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Culture of Russia

January 07, 2023

Russian culture (Russian: Культура России, romanized: Kul'tura Rossii) has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence.[1] Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European thought.[2][3] The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,[4] ballet,[5] sport,[6] painting,[7] and cinema.[8] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration.[9][10]

"Scarlet Sails" celebration in Saint Petersburg (Watch on YouTube)

History

Main article: History of Russia

Language and literature

Main article: Russian language
 
The Ostromir Gospels, the second oldest East Slavic book known; 1056 AD; Russian National Library (Saint Petersburg)
 
Page of a Russian illuminated manuscript; 1485–1490

Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.[11] According to the 2002 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.[12] Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian.[13] Despite its wide dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.[14] Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.[15]

Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. Russian is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledge—60–70% of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages.[16] The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[citation needed]

Folklore

Main articles: Slavic mythology and Russian folklore

Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs, which is nowadays still represented in the Russian folklore. Epic Russian bylinas are also an important part of Slavic mythology. The oldest bylinas of Kievan cycle were recorded in the Russian North, especially in Karelia, where most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was recorded as well.[citation needed]

Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for Russian animations, or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko (Ilya Muromets, Sadko) and Aleksandr Rou (Morozko, Vasilisa the Beautiful). Some Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov, created a number of well-known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin, also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular.[citation needed]

Folklorists today consider the 1920s the Soviet Union's golden age of folklore. The struggling new government, which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation's backwards economy, could not be bothered with attempting to control literature, so studies of folklore thrived. There were two primary trends of folklore study during the decade: the formalist and Finnish schools. Formalism focused on the artistic form of ancient byliny and faerie tales, specifically their use of distinctive structures and poetic devices.[17] The Finnish school was concerned with connections amongst related legends of various Eastern European regions. Finnish scholars collected comparable tales from multiple locales and analyzed their similarities and differences, hoping to trace these epic stories' migration paths.[18]

 
Emblem of the Ministry of Culture of Russia. The image of the crowned double eagle and the central crown which is connected with the other two crowns is often used as a pictorial example of Russia's cultural nature. One crowned head looks to Europe and reflects the Western European element in Russian culture, the other looks to Asia and symbolizes the Asian Oriental element in Russia. Both are connected to a big third crown. Russian culture is connected with European and Asian cultures and was influenced by both.[19]

Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five-year plan into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy. They saw it as a reminder of the backward Russian society that the Bolsheviks were working to surpass.[20] To keep folklore studies in check and prevent "inappropriate" ideas from spreading amongst the masses, the government created the RAPP – the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers. The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children's literature, believing that fantasies and "bourgeois nonsense" harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens. Fairy tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science.[21] RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the Union of Soviet Writers in 1932.[citation needed]

In order to continue researching and analyzing folklore, intellectuals needed to justify its worth to the Communist regime. Otherwise, collections of folklore, along with all other literature deemed useless for the purposes of Stalin's Five Year Plan, would be an unacceptable realm of study. In 1934, Maksim Gorky gave a speech to the Union of Soviet Writers arguing that folklore could, in fact, be consciously used to promote Communist values. Apart from expounding on the artistic value of folklore, he stressed that traditional legends and fairy tales showed ideal, community-oriented characters, which exemplified the model Soviet citizen.[22] Folklore, with many of its conflicts based on the struggles of a labor-oriented lifestyle, was relevant to Communism as it could not have existed without the direct contribution of the working classes.[23] Also, Gorky explained that folklore characters expressed high levels of optimism, and therefore could encourage readers to maintain a positive mindset, especially as their lives changed with the further development of Communism.[18]

Yuri Sokolov, the head of the folklore section of the Union of Soviet Writers also promoted the study of folklore by arguing that folklore had originally been the oral tradition of the working people, and consequently could be used to motivate and inspire collective projects amongst the present-day proletariat.[24] Characters throughout traditional Russian folktales often found themselves on a journey of self-discovery, a process that led them to value themselves not as individuals, but rather as a necessary part of a common whole. The attitudes of such legendary characters paralleled the mindset that the Soviet government wished to instill in its citizens.[25] He also pointed out the existence of many tales that showed members of the working class outsmarting their cruel masters, again working to prove folklore's value to Soviet ideology and the nation's society at large.[26] Convinced by Gorky and Sokolov's arguments, the Soviet government and the Union of Soviet Writers began collecting and evaluating folklore from across the country. The Union handpicked and recorded particular stories that, in their eyes, sufficiently promoted the collectivist spirit and showed the Soviet regime's benefits and progress. It then proceeded to redistribute copies of approved stories throughout the population. Meanwhile, local folklore centers arose in all major cities.[27] Responsible for advocating a sense of Soviet nationalism, these organizations ensured that the media published appropriate versions of Russian folktales in a systematic fashion.[18]

Apart from circulating government-approved fairy tales and byliny that already existed, during Stalin's rule authors parroting appropriate Soviet ideologies wrote Communist folktales and introduced them to the population. These contemporary folktales combined the structures and motifs of the old byliny with contemporary life in the Soviet Union. Called noviny, these new tales were considered the renaissance of the Russian epic.[28] Folklorists were called upon to teach modern folksingers the conventional style and structure of the traditional byliny. They also explained to the performers the appropriate types of Communist ideology that should be represented in the new stories and songs[29] As the performers of the day were often poorly educated, they needed to obtain a thorough understanding of Marxist ideology before they could be expected to impart folktales to the public in a manner that suited the Soviet government. Besides undergoing extensive education, many folk performers traveled throughout the nation in order to gain insight into the lives of the working class, and thus communicate their stories more effectively.[30] Due to their crucial role in spreading Communist ideals throughout the Soviet Union, eventually some of these performers became highly valued members of Soviet society. A number of them, despite their illiteracy, were even elected as members of the Union of Soviet Writers.[31]

These new Soviet fairy tales and folk songs primarily focused on the contrasts between a miserable life in old tsarist Russia and an improved one under Stalin's leadership.[32] Their characters represented identities for which Soviet citizens should strive, exemplifying the traits of the "New Soviet Man".[33] The heroes of Soviet tales were meant to portray a transformed and improved version of the average citizen, giving the reader a clear goal for an ideal community-oriented self that the future he or she was meant to become. These new folktales replaced magic with technology, and supernatural forces with Stalin.[34] Instead of receiving essential advice from a mythical being, the protagonist would be given advice from omniscient Stalin. If the character followed Stalin's divine advice, he could be assured success in all his endeavors and a complete transformation into the "New Soviet Man".[35] The villains of these contemporary fairy tales were the Whites and their leader Idolisce, "the most monstrous idol", who was the equivalent of the tsar. Descriptions of the Whites in noviny mirrored those of the Tartars in byliny.[36] In these new stories, the Whites were incompetent, stagnant capitalists, while the Soviet citizens became invincible heroes.[37]

Once Stalin died in March 1953, folklorists of the period quickly abandoned the new folktales. Written by individual authors and performers, noviny did not come from the oral traditions of the working class. Consequently, today they are considered pseudo-folklore, rather than genuine Soviet (or Russian) folklore.[38] Without any true connection to the masses, there was no reason noviny should be considered anything other than contemporary literature. Specialists decided that attempts to represent contemporary life through the structure and artistry of the ancient epics could not be considered genuine folklore.[39] Stalin's name has been omitted from the few surviving pseudo-folktales of the period.[38] Instead of considering folklore under Stalin a renaissance of the traditional Russian epic, today it is generally regarded as a period of restraint and falsehood.[citation needed]

Literature

Main articles: Russian literature, Russian philosophy, Russian poets, Russian playwrights, Russian novelists, and Russian science fiction and fantasy

Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.[40] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed.[41] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin.[42] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.[43] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore.[44] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet.[42]

The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol.[45] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels.[46] Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. Ivan Goncharov is remembered mainly for his novel Oblomov.[47] Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire,[48] while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction.[49] In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.[50] Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,[51] non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,[52] and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky.[53][54] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,[55] Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely.[42]

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. In the 1930s, Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style.[56] Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.[57] Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[58] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers.[59] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.[60]

Pushkin
(1799–1837) 		Lermontov
(1814–1841) 		Turgenev
(1818–1883) 		Dostoevsky
(1821–1881) 		Tolstoy
(1828–1910) 		Chekhov
(1860–1904) 		Bulgakov
(1891–1940) 		Akhmatova
(1889–1966)
               

Philosophy

Main article: List of Russian philosophers

Some Russian writers, like Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, are known also as philosophers, while many more authors are known primarily for their philosophical works. Russian philosophy blossomed since the 19th century, when it was defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers, advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles, insisting on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group includes Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev, the early founders of eurasianism.[citation needed]

In its further developments, Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; cosmos and religion were other primary subjects. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyov, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, Vladimir Lossky and Vladimir Vernadsky. In the 20th century Russian philosophy became dominated by Marxism.[citation needed]

Bakunin
(1814–1876) 		Blavatsky
(1831–1891) 		Kropotkin
(1842–1921) 		Solovyov
(1853–1900) 		Shestov
(1866–1938) 		Berdyaev
(1874–1948) 		Roerich
(1874–1947)
             

Humour

Main articles: Russian humour, Russian jokes, and Chastushka

Russia owes much of its wit to the great flexibility and richness of the Russian language, allowing for puns and unexpected associations. As with any other nation, its vast scope ranges from lewd jokes and silly word play to political satire.[citation needed]

Russian jokes, the most popular form of Russian humour, are short fictional stories or dialogues with a punch line. Russian joke culture features a series of categories with fixed and highly familiar settings and characters. Surprising effects are achieved by an endless variety of plots. Russians love jokes on topics found everywhere in the world, be it politics, spouse relations, or mothers-in-law.[citation needed]

Chastushka, a type of traditional Russian poetry, is a single quatrain in trochaic tetrameter with an "abab" or "abcb" rhyme scheme. Usually humorous, satirical, or ironic in nature, chastushkas are often put to music as well, usually with balalaika or accordion accompaniment. The rigid, short structure (and to a lesser degree, the type of humor these use) parallels limericks. The name originates from the Russian word части́ть, meaning "to speak fast".[citation needed]

Visual arts

Russian visual artworks are similar in style with the ones from other eastern Slavic countries like Ukraine or Belarus.[citation needed]

As early as the 12th and 13th centuries Russia had its national masters who were free of all foreign influence, i. e. that of the Greeks on the one hand, and on the other hand that of the Lombard master-masons called in Andrei Georgievich to build the Uspensky (Assumption) Cathedral in the city of Vladimir. Russia's relations with the Greek world were hampered by the Mongol invasion, and it is to the isolation arising from this that we must attribute the originality of Slavo-Russian ornamentation, which has a character of its own, quite unlike the Byzantine style and the Romanesque.[citation needed]

Architecture

Main articles: Russian architecture and List of Russian architects

The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'.[61] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine Empire.[62] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia.[63] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.[64] In the 17th-century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s.[citation needed]

After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed.[65] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture.[66] During Alexander I's rule, Empire style became the de facto architectural style,[67] and Nicholas I opened the gate of Eclecticism to Russia. The second half of the 19th-century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival style. In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend.[68] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were the Art Nouveau, Constructivism,[69] and Socialist Classicism.[70]

Some notable Russian buildings include:

Handicraft

Further information: Matryoshka doll
See also: Russian lacquer art

Matryoshka doll is a Russian nesting doll. A set of Matryoshka dolls consist of a wooden figure which can be pulled apart to reveal another figure of the same sort but somewhat smaller inside. It has in turn another somewhat smaller figure inside, and so on. The number of nested figures is usually six or more. The shape is mostly cylindrical, rounded at the top for the head and tapered towards the bottom, but little else. The dolls have no extremities, (except those that are painted). The true artistry is in the painting of each doll, which can be extremely elaborate. The theme is usually peasant girls in traditional dress, but can be almost anything; for instance, fairy tales or Soviet leaders.[citation needed]

Other forms of Russian handicraft include khokhloma, Dymkovo toy, gzhel, Zhostovo painting, Filimonov toys, pisanka, Pavlovo Posad shawl, Rushnyk, and palekh.[citation needed]

Icon painting

Main article: Russian icons
See also: List of oldest Russian icons
 
Triptych with Christ, the Virgin, and St. John the Evangelist; 1800s; pigment on wood, in cloisonné enamelled insert; overall: 7.9 x 21.9 x 2 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (USA)

Russian icons are typically paintings on wood, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be as large as a table top. Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the krasny ugol, the "red" or "beautiful" corner (see Icon Corner). There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons. In Russian churches, the nave is typically separated from the sanctuary by an iconostasis (Russian ikonostás) a wall of icons. Icon paintings in Russia attempted to help people with their prayers without idolizing the figure in the painting. The most comprehensive collection of Icon art is found at the Tretyakov Gallery.[71]

