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Alfred Schnittke

January 13, 2023

Alfred Garrievich Schnittke (Russian: Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке, Alfred Garriyevich Shnitke; 24 November 1934 – 3 August 1998) was a Russian composer[1] of Jewish-German descent.[2][n 1] Among the most performed and recorded composers of late 20th-century classical music,[2][7] he is described by musicologist Ivan Moody as a "composer who was concerned in his music to depict the moral and spiritual struggles of contemporary man in [...] depth and detail."[8]

Schnittke by Ewa Rudling [sv], 1994

Schnittke's early music shows the strong influence of Dmitri Shostakovich.[9] He developed a polystylistic technique in works such as the epic Symphony No. 1 (1969–1972) and his first concerto grosso (1977). In the 1980s, Schnittke's music began to become more widely known abroad with the publication of his second (1980) and third (1983) string quartets and the String Trio (1985); the ballet Peer Gynt (1985–1987); the third (1981), fourth (1984), and fifth (1988) symphonies; and the viola concerto (1985) and first cello concerto (1985–1986). As his health deteriorated, Schnittke's music started to abandon much of the extroversion of his polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, bleak style.[10]

Life and career

Schnittke's father, Harry Maximilian Schnittke [ru] (1914–1975), was Jewish and born in Frankfurt.[11] He moved to the Soviet Union in 1927 and worked as a journalist and translator from the Russian language into German. His mother, Maria Iosifovna Schnittke (née Vogel, 1910–1972), was a Volga German born in Russia. Schnittke's paternal grandmother, Tea Abramovna Katz (1889–1970), was a philologist, translator, and editor of German-language literature.

 
Portrait of Alfred Schnittke by Reginald Gray (1972)

Alfred Schnittke was born in Engels in the Volga-German Republic of the Russian SFSR. He began his musical education in 1946 in Vienna, where his father had been posted. It was in Vienna, Schnittke's biographer Alexander Ivashkin writes, where "he fell in love with music which is part of life, part of history and culture, part of the past which is still alive."[12] "I felt every moment there," the composer wrote, "to be a link of the historical chain: all was multi-dimensional; the past represented a world of ever-present ghosts, and I was not a barbarian without any connections, but the conscious bearer of the task in my life."[13] Schnittke's experience in Vienna "gave him a certain spiritual experience and discipline for his future professional activities. It was Mozart and Schubert, not Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff, whom he kept in mind as a reference point in terms of taste, manner and style. This reference point was essentially Classical ... but never too blatant."[12]

In 1948, the family moved to Moscow. Schnittke completed his graduate work in composition at the Moscow Conservatory in 1961 and taught there from 1962 to 1972. Evgeny Golubev was one of his composition teachers. Thereafter, he earned his living chiefly by composing film scores, producing nearly 70 scores in 30 years.[14]

After his mother's death in 1972, he began to compose his Piano Quintet in her memory. During its composition, he began to seek solace in Catholicism;[15] he converted on 18 June 1983.[16] He possessed deeply held beliefs in predestination[17] and mysticism which influenced his music.[18]

Schnittke and his music were often viewed suspiciously by the Soviet bureaucracy. His First Symphony was effectively banned by the Composers' Union.[19] After he abstained from a Composers' Union vote in 1980, he was banned from travelling outside the USSR. On 21 July 1985, Schnittke suffered a stroke[20] that left him in a coma. He was declared clinically dead on several occasions, but recovered and continued to compose.

 
Musik Meile Wien (Walk of Fame Vienna)
 
Gravestone, showing a fermata over a whole rest marked fff

In 1990, Schnittke left the Soviet Union and settled in Hamburg, Germany. His health remained poor, however. He suffered several more strokes before his death on 3 August 1998, in Hamburg, at the age of 63. He was buried, with state honors, at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Music

