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Slavs

May 24, 2023

"Slav" redirects here. For other uses, see Slav (disambiguation).
"Slav peoples" redirects here. For the Slavs of the Early Middle Ages, see Early Slavs. For the First Nations ethnic group, see Slavey.

Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group.[1] They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia, mainly inhabiting Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. A large Slavic minority is also scattered across the Baltic states and Central Asia,[2][3] while a substantial Slavic diaspora is found throughout the Americas, as a result of immigration.[4]

Slavs
World map of countries with:[citation needed]
  Majority Slavic (More than 50%)
  Large minority Slavic population (10–50%)
Total population
see Population
Languages
Slavic languages
Religion
Majority:[citation needed]
Eastern Orthodoxy
Catholicism (Greek Catholicism or Latin Catholicism)

Minority:[citation needed]
Islam
Protestantism
Slavic Neopaganism
Spiritual Christianity
Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Indo-Europeans

Present-day Slavs are classified into East Slavs (chiefly Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians), West Slavs (chiefly Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Slovaks and Sorbs) and South Slavs (chiefly Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes).[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The vast majority of Slavs are traditionally Christians. However, modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual groups – range from "ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility".[11]

Ethnonym

Main article: Slavs (ethnonym)

The oldest mention of the Slavic ethnonym is from the 6th century AD, when Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, used various forms such as Sklaboi (Σκλάβοι), Sklabēnoi (Σκλαβηνοί), Sklauenoi (Σκλαυηνοί), Sthlabenoi (Σθλαβηνοί), or Sklabinoi (Σκλαβῖνοι),[12] and his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.[13] The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as Slověne (Словѣне). Those forms point back to a Slavic autonym, which can be reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural Slověne.[citation needed]

The reconstructed autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", meaning "people who understand one another", in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "German people", namely *němьcь, meaning "silent, mute people" (from Slavic *němъ "mute, mumbling"). The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("glory, fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, glory"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλέος (kléos "fame"), as in the name Pericles, Latin clueō ("be called"), and English loud.[citation needed]

In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi.[14]

History

 
The origin and migration of Slavs in Europe between the 5th and 10th centuries AD:
  Original Slavic homeland (modern-day southeastern Poland, northwestern Ukraine and southern Belarus)
  Expansion of the Slavic migration in Europe

Origins

First mentions

Main article: Early Slavs
See also: Vistula Veneti, Spori, Antes, Sclaveni, and Wends
 
Terracotta tile from the 6th–7th century AD found in Vinica, North Macedonia, depicting a battle scene between the Bulgars and Slavs, with the Latin inscription BOLGAR and SCLAVIGI[15]

Ancient Roman sources refer to the Early Slavic peoples as Veneti, who dwelt in a region of central Europe east of the Germanic tribe of Suebi, and west of the Iranian Sarmatians in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD,[16][17] between the upper Vistula and Dnieper rivers. The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni first appear in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under emperor Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.[citation needed]

Jordanes, in his work Getica (written in 551 AD),[18] describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land". He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century. Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Sporoi in olden times". The name Sporoi derives from Greek σπείρω ("I scatter grain"). He described them as barbarians, who lived under democracy, believed in one god, "the maker of lightning" (Perun), to whom they made a sacrifice. They lived in scattered housing and constantly changed settlement. In war, they were mainly foot soldiers with shields, spears, bows, and little armour, which was reserved mainly for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors.[19] Their language is "barbarous" (that is, not Greek), and the two tribes are alike in appearance, being tall and robust, "while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, but they are all slightly ruddy in color. And they live a hard life, giving no heed to bodily comforts..."[20] Jordanes described the Sclaveni having swamps and forests for their cities.[21] Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly-impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.[22]

Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (c. 577–579) who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons".[23]

Migrations

Further information: Slavic migrations to the Balkans
 
Slavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries AD in Europe

According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the Vandals to the Iberian Peninsula and even North Africa.[24]

Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[25] Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through[citation needed]. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements.[26] This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion.[27] By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.[28]

Pope Gregory I in 600 CE wrote to Maximus, the bishop of Salona (in Dalmatia), in which he expresses concern about the arrival of the Slavs: "Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt." ("I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs, who are pressing hard on you. I am distressed because I sympathize with you; I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in Italy through the entry-point of Istria.")[29]

Middle Ages

 
Great Moravia during Svatopluk I (r. 871–894), according to Štefanovičová (1989)

When Slav migrations ended, their first state organizations appeared, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo supported the Slavs against their Avar rulers and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire. This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler, but it was the foundation for later West Slavic states on its territory. The oldest of them was Carantania; others are the Principality of Nitra, the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia) and the Balaton Principality. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling Bulgars and the numerous Slavs in the area, and their South Slavic language, the Old Church Slavonic, became the main and official language of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world. The expansion of the Magyars into the Carpathian Basin and the Germanization of Austria gradually separated the South Slavs from the West and East Slavs. Later Slavic states, which formed in the following centuries, included the Kievan Rus', the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, Duchy of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Croatia, Banate of Bosnia and the Serbian Empire.[citation needed]

Modern era

 
Seal from the pan-Slavic Congress held in Prague, 1848

Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. Austro-Hungary envisioned its own political concept of Austro-Slavism, in opposition of Pan-Slavism that was predominantly led by the Russian Empire.[citation needed]

As of 1878, there were only three majority Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Principality of Serbia and Principality of Montenegro. Bulgaria was effectively independent but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition.[30] In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

One of Hitler's ambitions at the start of World War II was to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all East and West Slavs from their native lands, so as to make living space for German settlers. This plan of genocide[31] was to be carried into effect gradually over 25 to 30 years. The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses.[32] Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.[33]

Former Soviet states in Central Asia such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have very large minority Slavic populations with most being Russians.[34] Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population.[35]

Languages

Main articles: History of the Slavic languages and Slavic languages
 
East Slavic languages[image reference needed]
  Russian
  Belarusian
  Ukrainian
  Rusyn
 
South Slavic languages[image reference needed]
Slovene
  Pannonian
  Styrian
  Carinthian
  Upper/Lower Carniolan
  Rovte
  Littoral

Serbo-Croatian
  Kajkavian
  Chakavian
Shtokavian (prestige dialect)
  Neo-Ijekavian
  Jekavian / Archaic Šćakavian
  Younger Ikavian
  Đekavian-Ijekavian
  Older Ekavian
  Younger Ekavian
Torlakian (transitional dialect)
  Torlakian / Prizren–Timok

Macedonian
  Northern (Tetovo, Skopska Crna Gora, Kumanovo / Kratovo)
  Western (Gora, Reka, Gostivar, Vevčani-Radožda, Upper/Lower Prespa dialect)
  Central (Prilep-Bitola, Kičevo-Poreče, Skopje-Veles)
  Southern (Nestram-Kostenar, Kostur, Solun-Voden, Ser / Drama)
  Eastern (Štip-Kočani, Strumica, Maleševo-Pirin)

Bulgarian
  Northwestern/Southwestern Bulgarian dialects
  Rup dialects
  Balkan dialects
  Moesian dialects
 
West Slavic languages[image reference needed]
  Polish
  Kashubian
  Silesian
  Polabian †
  Lower Sorbian
  Upper Sorbian
  Czech
  Slovak

Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".[36] Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, it cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, which suggests that there was, at one time, a relatively-small Proto-Slavic homeland.[37]

Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian) manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.[38]

Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. Russian is the most spoken Slavic language, and is the most spoken native language in Europe.[39]

The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups. Orthodox Christians use the Cyrillic alphabet while Catholics use the Latin alphabet; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia. Additionally, some Eastern Catholics and Western Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet. Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called Łacinka and in Ukrainian, called Latynka.[citation needed]

Ethno-cultural subdivisions

West Slavs originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after the East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period.[40] They are noted as having mixed with Germanics, Hungarians, Celts (particularly the Boii), Old Prussians, and the Pannonian Avars.[41] The West Slavs came under the influence of the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and of the Catholic Church.[citation needed]