The use and making of icons entered Kievan Rus' following its conversion to Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 988 AD. As a general rule, these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by usage, some of which had originated in Constantinople. As time passed, the Russians—notably Andrei Rublev and Dionisius—widened the vocabulary of iconic types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere. The personal, improvisatory and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Russia before the seventeenth century, when Simon Ushakov's painting became strongly influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Protestant as well as Catholic Europe.[citation needed]

In the mid-seventeenth century, changes in liturgy and practice instituted by Patriarch Nikon resulted in a split in the Russian Orthodox Church. The traditionalists, the persecuted "Old Ritualists" or "Old Believers", continued the traditional stylization of icons, while the State Church modified its practice. From that time icons began to be painted not only in the traditional stylized and nonrealistic mode, but also in a mixture of Russian stylization and Western European realism, and in a Western European manner very much like that of Catholic religious art of the time. The Stroganov movement and the icons from Nevyansk rank among the last important schools of Russian icon-painting.[citation needed]

Lubok

Main article: Lubok

A lubok (plural Lubki, Cyrillic: Russian: лубо́к, лубо́чная картинка) is a Russian popular print, characterized by simple graphics and narratives derived from literature, religious stories and popular tales. Lubki prints were used as decoration in houses and inns. Early examples from the late 17th and early 18th centuries were woodcuts, then engravings or etchings were typical, and from the mid-19th century lithography. They sometimes appeared in series, which might be regarded as predecessors of the modern comic strip. Cheap and simple books, similar to chapbooks,[72] which mostly consisted of pictures, are called lubok literature or (Cyrillic: Russian: лубочная литература). Both pictures and literature are commonly referred to simply as lubki. The Russian word lubok derives from lub – a special type of board that pictures were printed on.[citation needed]

  •  

    Baba Yaga riding a pig and fighting the infernal Crocodile; 17th century

  •  

    The sun, moon, seasons and 12 months in the form of signs of the zodiac; the end of the 17th-early 18th century

  •  

    The Mice are burying the Cat; 18th century

  •  

    Farnos the Red Nose (lubok depicting a pig-riding jester); 18th century

Classical painting

Main articles: Russian visual arts and Russian Academy of Arts

The Russian Academy of Arts was created in 1757 with the aim of giving Russian artists an international role and status. Notable portrait painters from the Academy include Ivan Argunov, Fyodor Rokotov, Dmitry Levitzky, and Vladimir Borovikovsky.[citation needed]

In the early 19th century, when neoclassicism and romantism flourished, famous academic artists focused on mythological and Biblical themes, like Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov.[citation needed]

Realist painting

Main articles: Peredvizhniki and Russian artists

Realism came into dominance in the 19th century. The realists captured Russian identity in landscapes of wide rivers, forests, and birch clearings, as well as vigorous genre scenes and robust portraits of their contemporaries. Other artists focused on social criticism, showing the conditions of the poor and caricaturing authority; critical realism flourished under the reign of Alexander II, with some artists making the circle of human suffering their main theme. Others focused on depicting dramatic moments in Russian history. The Peredvizhniki (wanderers) group of artists broke with Russian Academy and initiated a school of art liberated from Academic restrictions. Leading realists include Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Polenov, Isaac Levitan, Vasily Surikov, Viktor Vasnetsov and Ilya Repin.[citation needed]

By the turn of the 20th century and on, many Russian artists developed their own unique styles, neither realist nor avant-garde. These include Boris Kustodiev, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. Many works by the Peredvizhniki group of artists have been highly sought after by collectors in recent years. Russian art auctions during Russian Art Week in London have increased in demand and works have been sold for record breaking prices.[citation needed]

Russian avant-garde

Main articles: Russian avant-garde, List of Russian artists, and Russian Futurism

The Russian avant-garde is an umbrella term used to define the large, influential wave of modernist art that flourished in Russia from approximately 1890 to 1930. The term covers many separate, but inextricably related, art movements that occurred at the time; namely neo-primitivism, suprematism, constructivism, rayonism, and futurism. Notable artists from this era include El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Vladimir Tatlin, Alexander Rodchenko, Pavel Filonov and Marc Chagall. The Russian avant-garde reached its creative and popular height in the period between the Russian Revolution of 1917 and 1932, at which point the revolutionary ideas of the avant-garde clashed with the newly emerged conservative direction of socialist realism.[citation needed]

In the 20th century many Russian artists made their careers in Western Europe, forced to emigrate by the Revolution. Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Naum Gabo and others spread their work, ideas, and the impact of Russian art globally.[citation needed]

Soviet art

Main articles: Soviet art and List of Russian artists

During the Russian Revolution a movement was initiated to put all arts to service of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The instrument for this was created just days before the October Revolution, known as Proletkult, an abbreviation for "Proletarskie kulturno-prosvetitelnye organizatsii" (Proletarian Cultural and Enlightenment Organizations). A prominent theorist of this movement was Alexander Bogdanov. Initially, Narkompros (ministry of education), which was also in charge of the arts, supported Proletkult. Although Marxist in character, the Proletkult gained the disfavor of many party leaders, and by 1922 it had declined considerably. It was eventually disbanded by Stalin in 1932. De facto restrictions on what artists could paint were abandoned by the late 1980s.[citation needed]

However, in the late Soviet era many artists combined innovation with socialist realism including Ernst Neizvestny, Ilya Kabakov, Mikhail Shemyakin, Igor Novikov, Erik Bulatov, and Vera Mukhina. They employed techniques as varied as primitivism, hyperrealism, grotesque, and abstraction. Soviet artists produced works that were furiously patriotic and anti-fascist in the 1940s. After the Great Patriotic War Soviet sculptors made multiple monuments to the war dead, marked by a great restrained solemnity.[citation needed]

Performance arts

Russian folk music

Main article: Russian folk music

Russians have distinctive traditions of folk music. Typical ethnic Russian musical instruments are gusli, balalaika, zhaleika, balalaika contrabass, bayan accordion, Gypsy guitar and garmoshka. Folk music had great influence on the Russian classical composers, and in modern times it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands, most prominent being Golden Ring, Ural's Nation Choir, Lyudmila Zykina. Russian folk songs, as well as patriotic songs of the Soviet era, constitute the bulk of repertoire of the world-renowned Red Army choir and other popular Russian ensembles.[citation needed]

Russian folk dance

Main article: Russian folk dances

Russian folk dance (Russian: Русский Народный Танец ) can generally be broken up into two main types of dances Khorovod (Russian: Хоровод), a circular game type dance where the participants hold hands, sing, and the action generally happens in the middle of circle, and Plyaska (Russian: Пляска or Плясовый), a circular dance for men and women that increases in diversity and tempo, according to Bob Renfield, considered to be the preeminent scholar on the topic. Other forms of Russian Folk Dance include Pereplyas (Russian: Перепляс), an all-male competitive dance, Mass Dance (Russian: Массовый пляс), an unpaired stage dance without restrictions on age or number of participants, Group Dance (Russian: Групповая пляска) a type of mass dance employs simple round-dance passages, and improvisation, and types of Quadrilles (Russian: Кадриль), originally a French dance brought to Russia in the 18th century.[73]

 
Squat dance by Russian dancer

Ethnic Russian dances include khorovod (Russian: Хоровод), barynya (Russian: Барыня), kamarinskaya (Russian: Камаринская), kazachok (Russian: Казачок) and chechotka (Russian: Чечётка) (a tap dance in bast shoes and with a bayan).[74] Troika (Russian: Тройка) A dance with one man and two women, named after the traditional Russian carriage which is led by three horses. Bear Dance or dancing with bears (Russian: Танец С Медведем) Dates back to 907 when Great Russian Prince Oleg, in celebration of his victory over the Greeks in Kiev, had as entertainment, 16 male dancers dress as bears and four bears dress as dancers .[75][76] Dances with dancers dressed as bears are a recurring theme, as seen a recording of the Omsk Russian Folk Chorus.[77] One of the main characteristics of Russian furious dances is the Russian squat dance elements.[78][79]

Classical music

Main articles: Music of Russia and List of Russian composers

Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.[80] In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein.[80] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music.[81] World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Georgy Sviridov and Alfred Schnittke.[80]

Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[82][83] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[84] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[85] Sviatoslav Richter,[86] and Emil Gilels,[87] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya.[88]

Glinka
(1804–1857) 		Mussorgsky
(1839–1881) 		Tchaikovsky
(1840–1893) 		Rimsky-Korsakov
(1844–1908) 		Rachmaninoff
(1873–1943) 		Stravinsky
(1882–1971) 		Prokofiev
(1891–1953) 		Shostakovich
(1906–1975)
               

Ballet

Main articles: Russian ballet and List of Russian ballet dancers

The original purpose of the ballet in Russia was to entertain the imperial court. The first ballet company was the Imperial School of Ballet in St. Petersburg in the 1740s. The Ballets Russes was a ballet company founded in the 1909 by Sergey Diaghilev, an enormously important figure in the Russian ballet scene. Diaghilev and his Ballets Russes' travels abroad profoundly influenced the development of dance worldwide.[89] The headquarters of his ballet company was located in Paris, France. A protégé of Diaghilev, George Balanchine, founded the New York City Ballet Company in 1948.[citation needed]

During the early 20th century, Russian ballet dancers Anna Pavlova and Vaslav Nijinsky rose to fame. Soviet ballet preserved the perfected 19th century traditions,[90] and the Soviet Union's choreography schools produced one internationally famous star after another, including Maya Plisetskaya, Rudolf Nureyev, and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow and the Mariinsky in Saint Petersburg remain famous throughout the world. ballet from then on spead world wide.[91]

Opera

Main articles: Russian opera and List of Russian opera singers

The first known opera made in Russia was A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka in 1836. This was followed by several operas such as Ruslan and Lyudmila in 1842. Russian opera was originally a combination of Russian folk music and Italian opera. After the October revolution many opera composers left Russia. Russia's most popular operas include Boris Godunov, Eugene Onegin, The Golden Cockerel, Prince Igor, and The Queen of Spades.[citation needed]

Modern music

Main articles: Russian rock and Russian pop
 
Little Big is a famous rave band in Russia.

During the Soviet times, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeers—Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[92] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva.[93] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.[92] The Ganelin Trio have been described by critics as the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in continental Europe.[94] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[95] DDT,[96] and Kino.[97] Pop music in Russia has continued to flourish since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u.[98] In the recent times, Little Big, a rave band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe.[99] Other modern music can be found in the media, such as Youtube. For example, the song "Moscow, Moscow," is extremely popular among memes and other means of entertainment.


Cinema

Main articles: Cinema of Russia and Cinema of the Soviet Union
 
Poster of Battleship Potemkin (1925) by Sergei Eisenstein, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958.[100]

Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin.[101] Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.[102][103] Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography.[104] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.[105] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier.[citation needed]

The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.[106][107] In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union.[108] In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space.[109] In 2002, Russian Ark was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take.[110] Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.[111]

Animation

Main article: Russian animation

Russia also has a long and rich tradition of animation, which started already in the late Russian Empire times. Most of Russia's cartoon production for cinema and television was created during Soviet times, when Soyuzmultfilm studio was the largest animation producer. Soviet animators developed a great and unmatched variety of pioneering techniques and aesthetic styles, with prominent directors including Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Fyodor Khitruk and Aleksandr Tatarskiy. Soviet cartoons are still a source for many popular catch phrases, while such cartoon heroes as Russian-style Winnie-the-Pooh, cute little Cheburashka, Wolf and Hare from Nu, Pogodi! being iconic images in Russia and many surrounding countries. The traditions of Soviet animation were developed in the past decade by such directors as Aleksandr Petrov and studios like Melnitsa, along with Ivan Maximov.[citation needed]

Science and technology

Radio and TV

See also: Telecommunications in Russia
 
Logo of the state-owned TV channel Russia-1

Russia has almost 37 thousand media outlets, over 35 thousand newspapers,[112] and 12 thousand magazines.[113] The largest internationally operating news agencies in Russia are TASS, RIA Novosti, and Interfax.[114] Television is the most popular media in Russia, as 99% of the Russian population receives at least one television channel,[112] and roughly 60% of Russians watch television on a daily basis.[115] The most watched TV channels in Russia include the state-owned Russia-1, Channel One Russia, NTV, REN TV, and Russia Today.[113] Popular nationwide radio stations in Russia include Radio Rossii, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, Radio Yunost, and Russkoye Radio.[113]