Main article: List of compositions by Alfred Schnittke

Schnittke's early music shows the strong influence of Dmitri Shostakovich, but after the visit of the Italian composer Luigi Nono to the USSR, he took up the serial technique in works such as Music for Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1964). However, Schnittke soon became dissatisfied with what he termed the "puberty rites of serial self-denial." He created a new style which has been called "polystylism", where he juxtaposed and combined music of various styles past and present. He once wrote, "The goal of my life is to unify serious music and light music, even if I break my neck in doing so." His first concert work to use the polystylistic technique was the second violin sonata, Quasi una sonata (1967–1968). He experimented with techniques in his film work, as shown by much of the sonata appearing first in his score for the 1968 animation short The Glass Harmonica [ru]. He wrote the music for Aleksandr Askoldov's Commissar_(film), combining and juxtaposing European, ethnic Russian and Jewish musical patterns. He continued to develop the polystylistic technique in works such as the epic First Symphony (1969–1972) and First Concerto Grosso (1977). Other works were more stylistically unified, such as his Piano Quintet (1972–1976) (later orchestrated and retitled as In Memoriam…, written in memory of his mother, who had died in 1972.

In the 1980s, Schnittke's music began to become more widely known abroad, thanks in part to the work of émigré Soviet artists such as the violinists Gidon Kremer and Mark Lubotsky, the cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich, but also by the conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky.[2][21] Despite constant illness, he produced a large amount of music, including important works such as the Second (1980) and Third (1983) String Quartets and the String Trio (1985); the Faust Cantata (1983), which he later incorporated in his opera Historia von D. Johann Fausten; the ballet Peer Gynt (1985–1987); the Third (1981), Fourth (1984) and Fifth (1988) Symphonies (the last of which is also known as the Fourth Concerto Grosso), the Concerto for Piano and String Orchestra (1979) and the Viola (1985) and First Cello (1985–1986) Concertos. This period was also marked by a turn in Schnittke and his music to Christian themes, exemplified in his deeply spiritual unaccompanied choral works, the Concerto for Mixed Chorus (1984–1985) and the Penitential Psalms (1988), and alluded to in various others works, including the Fourth Symphony and the Faust Cantata.[22]

As his health deteriorated from the late 1980s, Schnittke started to abandon much of the extroversion of his earlier polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, bleak style, quite accessible to the lay listener. The Fourth Quartet (1989) and Sixth (1992), Seventh (1993) and Eighth (1994) symphonies are good examples of this. Some Schnittke scholars, such as Gerard McBurney, have argued that it is the late works that will ultimately be the most influential parts of Schnittke's output. After a stroke in 1994 left him almost completely paralysed, Schnittke largely ceased to compose. He did complete some short works in 1997[citation needed] and also a Ninth Symphony; its score was almost unreadable because he had written it with great difficulty with his left hand due to his strokes.[23]

The Ninth Symphony was first performed on 19 June 1998 in Moscow in a version deciphered – but also 'arranged' – by Gennady Rozhdestvensky, who conducted the premiere. After hearing a tape of the performance, Schnittke indicated he wanted it withdrawn. After he died, though, others worked to decipher the score. Nikolai Korndorf died before he could complete the task, which was continued and completed by Alexander Raskatov. In Raskatov's version, the three orchestral movements of Schnittke's symphony may be followed by a choral fourth, which is Raskatov's own Nunc Dimittis (in memoriam Alfred Schnittke). This version was premiered in Dresden, Germany, on June 16, 2007. Andrei Boreyko also has a version of the symphony.[24]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Schnittke is referred variously as a "Russian composer",[3][4][5] a "composer of Jewish-German ancestry born in Russia",[2] and "of part German descent, the Russian composer".[6] On the complications of his nationality and ancestry, the musicologist Alexander Ivashkin reflected that he was "a Russian composer with a typically German name, born in Russia without a drop of Russian blood, in the town of Engels – once the capital of a German republic in the Soviet Union – of a Jewish (but German-speaking) father and German mother; a composer who has no home country, who is a foreigner everywhere".[4]

