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Chamomile

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Calamine.

Chamomile (American English) or camomile (British English; see spelling differences) (/ˈkæməmaɪl, -miːl/ KAM-ə-myle or KAM-ə-meel[1][2]) is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae. Two of the species, Matricaria chamomilla and Chamaemelum nobile, are commonly used to make herbal infusions for beverages.[3][4][5] There has been limited (though thus far insufficient) research as to whether consuming chamomile in foods or beverages is effective in treating medical conditions, although in Hungarian it is referred to as the "king of herbs" (orvosi székfű).[4][5]

German chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla
Roman chamomile, Chamaemelum nobile

Etymology edit

The word chamomile is derived via French and Latin, from the Greek χαμαίμηλον, khamaimēlon, 'earth apple', from χαμαί, khamai, 'on the ground', and μῆλον, mēlon, 'apple'.[6][7] First used in the 13th century, the spelling chamomile corresponds to the Latin chamomilla and the Greek chamaimelon.[7] The spelling camomile is a British derivation from the French.[7]

Species edit

 
Loose-leaf chamomile tea

Some commonly used species include:

  • Matricaria chamomilla – often called "German chamomile" or "Water of Youth"[8]
  • Chamaemelum nobile – Roman, English, or garden chamomile; also frequently used (C. nobile Treneague is normally used to create a chamomile lawn)[9]

A number of other species' common names include the word chamomile. This does not mean they are used in the same manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as "chamomile". Plants including the common name chamomile, of the family Asteraceae, are:

Uses edit

 
Chamomile tea being served at the Savoy Hotel in London, England
 
Matricaria chamomilla flower heads separated from stems for herbal tea

Chamomile may be used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages, mouthwash, soaps, or cosmetics.[5] It is used to "upholster" chamomile seats, raised beds which are about half a meter tall, and designed to be sat upon.[10] Chamomile lawns are also used in sunny areas with light traffic.[11]

Tea edit

Chamomile tea is a herbal infusion made from dried flowers and hot water, and may improve sleep quality.[3] Two types of chamomile are used, namely German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).[3]

Use in beer and ale edit

Chamomile has historically been used in making beer and ale.[12] Unlike for tea, in which only the flowers are used, the whole plant has been used to make beers and ales, adding a bitter flavor component favored by craft breweries and homebrewers.[13][14]

Research edit

The main compounds of interest in chamomile flowers are coumarins, flavonoids, and polyphenols,[8] including apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, luteolin, and daphnin.[15][16] It is currently unclear whether chamomile is effective in treating any medical conditions.[5] Chamomile is under preliminary research for its potential anti-anxiety properties.[8] There is no high-quality clinical evidence that it is useful for treating insomnia.[17]

Drug interactions edit

The use of chamomile has the potential to cause adverse interactions with numerous herbal products and prescription drugs and may worsen pollen allergies.[5] People who are allergic to ragweed (also in the daisy family) may be allergic to chamomile due to cross-reactivity.[3]

Chamomile is not recommended to be taken with aspirin or non-salicylate NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as it may cause drug–herb interaction. Chamomile consists of several ingredients including coumarin, glycoside, herniarin, flavonoid, farnesol, nerolidol and germacranolide. Despite the presence of coumarin, as chamomile's effect on the coagulation system has not yet been studied, it is unknown whether a clinically significant drug–herb interaction exists with anticoagulant drugs.[5] However, until more information is available, it is not recommended to use these substances concurrently.[18]

Chamomile should not be used by people with past or present cancers of the breast, ovary, or uterus; endometriosis; or uterine fibroids.[5]

Pregnancy and breastfeeding edit

Because chamomile has been known to cause uterine contractions that can invoke miscarriage, pregnant women are advised to not consume Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).[4] Although oral consumption of chamomile is generally recognized as safe in the United States, there is insufficient clinical evidence about its potential for affecting nursing infants.[5]

Agriculture edit

The chamomile plant is known to be susceptible to many fungi, insects, and viruses. Fungi such as Albugo tragopogonis (white rust), Cylindrosporium matricariae, Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), and Sphaerotheca macularis (powdery mildew) are known pathogens of the chamomile plant. Aphids have been observed feeding on chamomile plants and the moth Autographa chryson causes defoliation.[citation needed]

Historical descriptions edit

The 11th century part of Old English Illustrated Herbal has an illustrated entry.[19] Nicholas Culpeper's 17th century The Complete Herbal has an illustration and several entries on chamomel.[20][21]