Internet

Main article: Internet in Russia
 
Runet Prize ceremony

Originating from Russian scientific community and telecommunication industries, a specific Russian culture of using the Internet has been established since the early 1990s. In the second half of the 1990s, the term Runet was coined to call the segment of Internet written or understood in the Russian language. Whereas the Internet "has no boundaries", "Russian Internet" (online communications in the Russian language) can not be localized solely to the users residing in the Russian Federation as it includes Russian-speaking people from all around the world. This segment includes millions of users in other ex-USSR countries, Israel and others abroad diasporas.[116]

With the introduction of the Web, many social and cultural events found reflections within the Russian Internet society. Various online communities formed, and the most popular one grew out of the Russian-speaking users of the California-based blogging platform LiveJournal (which was completely bought out in December 2007 by Russian firm SUP Fabrik).[117] In January 2008 a LiveJournal blog of the "3rd statesman" Sergey Mironov had appeared and he was shortly followed by the new President Dmitry Medvedev who opened a personal video blog which was later also expanded with a LiveJournal version.[citation needed]

As of late, there are scores of websites offering Russian language content including mass media, e-commerce, search engines and so on. Particularly notorious are the "Russian Hackers".[118] Russian web design studios, software and web-hosting enterprises offer a variety of services, and the results form a sort of national digital culture. E-commerce giants such as Google and Microsoft have their Russian branches. In September 2007, the national domain .ru passed the milestone of a million domain names.[119] By the end of the 2000s, VKontakte social network became the most populated in the Runet.[citation needed]

Science and innovation

Main article: Science and technology in Russia
See also: Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records, List of Russian scientists, and List of Russian inventors

Russia's research and development budget is the world's ninth-highest, with an expenditure of approximately 422 billion rubles on domestic research and development.[120] In 2019, Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications.[121] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021.[122] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to twenty-six Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace.[123]

Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology.[124] Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky, who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry, and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential.[125] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry.[126] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century.[127] Nine Soviet/Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincaré conjecture in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he infamously declined.[128][129]

Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[130] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser.[131] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.[132] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes.[133] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology.[134] Élie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology.[135] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning.[136] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.[137]

Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants.[138] Trofim Lysenko was known mainly for Lysenkoism.[139] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were émigrés. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer.[140] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems.[141] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.[142] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory.[143] Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia for a long period, such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel.[144][145]

Lomonosov
(1711–1765) 		Lobachevsky
(1792–1856) 		Mendeleev
(1837–1906) 		Yablochkov
(1847–1894) 		Pavlov
(1849–1936) 		Kovalevskaya
(1850–1891) 		Korolyov
(1907–1966) 		Sakharov
(1921–1989)
               

Space exploration

 
Mir, Soviet and Russian space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001.[146]

Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.[147]: 6–7, 333 

In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6.[148] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2.[149]

In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2.[150] In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon.[151] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.[152] In 1970, Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus.[153] In 1971, Mars 3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars.[154]: 34–60  During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[155] while Salyut 1 became the world's first space station.[156] Russia had 176 active satellites in space in 2021,[157] the world's third-highest.[158]

Lifestyle

Ethnic dress of Russian people

 
Picture of young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house (ca. 1909 to 1915), taken by Prokudin-Gorskii.

Not only the minorities in Russia but the Russian culture as a whole has in the different regions of the country like in Northwest Russia, Central Russia, Southern Russia, Siberian Russia, Volga Russia, Ural Russia, Far East Russia and the Russian North Caucasus and their Oblasts own local traditions and characteristics which were developed over a long period of time through strong ethno-cultural interactions within the various groups and communities, like Slavs, Tatars and Finno-Ugrics.[159]

Traditional Russian clothes include kaftan, a cloth which Old Russia had in common with similar robes in the Ottoman Empire, Scandinavia and Persia.[160] Kosovorotka, which was over a long time of period a traditional holidays blouse worn by men.[161] Ushanka for men, which design was influenced in 17th century when in central and northern Russia a hat with earflaps called treukh was worn. Sarafan which is connected to the Middle East region and were worn in Central- and Northern regions of Old Russia. In Southern Russia burka and papaha are connected to the Cossacks which, in turn, is culturally connected to the people of the Northern Caucaus. Kokoshnik for women was primarily worn in the northern regions of Russia in the 16th to 19th centuries. Lapti and similar shoes were mostly worn by poorer members in Old Russia and northern regions where Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric people lived. Valenki are traditional Russian shoes from 18th century designs which originally originated in the Great steppe, from Asian nomads.[citation needed] Russian traditional cloths and its elements still have a high priority in today's Russia, especially in pagan Slavic communities, folk festivals, Cossack communities, in modern fashion and Russian music ensembles.[citation needed]

Cuisine

See also: Russian cuisine
 
Kvass is an ancient and traditional Russian beverage.

Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks.[162] Bread, of many varieties,[163] is very popular across Russia.[164] Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads.[165][166] Pirozhki, blini, and syrniki are native types of pancakes. Beef Stroganoff, Chicken Kiev, pelmeni,[167] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes.[168] Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat.[169] Salads include Olivier salad,[170] vinegret,[171] and dressed herring.[172]

Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[173] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka, which was created in the nation in the 14th century.[174] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[175] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage.[176] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.[177] Tea has also been a historically popular beverage in Russia.[178]

Traditions

Main article: Russian traditions and superstitions

Holidays

Main article: Public holidays in Russia
 
The Scarlet Sails being celebrated along the Neva in Saint Petersburg

Russia has eight, diverse—public, patriotic, and religious—official holidays.[179] The year starts with New Year's Day on January 1, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on January 7; the two are the country's most popular holidays.[180] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on February 23;[181] International Women's Day, dedicated to women, on March 8;[182] and Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers; on May 1.[183]

Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow's Red Square;[184] and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event.[185] Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on June 12, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;[186] and Unity Day on November 4, commemorating the uprising which marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow.[187]

Popular non-public holidays include Old New Year on 14 January;[188] Tatiana Day on 25 January, dedicated to students;[189] Maslenitsa, an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday;[190] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space;[191] Kupala Night on 6–7 July, a traditional Slavic holiday;[192] and Peter and Fevronia Day. Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday.[193] The Scarlet Sails is a famous public event held annually during the White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg.[194]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism are Russia's traditional religions, deemed part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.[195] Estimates of believers widely fluctuate among sources, and some reports put the number of non-believers in Russia as high as 48-67% of the population.[196] Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia.[197] 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.[198] However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis. Nonetheless, the church is widely respected by both believers and nonbelievers, who see it as a symbol of Russian heritage and culture.[199] Smaller Christian denominations such as Roman Catholics, Armenian Gregorians, and various Protestants exist.

 
Kulich is a popular variant of Russian Easter breads called Paska

The ancestors of many of today's Russians adopted Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century.[199] The 2007 International Religious Freedom Report published by the US Department of State said that approximately 100 million citizens consider themselves Russian Orthodox Christians.[200] According to a poll by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center, 63% of respondents considered themselves Russian Orthodox, 6% of respondents considered themselves Muslim and less than 1% considered themselves either Buddhist, Catholic, Protestant or Jewish. Another 12% said they believe in God, but did not practice any religion, and 16% said they are non-believers.[201]

Cossack culture in Russia

 
Volga cossack in 1774. The picture is made before 1841. (Watch Russian Cossacks singing famous Russian folk song Oy, to ne vecher on YouTube)

The steppe culture of the Russian Cossacks originated from nomadic steppe people which merged with Eastern Slavic people groups into large communities. The early Cossack communities emerged in the 14th century, the first, among others, were the Don Cossacks. Other Cossack communities that have played an important role in Russia's history and culture are the Ural Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Volga Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Transbaikal Cossacks, Amur Cossacks, Ussuri Cossacks. Cossacks defended the Russian borders and expanded Russia's territory. The regions of the large Cossack communities enjoyed many freedoms in Tsarist Russia. The culture of the Cossacks became an important part of Russian culture, many Russian songs and various elements in dances and Russia's culture in general were much shaped by the Cossack communities.[202]

Russian forest culture

The forest plays a very important role in Russia's culture and history. The forest had a great influence on the characteristics of Russian people and their cultural creations. Many myths of Russian culture are closely intertwined with the forest. Various of the early Slavic and other tribes built their houses out of wood so that the forest influenced the style of Russian architecture significantly. The handcraft Hohloma which originated in the Volga region is made out of wood and depicts numerous plants of the forest, like the berry Viburnum opulus (Russian: Калина, Kalina), flowers and leaves. Many Russian fairy tales play in the forest and fictional characters like Baba Yaga are strongly connected to Russian wood culture. The forest is also an important subject of many Russian folk songs.[203][204][205]

More elements of Russian society and culture

Russian walking culture

Strolling or walking (Russian: гулять, gulyat') is very common in the Russian society. In contrast to many western countries strolling is very common among young people in Russia. Young people often arrange just to go for a walk.[206][207] Besides the verb, the experience itself, which describes the time span of the walk, is called progulka (Russian: прогулка).[208] Walking is so important in Russian culture that gulyat' is also a synonym for "to party".[209][210][self-published source?]

Mushroom hunting and berry picking

Activities in the forest where people pick mushrooms and berries are very common in Russia. Mushrooms (Russian: грибы, griby) have been an important part of Russian folk culture at least since the 10th century and an essential part of Russian meals. There are more than 200 kinds of edible mushrooms in Russia. Mushrooms were always considered magical and so they play a prominent role in Russian fairy tales. The ability to identify and prepare edible mushrooms is often passed on from generation to generation. The mushroom hunting tradition is especially common in Slavic-speaking and Baltic countries. The berry (Russian: ягода, yagoda) also plays an important role in Russian folk culture and is often part of Russian craftsmanship, folk songs and national costumes. The cranberry was known in Europe for centuries as the "Russian berry". To pick mushrooms and berries in forests is a kind of meditation in Russia.[211][212][213][214][215]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Russia
 
Maria Sharapova, former world No. 1 tennis player; and the world's highest-paid female athlete for 11 consecutive years.[216]

Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games,[217] ranking second in an all-time Olympic Games medal count.[218] Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronized swimming is considered to be the world's best.[219] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing.[220] Russia has produced a number of famous tennis players.[221] Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.[222] The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,[223] and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi.[224][225]

Basketball

As the Soviet Union, Russia was traditionally very strong in basketball, winning Olympic tournaments, World Championships and Eurobasket. As of 2009 they have various players in the NBA, notably Utah Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko, and are considered as a worldwide basketball force. In 2007, Russia defeated world champions Spain to win Eurobasket 2007. Russian basketball clubs such as PBC CSKA Moscow (numerous Euroleague Champions) have also had great success in European competitions such as the Euroleague and the ULEB Cup.[citation needed]

Ice hockey

Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era, the national team soon dominated the sport internationally, winning gold at seven of the nine Olympics and 19 of the 30 World Championships they contested between 1954 and 1991. Russian players Valeri Kharlamov, Sergei Makarov, Viacheslav Fetisov and Vladislav Tretiak hold four of the six positions on the IIHF Team of the Century.[226] As with some other sports, the Russian ice hockey programme suffered after the breakup of the Soviet Union, with Russia enduring a 15-year gold medal drought. At that time many prominent Russian players made their careers in the National Hockey League (NHL). In recent years Russia has reemerged as a hockey power, winning back to back gold medals in the 2008 and 2009 World Championships, and overtaking Team Canada as the top ranked ice hockey team in the world, but then lost to Canada in the quarter-finals of the 2010 Olympics and 2010 World Junior Championship.[227] The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) was founded in 2008 as a rival of the NHL.[citation needed]

Bandy

Bandy, known in Russian as "hockey with a ball" and sometimes informally as "Russian hockey" (as opposed to "Canadian hockey", an informal name for ice hockey), is another traditionally popular ice sport, with national league games averaging around 3,500 spectators.[228] It's considered a national sport.[229] The Soviet Union national bandy team won all the Bandy World Championships from 1957 to 1979. The Russian team is the reigning world champion since the 2014 tournament, having defended the title in 2015.[citation needed]

Football

 
Russian football fans with a gigantic Go Russia! banner, featuring Russian Bear on the background of the Russian flag.