Citations

  1. ^ Peter Rollberg (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 674–675. ISBN 978-1442268425.
  2. ^ a b c d Schmelz 2013, "Introduction".
  3. ^ Ivashkin & Moody 2001, "Introduction".
  4. ^ a b Ivashkin 1996, p. 10.
  5. ^ Britannica 2021, Introduction.
  6. ^ Bradshaw 1998, p. 2.
  7. ^ Khanina 2009, p. 2.
  8. ^ Ivashkin & Moody 2001, "Works".
  9. ^ Moody 1989, p. 4.
  10. ^ Boosey and Hawkes (2022). "Alfred Schnittke". www.boosey.com. Retrieved 2022-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Interviews with Alfred Schnittke.; Alfred Schnittke: a crazy mixed-up kid
  12. ^ a b Ivashkin 1996, 32
  13. ^ As quoted in Ivashkin 1996, 32
  14. ^ "Alfred Schnittke Biography". Boosey & Hawkes, Inc. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  15. ^ Kholopova 2020, pp. 136–137.
  16. ^ Kholopova 2020, p. 183.
  17. ^ Kholopova 2020, p. 137.
  18. ^ В. Ю. Гаврилова «Пространство Альфреда Шнитке (к 80-летию со дня рождения)» [V. Yu. Gavrilova "The reach of Alfred Schnittke (on the occasion of his 80th birthday)]"
  19. ^ Ivashkin 2002, p. 252.
  20. ^ McBurney, Gerard (March 2003). "Viola Concerto (1985)". American Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  21. ^ Britannica 2021.
  22. ^ Jennings, Mark D. (2002). Alfred Schnittke's Concerto for Choir: Musical analysis and historical perspectives. PhD diss., The Florida State University. pp. 36–43.
  23. ^ Service, Tom (29 April 2013). "A guide to the music of Alfred Schnittke". The Guardian. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  24. ^ Alexander Ivashkin, booklet notes to BIS-CD-1727 (2009).

Sources

Further reading

See Schmelz 2013 for an extensive bibliography

  • Davis, Peter G. (28 February 1994). "Uneasy-listening Music". New York. 27 (9): 125. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  • Amrei Flechsig; Christian Storch, eds. (2010). Alfred Schnittke. Analyse, Interpretation, Rezeption. Olms. ISBN 978-3-487-14464-1.
  • Enzo Restagno (ed.) (1993). Schnittke, EDT, ISBN 978-88-7063-177-7
  • Schmelz, Peter J. (2009). Such freedom, if only musical: The beginning of unofficial Soviet music during the Thaw. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534193-5.
  • Альфред Шнитке [Alfred Schnittke] (2003). Александр Ивашкин [Alexander Ivashkin] (ed.). Беседы с Альфредом Шнитке [Conversations with Alfred Schnittke]. Классика XXI. ISBN 5-89817-051-0.
  • Segall, Christopher (Spring 2013). "Klingende Buchstaben: Principles of Alfred Schnittke's Monogram Technique". The Journal of Musicology. 30 (2): 252–286. doi:10.1525/jm.2013.30.2.252. JSTOR 10.1525/jm.2013.30.2.252.
  • Storch, Christian (2011). Der Komponist als Autor. Alfred Schnittkes Klavierkonzert. Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-20762-5.
  • Sullivan, Tim (Summer 2010). "Structural Layers in Alfred Schnittke's Concerto Grosso No. 3". Perspectives of New Music. 48 (2): 21–46. doi:10.1353/pnm.2010.0003. JSTOR 23076965.
  • Volkov, Solomon; Susanina, Valeria (September 1998). "The ABCs of Alfred Schnittke (1934-1998)". Tempo. New Series (206): 36–38. doi:10.1017/S0040298200006719. JSTOR 945506. S2CID 144838920.
  • Webb, John (September 1992). "Schnittke in Context". Tempo. New Series (182): 19–22. doi:10.1017/S0040298200016685. JSTOR 946100. S2CID 144825514.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Schnittke.
  • Alfred Schnittke Akademie International
  • Alfred Schnittke memorial website
  • Alfred Schnittke profile on Boosey & Hawkes
  • Alfred Schnittke at IMDb
  • "The unreal world of Alfred Schnittke", BBC video documentary directed by Donald Sturrock, 1983. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