East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finns, Balts[42][43] and with the remnants of the people of the Goths.[44] Their early Slavic component, Antes, mixed or absorbed Iranians, and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings.[45] The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus' and Rus' Khaganate, beginning in the 10th century. They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church.[citation needed]

South Slavs from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto-Balkanic tribes (Illyrian, Dacian, Thracian, Paeonian, Hellenic tribes), and Celtic tribes (particularly the Scordisci), as well as with Romans (and the Romanized remnants of the former groups), and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic, Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as Gepids, Huns, Avars, Goths and Bulgars.[citation needed] The original inhabitants of present-day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples (Lombards and East Goths). The South Slavs (except the Slovenes and Croats) came under the cultural sphere of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), of the Ottoman Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Islam, while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and thus by the Catholic Church in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs.[citation needed]

Genetics

Consistent with the proximity of their languages, analyses of Y chromosomes, mDNA, and autosomal marker CCR5de132 shows the gene pool of Eastern and Western Slavs to be identical and demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and North Caucasian peoples. Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual, given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations, especially Russians.[46][47] Together they form the basis of the "East European" gene cluster, which also includes non-Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians.[46][48]

Only Northern Russians among East and West Slavs belong to a different, “Northern European” genetic cluster, along with Balts, Germanic and Baltic Finnic peoples (Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts).[49][50]

The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper".[51] According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58]

Religion

See also: Slavic paganism
 
The "Zbruch Idol" preserved at the Kraków Archaeological Museum

The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs, while Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the early Muslim conquests, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans.[citation needed]

Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic. The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the Hanafi school of the Sunni branch of Islam.[59] Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups, the vast majority of religious people share the same religion.[citation needed]

Relations with non-Slavic people

See also: Baltic Slavic piracy, Narentines, and Germania Slavica
 
First Bulgarian Empire; the Bulgars were a Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribe that became Slavicized in the 7th century AD.

Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranian Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Northern Black Sea region, the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths.[68] In the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci and Serdi.[69] Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period. A notable exception is Greece, where Slavs were Hellenized because Greeks were more numerous, especially with more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the influence of the church and administration,[70] however, Slavicized regions within Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia Inferior also had a larger portion of locals compared to migrating Slavs.[71] Other notable exceptions are the territory of present-day Romania and Hungary, where Slavs settled en route to present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace but assimilated, and the modern Albanian nation which claims descent from Illyrians and other Balkan tribes.[citation needed]

The status of the Bulgars as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the Bulgarian country and people, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time.[72] Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.[citation needed]

In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the West Slavs intermixed with Germanic, Hungarian, and Celtic peoples, while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered Finnic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finnic tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population.[49] In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchak and the Pecheneg, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north.[73] In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria, where they were Slavicized.[citation needed]

 
Map showing Slavic raids on Scandinavia in the mid-12th century

Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards.[74][75] In the 12th century, Slavic piracy in the Baltics increased. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. The pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrite tribes, Niklot, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed, and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia, invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.[76] The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony.[77] In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing.[78] Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.[79]

Cossacks, although Slavic and practicing Orthodox Christianity, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other peoples. Initially, the Cossacks were a mini-subethnos, but now they are less than 5%, and most of them live in the south of Russia.[citation needed] The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descended from the Vlachs. Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the Magyar people. Numerous rivers and places in Romania have a name with Slavic origins.[80]

Population

 
Slavs in the US (1990 census) and Canada (2016 census) by area:
  20–35%
  14–20%
  11–14%
  8–11%
  5–8%
  3–5%
  0–3%
 
Percentage of ethnic Russians by federal subjects of Russia according to the 2010 census:[81]
  above 80%
  70—79%
  50—69%
  20—49%
  below 20%

Winkler Prins (2002) estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around c. 260 million at the time.[82][unreliable source?]

Ethnicity Estimates and census data
Russians
  • c. 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 Winkler Prins estimate)[83]
  • 622,445 Russians (120,165 Russian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Poles
Ukrainians
  • c. 46.7~51.8 million Ukrainians worldwide (2001 Ukrainian census + various diaspora estimates)[89]
  • c. 58,693,854 Ukrainians worldwide (1994 Pawliczko estimate[90])
  • 1,359,655 Ukrainians (273,810 Ukrainian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
  • 51,001 Ukrainians in Poland (2011 Polish census)[86]
  • c. 1.2 million Ukrainian refugees recorded in Poland (August 2022 UNHCR figures)[91]
Serbs
Czechs
  • c. 6.1 million Czechs in Czechia (2021–22 CIA World Factbook estimate)[98]
  • 6,732,104 Czechs in Czechia (2011 Czech census)[99]
  • 28,996 Czechs in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)[100]
  • 3,447 Czechs in Poland (2011 Polish census)[86]
  • 104,585 Czechs (23,250 Czech-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Belarusians
  • c. 8.37 million Belarusians in Belarus (2009 Belarusian census)[101]
  • 46,787 Belarusians in Poland (2011 Polish census)[86]
  • 20,710 "Byelorussian" (5,125 Byelorussian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Bulgarians
  • c. 10 million Bulgarians worldwide (Kolev early 2000s estimate)[102]
  • c. 6.5 million Bulgarians in Bulgaria (Jeffreys et al. 2008 estimate)[103]
  • c. 10 million Bulgarian speakers worldwide (Jeffreys et al. 2008 estimate)[103]
  • c. 9 million Bulgarians worldwide, of which nearly 7 million in Bulgaria (Cole 2011 estimate)[104]
  • c. 9 million Bulgarians worldwide, of which c. 7.3 million in Bulgaria (Danver 2015 estimate)[105]
  • 12,918 Bulgarians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]
  • 34,560 Bulgarians (19,965 Bulgarian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Croats
  • c. 4.5 million Croats in Croatia and c. 4 million Croats abroad (1993 estimate by Palermo & Sabanadze 2011)[106]
  • 759,906 Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)[94]: 43 
  • c. 4.5 million Croats outside Croatia (Winland 2004 estimate)[107]
  • c. 4.5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage outside Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (HWC 2003 estimate)[108]
  • 39,107 Croats in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92][96]
  • 6,021 Croats in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)[109]
  • 133,965 Croats (55,595 Croatian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Slovaks
  • 4,353,775 Slovaks in Slovakia (2011 Slovak census)[110]: 10 
  • 4,567,547 Slovaks in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)[100]
  • 149,140 Slovaks in Czechia (2011 Czech census)[99]
  • 41,730 Slovaks in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]
  • c. 762,000 people with Slovak ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)[111]
  • 2,294 (1,889 single, 947 multiple ethnic identity) Slovaks in Poland (2011 Polish census)[86]
  • 72,290 Slovaks (20,475 Slovak-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Bosniaks (previously
called "Bosnian Muslims")
  • 1,898,963 Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)[94]: 43 
  • c. 1.9 million Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013–2022 CIA World Factbook estimate)[112]
  • 153,801 Bosniaks in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92][96]
  • 53,786 Bosniaks in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)[c]
  • 17,018 Bosniaks in North Macedonia (2002 North Macedonia census)[97]
  • 26,740 "Bosnians" (15,610 Bosnian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Slovenes
  • c. 1,632,000 Slovenes in Slovenia (2002 Slovenian census)[113]
  • c. 2.5 million Slovenes worldwide (2004 Zupančič estimate[113])
    • c. 1.8 million Slovenes in Slovenia (2004 Zupančič estimate[113])
    • c. 0.7 million Slovene diaspora (2004 Zupančič estimate[113])
  • 2,829 Slovenes in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]
  • 40,470 Slovenes (13,690 Slovenian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Macedonians
  • 1,297,981 Macedonians in North Macedonia (2002 North Macedonia census)[97]
  • c. 580,000 Macedonian emigrants (1964 estimate)[114]
  • 14,767 Macedonians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]
  • 43,110 Macedonians (18,405 Macedonian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Silesians
  • 435,750 Silesians in Poland (2011 Polish census)[86]
  • 12,231 Silesians in Czechia (2011 Czech census)[99]
  • c. 2 million Silesians in Poland (Grabowska 2002 estimate)[115]: 6 
Moravians
  • 522,474 Moravians in Czechia (2011 Czech census)[99]
  • 1,098 Moravians in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)[100]
Yugoslavs
Rusyns
(incl. Lemkos)
  • c. 1.2 million Rusyns worldwide (1995 Magocsi estimate)[118]
  • 23,746 Rusyns in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)[100]
  • 11,483 Ruthenians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]
  • 10,531 Lemkos in Poland (2011 Polish census)[86]
Slavs in Greece
  • c. 200,000 speakers of "Macedonian" in Greece (Friedman 1985)[119]
  • c. 150,000—350,000 "Macedonians in Greek Macedonia" (various estimates around 1995)[120]
  • c. 20,000—50,000 "Slavic-speakers in northern Greece" (1990 USDoS estimates)[121]
    • c. 5,000—10,000 of them self-identified as "Macedonians" (1990 USDoS estimates)[121]
  • c. 10,000—50,000 Slavs in Greece (2002 USDoS estimates)[122]
Czechoslovaks
  • c. 304,000 people with Czechoslovak ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)[111]
  • 40,715 "Czechoslovak, not otherwise specified" (5,075 Czechoslovak-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Montenegrins
  • 280,873 Montenegrins in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)[d]
  • c. 500,000 Montenegrins outside Montenegro (2014 Montenegrin Foreign Ministry estimate)[123]
    • 20,238 Montenegrins in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92][96]
    • 4,165 Montenegrins (915 Montenegrin-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Kashubians
  • c. 331,000 Kashubs and c. 184,000 "half-Kashubs" (couldn't speak Kashubian) in the Gdańsk region (Latoszek 1980s) [124]
  • 52,665 inhabitants of Poland spoke Kashubian at home (49,855 of them also spoke Polish at home) (2002 Polish census)[125]
  • 566,737 "Kashubs and people with partial Kashubian ancestry" in Pomerania (Mordawski 2005)[125]
  • 232,547 Kashubians in Poland (2011 Polish census)[e]
Slavs (in the United
States and Canada)
  • c. 137,000 people with "Slavic" ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)[111]
  • 4,870 "Slavic, not otherwise specified" (1,470 Slavic-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)[84]
Muslims (ethnic group)
  • 13,011 Muslims in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92][96]
  • 20,977 Muslims in Montenegro (2011 Montenegrin census)[f]
  • 12,121 Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 BiH census)[126]: 27 
Sorbs
  • c. 60,000 Sorbs in Germany (20,000 of which still spoke Sorb) (2007 Reuters estimate)[127]
Gorani
  • c. 60,000 Gorani worldwide (2009 estimate by political party Građanska inicijativa Goranaca)[128]
  • 7,700 Gorani in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]
Bunjevci
  • 11,104 Bunjevci in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)[92]