Football is the most popular sport in Russia.[230] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[231] and reached the finals of Euro 1988.[232] In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008.[233][234] The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008.[235] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[236] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[237]

Martial arts

Main article: Russian martial arts

Russia has an extensive history of martial arts. Some of its best-known forms include the fistfight, Sambo, and Systema with its derivatives Ryabko's Systema and Retuinskih's System ROSS. Undefeated lightweight UFC champion Khabib Nurmagomedov is from Makhachkala and was called by President Vladimir Putin following his victory over Conor McGregor.[citation needed]

National symbols

Main articles: Cultural icons of Russia, Flag of Russia, Coat of arms of Russia, National anthem of Russia, Russian Bear, and Mother Russia

State symbols

State symbols of Russia include the Byzantine double-headed eagle, combined with St. George of Moscow in the Russian coat of arms; these symbols date from the time of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Russian flag appeared in the late Tsardom of Russia period and became widely used during the era of the Russian Empire. The current Russian national anthem shares its music with the Soviet Anthem, though not the lyrics (many Russians of older generations don't know the new lyrics and sing the old ones). The Russian imperial motto God is with us and the Soviet motto Proletarians of all countries, unite! are now obsolete and no new motto has been officially introduced to replace them. The Hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. Soviet Red Stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Soviet Red Banner is still honored, especially the Banner of Victory of 1945.[citation needed]

 
Dissected Matryoshka doll

Unofficial symbols

The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of Russia, while the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow are main Russia's architectural symbols. Cheburashka is a mascot of Russian national Olympic team. Mary, Saint Nicholas, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint Alexander Nevsky, Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Saint Seraphim of Sarov are Russia's patron saints. Chamomile is a flower that Russians often associate with their Motherland, while birch is a national tree. The Russian bear is an animal often associated with Russia, though this image has Western origins and Russians themselves do not consider it as a special symbol. The native Russian national personification is "Родина мать" Mother Motherland (the statue of it located on the Mamay hill "Мамаев курган" in Volgograd /former Stalingrad/), called Mother Russia at the West.[citation needed]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Russia

Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first inner tourism and then international tourism as well. Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The country contains 29 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, while many more are on UNESCO's tentative lists.[238] Major tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like Volga, and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Diverse regions and ethnic cultures of Russia offer many different food and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, like Russian banya, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals.[citation needed]

Cultural tourism

 
Grand Cascade in Peterhof Palace, nicknamed Russian Versailles, a popular tourist destination in Saint Petersburg.

Most popular tourist destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and the former capitals of the country and great cultural centers, recognized as World Cities. Moscow and Saint Petersburg feature such world-renowned museums as Tretyakov Gallery and Hermitage, famous theaters like Bolshoi and Mariinsky, ornate churches like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Saint Isaac's Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood, impressive fortifications like Moscow Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress, beautiful squares like Red Square and Palace Square, and streets like Tverskaya and Nevsky Prospect. Rich palaces and parks of extreme beauty are found in the former imperial residences in suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye, Tsaritsyno) and Saint Petersburg (Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, Gatchina, Pavlovsk Palace, Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow contains a great variety of impressive Soviet-era buildings along with modern skyscrapers, while Saint Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North, boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, channels and bridges.[citation needed]

Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, shows a unique mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia, though a number of other major Russian cities compete for this status, like Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod, all being major cultural centers with rich history and prominent architecture. Veliky Novgorod, Pskov and the cities of Golden Ring (Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and others) have at best preserved the architecture and the spirit of ancient and medieval Rus', and also are among the main tourist destinations. Many old fortifications (typically Kremlins), monasteries and churches are scattered throughout Russia, forming its unique cultural landscape both in big cities and in remote areas.[citation needed]

Resorts and nature tourism

The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi, known for its beaches and wonderful nature. At the same time Sochi can boast a number of major ski resorts, like Krasnaya Polyana; the city is the host of 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain many other popular ski resorts, like Dombay in Karachay–Cherkessia.[citation needed]

The most famous natural tourist destination in Russia is Lake Baikal, named the Blue Eye of Siberia. This unique lake, oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clean waters and is surrounded by taiga-covered mountains.[citation needed]

Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its many lakes and granite rocks, Altai with its snowy mountains and Tyva with its wild steppes.[citation needed]