January 13, 2023
alfred, schnittke, alfred, garrievich, schnittke, russian, Альфре, Га, рриевич, Шни, тке, alfred, garriyevich, shnitke, november, 1934, august, 1998, russian, composer, jewish, german, descent, among, most, performed, recorded, composers, late, 20th, century, . Alfred Garrievich Schnittke Russian Alfre d Ga rrievich Shni tke Alfred Garriyevich Shnitke 24 November 1934 3 August 1998 was a Russian composer 1 of Jewish German descent 2 n 1 Among the most performed and recorded composers of late 20th century classical music 2 7 he is described by musicologist Ivan Moody as a composer who was concerned in his music to depict the moral and spiritual struggles of contemporary man in depth and detail 8 Schnittke by Ewa Rudling sv 1994 Schnittke s early music shows the strong influence of Dmitri Shostakovich 9 He developed a polystylistic technique in works such as the epic Symphony No 1 1969 1972 and his first concerto grosso 1977 In the 1980s Schnittke s music began to become more widely known abroad with the publication of his second 1980 and third 1983 string quartets and the String Trio 1985 the ballet Peer Gynt 1985 1987 the third 1981 fourth 1984 and fifth 1988 symphonies and the viola concerto 1985 and first cello concerto 1985 1986 As his health deteriorated Schnittke s music started to abandon much of the extroversion of his polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn bleak style 10 Contents 1 Life and career 2 Music 3 References 3 1 Notes 3 2 Citations 3 3 Sources 4 Further reading 5 External linksLife and career EditSchnittke s father Harry Maximilian Schnittke ru 1914 1975 was Jewish and born in Frankfurt 11 He moved to the Soviet Union in 1927 and worked as a journalist and translator from the Russian language into German His mother Maria Iosifovna Schnittke nee Vogel 1910 1972 was a Volga German born in Russia Schnittke s paternal grandmother Tea Abramovna Katz 1889 1970 was a philologist translator and editor of German language literature Portrait of Alfred Schnittke by Reginald Gray 1972 Alfred Schnittke was born in Engels in the Volga German Republic of the Russian SFSR He began his musical education in 1946 in Vienna where his father had been posted It was in Vienna Schnittke s biographer Alexander Ivashkin writes where he fell in love with music which is part of life part of history and culture part of the past which is still alive 12 I felt every moment there the composer wrote to be a link of the historical chain all was multi dimensional the past represented a world of ever present ghosts and I was not a barbarian without any connections but the conscious bearer of the task in my life 13 Schnittke s experience in Vienna gave him a certain spiritual experience and discipline for his future professional activities It was Mozart and Schubert not Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff whom he kept in mind as a reference point in terms of taste manner and style This reference point was essentially Classical but never too blatant 12 In 1948 the family moved to Moscow Schnittke completed his graduate work in composition at the Moscow Conservatory in 1961 and taught there from 1962 to 1972 Evgeny Golubev was one of his composition teachers Thereafter he earned his living chiefly by composing film scores producing nearly 70 scores in 30 years 14 After his mother s death in 1972 he began to compose his Piano Quintet in her memory During its composition he began to seek solace in Catholicism 15 he converted on 18 June 1983 16 He possessed deeply held beliefs in predestination 17 and mysticism which influenced his music 18 Schnittke and his music were often viewed suspiciously by the Soviet bureaucracy His First Symphony was effectively banned by the Composers Union 19 After he abstained from a Composers Union vote in 1980 he was banned from travelling outside the USSR On 21 July 1985 Schnittke suffered a stroke 20 that left him in a coma He was declared clinically dead on several occasions but recovered and continued to compose Musik Meile Wien Walk of Fame Vienna Gravestone showing a fermata over a whole rest marked fff In 1990 Schnittke left the Soviet Union and settled in Hamburg Germany His health remained poor however He suffered several more strokes before his death on 3 August 1998 in Hamburg at the age of 63 He was buried with state honors at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow Music EditMain article List of compositions by Alfred Schnittke Schnittke s early music shows the strong influence of Dmitri Shostakovich but after the visit of