Historiography

Main article: List of Slavic studies journals

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Originally Eastern Orthodox, with some groups adopting Byzantine-Rite Catholicism under Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule and reverting to Eastern Orthodoxy starting in the late 19th Century.[citation needed]
  2. ^ The 180,213 figure is the sum of 178,110 "Serbs" + 2,103 "Serbs-Montenegrins".[95][96]
  3. ^ The 53,786 figure is the sum of 53,605 "Bosniaks" + 181 "Bosniaks-Muslims".[95][109]
  4. ^ The 280,873 figure is the sum of 278,865 "Montenegrins" + 1,833 "Montenegrins-Serbs" + 175 "Montenegrins-Muslims".[95][109]
  5. ^ Including 16,000 single ethnic identity, 216,000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland.[86]
  6. ^ The 20,977 figure is the sum of 20,537 "Muslims" + 183 "Muslims-Bosniaks" + 257 "Muslims-Montenegrins".[95][109]

References

Citations

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Sources

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Further reading

External links

 
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May 24, 2023
slavs, slav, redirects, here, other, uses, slav, disambiguation, slav, peoples, redirects, here, early, middle, ages, early, first, nations, ethnic, group, slavey, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article,. Slav redirects here For other uses see Slav disambiguation Slav peoples redirects here For the Slavs of the Early Middle Ages see Early Slavs For the First Nations ethnic group see Slavey This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Slavs news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group 1 They speak the various Slavic languages belonging to the larger Balto Slavic branch of the Indo European languages Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia mainly inhabiting Central Eastern and Southeastern Europe A large Slavic minority is also scattered across the Baltic states and Central Asia 2 3 while a substantial Slavic diaspora is found throughout the Americas as a result of immigration 4 SlavsWorld map of countries with citation needed Majority Slavic More than 50 Large minority Slavic population 10 50 Total populationsee PopulationLanguagesSlavic languagesReligionMajority citation needed Eastern Orthodoxy Catholicism Greek Catholicism or Latin Catholicism Minority citation needed Islam Protestantism Slavic Neopaganism Spiritual Christianity IrreligionRelated ethnic groupsIndo EuropeansPresent day Slavs are classified into East Slavs chiefly Belarusians Russians Rusyns and Ukrainians West Slavs chiefly Czechs Kashubians Poles Slovaks and Sorbs and South Slavs chiefly Bosniaks Bulgarians Croats Macedonians Montenegrins Serbs and Slovenes 5 6 7 8 9 10 The vast majority of Slavs are traditionally Christians However modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally and relations between them even within the individual groups range from ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility 11 Contents 1 Ethnonym 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 1 1 First mentions 2 1 2 Migrations 2 2 Middle Ages 2 3 Modern era 3 Languages 4 Ethno cultural subdivisions 5 Genetics 6 Religion 7 Relations with non Slavic people 8 Population 9 Historiography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Citations 12 2 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External linksEthnonym EditMain article Slavs ethnonym The oldest mention of the Slavic ethnonym is from the 6th century AD when Procopius writing in Byzantine Greek used various forms such as Sklaboi Sklaboi Sklabenoi Sklabhnoi Sklauenoi Sklayhnoi Sthlabenoi S8labhnoi or Sklabinoi Sklabῖnoi 12 and his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin 13 The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic dating from the 9th century attest the autonym as Slovene Slovѣne Those forms point back to a Slavic autonym which can be reconstructed in Proto Slavic as Slovenin plural Slovene citation needed The reconstructed autonym Slovenin is usually considered a derivation from slovo word originally denoting people who speak the same language meaning people who understand one another in contrast to the Slavic word denoting German people namely nemc meaning silent mute people from Slavic nem mute mumbling The word slovo word and the related slava glory fame and slukh hearing originate from the Proto Indo European root ḱlew be spoken of glory cognate with Ancient Greek kleos kleos fame as in the name Pericles Latin clueō be called and English loud citation needed In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi 14 History Edit The origin and migration of Slavs in Europe between the 5th and 10th centuries AD Original Slavic homeland modern day southeastern Poland northwestern Ukraine and southern Belarus Expansion of the Slavic migration in Europe Origins Edit First mentions Edit Main article Early Slavs See also Vistula Veneti Spori Antes Sclaveni and Wends Terracotta tile from the 6th 7th century AD found in Vinica North Macedonia depicting a battle scene between the Bulgars and Slavs with the Latin inscription BOLGAR and SCLAVIGI 15 Ancient Roman sources refer to the Early Slavic peoples as Veneti who dwelt in a region of central Europe east of the Germanic tribe of Suebi and west of the Iranian Sarmatians in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD 16 17 between the upper Vistula and Dnieper rivers The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni first appear in Byzantine records in the early 6th century Byzantine historiographers under emperor Justinian I 527 565 such as Procopius of Caesarea Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains the lower Danube and the Black Sea invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire citation needed Jordanes in his work Getica written in 551 AD 18 describes the Veneti as a populous nation whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy a great expanse of land He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni two early Slavic tribes who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century Procopius wrote in 545 that the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past for they were both called Sporoi in olden times The name Sporoi derives from Greek speirw I scatter grain He described them as barbarians who lived under democracy believed in one god the maker of lightning Perun to whom they made a sacrifice They lived in scattered housing and constantly changed settlement In war they were mainly foot soldiers with shields spears bows and little armour which was reserved mainly for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors 19 Their language is barbarous that is not Greek and the two tribes are alike in appearance being tall and robust while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type but they are all slightly ruddy in color And they live a hard life giving no heed to bodily comforts 20 Jordanes described the Sclaveni having swamps and forests for their cities 21 Another 6th century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests rivers lakes and marshes 22 Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius c 577 579 who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars Daurentius declined and is reported as saying Others do not conquer our land we conquer theirs so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons 23 Migrations Edit Further information Slavic migrations to the Balkans Slavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries AD in Europe According to eastern homeland theory prior to becoming known to the Roman world Slavic speaking tribes were part of the many multi ethnic confederacies of Eurasia such as the Sarmatian Hun and Gothic empires The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries CE thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe Huns and later Avars and Bulgars started the great migration of the Slavs who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe Saale line southward into Bohemia Moravia much of present day Austria the Pannonian plain and the Balkans and northward along the upper Dnieper river It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the Vandals to the Iberian Peninsula and even North Africa 24 Around the 6th century Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers 25 Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through citation needed After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements 26 This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion 27 By the end of the 6th century Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions 28 Pope Gregory I in 600 CE wrote to Maximus the bishop of Salona in Dalmatia in which he expresses concern about the arrival of the Slavs Et quidem de Sclavorum gente quae vobis valde imminet et affligor vehementer et conturbor Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior conturbor quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs who are pressing hard on you I am distressed because I sympathize with you I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in Italy through the entry point