See also

References

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January 07, 2023
culture, russia, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march, 202. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Culture of Russia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Russian culture Russian Kultura Rossii romanized Kul tura Rossii has been formed by the nation s history its geographical location and its vast expanse religious and social traditions and Western influence 1 Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European thought 2 3 The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music 4 ballet 5 sport 6 painting 7 and cinema 8 The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration 9 10 Saint Basil s Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow Scarlet Sails celebration in Saint Petersburg Watch on YouTube Contents 1 History 2 Language and literature 2 1 Folklore 2 2 Literature 2 3 Philosophy 2 4 Humour 3 Visual arts 3 1 Architecture 3 2 Handicraft 3 3 Icon painting 3 4 Lubok 3 5 Classical painting 3 6 Realist painting 3 7 Russian avant garde 3 8 Soviet art 4 Performance arts 4 1 Russian folk music 4 2 Russian folk dance 4 3 Classical music 4 4 Ballet 4 5 Opera 4 6 Modern music 4 7 Cinema 4 8 Animation 5 Science and technology 5 1 Radio and TV 5 2 Internet 5 3 Science and innovation 5 3 1 Space exploration 6 Lifestyle 6 1 Ethnic dress of Russian people 6 2 Cuisine 6 3 Traditions 6 4 Holidays 6 5 Religion 6 6 Cossack culture in Russia 6 7 Russian forest culture 6 8 More elements of Russian society and culture 7 Sports 7 1 Basketball 7 2 Ice hockey 7 3 Bandy 7 4 Football 7 5 Martial arts 8 National symbols 8 1 State symbols 8 2 Unofficial symbols 9 Tourism 9 1 Cultural tourism 9 2 Resorts and nature tourism 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Russia This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2022 Language and literature EditMain article Russian language The Ostromir Gospels the second oldest East Slavic book known 1056 AD Russian National Library Saint Petersburg Page of a Russian illuminated manuscript 1485 1490 Russia s 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages 11 According to the 2002 census 142 6 million people speak Russian followed by Tatar with 5 3 million and Ukrainian with 1 8 million speakers 12 Russian is the only official state language but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co official next to Russian 13 Despite its wide dispersal the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language 14 Russian belongs to the Indo European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian and possibly Rusyn Written examples of Old East Slavic Old Russian are attested from the 10th century onwards 15 Over a quarter of the world s scientific literature is published in Russian Russian is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledge 60 70 of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages 16 The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations citation needed Folklore Edit Main articles Slavic mythology and Russian folklore Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs which is nowadays still represented in the Russian folklore Epic Russian bylinas are also an important part of Slavic mythology The oldest bylinas of Kievan cycle were recorded in the Russian North especially in Karelia where most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was recorded as well citation needed Buyan by Ivan Bilibin Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for Russian animations or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko Ilya Muromets Sadko and Aleksandr Rou Morozko Vasilisa the Beautiful Some Russian poets including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov created a number of well known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales and in some cases like that of Alexander Pushkin also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular citation needed Folklorists today consider the 1920s the Soviet Union s golden age of folklore The struggling new government which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation s backwards economy could not be bothered with attempting to control literature so studies of folklore thrived There were two primary trends of folklore study during the decade the formalist and Finnish schools Formalism focused on the artistic form of ancient byliny and faerie tales specifically their use of distinctive structures and poetic devices 17 The Finnish school was concerned with connections amongst related legends of various Eastern European regions Finnish scholars collected comparable tales from multiple locales and analyzed their similarities and differences hoping to trace these epic stories migration paths 18 Emblem of the Ministry of Culture of Russia The image of the crowned double eagle and the central crown which is connected with the other two crowns is often used as a pictorial example of Russia s cultural nature One crowned head looks to Europe and reflects the Western European element in Russian culture the other looks to Asia and symbolizes the Asian Oriental element in Russia Both are connected to a big third crown Russian culture is connected with European and Asian cultures and was influenced by both 19 Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five year plan into motion in 1928 the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy They saw it as a reminder of the backward Russian society that the Bolsheviks were working to surpass 20 To keep folklore studies in check and prevent inappropriate ideas from spreading amongst the masses the government created the RAPP the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children s literature believing that fantasies and bourgeois nonsense harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens Fairy tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science 21 RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the Union of Soviet Writers in 1932 citation needed Bogatyrs by Viktor Vasnetsov The three heroes of Russian mythology l r Dobrynya Nikitich Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich In order to continue researching and analyzing folklore intellectuals needed to justify its worth to the Communist regime Otherwise collections of folklore along with all other literature deemed useless for the purposes of Stalin s Five Year Plan would be an unacceptable realm of study In 1934 Maksim Gorky gave a speech to the Union of Soviet Writers arguing that folklore could in fact be consciously used to promote Communist values Apart from expounding on the artistic value of folklore he stressed that traditional legends and fairy tales showed ideal community oriented characters which exemplified the model Soviet citizen 22 Folklore with many of its conflicts based on the struggles of a labor oriented lifestyle was relevant to Communism as it could not have existed without the direct contribution of the working classes 23 Also Gorky explained that folklore characters expressed high levels of optimism and therefore could encourage readers to maintain a positive mindset especially as their lives changed with the further development of Communism 18 Yuri Sokolov the head of the folklore section of the Union of Soviet Writers also promoted the study of folklore by arguing that folklore had originally been the oral tradition of the working people and consequently could be used to motivate and inspire collective projects amongst the present day proletariat 24 Characters throughout traditional Russian folktales often found themselves on a journey of self discovery a process that led them to value themselves not as individuals but rather as a necessary part of a common whole The attitudes of such legendary characters paralleled the mindset that the Soviet government wished to instill in its citizens 25 He also pointed out the existence of many tales that showed members of the working class outsmarting their cruel masters again working to prove folklore s value to Soviet ideology and the nation s society at large 26 Convinced by Gorky and Sokolov s arguments the Soviet government and the Union of Soviet Writers began collecting and evaluating folklore from across the country The Union handpicked and recorded particular stories that in their eyes sufficiently promoted the collectivist spirit and showed the Soviet regime s benefits and progress It then proceeded to redistribute copies of approved stories throughout the population Meanwhile local folklore centers arose in all major cities 27 Responsible for advocating a sense of Soviet nationalism these organizations ensured that the media published appropriate versions of Russian folktales in a systematic fashion 18 Sadko by Ilya Repin Apart from circulating government approved fairy tales and byliny that already existed during Stalin s rule authors parroting appropriate Soviet ideologies wrote Communist folktales and introduced them to the population These contemporary folktales combined the structures and motifs of the old byliny with contemporary life in the Soviet Union Called noviny these new tales were considered the renaissance of the Russian epic 28 Folklorists were called upon to teach modern folksingers the conventional style and structure of the traditional byliny They also explained to the performers the appropriate types of Communist ideology that should be represented in the new stories and songs 29 As the performers of the day were often poorly educated they needed to obtain a thorough understanding of Marxist ideology before they could be expected to impart folktales to the public in a manner that suited the Soviet government Besides undergoing extensive education many folk performers traveled throughout the nation in order to gain insight into the lives of the working class and thus communicate their stories more effectively 30 Due to their crucial role in spreading Communist ideals throughout the Soviet Union eventually some of these performers became highly valued members of Soviet society A number of them despite their illiteracy were even elected as members of the Union of Soviet Writers 31 These new Soviet fairy tales and folk songs primarily focused on the contrasts between a miserable life in old tsarist Russia and an improved one under Stalin s leadership 32 Their characters represented identities for which Soviet citizens should strive exemplifying the traits of the New Soviet Man 33 The heroes of Soviet tales were meant to portray a transformed and improved version of the average citizen giving the reader a clear goal for an ideal community oriented self that the future he or she was meant to become These new folktales replaced magic with technology and supernatural forces with Stalin 34 Instead of receiving essential advice from a mythical being the protagonist would be given advice from omniscient Stalin If the character followed Stalin s divine advice he could be assured success in all his endeavors and a complete transformation into the New Soviet Man 35 The villains of these contemporary fairy tales were the Whites and their leader Idolisce the most monstrous idol who was the equivalent of the tsar Descriptions of the Whites in noviny mirrored those of the Tartars in byliny 36 In these new stories the Whites were incompetent stagnant capitalists while the Soviet citizens became invincible heroes 37 Once Stalin died in March 1953 folklorists of the period quickly abandoned the new folktales Written by individual authors and performers noviny did not come from the oral traditions of the working class Consequently today they are considered pseudo folklore rather than genuine Soviet or Russian folklore 38 Without any true connection to the masses there was no reason noviny should be considered anything other than contemporary literature Specialists decided that attempts to represent contemporary life through the structure and artistry of the ancient epics could not be considered genuine folklore 39 Stalin s name has been omitted from the few surviving pseudo folktales of the period 38 Instead of considering folklore under Stalin a renaissance of the traditional Russian epic today it is generally regarded as a period of restraint and falsehood citation needed Literature Edit Main articles Russian literature Russian philosophy Russian poets Russian playwrights Russian novelists and Russian science fiction and fantasy Russian literature is considered to be among the world s most influential and developed 40 It can be traced to the Middle Ages when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed 41 By the Age of Enlightenment literature had grown in importance with works from Mikhail Lomonosov Denis Fonvizin Gavrila Derzhavin and Nikolay Karamzin 42 From the early 1830s during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry prose and drama 43 Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protege Alexander Pushkin came to the fore 44 Following Pushkin s footsteps a new generation of poets were born including Mikhail Lermontov Nikolay Nekrasov Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet 42 The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol 45 Then came Ivan Turgenev who mastered both short stories and novels 46 Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned Ivan Goncharov is remembered mainly for his novel Oblomov 47 Mikhail Saltykov Shchedrin wrote prose satire 48 while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction 49 In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist 50 Other important 19th century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov 51 non fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky 52 and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky 53 54 The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry This era had poets such as Alexander Blok Anna Akhmatova Boris Pasternak Konstantin Balmont 55 Marina Tsvetaeva Vladimir Mayakovsky and Osip Mandelshtam It also produced some first rate novelists and short story writers such as Aleksandr Kuprin Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin Leonid Andreyev Yevgeny Zamyatin Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely 42 After the Russian Revolution of 1917 Russian literature split into Soviet and white emigre parts In the 1930s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky who laid the foundations of this style 56 Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era 57 Nikolay Ostrovsky s novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature Influential emigre writers include Vladimir Nabokov 58 and Isaac Asimov who was considered one of the Big Three science fiction writers 59 Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology such as Nobel Prize winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn who wrote about life in the Gulag camps 60 Pushkin 1799 1837 Lermontov 1814 1841 Turgenev 1818 1883 Dostoevsky 1821 1881 Tolstoy 1828 1910 Chekhov 1860 1904 Bulgakov 1891 1940 Akhmatova 1889 1966 Philosophy Edit Main article List of Russian philosophers Some Russian writers like Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky are known also as philosophers while many more authors are known primarily for their philosophical works Russian philosophy blossomed since the 19th century when it was defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers advocating Russia s following the Western political and economical models and Slavophiles insisting on developing Russia as a unique civilization The latter group includes Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev the early founders of eurasianism citation needed In its further developments Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity society politics and nationalism cosmos and religion were other primary subjects Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyov Sergei Bulgakov Pavel Florensky Nikolai Berdyaev Vladimir Lossky and Vladimir Vernadsky In the 20th century Russian philosophy became dominated by Marxism citation needed Bakunin 1814 1876 Blavatsky 1831 1891 Kropotkin 1842 1921 Solovyov 1853 1900 Shestov 1866 1938 Berdyaev 1874 1948 Roerich 1874 1947 Humour Edit Main articles Russian humour Russian jokes and Chastushka Russia owes much of its wit to the great flexibility and richness of the Russian language allowing for puns and unexpected associations As with any other nation its vast scope ranges from lewd jokes and silly word play to political satire citation needed Russian jokes the most popular form of Russian humour are short fictional stories or dialogues with a punch line Russian joke culture features a series of categories with fixed and highly familiar settings and characters Surprising effects are achieved by an endless variety of plots Russians love jokes on topics found everywhere in the world be it politics spouse relations or mothers in law citation needed Chastushka a type of traditional Russian poetry is a single quatrain in trochaic tetrameter with an abab or abcb rhyme scheme Usually humorous satirical or ironic in nature chastushkas are often put to music as well usually with balalaika or accordion accompaniment The rigid short structure and to a lesser degree the type of humor these use parallels limericks The name originates from the Russian word chasti t meaning to speak fast citation needed Visual arts EditRussian visual artworks are similar in style with the ones from other eastern Slavic countries like Ukraine or Belarus citation needed As early as the 12th and 13th centuries Russia had its national masters who were free of all foreign influence i e that of the Greeks on the one hand and on the other hand that of the Lombard master masons called in Andrei Georgievich to build the Uspensky Assumption Cathedral in the city of Vladimir Russia s relations with the Greek world were hampered by the Mongol invasion and it is to the isolation arising from this that we must attribute the originality of Slavo Russian ornamentation which has a character of its own quite unlike the Byzantine style and the Romanesque citation needed Kremlin Tower Clock 1913 rhodonite silver enamel emeralds sapphires by House of Faberge Cleveland Museum of Art Russian tea set by Peter Carl Faberge made before 1896 silver gilt and opaque cloisonne enamel Cleveland Museum of Art USA Kovsh wine vessel by Fedor I Ruckert 1896 1906 overall 8 3 x 20 4 x 12 7 cm Cleveland Museum of Art Lilies of the Valley a Faberge egg by Peter Carl Faberge 1898 enamel gold diamonds rubies amp pearls 15 1 cm 5 9 in when is closed Faberge Museum Saint Petersburg Russia Architecture Edit Main articles Russian architecture and List of Russian architects The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs and the church architecture of Kievan Rus 61 Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine Empire 62 Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia 63 The 16th century saw the development of the unique tent like churches and the onion dome design which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture 64 In the 17th century the fiery style of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s citation needed After the reforms of Peter the Great Russia s architecture became influenced by Western European