the Italian composer Luigi Nono to the USSR he took up the serial technique in works such as Music for Piano and Chamber Orchestra 1964 However Schnittke soon became dissatisfied with what he termed the puberty rites of serial self denial He created a new style which has been called polystylism where he juxtaposed and combined music of various styles past and present He once wrote The goal of my life is to unify serious music and light music even if I break my neck in doing so His first concert work to use the polystylistic technique was the second violin sonata Quasi una sonata 1967 1968 He experimented with techniques in his film work as shown by much of the sonata appearing first in his score for the 1968 animation short The Glass Harmonica ru He wrote the music for Aleksandr Askoldov s Commissar film combining and juxtaposing European ethnic Russian and Jewish musical patterns He continued to develop the polystylistic technique in works such as the epic First Symphony 1969 1972 and First Concerto Grosso 1977 Other works were more stylistically unified such as his Piano Quintet 1972 1976 later orchestrated and retitled as In Memoriam written in memory of his mother who had died in 1972 In the 1980s Schnittke s music began to become more widely known abroad thanks in part to the work of emigre Soviet artists such as the violinists Gidon Kremer and Mark Lubotsky the cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich but also by the conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky 2 21 Despite constant illness he produced a large amount of music including important works such as the Second 1980 and Third 1983 String Quartets and the String Trio 1985 the Faust Cantata 1983 which he later incorporated in his opera Historia von D Johann Fausten the ballet Peer Gynt 1985 1987 the Third 1981 Fourth 1984 and Fifth 1988 Symphonies the last of which is also known as the Fourth Concerto Grosso the Concerto for Piano and String Orchestra 1979 and the Viola 1985 and First Cello 1985 1986 Concertos This period was also marked by a turn in Schnittke and his music to Christian themes exemplified in his deeply spiritual unaccompanied choral works the Concerto for Mixed Chorus 1984 1985 and the Penitential Psalms 1988 and alluded to in various others works including the Fourth Symphony and the Faust Cantata 22 As his health deteriorated from the late 1980s Schnittke started to abandon much of the extroversion of his earlier polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn bleak style quite accessible to the lay listener The Fourth Quartet 1989 and Sixth 1992 Seventh 1993 and Eighth 1994 symphonies are good examples of this Some Schnittke scholars such as Gerard McBurney have argued that it is the late works that will ultimately be the most influential parts of Schnittke s output After a stroke in 1994 left him almost completely paralysed Schnittke largely ceased to compose He did complete some short works in 1997 citation needed and also a Ninth Symphony its score was almost unreadable because he had written it with great difficulty with his left hand due to his strokes 23 The Ninth Symphony was first performed on 19 June 1998 in Moscow in a version deciphered but also arranged by Gennady Rozhdestvensky who conducted the premiere After hearing a tape of the performance Schnittke indicated he wanted it withdrawn After he died though others worked to decipher the score Nikolai Korndorf died before he could complete the task which was continued and completed by Alexander Raskatov In Raskatov s version the three orchestral movements of Schnittke s symphony may be followed by a choral fourth which is Raskatov s own Nunc Dimittis in memoriam Alfred Schnittke This version was premiered in Dresden Germany on June 16 2007 Andrei Boreyko also has a version of the symphony 24 References EditNotes Edit Schnittke is referred variously as a Russian composer 3 4 5 a composer of Jewish German ancestry born in Russia 2 and of part German descent the Russian composer 6 On the complications of his nationality and ancestry the musicologist Alexander Ivashkin reflected that he was a Russian composer with a typically German name born in Russia without a drop of Russian blood in the town of Engels once the capital of a German republic in the Soviet Union of a Jewish but German speaking father and German mother a composer who has no home country who is a foreigner everywhere 4 Citations Edit Peter Rollberg 2016 Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema US Rowman amp Littlefield pp 674 675 ISBN 978 1442268425 