of Istria 29 Middle Ages Edit Great Moravia during Svatopluk I r 871 894 according to Stefanovicova 1989 When Slav migrations ended their first state organizations appeared each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force In the 7th century the Frankish merchant Samo supported the Slavs against their Avar rulers and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe Samo s Empire This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler but it was the foundation for later West Slavic states on its territory The oldest of them was Carantania others are the Principality of Nitra the Moravian principality see under Great Moravia and the Balaton Principality The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling Bulgars and the numerous Slavs in the area and their South Slavic language the Old Church Slavonic became the main and official language of the empire in 864 Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world The expansion of the Magyars into the Carpathian Basin and the Germanization of Austria gradually separated the South Slavs from the West and East Slavs Later Slavic states which formed in the following centuries included the Kievan Rus the Second Bulgarian Empire the Kingdom of Poland Duchy of Bohemia the Kingdom of Croatia Banate of Bosnia and the Serbian Empire citation needed Modern era Edit Seal from the pan Slavic Congress held in Prague 1848 Pan Slavism a movement which came into prominence in the mid 19th century emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires the Byzantine Empire Austria Hungary the Ottoman Empire and Venice Austro Hungary envisioned its own political concept of Austro Slavism in opposition of Pan Slavism that was predominantly led by the Russian Empire citation needed As of 1878 there were only three majority Slavic states in the world the Russian Empire Principality of Serbia and Principality of Montenegro Bulgaria was effectively independent but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908 The Slavic peoples who were for the most part denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro Hungarian Empire were calling for national self determination During World War I representatives of the Czechs Slovaks Poles Serbs Croats and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition 30 In 1918 after World War I ended the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes One of Hitler s ambitions at the start of World War II was to exterminate expel or enslave most or all East and West Slavs from their native lands so as to make living space for German settlers This plan of genocide 31 was to be carried into effect gradually over 25 to 30 years The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars famines and other disasters each accompanied by large scale population losses 32 Stephen J Lee estimates that by the end of World War II in 1945 the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise 33 Former Soviet states in Central Asia such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have very large minority Slavic populations with most being Russians 34 Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population 35 Languages EditMain articles History of the Slavic languages and Slavic languages East Slavic languages image reference needed Russian Belarusian Ukrainian Rusyn South Slavic languages image reference needed Slovene Pannonian Styrian Carinthian Upper Lower Carniolan Rovte Littoral Serbo Croatian Kajkavian Chakavian Shtokavian prestige dialect Neo Ijekavian Jekavian Archaic Scakavian Younger Ikavian Đekavian Ijekavian Older Ekavian Younger Ekavian Torlakian transitional dialect Torlakian Prizren Timok Macedonian Northern Tetovo Skopska Crna Gora Kumanovo Kratovo Western Gora Reka Gostivar Vevcani Radozda Upper Lower Prespa dialect Central Prilep Bitola Kicevo Porece Skopje Veles Southern Nestram Kostenar Kostur Solun Voden Ser Drama Eastern Stip Kocani Strumica Malesevo Pirin Bulgarian Northwestern Southwestern Bulgarian dialects Rup dialects Balkan dialects Moesian dialects West Slavic languages image reference needed Polish Kashubian Silesian Polabian Lower Sorbian Upper Sorbian Czech Slovak Proto Slavic the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages is a descendant of common Proto Indo European via a Balto Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis the Indo Europeans who remained after the migrations from the steppe became speakers of Balto Slavic 36 Proto Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages That language was uniform and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages it cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects which suggests that there was at one time a relatively small Proto Slavic homeland 37 Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic or Old Bulgarian manuscripts which though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language 38 Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are Belarusian Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Macedonian Montenegrin Polish Russian Serbian Slovak Slovene and Ukrainian Russian is the most spoken Slavic language and is the most spoken native language in Europe 39 The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups Orthodox Christians use the Cyrillic alphabet while Catholics use the Latin alphabet the Bosniaks who are Muslim also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia Additionally some Eastern Catholics and Western Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian called Lacinka and in Ukrainian called Latynka citation needed Ethno cultural subdivisions EditWest Slavs originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after the East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period 40 They are noted as having mixed with Germanics Hungarians Celts particularly the Boii Old Prussians and the Pannonian Avars 41 The West Slavs came under the influence of the Western Roman Empire Latin and of the Catholic Church citation needed East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finns Balts 42 43 and with the remnants of the people of the Goths 44 Their early Slavic component Antes mixed or absorbed Iranians and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings 45 The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus and Rus Khaganate beginning in the 10th century They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church citation needed South Slavs from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto Balkanic tribes Illyrian Dacian Thracian Paeonian Hellenic tribes and Celtic tribes particularly the Scordisci as well as with Romans and the Romanized remnants of the former groups and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as Gepids Huns Avars Goths and Bulgars citation needed The original inhabitants of present day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples Lombards and East Goths The South Slavs except the Slovenes and Croats came under the cultural sphere of the Eastern Roman Empire Byzantine Empire of the Ottoman Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Islam while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the Western Roman Empire Latin and thus by the Catholic Church in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs citation needed Genetics EditConsistent with the proximity of their languages analyses of Y chromosomes mDNA and autosomal marker CCR5de132 shows the gene pool of Eastern and Western Slavs to be identical and demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno Ugric Turkic and North Caucasian peoples Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations especially Russians 46 47 Together they form the basis of the East European gene cluster which also includes non Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians 46 48 Only Northern Russians among East and West Slavs belong to a different Northern European genetic cluster along with Balts Germanic and Baltic Finnic peoples Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts 49 50 The 2006 Y DNA study results suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present day Ukraine thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper 51 According to genetic studies until 2020 the distribution variance and frequency of the Y DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R M558 R M458 and I CTS10228 among South Slavs correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe most probably from the territory of present day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Religion EditSee also Slavic paganism The Zbruch Idol preserved at the Krakow Archaeological Museum The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs while Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs The religious borders are largely comparable to the East West Schism which began in the 11th century Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the early Muslim conquests and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans citation needed Among Slavic populations who profess a religion the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox followed by Catholic