styles The 18th century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century Vasily Bazhenov Matvey Kazakov and Ivan Starov created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed 65 During the reign of Catherine the Great Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture 66 During Alexander I s rule Empire style became the de facto architectural style 67 and Nicholas I opened the gate of Eclecticism to Russia The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Neo Byzantine and Russian Revival style In early 20th century Russian neoclassical revival became a trend 68 Prevalent styles of the late 20th century were the Art Nouveau Constructivism 69 and Socialist Classicism 70 Some notable Russian buildings include Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod Golden Gate Vladimir Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Cathedral of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Archangel Cathedral of the Dormition Church of the Savior on Blood Saint Basil s Cathedral Kazan Kremlin Saint Isaac s Cathedral Kazan Cathedral Peter and Paul Cathedral Sukharev Tower Menshikov Tower Moscow Manege Narva Triumphal Gate Kolomenskoye Peterhof Palace Gatchina Troitse Sergiyeva Lavra Solovetsky Monastery Kunstkamera Russian Museum Catherine Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Winter Palace Simonov Monastery Novodevichy Convent Lenin s Mausoleum Tatlin s Tower Palace of the Soviets Seven Sisters Moscow All Soviet Exhibition Centre Ostankino Tower Triumph Palace White House of Russia Kronstadt Naval Cathedral in Saint Petersburg Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow Dormition Cathedral in Moscow Church of the Intercession on the Nerl in Bogolyubovo Cathedral of St Nicholas in Mozhaysk Saint Isaac s Cathedral from Saint Petersburg Konigsberg Cathedral in Kaliningrad The Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow Church of the Savior on Blood in Saint Petersburg The Winter Palace from Saint Petersburg GUM in Moscow Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg The main building of Moscow State University in Moscow General Staff Building in Saint Petersburg Moscow Triumphal Gate in Saint Petersburg Kunstkamera in Saint PetersburgHandicraft Edit Further information Matryoshka doll See also Russian lacquer art Matryoshka doll is a Russian nesting doll A set of Matryoshka dolls consist of a wooden figure which can be pulled apart to reveal another figure of the same sort but somewhat smaller inside It has in turn another somewhat smaller figure inside and so on The number of nested figures is usually six or more The shape is mostly cylindrical rounded at the top for the head and tapered towards the bottom but little else The dolls have no extremities except those that are painted The true artistry is in the painting of each doll which can be extremely elaborate The theme is usually peasant girls in traditional dress but can be almost anything for instance fairy tales or Soviet leaders citation needed Other forms of Russian handicraft include khokhloma Dymkovo toy gzhel Zhostovo painting Filimonov toys pisanka Pavlovo Posad shawl Rushnyk and palekh citation needed A Gzhel samovar Matryoshka dolls in a market Matryoshka doll A Khokhloma painting on a cutting board Dymkovo toys in a store A Zhostovo painting Some Filimonovo toys Pysankas Lacquered box with a Kholuy miniature depicting the town of Suzdal A Permogorsk painting on wood Rushnyk old traditional Russian weaving style The patterns vary between regions and can be found across Russian history in textiles and Russian architectureIcon painting Edit Main article Russian icons See also List of oldest Russian icons Triptych with Christ the Virgin and St John the Evangelist 1800s pigment on wood in cloisonne enamelled insert overall 7 9 x 21 9 x 2 cm Cleveland Museum of Art USA Russian icons are typically paintings on wood often small though some in churches and monasteries may be as large as a table top Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the krasny ugol the red or beautiful corner see Icon Corner There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons In Russian churches the nave is typically separated from the sanctuary by an iconostasis Russian ikonostas a wall of icons Icon paintings in Russia attempted to help people with their prayers without idolizing the figure in the painting The most comprehensive collection of Icon art is found at the Tretyakov Gallery 71 The use and making of icons entered Kievan Rus following its conversion to Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire in 988 AD As a general rule these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by usage some of which had originated in Constantinople As time passed the Russians notably Andrei Rublev and Dionisius widened the vocabulary of iconic types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere The personal improvisatory and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Russia before the seventeenth century when Simon Ushakov s painting became strongly influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Protestant as well as Catholic Europe citation needed In the mid seventeenth century changes in liturgy and practice instituted by Patriarch Nikon resulted in a split in the Russian Orthodox Church The traditionalists the persecuted Old Ritualists or Old Believers continued the traditional stylization of icons while the State Church modified its practice From that time icons began to be painted not only in the traditional stylized and nonrealistic mode but also in a mixture of Russian stylization and Western European realism and in a Western European manner very much like that of Catholic religious art of the time The Stroganov movement and the icons from Nevyansk rank among the last important schools of Russian icon painting citation needed Icon of the Crucifixion circa 1360 by the Novgorod School Louvre Paris Holy Trinity Hospitality of Abraham by Andrei Rublev c 1411 tempera on panel 1 1 x 1 4 m 4 ft 8 in x 3 ft 83 4 in Tretyakov Gallery Moscow A three leaved fold with the image of the Annunciation Trinity and Presentation the end of the 17th century temperaon wood 13 x 7 3 cm National Art Museum of Azerbaijan Baku Icon of St Nicholas the Wonderworker Dvorischensky 18th century wood gesso amp tempera Ryabushinsky Museum of Icons and Paintings Moscow Lubok Edit Main article Lubok A lubok plural Lubki Cyrillic Russian lubo k lubo chnaya kartinka is a Russian popular print characterized by simple graphics and narratives derived from literature religious stories and popular tales Lubki prints were used as decoration in houses and inns Early examples from the late 17th and early 18th centuries were woodcuts then engravings or etchings were typical and from the mid 19th century lithography They sometimes appeared in series which might be regarded as predecessors of the modern comic strip Cheap and simple books similar to chapbooks 72 which mostly consisted of pictures are called lubok literature or Cyrillic Russian lubochnaya literatura Both pictures and literature are commonly referred to simply as lubki The Russian word lubok derives from lub a special type of board that pictures were printed on citation needed Baba Yaga riding a pig and fighting the infernal Crocodile 17th century The sun moon seasons and 12 months in the form of signs of the zodiac the end of the 17th early 18th century The Mice are burying the Cat 18th century Farnos the Red Nose lubok depicting a pig riding jester 18th centuryClassical painting Edit Main articles Russian visual arts and Russian Academy of Arts The Russian Academy of Arts was created in 1757 with the aim of giving Russian artists an international role and status Notable portrait painters from the Academy include Ivan Argunov Fyodor Rokotov Dmitry Levitzky and Vladimir Borovikovsky citation needed In the early 19th century when neoclassicism and romantism flourished famous academic artists focused on mythological and Biblical themes like Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov citation needed Realist painting Edit Main articles Peredvizhniki and Russian artists The Ninth Wave by Ivan Aivazovsky Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks by Ilya Repin Realism came into dominance in the 19th century The realists captured Russian identity in landscapes of wide rivers forests and birch clearings as well as vigorous genre scenes and robust portraits of their contemporaries Other artists focused on social criticism showing the conditions of the poor and caricaturing authority critical realism flourished under the reign of Alexander II with some artists making the circle of human suffering their main theme Others focused on depicting dramatic moments in Russian history The Peredvizhniki wanderers group of artists broke with Russian Academy and initiated a school of art liberated from Academic restrictions Leading realists include Ivan Shishkin Arkhip Kuindzhi Ivan Kramskoi Vasily Polenov Isaac Levitan Vasily Surikov Viktor Vasnetsov and Ilya Repin citation needed By the turn of the 20th century and on many Russian artists developed their own unique styles neither realist nor avant garde These include Boris Kustodiev Kuzma Petrov Vodkin Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich Many works by the Peredvizhniki group of artists have been highly sought after by collectors in recent years Russian art auctions during Russian Art Week in London have increased in demand and works have been sold for record breaking prices citation needed Russian avant garde Edit Main articles Russian avant garde List of Russian artists and Russian Futurism The Russian avant garde is an umbrella term used to define the large influential wave of modernist art that flourished in Russia from approximately 1890 to 1930 The term covers many separate but inextricably related art movements that occurred at the time namely neo primitivism suprematism constructivism rayonism and futurism Notable artists from this era include El Lissitzky Kazimir Malevich Wassily Kandinsky Vladimir Tatlin Alexander Rodchenko Pavel Filonov and Marc Chagall The Russian avant garde reached its creative and popular height in the period between the Russian Revolution of 1917 and 1932 at which point the revolutionary ideas of the avant garde clashed with the newly emerged conservative direction of socialist realism citation needed In the 20th century many Russian artists made their careers in Western Europe forced to emigrate by the Revolution Wassily Kandinsky Marc Chagall Naum Gabo and others spread their work ideas and the impact of Russian art globally citation needed The glass by Mikhail Larionov 1912 oil on canvas 104 97 cm 40 9 38 1 in Solomon R Guggenheim Museum New York City Squares with Concentric Circles by Wassily Kandinsky 1913 watercolor gouache and crayon on paper height 23 9 cm 9 4 in width 31 6 cm 12 4 in Lenbachhaus Munich Germany Cyclist by Natalia Goncharova 1913 oil on canvas height 78 cm 30 7 in width 105 cm 41 3 in the Russian State Museum Saint Petersburg Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge by El Lissitzky 1919 poster lithography Soviet art Edit Main articles Soviet art and List of Russian artists During the Russian Revolution a movement was initiated to put all arts to service of the dictatorship of the proletariat The instrument for this was created just days before the October Revolution known as Proletkult an abbreviation for Proletarskie kulturno prosvetitelnye organizatsii Proletarian Cultural and Enlightenment Organizations A prominent theorist of this movement was Alexander Bogdanov Initially Narkompros ministry of education which was also in charge of the arts supported Proletkult Although Marxist in character the Proletkult gained the disfavor of many party leaders and by 1922 it had declined considerably It was eventually disbanded by Stalin in 1932 De facto restrictions on what artists could paint were abandoned by the late 1980s citation needed However in the late Soviet era many artists combined innovation with socialist realism including Ernst Neizvestny Ilya Kabakov Mikhail Shemyakin Igor Novikov Erik Bulatov and Vera Mukhina They employed techniques as varied as primitivism hyperrealism grotesque and abstraction Soviet artists produced works that were furiously patriotic and anti fascist in the 1940s After the Great Patriotic War Soviet sculptors made multiple monuments to the war dead marked by a great restrained solemnity citation needed Performance arts EditRussian folk music Edit Main article Russian folk music A balalaika Russians have distinctive traditions of folk music Typical ethnic Russian musical instruments are gusli balalaika zhaleika balalaika contrabass bayan accordion Gypsy guitar and garmoshka Folk music had great influence on the Russian classical composers and in modern times it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands most prominent being Golden Ring Ural s Nation Choir Lyudmila Zykina Russian folk songs as well as patriotic songs of the Soviet era constitute the bulk of repertoire of the world renowned Red Army choir and other popular Russian ensembles citation needed Russian folk dance Edit Main article Russian folk dances Russian folk dance Russian Russkij Narodnyj Tanec can generally be broken up into two main types of dances Khorovod Russian Horovod a circular game type dance where the participants hold hands sing and the action generally happens in the middle of circle and Plyaska Russian Plyaska or Plyasovyj a circular dance for men and women that increases in diversity and tempo according to Bob Renfield considered to be the preeminent scholar on the topic Other forms of Russian Folk Dance include Pereplyas Russian Pereplyas an all male competitive dance Mass Dance Russian Massovyj plyas an unpaired stage dance without restrictions on age or number of participants Group Dance Russian Gruppovaya plyaska a type of mass dance employs simple round dance passages and improvisation and types of Quadrilles Russian Kadril originally a French dance brought to Russia in the 18th century 73 Squat dance by Russian dancer Ethnic Russian dances include khorovod Russian Horovod barynya Russian Barynya kamarinskaya Russian Kamarinskaya kazachok Russian Kazachok and chechotka Russian Chechyotka a tap dance in bast shoes and with a bayan 74 Troika Russian Trojka A dance with one man and two women named after the traditional Russian carriage which is led by three horses Bear Dance or dancing with bears Russian Tanec S Medvedem Dates back to 907 when Great Russian Prince Oleg in celebration of his victory over the Greeks in Kiev had as entertainment 16 male dancers dress as bears and four bears dress as dancers 75 76 Dances with dancers dressed as bears are a recurring theme as seen a recording of the Omsk Russian Folk Chorus 77 One of the main characteristics of Russian furious dances is the Russian squat dance elements 78 79 Classical music Edit Main articles Music of Russia and List of Russian composers Until the 18th century music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances 80 In the 19th century it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein 80 The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music 81 World renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin Alexander Glazunov Igor Stravinsky Sergei Prokofiev Dmitri Shostakovich Georgy Sviridov and Alfred Schnittke 80 Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world renowned soloists Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer 82 83 cellist Mstislav Rostropovich 84 pianists Vladimir Horowitz 85 Sviatoslav Richter 86 and Emil Gilels 87 and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya 88 Glinka 1804 1857 Mussorgsky 1839 1881 Tchaikovsky 1840 1893 Rimsky Korsakov 1844 1908 Rachmaninoff 1873 1943 Stravinsky 1882 1971 Prokofiev 1891 1953 Shostakovich 1906 1975 Ballet Edit Main articles Russian ballet and List of Russian ballet dancers Anna Pavlova The original purpose of the ballet in Russia was to entertain the imperial court The first ballet company was the Imperial School of Ballet in St Petersburg in the 1740s The Ballets Russes was a ballet company founded in the 1909 by Sergey Diaghilev an enormously important figure in the Russian ballet scene Diaghilev and his Ballets Russes travels abroad profoundly influenced the development of dance worldwide 89 The headquarters of his ballet company was located in Paris France A protege of Diaghilev George Balanchine founded the New York City Ballet Company in 1948 citation needed During the early 20th century Russian ballet dancers Anna Pavlova and Vaslav Nijinsky rose to fame Soviet ballet preserved the perfected 19th century traditions 90 and the Soviet Union s choreography schools produced one internationally famous star after another including Maya Plisetskaya Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov The Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow and the Mariinsky in Saint Petersburg remain famous throughout the world ballet from then on spead world wide 91 Opera Edit Main articles Russian opera and List of Russian opera singers The first known opera made in Russia was A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka in 1836 This was followed by several operas such as Ruslan and Lyudmila in 1842 Russian opera was originally a combination of Russian folk music and Italian opera After the October revolution many opera composers left Russia Russia s most popular operas include Boris Godunov Eugene Onegin The Golden Cockerel Prince Igor and The Queen of Spades citation needed Modern music Edit Main articles Russian rock and Russian pop Little Big is a famous rave band in Russia During the Soviet times popular music also produced a number of renowned figures such as the two balladeers Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava 92 and performers such as Alla Pugacheva 93 Jazz even with sanctions from Soviet authorities flourished and evolved into one of the country s most popular musical forms 92 The Ganelin Trio have been described by critics as the greatest ensemble of free jazz in continental Europe 94 By the 1980s rock music became popular across Russia and produced bands such as Aria Aquarium 95 DDT 96 and Kino 97 Pop music in Russia has continued to flourish since the 1960s with globally famous acts such as t A T u 98 In the recent times Little Big a rave band has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe 99 Other modern music can be found in the media such as Youtube For example the song Moscow Moscow is extremely popular among memes and other means of entertainment Cinema Edit Main articles Cinema of Russia and Cinema of the Soviet Union Poster of Battleship Potemkin 1925 by Sergei Eisenstein which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World s Fair in 1958 100 Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention resulting in world renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin 101 Soviet era filmmakers most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky would go on to become among of the world s most innovative and influential directors 102 103 Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world s first film school the All Union Institute of Cinematography 104 Dziga Vertov s Kino