In culture edit

References edit

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
  2. ^ "Chamomile". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d "Chamomile". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  4. ^ a b c "Roman chamomile". MedlinePlus, US National Institutes of Health. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Chamomile". Drugs.com. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  6. ^ χαμαίμηλον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  7. ^ a b c "Chamomile". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Sarris, J; Panossian, A; Schweitzer, I; Stough, C; Scholey, A (December 2011). "Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety, and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 21 (12): 841–860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002. PMID 21601431. S2CID 16831869.
  9. ^ "Camomile lawn". The Royal Horticultural Society. 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  10. ^ The Sensory Garden, Buckfast Abbey (image)
  11. ^ "Chamomile lawns". www.rhs.org.uk.
  12. ^ Grieve, Maude (1931). A Modern Herbal.
  13. ^ "Chamomile Beer List". RateBeer. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  14. ^ "Brewing Wildflower Wheat". Brewer's Friend. July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  15. ^ McKay, D. L.; Blumberg, J. B. (2006). "A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.)". Phytotherapy Research. 20 (7): 519–30. doi:10.1002/ptr.1900. PMID 16628544. S2CID 21041569.
  16. ^ El Mihyaoui, A; Esteves da Silva, JCG; Charfi, S; Candela Castillo, ME; Lamarti, A; Arnao, MB (25 March 2022). "Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses". Life. 12 (4). doi:10.3390/life12040479. PMC 9032859. PMID 35454969.
  17. ^ Leach, Matthew J.; Page, Amy T. (2015). "Herbal medicine for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 24: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.003. ISSN 1087-0792. PMID 25644982.
  18. ^ Abebe, W. (1 December 2002). "Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 27 (6): 391–401. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00444.x. ISSN 0269-4727. PMID 12472978. S2CID 1828900.
  19. ^ "Cotton MS Vitellius C III". British Library Digitised Manuscripts. p. 29.
  20. ^ Culpeper, Nicholas (1600s). The Complete Herbal.
  21. ^ "[Illustration on Project Gutenberg]". Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  22. ^ Michael Castleman The New Healing Herbs: The Classic Guide to Nature's Best Medicines ... at Google Books
  23. ^ James Minahan. The complete guide to national symbols and emblems, Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. 2009.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matricaria chamomilla.