The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the Hanafi school of the Sunni branch of Islam 59 Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion citation needed Mainly Eastern Orthodoxy 60 61 Russians Ukrainians Serbs Bulgarians Belarusians Macedonians Montenegrins Mainly Catholicism citation needed Poles incl Silesians Kashubians Gorals Croats Slovaks Slovenes Sorbs 62 Rusyns a Banat Bulgarians 63 Mainly Islam Bosniaks 64 Pomaks 65 Gorani 66 Torbesi 67 Ethnic MuslimsRelations with non Slavic people EditSee also Baltic Slavic piracy Narentines and Germania Slavica First Bulgarian Empire the Bulgars were a Turkic semi nomadic warrior tribe that became Slavicized in the 7th century AD Throughout their history Slavs came into contact with non Slavic groups In the postulated homeland region present day Ukraine they had contacts with the Iranian Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths After their subsequent spread the Slavs began assimilating non Slavic peoples For example in the Northern Black Sea region the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths 68 In the Balkans there were Paleo Balkan peoples such as Romanized and Hellenized Jirecek Line Illyrians Thracians and Dacians as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci and Serdi 69 Because Slavs were so numerous most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period A notable exception is Greece where Slavs were Hellenized because Greeks were more numerous especially with more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the influence of the church and administration 70 however Slavicized regions within Macedonia Thrace and Moesia Inferior also had a larger portion of locals compared to migrating Slavs 71 Other notable exceptions are the territory of present day Romania and Hungary where Slavs settled en route to present day Greece North Macedonia Bulgaria and East Thrace but assimilated and the modern Albanian nation which claims descent from Illyrians and other Balkan tribes citation needed The status of the Bulgars as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the Bulgarian country and people but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time 72 Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages but they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs citation needed In the Western Balkans South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with invaders eventually producing a Slavicized population citation needed In Central Europe the West Slavs intermixed with Germanic Hungarian and Celtic peoples while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered Finnic and Scandinavian peoples Scandinavians Varangians and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus state but were completely Slavicized after a century Some Finnic tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population 49 In the 11th and 12th centuries constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes such as the Kipchak and the Pecheneg caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer heavily forested regions of the north 73 In the Middle Ages groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized citation needed Map showing Slavic raids on Scandinavia in the mid 12th century Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa Sicily and Al Andalus Saqaliba served as caliph s guards 74 75 In the 12th century Slavic piracy in the Baltics increased The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147 as a part of the Northern Crusades The pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrite tribes Niklot began his open resistance when Lothar III Holy Roman Emperor invaded Slavic lands In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization Ostsiedlung of the Elbe Oder region began In Hanoverian Wendland Mecklenburg Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization Early forms of germanization were described by German monks Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum 76 The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony 77 In Eastern Germany around 20 of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry as revealed in Y DNA testing 78 Similarly in Germany around 20 of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin 79 Cossacks although Slavic and practicing Orthodox Christianity came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds including Tatars and other peoples Initially the Cossacks were a mini subethnos but now they are less than 5 and most of them live in the south of Russia citation needed The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population The population of Moravian Wallachia also descended from the Vlachs Conversely some Slavs were assimilated into other populations Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the Magyar people Numerous rivers and places in Romania have a name with Slavic origins 80 Population Edit Slavs in the US 1990 census and Canada 2016 census by area 20 35 14 20 11 14 8 11 5 8 3 5 0 3 Percentage of ethnic Russians by federal subjects of Russia according to the 2010 census 81 above 80 70 79 50 69 20 49 below 20 Winkler Prins 2002 estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around c 260 million at the time 82 unreliable source Ethnicity Estimates and census dataRussians c 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation 2002 Winkler Prins estimate 83 622 445 Russians 120 165 Russian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Poles 37 393 651 inhabitants of Poland with declared Polish ethnicity 2011 Polish census 85 86 87 Over 20 000 000 Polish diaspora 2015 estimate by wspolnotapolska org pl 88 better source needed 1 106 585 Poles 264 415 Polish only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Ukrainians c 46 7 51 8 million Ukrainians worldwide 2001 Ukrainian census various diaspora estimates 89 c 58 693 854 Ukrainians worldwide 1994 Pawliczko estimate 90 c 37 419 000 Ukrainians in Ukraine 1994 Pawliczko estimate 90 c 21 274 854 Ukrainian diaspora 1994 Pawliczko estimate 90 1 359 655 Ukrainians 273 810 Ukrainian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 51 001 Ukrainians in Poland 2011 Polish census 86 c 1 2 million Ukrainian refugees recorded in Poland August 2022 UNHCR figures 91 Serbs 5 360 239 Serbs in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 c 2 3 million Serbian diaspora 2008 World Bank estimate 93 c 3 2 3 8 million Serbian diaspora 2006 MARRI estimate 93 c 3 9 4 2 million Serbian diaspora broadly defined 2008 Serbian Ministry for Diaspora estimate 93 1 365 093 Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991 according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992 94 43 180 213 Serbs in Montenegro 2011 Montenegrin census b 35 939 Serbs in North Macedonia 2002 North Macedonia census 97 96 535 Serbs 52 730 Serbian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Czechs c 6 1 million Czechs in Czechia 2021 22 CIA World Factbook estimate 98 6 732 104 Czechs in Czechia 2011 Czech census 99 28 996 Czechs in Slovakia 2021 Slovak census 100 3 447 Czechs in Poland 2011 Polish census 86 104 585 Czechs 23 250 Czech only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Belarusians c 8 37 million Belarusians in Belarus 2009 Belarusian census 101 46 787 Belarusians in Poland 2011 Polish census 86 20 710 Byelorussian 5 125 Byelorussian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Bulgarians c 10 million Bulgarians worldwide Kolev early 2000s estimate 102 c 6 5 million Bulgarians in Bulgaria Jeffreys et al 2008 estimate 103 c 10 million Bulgarian speakers worldwide Jeffreys et al 2008 estimate 103 c 9 million Bulgarians worldwide of which nearly 7 million in Bulgaria Cole 2011 estimate 104 c 9 million Bulgarians worldwide of which c 7 3 million in Bulgaria Danver 2015 estimate 105 12 918 Bulgarians in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 34 560 Bulgarians 19 965 Bulgarian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Croats c 4 5 million Croats in Croatia and c 4 million Croats abroad 1993 estimate by Palermo amp Sabanadze 2011 106 759 906 Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991 according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992 94 43 c 4 5 million Croats outside Croatia Winland 2004 estimate 107 c 4 5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage outside Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina HWC 2003 estimate 108 39 107 Croats in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 96 6 021 Croats in Montenegro 2011 Montenegrin census 109 133 965 Croats 55 595 Croatian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Slovaks 4 353 775 Slovaks in Slovakia 2011 Slovak census 110 10 4 567 547 Slovaks in Slovakia 2021 Slovak census 100 149 140 Slovaks in Czechia 2011 Czech census 99 41 730 Slovaks in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 c 762 000 people with Slovak ancestry in the United States 2010 American Community Survey 111 2 294 1 889 single 947 multiple ethnic identity Slovaks in Poland 2011 Polish census 86 72 290 Slovaks 20 475 Slovak only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Bosniaks