Eye theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism 105 Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful including Chapaev The Cranes Are Flying and Ballad of a Soldier citation needed The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular with many of the catchphrases still in use today 106 107 In 1961 68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy s epic War and Peace which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union 108 In 1969 Vladimir Motyl s White Sun of the Desert was released a very popular film in a genre of ostern the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space 109 In 2002 Russian Ark was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take 110 Today the Russian cinema industry continues to expand 111 Animation Edit Main article Russian animation Russia also has a long and rich tradition of animation which started already in the late Russian Empire times Most of Russia s cartoon production for cinema and television was created during Soviet times when Soyuzmultfilm studio was the largest animation producer Soviet animators developed a great and unmatched variety of pioneering techniques and aesthetic styles with prominent directors including Ivan Ivanov Vano Fyodor Khitruk and Aleksandr Tatarskiy Soviet cartoons are still a source for many popular catch phrases while such cartoon heroes as Russian style Winnie the Pooh cute little Cheburashka Wolf and Hare from Nu Pogodi being iconic images in Russia and many surrounding countries The traditions of Soviet animation were developed in the past decade by such directors as Aleksandr Petrov and studios like Melnitsa along with Ivan Maximov citation needed Science and technology EditRadio and TV Edit See also Telecommunications in Russia Logo of the state owned TV channel Russia 1 Russia has almost 37 thousand media outlets over 35 thousand newspapers 112 and 12 thousand magazines 113 The largest internationally operating news agencies in Russia are TASS RIA Novosti and Interfax 114 Television is the most popular media in Russia as 99 of the Russian population receives at least one television channel 112 and roughly 60 of Russians watch television on a daily basis 115 The most watched TV channels in Russia include the state owned Russia 1 Channel One Russia NTV REN TV and Russia Today 113 Popular nationwide radio stations in Russia include Radio Rossii Echo of Moscow Radio Mayak Radio Yunost and Russkoye Radio 113 Internet Edit Main article Internet in Russia Runet Prize ceremony Originating from Russian scientific community and telecommunication industries a specific Russian culture of using the Internet has been established since the early 1990s In the second half of the 1990s the term Runet was coined to call the segment of Internet written or understood in the Russian language Whereas the Internet has no boundaries Russian Internet online communications in the Russian language can not be localized solely to the users residing in the Russian Federation as it includes Russian speaking people from all around the world This segment includes millions of users in other ex USSR countries Israel and others abroad diasporas 116 With the introduction of the Web many social and cultural events found reflections within the Russian Internet society Various online communities formed and the most popular one grew out of the Russian speaking users of the California based blogging platform LiveJournal which was completely bought out in December 2007 by Russian firm SUP Fabrik 117 In January 2008 a LiveJournal blog of the 3rd statesman Sergey Mironov had appeared and he was shortly followed by the new President Dmitry Medvedev who opened a personal video blog which was later also expanded with a LiveJournal version citation needed As of late there are scores of websites offering Russian language content including mass media e commerce search engines and so on Particularly notorious are the Russian Hackers 118 Russian web design studios software and web hosting enterprises offer a variety of services and the results form a sort of national digital culture E commerce giants such as Google and Microsoft have their Russian branches In September 2007 the national domain ru passed the milestone of a million domain names 119 By the end of the 2000s VKontakte social network became the most populated in the Runet citation needed Science and innovation Edit Main article Science and technology in Russia See also Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records List of Russian scientists and List of Russian inventors Russia s research and development budget is the world s ninth highest with an expenditure of approximately 422 billion rubles on domestic research and development 120 In 2019 Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications 121 Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 122 Since 1904 Nobel Prize were awarded to twenty six Soviets and Russians in physics chemistry medicine economy literature and peace 123 Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions discovered the atmosphere of Venus and founded modern geology 124 Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky who pioneered the non Euclidean geometry and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev Russian mathematicians became among the world s most influential 125 Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table the main framework of modern chemistry 126 Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century 127 Nine Soviet Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincare conjecture in 2002 as well as the Fields Medal in 2006 both of which he infamously declined 128 129 Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio 130 while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co inventors of laser and maser 131 Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics 132 Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions and discovered light emitting diodes 133 Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry biogeochemistry and radiogeology 134 Elie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology 135 Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning 136 Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics 137 Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants 138 Trofim Lysenko was known mainly for Lysenkoism 139 Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were emigres Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer 140 Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems 141 Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis 142 George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory 143 Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia for a long period such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel 144 145 Lomonosov 1711 1765 Lobachevsky 1792 1856 Mendeleev 1837 1906 Yablochkov 1847 1894 Pavlov 1849 1936 Kovalevskaya 1850 1891 Korolyov 1907 1966 Sakharov 1921 1989 Space exploration Edit Mir Soviet and Russian space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001 146 Roscosmos is Russia s national space agency The country s achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky the father of theoretical astronautics whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergey Korolyov Valentin Glushko and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond 147 6 7 333 In 1957 the first Earth orbiting artificial satellite Sputnik 1 was launched In 1961 the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued In 1963 Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6 148 In 1965 Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2 149 In 1957 Laika a Soviet space dog became the first animal to orbit the Earth aboard Sputnik 2 150 In 1966 Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body the Moon 151 In 1968 Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings two tortoises and other life forms to circumnavigate the Moon 152 In 1970 Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet Venus 153 In 1971 Mars 3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars 154 34 60 During the same period Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover 155 while Salyut 1 became the world s first space station 156 Russia had 176 active satellites in space in 2021 157 the world s third highest 158 Lifestyle EditEthnic dress of Russian people Edit Picture of young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house ca 1909 to 1915 taken by Prokudin Gorskii Not only the minorities in Russia but the Russian culture as a whole has in the different regions of the country like in Northwest Russia Central Russia Southern Russia Siberian Russia Volga Russia Ural Russia Far East Russia and the Russian North Caucasus and their Oblasts own local traditions and characteristics which were developed over a long period of time through strong ethno cultural interactions within the various groups and communities like Slavs Tatars and Finno Ugrics 159 Traditional Russian clothes include kaftan a cloth which Old Russia had in common with similar robes in the Ottoman Empire Scandinavia and Persia 160 Kosovorotka which was over a long time of period a traditional holidays blouse worn by men 161 Ushanka for men which design was influenced in 17th century when in central and northern Russia a hat with earflaps called treukh was worn Sarafan which is connected to the Middle East region and were worn in Central and Northern regions of Old Russia In Southern Russia burka and papaha are connected to the Cossacks which in turn is culturally connected to the people of the Northern Caucaus Kokoshnik for women was primarily worn in the northern regions of Russia in the 16th to 19th centuries Lapti and similar shoes were mostly worn by poorer members in Old Russia and northern regions where Slavic Baltic and Finno Ugric people lived Valenki are traditional Russian shoes from 18th century designs which originally originated in the Great steppe from Asian nomads citation needed Russian traditional cloths and its elements still have a high priority in today s Russia especially in pagan Slavic communities folk festivals Cossack communities in modern fashion and Russian music ensembles citation needed Cuisine Edit See also Russian cuisine Kvass is an ancient and traditional Russian beverage Russian cuisine has been formed by climate cultural and religious traditions and the vast geography of the nation and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries Crops of rye wheat barley and millet provide the ingredients for various breads pancakes and cereals as well as for many drinks 162 Bread of many varieties 163 is very popular across Russia 164 Flavourful soups and stews include shchi borsch ukha solyanka and okroshka Smetana a heavy sour cream and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads 165 166 Pirozhki blini and syrniki are native types of pancakes Beef Stroganoff Chicken Kiev pelmeni 167 and shashlyk are popular meat dishes 168 Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls golubtsy usually filled with meat 169 Salads include Olivier salad 170 vinegret 171 and dressed herring 172 Russia s national non alcoholic drink is kvass 173 and the national alcoholic drink is vodka which was created in the nation in the 14th century 174 The country has the world s highest vodka consumption 175 while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage 176 Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century 177 Tea has also been a historically popular beverage in Russia 178 Traditions Edit Main article Russian traditions and superstitions Holidays Edit Main article Public holidays in Russia The Scarlet Sails being celebrated along the Neva in Saint Petersburg Russia has eight diverse public patriotic and religious official holidays 179 The year starts with New Year s Day on January 1 soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on January 7 the two are the country s most popular holidays 180 Defender of the Fatherland Day dedicated to men is celebrated on February 23 181 International Women s Day dedicated to women on March 8 182 and Spring and Labor Day originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers on May 1 183 Victory Day which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow s Red Square 184 and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event 185 Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on June 12 celebrated to commemorate Russia s declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union 186 and Unity Day on November 4 commemorating the uprising which marked the end of the Polish Lithuanian occupation of Moscow 187 Popular non public holidays include Old New Year on 14 January 188 Tatiana Day on 25 January dedicated to students 189 Maslenitsa an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday 190 Cosmonautics Day on 12 April in tribute to the first human trip into space 191 Kupala Night on 6 7 July a traditional Slavic holiday 192 and Peter and Fevronia Day Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday 193 The Scarlet Sails is a famous public event held annually during the White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg 194 Religion Edit Main article Religion in Russia Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Christianity Islam Buddhism and Judaism are Russia s traditional religions deemed part of Russia s historical heritage in a law passed in 1997 195 Estimates of believers widely fluctuate among sources and some reports put the number of non believers in Russia as high as 48 67 of the population 196 Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia 197 95 of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches 198 However the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis Nonetheless the church is widely respected by both believers and nonbelievers who see it as a symbol of Russian heritage and culture 199 Smaller Christian denominations such as Roman Catholics Armenian Gregorians and various Protestants exist Kulich is a popular variant of Russian Easter breads called Paska The ancestors of many of today s Russians adopted Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century 199 The 2007 International Religious Freedom Report published by the US Department of State said that approximately 100 million citizens consider themselves Russian Orthodox Christians 200 According to a poll by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center 63 of respondents considered themselves Russian Orthodox 6 of respondents considered themselves Muslim and less than 1 considered themselves either Buddhist Catholic Protestant or Jewish Another 12 said they believe in God but did not practice any religion and 16 said they are non believers 201 Cossack culture in Russia Edit Volga cossack in 1774 The picture is made before 1841 Watch Russian Cossacks singing famous Russian folk song Oy to ne vecher on YouTube The steppe culture of the Russian Cossacks originated from nomadic steppe people which merged with Eastern Slavic people groups into large communities The early Cossack communities emerged in the 14th century the first among others were the Don Cossacks Other Cossack communities that have played an important role in Russia s history and culture are the Ural Cossacks Terek Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Orenburg Cossacks Volga Cossacks Astrakhan Cossacks Siberian Cossacks Transbaikal Cossacks Amur Cossacks Ussuri Cossacks Cossacks defended the Russian borders and expanded Russia s territory The regions of the large Cossack communities enjoyed many freedoms in Tsarist Russia The culture of the Cossacks became an important part of Russian culture many Russian songs and various elements in dances and Russia s culture in general were much shaped by the Cossack communities 202 Russian forest culture Edit The forest plays a very important role in Russia s culture and history The forest had a great influence on the characteristics of Russian people and their cultural creations Many myths of Russian culture are closely intertwined with the forest Various of the early Slavic and other tribes built their houses out of wood so that the forest influenced the style of Russian architecture significantly The handcraft Hohloma which originated in the Volga region is made out of wood and depicts numerous plants of the forest like the berry Viburnum opulus Russian Kalina Kalina flowers and leaves Many Russian fairy tales play in the forest and fictional characters like Baba Yaga are strongly connected to Russian wood culture The forest is also an important subject of many Russian folk songs 203 204 205 More elements of Russian society and culture Edit Russian walking cultureStrolling or walking Russian gulyat gulyat is very common in the Russian society In contrast to many western countries strolling is very common among young people in Russia Young people often arrange just to go for a walk 206 207 Besides the verb the experience itself which describes the time span of the walk is called progulka Russian progulka 208 Walking is so important in Russian culture that gulyat is also a synonym for to party 209 210 self published source Mushroom hunting and berry pickingActivities in the forest where people pick mushrooms and berries are very common in Russia Mushrooms Russian griby griby have been an important part of Russian folk culture at least since the 10th century and an essential part of Russian meals There are more than 200 kinds of edible mushrooms in Russia Mushrooms were always considered magical and so they play a prominent role in Russian fairy tales The ability to identify and prepare edible mushrooms is often passed on from generation to generation The mushroom hunting tradition is especially common in Slavic speaking and Baltic countries The berry Russian yagoda yagoda also plays an important role in Russian folk culture and is often part of Russian craftsmanship folk songs and national costumes The cranberry was known in Europe for centuries as the Russian berry To pick mushrooms and berries in forests is a kind of meditation in Russia 211 212 213 214 215 Sports EditMain article Sport in Russia Maria Sharapova former world No 1 tennis player and the world s highest paid female athlete for 11 consecutive years 216 Historically Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games 217 ranking second in an all time Olympic Games medal count 218 Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics and Russian synchronized swimming is considered to be the world s best 219 Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia especially pair skating and ice dancing 220 Russia has produced a number of famous tennis players 221 Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation with many of the world s top chess players being Russian for decades 222 The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow 223 and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi 224 225 Basketball Edit As the Soviet Union Russia was traditionally very strong in basketball winning Olympic tournaments World Championships and Eurobasket As of 2009 they have various players in the NBA notably Utah Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko and are considered as