a b c d Schmelz 2013 Introduction Ivashkin amp Moody 2001 Introduction a b Ivashkin 1996 p 10 Britannica 2021 Introduction Bradshaw 1998 p 2 Khanina 2009 p 2 Ivashkin amp Moody 2001 Works Moody 1989 p 4 Boosey and Hawkes 2022 Alfred Schnittke www boosey com Retrieved 2022 10 24 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Interviews with Alfred Schnittke Alfred Schnittke a crazy mixed up kid a b Ivashkin 1996 32 As quoted in Ivashkin 1996 32 Alfred Schnittke Biography Boosey amp Hawkes Inc Retrieved 2008 08 11 Kholopova 2020 pp 136 137 Kholopova 2020 p 183 Kholopova 2020 p 137 V Yu Gavrilova Prostranstvo Alfreda Shnitke k 80 letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V Yu Gavrilova The reach of Alfred Schnittke on the occasion of his 80th birthday Ivashkin 2002 p 252 McBurney Gerard March 2003 Viola Concerto 1985 American Symphony Orchestra Retrieved 18 November 2020 Britannica 2021 Jennings Mark D 2002 Alfred Schnittke s Concerto for Choir Musical analysis and historical perspectives PhD diss The Florida State University pp 36 43 Service Tom 29 April 2013 A guide to the music of Alfred Schnittke The Guardian Retrieved July 18 2021 Alexander Ivashkin booklet notes to BIS CD 1727 2009 Sources Edit Bradshaw Susan Autumn 1998 Alfred Schnittke 1934 1998 The Musical Times 139 1864 2 3 JSTOR 1003457 Ivashkin Alexander 1996 Alfred Schnittke New York Phaidon Press ISBN 0 7148 3169 7 Ivashkin Alexander Moody Ivan 2001 Schnittke Shnitke Alfred Grove Music Online Oxford Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 51128 ISBN 978 1 56159 263 0 subscription or UK public library membership required Ivashkin Alexander ed 2002 A Schnittke Reader Bloomington Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 33818 2 Khanina Lilia April 2009 The Faust Legend and Its Role in Alfred Schnittke s Work Tempo 63 248 2 11 doi 10 1017 S0040298209000114 JSTOR 40496054 S2CID 145741263 Kholopova Valentina 2020 Kompozitor Alfred Shnitke monografiya in Russian Saint Petersburg Moscow Krasnodar Planeta muzyki ISBN 978 5 4495 0303 9 Moody Ivan March 1989 The Music of Alfred Schnittke Tempo New Series 168 4 11 doi 10 1017 S0040298200024876 JSTOR 944851 S2CID 144216756 Schmelz Peter 2013 Alfred Schnittke Oxford Bibliographies Music Oxford Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 OBO 9780199757824 0127 subscription required Alfred Schnittke Russian composer Encyclopaedia Britannica Chicago Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 20 November 2021 Retrieved 1 January 2022 Further reading EditSee Schmelz 2013 for an extensive bibliography Davis Peter G 28 February 1994 Uneasy listening Music New York 27 9 125 Retrieved 25 December 2012 Amrei Flechsig Christian Storch eds 2010 Alfred Schnittke Analyse Interpretation Rezeption Olms ISBN 978 3 487 14464 1 Enzo Restagno ed 1993 Schnittke EDT ISBN 978 88 7063 177 7 Schmelz Peter J 2009 Such freedom if only musical The beginning of unofficial Soviet music during the Thaw Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 534193 5 Alfred Shnitke Alfred Schnittke 2003 Aleksandr Ivashkin Alexander Ivashkin ed Besedy s Alfredom Shnitke Conversations with Alfred Schnittke Klassika XXI ISBN 5 89817 051 0 Segall Christopher Spring 2013 Klingende Buchstaben Principles of Alfred Schnittke s Monogram Technique The Journal of Musicology 30 2 252 286 doi 10 1525 jm 2013 30 2 252 JSTOR 10 1525 jm 2013 30 2 252 Storch Christian 2011 Der Komponist als Autor Alfred Schnittkes Klavierkonzert Bohlau ISBN 978 3 412 20762 5 Sullivan Tim Summer 2010 Structural Layers in Alfred Schnittke s Concerto Grosso No 3 Perspectives of New Music 48 2 21 46 doi 10 1353 pnm 2010 0003 JSTOR 23076965 Volkov Solomon Susanina Valeria September 1998 The ABCs of Alfred Schnittke 1934 1998 Tempo New Series 206 36 38 doi 10 1017 S0040298200006719 JSTOR 945506 S2CID 144838920 Webb John September 1992 Schnittke in Context Tempo New Series 182 19 22 doi 10 1017 S0040298200016685 JSTOR 946100 S2CID 144825514 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Schnittke Alfred Schnittke Akademie International Alfred Schnittke memorial website Alfred Schnittke profile on Boosey amp Hawkes Alfred Schnittke at IMDb The unreal world of Alfred Schnittke BBC video documentary directed by Donald Sturrock 1983 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Portals Classical music Opera Biography Music Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alfred Schnittke amp oldid 1133228400, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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