previouslycalled Bosnian Muslims 1 898 963 Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991 according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992 94 43 c 1 9 million Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 2022 CIA World Factbook estimate 112 153 801 Bosniaks in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 96 53 786 Bosniaks in Montenegro 2011 Montenegrin census c 17 018 Bosniaks in North Macedonia 2002 North Macedonia census 97 26 740 Bosnians 15 610 Bosnian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Slovenes c 1 632 000 Slovenes in Slovenia 2002 Slovenian census 113 c 2 5 million Slovenes worldwide 2004 Zupancic estimate 113 c 1 8 million Slovenes in Slovenia 2004 Zupancic estimate 113 c 0 7 million Slovene diaspora 2004 Zupancic estimate 113 2 829 Slovenes in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 40 470 Slovenes 13 690 Slovenian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Macedonians 1 297 981 Macedonians in North Macedonia 2002 North Macedonia census 97 c 580 000 Macedonian emigrants 1964 estimate 114 14 767 Macedonians in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 43 110 Macedonians 18 405 Macedonian only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Silesians 435 750 Silesians in Poland 2011 Polish census 86 12 231 Silesians in Czechia 2011 Czech census 99 c 2 million Silesians in Poland Grabowska 2002 estimate 115 6 Moravians 522 474 Moravians in Czechia 2011 Czech census 99 1 098 Moravians in Slovakia 2021 Slovak census 100 Yugoslavs 210 395 Yugoslavs in the United States 2021 American Community Survey 116 38 480 Yugoslavian not otherwise specified 8 570 Yugoslav only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 27 143 Yugoslavs in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 96 2 570 Yugoslavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 Bosnian and Herzegovinian census 117 1 154 Yugoslavs in Montenegro 2011 Montenegrin census 95 Rusyns incl Lemkos c 1 2 million Rusyns worldwide 1995 Magocsi estimate 118 23 746 Rusyns in Slovakia 2021 Slovak census 100 11 483 Ruthenians in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 10 531 Lemkos in Poland 2011 Polish census 86 Slavs in Greece c 200 000 speakers of Macedonian in Greece Friedman 1985 119 c 150 000 350 000 Macedonians in Greek Macedonia various estimates around 1995 120 c 20 000 50 000 Slavic speakers in northern Greece 1990 USDoS estimates 121 c 5 000 10 000 of them self identified as Macedonians 1990 USDoS estimates 121 c 10 000 50 000 Slavs in Greece 2002 USDoS estimates 122 Czechoslovaks c 304 000 people with Czechoslovak ancestry in the United States 2010 American Community Survey 111 40 715 Czechoslovak not otherwise specified 5 075 Czechoslovak only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Montenegrins 280 873 Montenegrins in Montenegro 2011 Montenegrin census d c 500 000 Montenegrins outside Montenegro 2014 Montenegrin Foreign Ministry estimate 123 20 238 Montenegrins in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 96 4 165 Montenegrins 915 Montenegrin only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Kashubians c 331 000 Kashubs and c 184 000 half Kashubs couldn t speak Kashubian in the Gdansk region Latoszek 1980s 124 52 665 inhabitants of Poland spoke Kashubian at home 49 855 of them also spoke Polish at home 2002 Polish census 125 566 737 Kashubs and people with partial Kashubian ancestry in Pomerania Mordawski 2005 125 232 547 Kashubians in Poland 2011 Polish census e Slavs in the UnitedStates and Canada c 137 000 people with Slavic ancestry in the United States 2010 American Community Survey 111 4 870 Slavic not otherwise specified 1 470 Slavic only in Canada 2016 Canadian census 84 Muslims ethnic group 13 011 Muslims in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 96 20 977 Muslims in Montenegro 2011 Montenegrin census f 12 121 Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 BiH census 126 27 Sorbs c 60 000 Sorbs in Germany 20 000 of which still spoke Sorb 2007 Reuters estimate 127 Gorani c 60 000 Gorani worldwide 2009 estimate by political party Građanska inicijativa Goranaca 128 7 700 Gorani in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 Bunjevci 11 104 Bunjevci in Serbia 2022 Serbian census 92 Historiography EditMain article List of Slavic studies journalsSee also Edit Europe portalEthnic groups in Europe Gord archaeology Lech Cech and Rus List of modern ethnic groups List of Slavic tribes Outline of Slavic history and culture Panethnicity Pan Slavic colors Slavic names Asia Minor Slavs Bulgarisation Russification Serbianisation PolonizationNotes Edit Originally Eastern Orthodox with some groups adopting Byzantine Rite Catholicism under Polish and Austro Hungarian rule and reverting to Eastern Orthodoxy starting in the late 19th Century citation needed The 180 213 figure is the sum of 178 110 Serbs 2 103 Serbs Montenegrins 95 96 The 53 786 figure is the sum of 53 605 Bosniaks 181 Bosniaks Muslims 95 109 The 280 873 figure is the sum of 278 865 Montenegrins 1 833 Montenegrins Serbs 175 Montenegrins Muslims 95 109 Including 16 000 single ethnic identity 216 000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian 1 000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland 86 The 20 977 figure is the sum of 20 537 Muslims 183 Muslims Bosniaks 257 Muslims Montenegrins 95 109 References EditCitations Edit Slav Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 3 March 2021 Slav member of the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe Kirch Aksel June 1992 Russians as a Minority in Contemporary Baltic States Bulletin of Peace Proposals SAGE Publishing 23 2 205 212 doi 10 1177 096701069202300212 JSTOR 44481642 S2CID 157870839 Ramet Pedro 1978 Migration and Nationality Policy in Soviet Central Asia Humboldt Journal of Social Relations California State Polytechnic University Humboldt 6 1 79 101 JSTOR 23261898 Geography and ethnic geography of the Balkans to 1500 25 February 1999 Archived from the original on 25 February 1999 Encyclopaedia Britannica 18 September 2006 Slav people Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica com Retrieved 18 August 2010 Kamusella Tomasz Nomachi Motoki Gibson Catherine 2016 The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages Identities and Borders London Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781137348395 Serafin Mikolaj January 2015 Cultural Proximity of the Slavic Nations PDF Retrieved 28 April 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Zivkovic Tibor Crncevic Dejan Bulic Dejan Petrovic Vladeta Cvijanovic Irena Radovanovic Bojana 2013 The World of the Slavs Studies of the East West and South Slavs Civitas Oppidas Villas and Archeological Evidence 7th to 11th Centuries AD Belgrade Istorijski institut ISBN 978 8677431044 Gasparov Boris Raevsky Hughes Olga 2018 Christianity and the Eastern Slavs Volume I Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages Univ of California Press pp 120 amp 124 ISBN 978 0 520 30247 1 Stephen Barbour Cathie Carmichael Language and Nationalism in Europe Oxford University Press 2000 p 199 ISBN 0 19 823671 9 Robert Bideleux Ian Jeffries January 1998 A History of Eastern Europe Crisis and Change Psychology Press p 325 ISBN 978 0 415 16112 1 Procopius History of the Wars VII 14 22 30 VIII 40 5 Jordanes The Origin and Deeds of the Goths V 33 Curta 2001 p 41 42 50 55 60 69 75 88 Balabanov Kosta 2011 Vinica Fortress mythology religion and history written with clay Skopje Matica pp 273 309 Coon Carleton S 1939 The Peoples of Europe Chapter VI Sec 7 New York Macmillan Publishers Tacitus Germania page 46 Curta 2001 38 Dzino 2010 95 Barford Paul M 2001 The Early Slavs Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 3977 3 Procopius History of the Wars VII 14 22 30 Clas ufl edu Retrieved 4 April 2014 Jordanes The Origin and Deeds of the Goths V 35 Maurice s Strategikon handbook of Byzantine military strategy trans G T Dennis 1984 p 120 Curta 2001 pp 91 92 315 Mallory amp Adams Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Cyril A Mango 1980 Byzantium the empire of New Rome Scribner p 26 ISBN 978 0 684 16768 8 Tachiaos Anthony Emil N 2001 Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica The Acculturation of the Slavs Crestwood NY St Vladimir s Seminary Press Nystazopoulou Pelekidou 1992 Middle Ages Stih Peter 2010 V Wiped Out By The Slavic Settlement The Issue Of Continuity Between Antiquity And The Early Middle Ages In The Slovene Area The Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic Select Papers on Slovene Historiography and Medieval History East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages Vol 2 Brill pp 85 99 doi 10 1163 ej 9789004185913 i 463 18 ISBN 978 9 004 18770 2 Zeljko Rapanic 2013 O pocetcima i nastajanju Dubrovnika The origin and formation of Dubrovnik additional considerations p 94 Starohrvatska prosvjeta Vol III No 40 1 Stergar Rok Nationalities Austria Hungary International Encyclopedia of the First World War Fritz Stephen G 2011 Ostkrieg Hitler s War of Extermination in the East University Press of Kentucky Generalplan Ost General plan for the east ISBN 978 0813140506 via