelago Gothenburg has hosted a number of international sporting events including the 1958 FIFA World Cup 70 the 1983 European Cup Winners Cup Final 150 an NFL preseason game on 14 August 1988 between the Chicago Bears and the Minnesota Vikings 151 the 1992 European Football Championship the 1993 152 and the 2002 World Men s Handball Championship 153 the 1995 World Championships in Athletics 154 the 1997 World Championships in Swimming short track 155 the 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships 153 the 2004 UEFA Cup final 156 the 2006 European Championships in Athletics 157 and the 2008 World Figure Skating Championships 158 Annual events held in the city are the Gothia Cup 159 and the Goteborgsvarvet 160 The annual Gothia Cup is the world s largest football tournament with regards to the number of participants in 2011 a total of 35 200 players from 1 567 teams and 72 nations participated Gothenburg hosted the XIII FINA World Masters Championships in 2010 161 Diving swimming synchronized swimming and open water competitions were held on 28 July to 7 August The water polo events were played on the neighboring city of Boras 162 Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks a professional baseball team in the Elitserien division of baseball in Sweden 163 With around 25 000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city sailing is a popular sports activity in the region particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago 164 In June 2015 the Volvo Ocean Race professional sailing s leading crewed offshore race concluded in Gothenburg 165 as well as an event in the 2015 2016 America s Cup World Series in August 2015 166 The Gothenburg Amateur Diving Club Goteborgs amatordykarklubb has been operating since October 1938 Economy Edit SKF Wingquist self aligning bearing Due to Gothenburg s advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city s economic history and they continue to do so Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour in Scandinavia 9 Apart from trade the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry which significantly contributes to the city s wealth 167 Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF Volvo both cars and trucks and Ericsson Volvo Cars is the largest employer in Gothenburg not including jobs in supply companies The blue collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city s economy but they are being gradually replaced by high tech industries 168 169 Banking and finance are also important as well as the event and tourist industry 9 Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar Goteborg gas pipeline which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden through Denmark 170 Historically Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company 171 From its founding until the late 1970s the city was a world leader in shipbuilding with such shipyards as Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad Gotaverken Arendalsvarvet and Lindholmens varv 172 Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC with a ranking of Gamma 173 The city has been ranked as the 12th most inventive city in the world by Forbes 174 Government EditMain article Gothenburg Municipality Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863 175 The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members 176 elected every fourth year 177 Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate Political legitimacy can be based on various factors legality due process and equality before the law as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax signed by 28 000 citizens was submitted to the City Council This right to submit so called people s initiatives was inscribed in the Local Government Act which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5 of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum 178 A second petition for a referendum signed by 57 000 citizens was submitted to the local government in February 2013 This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper Goteborgs Tidningen whose editor in chief argued that the paper s involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax as well as out of concern for the local democracy 179 178 View over Gustav Adolfs torg square named after Gustavus Adolphus the founding father of GothenburgProportion of foreign born EditLargest groups of foreign residents 180 Foreign born Population 2021 Iraq 12 999 Iran 12 902 Somalia 9 756 Syria 8 839 India 7 639 Bosnia 7 151 Poland 5 901 Finland 5 539 Turkey 5 382 China 4 315 Afghanistan 3 685 Germany 3 117 Romania 2 975 Lebanon 2 691 Ethiopia 2 474In 2019 approximately 28 159 342 residents of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46 265 019 residents had at least one parent born abroad 181 In addition approximately 12 69 263 residents were foreign citizens 182 In 2016 45 of Gothenburg s immigrant population is from other parts of Europe and 10 of the total population is from another Nordic country 183 Education EditGothenburg has two universities both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century The University of Gothenburg has about 38 000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia 184 and one of the most versatile in Sweden Chalmers University of Technology is a well known university located in Johanneberg 2 km 1 mi south of the inner city lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Alvstranden Hisingen 185 In 2015 there were ten adult education centres in Gothenburg Agnesbergs folkhogskola Arbetarrorelsens folkhogskola i Goteborg Finska folkhogskolan Folkhogskolan i Angered Goteborgs folkhogskola Kvinnofolkhogskolan Mo Gard folkhogskola S ta Birgittas folkhogskola Vastra Gotalands folkhogskolor and Wendelsbergs folkhogskola 186 In 2015 there were 49 high schools in Gothenburg Some of the more notable schools are Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet Goteborgs Hogre Samskola Sigrid Rudebecks gymnasium and Polhemsgymnasiet Some high schools are also connected to large Swedish corporations such as SKF Technical high school owned by SKF and Gothenburg s technical high school jointly owned by Volvo Volvo Cars and Gothenburg municipality 187 There are two folkhogskola that teach fine arts Domen and Goteborg Folkhogskola Transport Edit The west coast