a worldwide basketball force In 2007 Russia defeated world champions Spain to win Eurobasket 2007 Russian basketball clubs such as PBC CSKA Moscow numerous Euroleague Champions have also had great success in European competitions such as the Euroleague and the ULEB Cup citation needed Ice hockey Edit Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era the national team soon dominated the sport internationally winning gold at seven of the nine Olympics and 19 of the 30 World Championships they contested between 1954 and 1991 Russian players Valeri Kharlamov Sergei Makarov Viacheslav Fetisov and Vladislav Tretiak hold four of the six positions on the IIHF Team of the Century 226 As with some other sports the Russian ice hockey programme suffered after the breakup of the Soviet Union with Russia enduring a 15 year gold medal drought At that time many prominent Russian players made their careers in the National Hockey League NHL In recent years Russia has reemerged as a hockey power winning back to back gold medals in the 2008 and 2009 World Championships and overtaking Team Canada as the top ranked ice hockey team in the world but then lost to Canada in the quarter finals of the 2010 Olympics and 2010 World Junior Championship 227 The Kontinental Hockey League KHL was founded in 2008 as a rival of the NHL citation needed Bandy Edit Bandy known in Russian as hockey with a ball and sometimes informally as Russian hockey as opposed to Canadian hockey an informal name for ice hockey is another traditionally popular ice sport with national league games averaging around 3 500 spectators 228 It s considered a national sport 229 The Soviet Union national bandy team won all the Bandy World Championships from 1957 to 1979 The Russian team is the reigning world champion since the 2014 tournament having defended the title in 2015 citation needed Football Edit Russian football fans with a gigantic Go Russia banner featuring Russian Bear on the background of the Russian flag Football is the most popular sport in Russia 230 The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960 231 and reached the finals of Euro 1988 232 In 1956 and 1988 the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008 233 234 The Russian national football team reached the semi finals of Euro 2008 235 Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 236 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup 237 Martial arts Edit Main article Russian martial arts Russia has an extensive history of martial arts Some of its best known forms include the fistfight Sambo and Systema with its derivatives Ryabko s Systema and Retuinskih s System ROSS Undefeated lightweight UFC champion Khabib Nurmagomedov is from Makhachkala and was called by President Vladimir Putin following his victory over Conor McGregor citation needed National symbols EditMain articles Cultural icons of Russia Flag of Russia Coat of arms of Russia National anthem of Russia Russian Bear and Mother Russia State symbols Edit State symbols of Russia include the Byzantine double headed eagle combined with St George of Moscow in the Russian coat of arms these symbols date from the time of the Grand Duchy of Moscow The Russian flag appeared in the late Tsardom of Russia period and became widely used during the era of the Russian Empire The current Russian national anthem shares its music with the Soviet Anthem though not the lyrics many Russians of older generations don t know the new lyrics and sing the old ones The Russian imperial motto God is with us and the Soviet motto Proletarians of all countries unite are now obsolete and no new motto has been officially introduced to replace them The Hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations Soviet Red Stars are also encountered often on military equipment and war memorials The Soviet Red Banner is still honored especially the Banner of Victory of 1945 citation needed Dissected Matryoshka doll Unofficial symbols Edit The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of Russia while the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil s Cathedral in Moscow are main Russia s architectural symbols Cheburashka is a mascot of Russian national Olympic team Mary Saint Nicholas Saint Andrew Saint George Saint Alexander Nevsky Saint Sergius of Radonezh Saint Seraphim of Sarov are Russia s patron saints Chamomile is a flower that Russians often associate with their Motherland while birch is a national tree The Russian bear is an animal often associated with Russia though this image has Western origins and Russians themselves do not consider it as a special symbol The native Russian national personification is Rodina mat Mother Motherland the statue of it located on the Mamay hill Mamaev kurgan in Volgograd former Stalingrad called Mother Russia at the West citation needed Tourism EditMain article Tourism in Russia Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times first inner tourism and then international tourism as well Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the most popular tourist destinations in the world The country contains 29 UNESCO World Heritage Sites while many more are on UNESCO s tentative lists 238 Major tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the Golden Ring of ancient cities cruises on the big rivers like Volga and long journeys on the famous Trans Siberian Railway Diverse regions and ethnic cultures of Russia offer many different food and souvenirs and show a great variety of traditions like Russian banya Tatar Sabantuy or Siberian shamanist rituals citation needed Cultural tourism Edit Grand Cascade in Peterhof Palace nicknamed Russian Versailles a popular tourist destination in Saint Petersburg Most popular tourist destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg the current and the former capitals of the country and great cultural centers recognized as World Cities Moscow and Saint Petersburg feature such world renowned museums as Tretyakov Gallery and Hermitage famous theaters like Bolshoi and Mariinsky ornate churches like Saint Basil s Cathedral Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Saint Isaac s Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood impressive fortifications like Moscow Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress beautiful squares like Red Square and Palace Square and streets like Tverskaya and Nevsky Prospect Rich palaces and parks of extreme beauty are found in the former imperial residences in suburbs of Moscow Kolomenskoye Tsaritsyno and Saint Petersburg Peterhof Strelna Oranienbaum Gatchina Pavlovsk Palace Tsarskoye Selo Moscow contains a great variety of impressive Soviet era buildings along with modern skyscrapers while Saint Petersburg nicknamed Venice of the North boasts of its classical architecture many rivers channels and bridges citation needed Kazan the capital of Tatarstan shows a unique mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia though a number of other major Russian cities compete for this status like Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod all being major cultural centers with rich history and prominent architecture Veliky Novgorod Pskov and the cities of Golden Ring Vladimir Yaroslavl Kostroma and others have at best preserved the architecture and the spirit of ancient and medieval Rus and also are among the main tourist destinations Many old fortifications typically Kremlins monasteries and churches are scattered throughout Russia forming its unique cultural landscape both in big cities and in remote areas citation needed Resorts and nature tourism Edit The ski resort at Dombay Western Caucasus The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts like Sochi known for its beaches and wonderful nature At the same time Sochi can boast a number of major ski resorts like Krasnaya Polyana the city is the host of 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain many other popular ski resorts like Dombay in Karachay Cherkessia citation needed The most famous natural tourist destination in Russia is Lake Baikal named the Blue Eye of Siberia This unique lake oldest and deepest in the world has crystal clean waters and is surrounded by taiga covered mountains citation needed Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers Karelia with its many lakes and granite rocks Altai with its snowy mountains and Tyva with its wild steppes citation needed See also Edit Society portal Russia portalSlavs East Slavs Material culture in Russia List of Russian people List of museums in Russia List of Russian language poets List of Russian language novelists List of Russian language playwrights Culture of the Soviet Union Culture of Tatarstan Culture of the Russian Armed ForcesReferences Edit Lincoln W B 10 October 1970 Western Culture Comes to Russia 20 10 History Today Retrieved 14 January 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help McLean Hugh September 1962 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April 2019 Aleshina T S Tatʹi a na Stepanovna 2013 History of Russian costume from the eleventh to the twentieth century from the collections of the Arsenal Museum Leningrad Hermitage Leningrad Historical Museum Moscow Kremlin Museums Moscow Pavlovsk Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y POD ed Charlestown MA p 64 ISBN 9780300200973 OCLC 882932334 Morales Brumkin Fonnie Prichep Deena 2017 Kachka A Return to Russian Cooking ISBN 978 1 250 08760 7 Azhnina Maria 13 July 2017 7 kinds of Russian bread you ll want to bite the crust off of Russia Beyond Retrieved 5 December 2021 Life in Russia would have been impossible without bread and the different types of bread are as varied as life itself Thatcher Gary 16 September 1985 When it comes to bread Russians don t loaf The Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 7 August 2021 Eremeeva Jennifer 15 May 2021 Spotlight on Smetana Russia s Sour Cream The Moscow Times Retrieved 18 May 2021 Shearlaw Maeve 21 November 2014 Understanding Russia s obsession with mayonnaise The Guardian Retrieved 5 December 2021 Mayonnaise was introduced to imperialist Russia at the turn of the 20th century and it remained a stalwart throughout Soviet times Mass produced and durable it was everywhere from workers canteens to households that didn t have an abundance of fresh food Today the average Russian consumes 2 5kg a year using it as everything from a salad dressing to a bread spread In praise of pierogi The Guardian 7 April 2011 Retrieved 5 January 2021 But ask Russians what pierogi resemble and they show no hesitation It is of course nothing more than Russian pelmeni they reply Naylor Tony 22 July 2020 From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs barbecue recipes from around the world The Guardian Retrieved 5 January 2021 Eremeeva Jennifer 10 February 2021 North Meets South in Mini Golubtsy The Moscow Times Retrieved 5 January 2022 At the other end of Europe the popularity in medieval France of pigeon and foie gras wrapped en paupiettes with cabbage leaves may well have migrated east or at least its association with pigeon may have That seems to be the origin of Polish golabki Ukrainian holubtsi and Russian golubtsy all versions of the word pigeon Cloake Felicity 5 August 2020 How to make the perfect Russian salad The Guardian Retrieved 5 January 2022 if Russian salad is an orchestra of flavours and textures then each player deserves to be heard Russian Vinegret salad Super easy and super traditional Russia Beyond 13 September 2017 Retrieved 5 January 2022 Beloved by Russians this dish is an essential ingredient for any feast especially the New Year celebration Global Snack Herring under a fur coat DW News Deutsche Welle 12 April 2020 Retrieved 5 January 2022 Shuba or dressed herring fills many Russian hearts with nostalgia Also known as herring under a fur coat it was a traditional New Year s Eve dish in the Soviet era and is still a much loved snack Eremeeva Jennifer 4 July 2020 Kvas Russia s National Tipple The Moscow Times Retrieved 19 May 2021 Nosowitz Dan 7 April 2016 How To Drink Vodka Like a Russian Atlas Obscura Retrieved 19 May 2021 Ferdman Roberto A 23 February 2014 Map Where the world s biggest vodka drinkers are Quartz Retrieved 18 May 2021 The Russians drink some 17 3 shots of vodka per month on average according to data from Euromonitor That s easily the most in the world Melkadze A 25 August 2021 Alcohol market in Russia Statista Retrieved 17 November 2021 Russia Wine Market Overview Foreign Agricultural Service Report United States Department of Agriculture 22 April 2021 Retrieved 7 January 2022 The topic of wine production and wine varieties is gaining popularity among the population More and more Russian wine consumers want to learn about the product being consumed which is reflected in the growing influence of beverage retailers on the retail distribution of wine Teslova Elena 31 January 2021 Russian samovars make tea time distinctive tradition Anadolu Agency Retrieved 17 November 2021 In Russia where tea is a part of daily life in all seasons tea drinking or chayepitiye refers to more than just simply consuming the brewed delicacy Public Holidays in Russia Central Bank of Russia Retrieved 9 January 2022 Lagunina Irina O Connor Coilin 30 December 2020 Russian New Year At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Retrieved 9 January 2022 Den zashitnika Otechestva Istoriya prazdnika Defender of the Fatherland Day history of the holiday RIA Novosti RIA Novosti in Russian 23 February 2011 Retrieved 19 December 2021 Russians splurge on flowers for International Women s Day France 24 7 March 2019 Retrieved 9 January 2022 A legacy of the Soviet era March 8 is widely celebrated and a public holiday in Russia In pictures May Day through history Euronews 1 May 2020 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Since the end of the Soviet era in Russia May Day has become a rallying point for Russians who are nostalgic for the Communist era Ilyushina Maria Hodge Nathan 24 June 2020 Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay CNN Retrieved 9 January 2022 The annual parade which commemorates the end of World War II in Europe is usually held on May 9 Prokopyeva Svetlana 12 May 2017 Russia s Immortal Regiment From Grassroots To Quasi Religious Cult Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Retrieved 9 January 2022 With each passing year the so called Immortal Regiment procession marking the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany becomes larger and more widespread Yegorov Oleg 12 June 2019 What do Russians celebrate on June 12 Russia Beyond Retrieved 9 January 2022 It marks the anniversary of the First Congress of People s Deputies adopting the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic RSFSR in 1990 Russia celebrates National Unity Day TASS 3 November 2021 Retrieved 9 January 2022 The holiday was established to mark Moscow s liberation from Polish invaders in 1612 Guzeva Alexandra 13 January 2021 Why Russians celebrate New Year TWICE Russia Beyond Retrieved 10 January 2022 The Old New Year isn t an official holiday By this time there have been enough days off for Russians almost eleven days to celebrate the New Year and Orthodox Christmas But for some reason January 13 14 is a feast yet again Ziffer Emily 25 January 2019 Students Celebrate Tatiana s Day The Moscow Times Retrieved 10 January 2022 In Russia Jan 25 is Tatiana s Day otherwise known as student s day and Moscow has an array of events planned to mark the occasion Godoy Maria 14 March 2013 It s Russian Mardi Gras Time For Pancakes Butter And Fistfights NPR Retrieved 10 January 2022 The country is in the midst of celebrating Maslenitsa an Eastern Slavic folk holiday that takes place the week before the start of Russian Orthodox Lent Though now tied to the Christian calendar Maslenitsa has roots in ancient Slavic sun worshippers it originally marked the end of winter and advent of spring Dambach Kai 12 April 2020 Russia marks Cosmonautics Day in pictures DW News Deutsche Welle Retrieved 10 January 2022 The day has been celebrated every year as Cosmonautics Day since the spaceflight took place in 1961 Taylor Alan 10 July 2018 Images From Ivan Kupala Night The Atlantic Retrieved 10 January 2022 In parts of Ukraine Belarus Poland and Russia an ancient pagan summer rite called Kupala combined with the traditional Orthodox feast of Saint John the Baptist becoming Ivan Kupala Night a festival celebrating the summer solstice Leonov Tatyana 5 April 2018 Celebrate Russian Orthodox Easter Special Broadcasting Service Retrieved 12 January 2022 The biggest Russian Orthodox celebration of the year is Easter Paskha a time for friends family food and of course vodka St Petersburg paints the town red with Scarlet Sails festival TASS 24 June 2019 Retrieved 10 January 2021 More than 1 4 million people gathered along the Neva River in St Petersburg on June 23 to watch the famous Scarlet Sails celebration held in honour of the city s high school graduates Bell I Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia ISBN 9781857431377 Retrieved 27 December 2007 Zuckerman P 2005 Atheism Contemporary Rates and Patterns chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism ed by Michael Martin Cambridge University Press Religion In Russia Embassy of the Russian Federation Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 Retrieved 27 December 2007 Svedeniya o religioznyh organizaciyah zaregistrirovannyh v Rossijskoj Federacii Po dannym Federalnoj registracionnoj sluzhby in Russian December 2006 Retrieved 27 December 2007 a b Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 Russia Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 Retrieved 27 December 2007 Russia Retrieved 8 April 2008 Opublikovana podrobnaya sravnitelnaya statistika religioznosti v Rossii i Polshe in Russian religare ru 6 June 2007 Retrieved 27 December 2007 Pesni russkogo kazachestva gorenka org Retrieved 26 June 2019 Splendour of Russian Wooden Architecture Museums Culture amp Arts Russia InfoCentre www russia ic com Retrieved 11 June 2019 Craven Jackie Craven Jackie Writing Doctor of Arts in Architecture Has Over 20 Years of Experience Writing About decor the arts She is the author of two books on home Design Sustainable Poetry A Collection of Art Themed 2 000 Years of Russian History Through Photos ThoughtCo Retrieved 11 June 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a first4 has generic name help Rol lesa v hudozhestvennom soznanii russkogo naroda v ekonomike i kulture Rossii mirznanii com Retrieved 11 June 2019 The biggest culture shocks Americans face in Russia Matador Network Retrieved 8 August 2019 What Do Russians Like Doing Retrieved 8 August 2019 gulyat Russian Verb Conjugation RusslandJournal de English 13 January 2016 Retrieved 8 August 2019 Russian Word gulyat seelrc iis trinity duke edu Retrieved 8 August 2019 PETTUS MARK 2017 RUSSIAN BOOK 1 russian through propaganda Place of publication not identified LULU COM p 202 ISBN 978 1387423521 OCLC 1021096626 Mushroom Picking Passport Retrieved 21 August 2019 Sharma Akhil 3 October 2013 If You Are Normal You Search for Mushrooms The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 21 August 2019 a href, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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