Google Books Mark Harrison 2002 Accounting for War Soviet Production Employment and the Defence Burden 1940 1945 Cambridge University Press p 167 ISBN 0 521 89424 7 Stephen J Lee 2000 European dictatorships 1918 1945 Routledge p 86 ISBN 0 415 23046 2 Kyrgyzstan Offers an Unlikely Window Into Slavic Culture The Moscow Times 10 December 2013 Russians left behind in Central Asia by Robert Greenall BBC News 23 November 2005 F Kortlandt The spread of the Indo Europeans Journal of Indo European Studies vol 18 1990 pp 131 140 Online version p 4 F Kortlandt The spread of the Indo Europeans Journal of Indo European Studies vol 18 1990 pp 131 140 Online version p 3 J P Mallory and D Q Adams The Oxford Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World 2006 pp 25 26 Russian University of Toronto Retrieved 26 March 2022 Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe Kobylinski Zbigniew 1995 The Slavs In McKitterick Rosamond ed The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 1 c 500 c 700 Cambridge University Press p 531 ISBN 9780521362917 Roman Smal Stocki 1950 Slavs and Teutons The Oldest Germanic Slavic Relations Bruce Raymond E Zickel Library of Congress Federal Research Division 1 December 1991 Soviet Union A Country Study Federal Research Division Library of Congress p 138 ISBN 978 0 8444 0727 2 Comparative Politics Pearson Education India pp 182 ISBN 978 81 317 6033 8 Tarasov I M On the Mention of the Dnieper Varangians in the Context of the Legend of the Beginning of Kiev 2023 P 59 60 Vlasto 1970 p 237 a b Verbenko 2005 pp 10 18 Balanovsky 2012 p 13 Balanovsky 2012 p 23 a b Balanovsky amp Rootsi 2008 pp 236 250 Balanovsky 2012 p 26 Rebala K Mikulich AI Tsybovsky IS Sivakova D Dzupinkova Z Szczerkowska Dobosz A Szczerkowska Z 2007 Y STR variation among Slavs Evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin Journal of Human Genetics 52 5 406 14 doi 10 1007 s10038 007 0125 6 PMID 17364156 A Zupan et al 2013 The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations Annals of Human Biology 40 6 515 526 doi 10 3109 03014460 2013 813584 PMID 23879710 S2CID 34621779 However a study by Battaglia et al 2009 showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and based on the observed pattern of variation it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present day Ukraine The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions However the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b M423 haplogroup could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern day Ukraine Underhill Peter A 2015 The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y chromosome haplogroup R1a European Journal of Human Genetics 23 1 124 131 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2014 50 PMC 4266736 PMID 24667786 R1a M458 exceeds 20 in the Czech Republic Slovakia Poland and Western Belarus The lineage averages 11 15 across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7 or less elsewhere Figure 2d Unlike hg R1a M458 the R1a M558 clade is also common in the Volga Uralic populations R1a M558 occurs at 10 33 in parts of Russia exceeds 26 in Poland and Western Belarus and varies between 10 and 23 in the Ukraine whereas it drops 10 fold lower in Western Europe In general both R1a M458 and R1a M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage O M Utevska 2017 Genofond ukrayinciv za riznimi sistemami genetichnih markeriv pohodzhennya i misce na yevropejskomu genetichnomu prostori The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers the origin and statement in Europe PhD in Ukrainian National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine pp 219 226 302 Neparaczki Endre et al 2019 Y chromosome haplogroups from Hun Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin Scientific Reports Nature Research 9 16569 16569 Bibcode 2019NatSR 916569N doi 10 1038 s41598 019 53105 5 PMC 6851379 PMID 31719606 Hg I2a1a2b L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog MH 9 most likely also belongs here as MH 9 is a likely kin of MH 16 see below This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe especially among Slavic speaking groups Pamjav Horolma Feher Tibor Nemeth Endre Koppany Csaji Laszlo 2019 Genetika es ostortenet in Hungarian Napkut Kiado p 58 ISBN 978 963 263 855 3 Az I2 CTS10228 kozneven dinari karpati alcsoport legkorabbi kozos ose 2200 evvel ezelottre teheto igy eseteben nem arrol van szo hogy a mezolit nepesseg Kelet Europaban ilyen mertekben fennmaradt volna hanem arrol hogy egy a mezolit csoportoktol szarmazo szuk csalad az europai vaskorban sikeresen integralodott egy olyan tarsadalomba amely hamarosan eroteljes demografiai expanzioba kezdett Ez is mutatja hogy nem feltetlenul nepek mintsem csaladok sikerevel nemzetsegek elterjedesevel is szamolnunk kell es ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitassal osszefuggesbe hozni lehetetlen A csoport elterjedese alapjan valoszinusitheto hogy a szlav nepek migraciojaban vett reszt igy valva az R1a t kovetoen a masodik legdominansabb csoportta a mai Kelet Europaban Nyugat Europabol viszont teljes mertekben hianyzik kiveve a kora kozepkorban szlav nyelvet beszelo keletnemet teruleteket Fothi E Gonzalez A Feher T et al 2020 Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 1 doi 10 1007 s12520 019 00996 0 Based on SNP analysis the CTS10228 group is 2200 300 years old The group s demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs because the proto Slavic period was later around 300 500 CE The SNP based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 300 years old The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans where the subgroup is dominant in 50 5 of Croatians 30 1 of Serbs 31 4 of Montenegrins and in about 20 of Albanians and Greeks As a result this subgroup is often called Dinaric It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period as it is almost absent in Italy as well see Online Resource 5 ESM 5 Kushniarevich Alena Kassian Alexei 2020 Genetics and Slavic languages in Marc L Greenberg ed Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online Brill doi 10 1163 2589 6229 ESLO COM 032367 retrieved 10 December 2020 The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups R1a Z282 I2a P37 overlap with the area occupied by the present day Slavs to a great extent and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic specic patrilineal lineages Sabrina P Ramet 1989 Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Duke University Press pp 380 ISBN 978 0 8223 0891 1 Goldblatt Harvey December 1986 Orthodox Slavic Heritage and National Consciousness Aspects of the East Slavic and South Slavic National Revivals Harvard Ukrainian Studies Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 10 3 4 336 354 JSTOR 41036261 Zdravkovski Aleksander Morrison Kenneth January 2014 The Orthodox Churches of Macedonia and Montenegro The Quest for Autocephaly Religion and Politics in Post Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe pp 240 262 doi 10 1057 9781137330727 10 ISBN 978 1 349 46120 2 Sparrow Thomas 16 June 2021 Sorbs The ethnic minority inside Germany BBC Retrieved 3 April 2022 Vuckovic Marija 2008 Savremena istrazivanja malih etnickih zajednica Contemporary studies of small ethnic communities XXI Vek in Serbo Croatian 3 2 8 Retrieved 1 March 2019 Lopasic Alexander 1981 Bosnian Muslims A Search for Identity British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Taylor amp Francis 8 2 115 121 doi 10 1080 13530198108705319 JSTOR 194542 Hugh Poulton Suha Taji Farouki January 1997 Muslim Identity and the Balkan State Hurst p 33 ISBN 978 1 85065 276 2 Bursac Milan ed 2000 GORANCI MUSLIMANI I TURCI U ShARPLANINSKIM ZhUPAMA SRBIЈE PROBLEMI SADAShЊIH USLOVA ZhIVOTA I OPSTANKA Zbornik radova sa Okruglog stola odrzhanog 19 aprila 2000 godine u Srpskoј akademiјi nauka i umetnosti Belgrade SANU pp 71 73 Kowan J 2000 Macedonia The Politics of Identity and Difference London Pluto Press p 111 ISBN 0 7453 1594 1 Tarasov I M On the Mention of the Dnieper Varangians in the Context of the Legend of the Beginning of Kiev 2023 P 59 60 The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2 The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman I E S Edwards E Sollberger and N G L Hammond ISBN 0521227178 1992 page 600 In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin Fine 1991 p 41 Florin Curta s An ironic smile the Carpathian Mountains and the migration of the Slavs Studia mediaevalia Europaea et orientalia Miscellanea in honorem professoris emeriti Victor Spinei oblata edited by George Bilavschi and Dan Aparaschivei 47 72 Bucharest Editura Academiei Romane 2018 Fine 1991 p 35 Klyuchevsky Vasily 1987 1 Mysl The course of the Russian history in Russian ISBN 5 244 00072 1 Retrieved 9 October 2009 Lewis 1994 ch 1 Archived from the original on 1 April 2001 Eigeland Tor 1976 The golden caliphate Saudi Aramco World September October 1976 pp 12 16 Wend Britannica com 13 September 2013 Archived from the original on 7 May 2008 Retrieved 4 April 2014 Polabian language Britannica com Retrieved 4 April 2014 Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations from early medieval Slavic expansion