motorway E6 E20 in Gothenburg coming from Malmo In the interchange Olskroksmotet the motorway E20 continue in east direction to Stockholm and E6 continue in north direction to Oslo Public transport Edit Gothenburg s trams With over 80 km 50 mi of double track the Gothenburg tram network covers most of the city and is the largest tram light rail network in Scandinavia Gothenburg also has a bus network Boat and ferry services connect the Gothenburg archipelago to the mainland The lack of a subway is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions 188 The Gothenburg commuter rail with three lines services some nearby cities and towns 189 Public transport on the Gota alv river is operated on the Alvsnabben ferry line operated by Styrsobolaget on a commission from Vasttrafik Rail and intercity bus Edit Platforms at Akareplatsen bus station Other major transportation hubs are Centralstationen Gothenburg Central Station and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen via Malmo 190 Air Edit GOT GSEclass notpageimage Map showing the locations of airports around Gothenburg Gothenburg is served by Goteborg Landvetter Airport IATA GOT ICAO ESGG located about 20 km 12 mi east of the city centre It is named after nearby locality Landvetter Flygbussarna offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20 30 minutes Swebus Flixbus and Nettbuss also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg Boras and other destinations along European route E4 Vasttrafik the local public transport provider in the area offers additional connections to Landvetter 191 The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operator Swedavia and with 6 8 million passengers served in 2017 it is Sweden s second largest airport after Stockholm Arlanda 192 It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines e g Scandinavian Airlines Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair Goteborg Landvetter however does not serve as a hub for any airline In total there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg most of them European An additional 40 destinations are served via charter 193 The second airport in the area Goteborg City Airport IATA GSE ICAO ESGP is closed On 13 January 2015 Swedish airport operator Swedavia announced that Goteborg City Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014 citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high at 250 million kronor 31 million Commercial operations will be gradually wound down 194 The airport was located 10 km 6 mi northwest of the city centre It was formerly known as Save Flygplats It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality In addition to commercial airlines the airport was also operated by a number of rescue services including the Swedish Coast Guard and was used for other general aviation 195 Most civil air traffic to Goteborg City Airport was via low cost airlines such as Ryanair and Wizz Air Those companies have now been relocated to Landvetter Airport 196 Sea Edit Gothenburg harbour seen from the Alvsborg bridge seen to the left is the ship HSS Stena Carisma and to the right MS Stena Scandinavica 1983 The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg Frederikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg Kiel in Germany 197 The England ferry Englandsfarjan to Newcastle via Kristiansand run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways ceased at the end of October 2006 198 after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century 199 DFDS Seaways sister company DFDS Tor Line continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port 200 Freight Edit Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36 9 million tonnes per year in 2004 201 Notable people EditMain article List of people from Gothenburg Kal and Ada at Liseberg Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional but have become synonymous with people from Gothenburg They are a working class couple called Kal and Ada featured in Gothenburg jokes goteborgsvitsar songs plays and names of events 202 203 Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of Kal and Ada 204 A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist was placed outside the entrance to Liseberg in 1995 205 Some of the noted people from Gothenburg are Academy Award Winning actress Alicia Vikander footballer Gunnar Gren artist Evert Taube golfer Helen Alfredsson industrialist Victor Hasselblad singer songwriter Bjorn Ulvaeus diplomat Jan Eliasson British Open Winner and professional golfer Henrik Stenson Miss Sweden 1966 and Miss Universe 1966 s winner Margareta Arvidsson heavy metal band In Flames YouTuber PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg for many years the most subscribed to individual on the platform with over 100 million subscribers 206 and YouTuber RoomieOfficial Joel Berghult International rankings EditGothenburg has performed well in international rankings some of which are mentioned below The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg 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Europe Goteborg Archived 25 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed on 15 May 2014 Wong Rachel 24 April 2020 Gothenburg axes twin city agreement with Shanghai as Sweden closes all Confucius Institutes Hong Kong Free Press HKFP Archived from the original on 4 July 2021 Retrieved 21 November 2021 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goteborg Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gothenburg Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Gothenburg Goteborg se Official site for city of Gothenburg in Swedish Goteborg se english Official web page for short English description of the content in city of Gothenburg site International Goteborg se Official international site for city of Gothenburg Goteborg travel guide from Wikivoyage Goteborg com Gothenburg tourism portal VisitSweden VisitSweden s profile of Gothenburg Virtual Tour Panoramas of Goteborg Preceded byBerlin Germany 1995 World Gymnaestrada host city1999 Succeeded byLisbon Portugal 2003 KML file edit help w sv Wikipedia KML GoteborgKML is from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gothenburg amp oldid 1140642606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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