February 16, 2024
chamomile, confused, with, calamine, american, english, camomile, british, english, spelling, differences, myle, meel, common, name, several, daisy, like, plants, family, asteraceae, species, matricaria, chamomilla, chamaemelum, nobile, commonly, used, make, h. Not to be confused with Calamine Chamomile American English or camomile British English see spelling differences ˈ k ae m e m aɪ l m iː l KAM e myle or KAM e meel 1 2 is the common name for several daisy like plants of the family Asteraceae Two of the species Matricaria chamomilla and Chamaemelum nobile are commonly used to make herbal infusions for beverages 3 4 5 There has been limited though thus far insufficient research as to whether consuming chamomile in foods or beverages is effective in treating medical conditions although in Hungarian it is referred to as the king of herbs orvosi szekfu 4 5 German chamomile Matricaria chamomillaRoman chamomile Chamaemelum nobile Contents 1 Etymology 2 Species 3 Uses 3 1 Tea 3 2 Use in beer and ale 4 Research 5 Drug interactions 6 Pregnancy and breastfeeding 7 Agriculture 8 Historical descriptions 9 In culture 10 References 11 External linksEtymology editThe word chamomile is derived via French and Latin from the Greek xamaimhlon khamaimelon earth apple from xamai khamai on the ground and mῆlon melon apple 6 7 First used in the 13th century the spelling chamomile corresponds to the Latin chamomilla and the Greek chamaimelon 7 The spelling camomile is a British derivation from the French 7 Species edit nbsp Loose leaf chamomile teaSome commonly used species include Matricaria chamomilla often called German chamomile or Water of Youth 8 Chamaemelum nobile Roman English or garden chamomile also frequently used C nobile Treneague is normally used to create a chamomile lawn 9 A number of other species common names include the word chamomile This does not mean they are used in the same manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as chamomile Plants including the common name chamomile of the family Asteraceae are Anthemis arvensis corn scentless or field chamomile Anthemis cotula stinking chamomile Cladanthus mixtus Moroccan chamomile Cota tinctoria dyer s golden oxeye or yellow chamomile Eriocephalus punctulatus Cape chamomile Matricaria discoidea wild chamomile or pineapple weed Tripleurospermum inodorum wild scentless or false chamomileUses edit nbsp Chamomile tea being served at the Savoy Hotel in London England nbsp Matricaria chamomilla flower heads separated from stems for herbal teaChamomile may be used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages mouthwash soaps or cosmetics 5 It is used to upholster chamomile seats raised beds which are about half a meter tall and designed to be sat upon 10 Chamomile lawns are also used in sunny areas with light traffic 11 Tea edit Chamomile tea is a herbal infusion made from dried flowers and hot water and may improve sleep quality 3 Two types of chamomile are used namely German chamomile Matricaria recutita and Roman chamomile Chamaemelum nobile 3 Use in beer and ale edit Chamomile has historically been used in making beer and ale 12 Unlike for tea in which only the flowers are used the whole plant has been used to make beers and ales adding a bitter flavor component favored by craft breweries and homebrewers 13 14 Research editThe main compounds of interest in chamomile flowers are coumarins flavonoids and polyphenols 8 including apigenin quercetin patuletin luteolin and daphnin 15 16 It is currently unclear whether chamomile is effective in treating any medical conditions 5 Chamomile is under preliminary research for its potential anti anxiety properties 8 There is no high quality clinical evidence that it is useful for treating insomnia 17 Drug interactions editThe use of chamomile has the potential to cause adverse interactions with numerous herbal products and prescription drugs and may worsen pollen allergies 5 People who are allergic to ragweed also in the daisy family may be allergic to chamomile due to cross reactivity 3 Chamomile is not recommended to be taken with aspirin or non salicylate NSAIDs non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs as it may cause drug herb interaction Chamomile consists of several ingredients including coumarin glycoside herniarin flavonoid farnesol nerolidol and germacranolide Despite the presence of coumarin as chamomile s effect on the coagulation system has not yet been studied it is unknown whether a clinically significant drug herb interaction exists with anticoagulant drugs 5 However until more information is available it is not recommended to use these substances concurrently 18 Chamomile should not be used by people with past or present cancers of the breast ovary or uterus endometriosis or uterine fibroids 5 Pregnancy and breastfeeding editBecause chamomile has been known to cause uterine contractions that can invoke miscarriage pregnant women are advised to not consume Roman chamomile Chamaemelum nobile 4 Although oral consumption of chamomile is generally recognized as safe in the United States there is insufficient clinical evidence about its potential for affecting nursing infants 5 Agriculture editThe chamomile plant is known to be susceptible to many fungi insects and viruses Fungi such as Albugo tragopogonis white rust Cylindrosporium matricariae Erysiphe cichoracearum powdery mildew and Sphaerotheca macularis powdery mildew are known pathogens of the chamomile plant Aphids have been observed feeding on chamomile plants and the moth Autographa chryson causes defoliation citation needed Historical descriptions editThe 11th century part of Old English Illustrated Herbal has an illustrated entry 19 Nicholas Culpeper s 17th century The Complete Herbal has an illustration and several entries on chamomel 20 21 In culture editIn The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter 1902 Peter is given chamomile tea after being chased by Mr McGregor 22 Mary Wesley s 1984 novel The Camomile Lawn features a house in Cornwall with a lawn planted with chamomile rather than grass In the 2001 No Doubt song Hey Baby chamomile is featured in the line I m just sippin on chamomile sung by Gwen Stefani Chamomile is the national flower of Russia 23 References edit Jones Daniel 2003 1917 Peter Roach James Hartmann Jane Setter eds English Pronouncing Dictionary Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 3 12 539683 8 Chamomile Dictionary com Unabridged Random House Retrieved 29 August 2014 a b c d Chamomile National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health US National Institutes of Health September 2016 Retrieved 6 November 2018 a b c Roman chamomile MedlinePlus US National Institutes of Health 16 February 2012 Retrieved 30 August 2014 a b c d e f g h Chamomile Drugs com 9 October 2018 Retrieved 6 August 2019 xamaimhlon Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project a b c Chamomile Online Etymology Dictionary 2019 a b c Sarris J Panossian A Schweitzer I Stough C Scholey A December 2011 Herbal medicine for depression anxiety and insomnia a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence European Neuropsychopharmacology 21 12 841 860 doi 10 1016 j euroneuro 2011 04 002 PMID 21601431 S2CID 16831869 Camomile lawn The Royal Horticultural Society 2018 Retrieved 6 November 2018 The Sensory Garden Buckfast Abbey image Chamomile lawns www rhs org uk Grieve Maude 1931 A Modern Herbal Chamomile Beer List RateBeer Retrieved 28 August 2019 Brewing Wildflower Wheat Brewer s Friend July 2012 Retrieved 28 August 2019 McKay D L Blumberg J B 2006 A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea Matricaria recutita L Phytotherapy Research 20 7 519 30 doi 10 1002 ptr 1900 PMID 16628544 S2CID 21041569 El Mihyaoui A Esteves da Silva JCG Charfi S Candela Castillo ME Lamarti A Arnao MB 25 March 2022 Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses Life 12 4 doi 10 3390 life12040479 PMC 9032859 PMID 35454969 Leach Matthew J Page Amy T 2015 Herbal medicine for insomnia A systematic review and meta analysis Sleep Medicine Reviews 24 1 12 doi 10 1016 j smrv 2014 12 003 ISSN 1087 0792 PMID 25644982 Abebe W 1 December 2002 Herbal medication potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 27 6 391 401 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2710 2002 00444 x ISSN 0269 4727 PMID 12472978 S2CID 1828900 Cotton MS Vitellius C III British Library Digitised Manuscripts p 29 Culpeper Nicholas 1600s The Complete Herbal Illustration on Project Gutenberg Retrieved 1 December 2022 Michael Castleman The New Healing Herbs The Classic Guide to Nature s Best Medicines at Google Books James Minahan The complete guide to national symbols and emblems Vol 1 Greenwood Press 2009 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matricaria chamomilla PLANTS Profile Anthemis tinctoria L golden chamomile USDA nbsp Texts on Wikisource Chamomile Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Chamomile Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chamomile amp oldid 1198201008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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