to post World War II resettlements European Journal of Human Genetics 21 4 415 22 2013 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2012 190 PMC 3598329 PMID 22968131 Y chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname associated strata in the East German population European Journal of Human Genetics 14 5 577 582 2006 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201572 PMID 16435000 Nandriș Grigore June 1956 The Relations between Toponymy and Ethnology in Rumania The Slavonic and East European Review Modern Humanities Research Association 34 83 490 494 JSTOR 4204755 EAll Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality sex and subjects of the Russian Federation Demoscope Weekly 2010 Slaven Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins in Dutch Microsoft Corporation Het Spectrum 1993 2002 Russische Federatie feiten en cijfers Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins in Dutch Microsoft Corporation Het Spectrum 1993 2002 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables 2016 Canadian census Statistics Canada 25 October 2017 Archived from the original on 27 October 2017 Including 36 522 000 single declared ethnic identity 871 000 multiple declared ethnic identities Polish and another ethnic identity especially 431 000 Polish and Silesian 216 000 Polish and Kashubian and 224 000 Polish and another identity Przynaleznosc narodowo etniczna ludnosci wyniki spisu ludnosci i mieszkan 2011 PDF stat gov pl 29 January 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2022 a b c d e f g h Glowny Urzad Statystyczny January 2013 Ludnosc Stan i struktura demograficzno spoleczna Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludnosci i Mieszkan 2011 PDF in Polish Glowny Urzad Statystyczny pp 89 101 Retrieved 12 December 2014 Struktura narodowo etniczna jezykowa i wyznaniowa ludnosci Polski Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludnosci i Mieszkan 2011 PDF in Polish Warsaw Glowny Urzad Statystyczny November 2015 pp 129 136 ISBN 978 83 7027 597 6 Swiat Polonii witryna Stowarzyszenia Wspolnota Polska Polacy za granica Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Polish people abroad as per summary by Swiat Polonii internet portal of the association Wspolnota Polska Paul R Magocsi 2010 A History of Ukraine The Land and Its Peoples University of Toronto Press pp 10 ISBN 978 1 4426 1021 7 a b c Vic Satzewich 2003 The Ukrainian Diaspora Routledge pp 19 21 ISBN 978 1 134 43495 4 Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation data unhcr org Retrieved 18 August 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Final results of the Census of Population Households and Dwellings 2022 Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia 28 April 2023 Retrieved 28 April 2023 a b c Theodore E Baird and Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels May 2014 Svaki drugi Srbin zivi izvan Srbije PDF Novosti p 5 Archived from the original PDF on 18 October 2012 Retrieved 31 May 2018 a b c Socio Economic Audit of Sarajevo Macro Region PDF March 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 27 February 2007 Retrieved 8 March 2020 a b c d e Stanovnistvo Crne Gore prema polu tipu naselja nacionalnoj odnosno etnickoj pripadnosti vjeroispovijesti i maternjem jeziku po opstinama u Crnoj Gori Population of Montenegro by sex type of settlement national or ethnic affiliation religion and mother tongue by municipalities in Montenegro PDF in Montenegrin and English Retrieved 19 August 2022 a b c d e f Đecevic Vukovic Calasan amp Knezevic 2017 p 143 a b c Census of population in the Republic of Macedonia 2002 PDF www stat gov mk page 62 An estimated 57 3 ethnic Czechs 2021 on an estimated 10 705 384 total population 2022 makes about 6 1 million However 31 6 was unspecified so this may be far off the real figure Czech Republic CIA The World Factbook Retrieved 16 August 2022 a b c d Tab 6 2 Obyvatelstvo podle narodnosti podle kraju Table 6 2 Population by nationality by region PDF Czech Statistical Office in Czech 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2012 a b c d Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2021 Retrieved 5 July 2022 Changes in the populations of the majority ethnic groups belstat gov by Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 Retrieved 28 July 2016 Kolev Yordan Blgarite izvn Blgariya 1878 1945 2005 r 18 Quote V nachaloto na XXI v obshiyat broj na etnicheskite blgari v Blgariya i zad granica se izchislyava na okolo 10 miliona dushi At the beginning of the 21st century the total number of ethnic Bulgarians in Bulgaria and abroad was estimated at about 10 million people a b The Report Bulgaria 2008 Oxford Business Group 2008 pp 7 8 ISBN 978 1 902339 92 4 Retrieved 26 March 2016 Cole Jeffrey E 25 May 2011 Ethnic Groups of Europe An Encyclopedia google bg ISBN 9781598843033 Danver Steven L 10 March 2015 Native Peoples of the World google bg ISBN 9781317464006 Palermo Francesco 2011 National Minorities in Inter State Relations Filling the Legal Vacuum In Francesco Palermo ed National Minorities in Inter State Relations Natalie Sabanadze Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 11 ISBN 978 90 04 17598 3 Daphne Winland 2004 Croatian Diaspora in Melvin Ember Carol R Ember Ian Skoggard eds Encyclopedia of Diasporas Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World Volume I Overviews and Topics Volume II Diaspora Communities vol 2 illustrated ed Springer Science Business p 76 ISBN 978 0 306 48321 9 It is estimated that 4 5 million Croatians live outside Croatia Hrvatski Svjetski Kongres Archived from the original on 23 June 2003 Retrieved 1 June 2016 Croatian World Congress 4 5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage live outside of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina a b c d Đecevic Vukovic Calasan amp Knezevic 2017 p 144 Zakladne udaje zo scitania obyvateľov domov a bytov 2011 Basic data from the 2011 Census of Population Houses and Apartments PDF statistics sk in Slovak Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic July 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 14 November 2012 Retrieved 18 August 2022 a b c 2010 American Community Survey American FactFinder 2010 Archived from the original on 18 January 2015 Retrieved 18 August 2022 This number is derived from the 2022 total population estimate of 3 816 459 multiplied by 0 501 based on the 2013 50 1 Bosniak share estimate It is not certain that the Bosniak share was still 50 1 in 2022 The Factbook notes Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results Bosnia and Herzegovina the World Factbook 18 August 2022 a b c d Zupancic Jernej August 2004 Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries PDF Slovenia a geographical overview Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia Retrieved 18 August 2022 Topolinjska Z 1998 In place of a foreword facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131 1 11 doi 10 1515 ijsl 1998 131 1 S2CID 143257269 The Institute for European Studies Ethnological institute of UW PDF Retrieved 16 August 2012 2021 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates American Community Survey 2021 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on 8 April 2022 Retrieved 19 November 2022 Popis stanovnistva domacinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini Etnicka nacionalna pripadnost vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik Census of population households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina Ethnic national affiliation religion and mother tongue PDF Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2019 p 27 Magocsi Paul Robert 1995 The Rusyn Question Political Thought 2 3 6 221 231 UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profile Lmp ucla edu Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 Retrieved 4 September 2015 Poulton Hugh 1995 Who are the Macedonians C Hurst amp Co Publishers p 167 ISBN 1 85065 238 4 As often occurs with Yugoslav sources there appears to be confusion about the numbers as there is about the numbers of Macedonians in Greek Macedonia at present some Yugoslav sources put the latter figure at 350 000 but more sober estimates put it at 150 200 000 a b National Conflict in a Transnational World Greeks and Macedonians at the CSCE Gate net Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 4 September 2015 Greece State gov 4 March 2002 Retrieved 4 September 2015 Sirom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca RTCG Radio Televizija Crne Gore Nacionalni javni servis 20 September 2014 Retrieved 18 August 2022 Kwidzinska Slawina 2007 The Kashubs Today Culture Language Identity PDF Gdansk The Kashubian Institute pp 34 35 ISBN 9788389079787 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2022 a b Polen Analysen Die Kaschuben PDF Lander Analysen in German Polen NR 95 10 13 September 2011 http www laender analysen de polen pdf PolenAnalysen95 pdf Census of Population Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina Ethnicity national affiliation religion and mother tongue Popis 2013 BiH www popis gov ba 2019 Retrieved 18 August 2022 Chambers Madeline 26 November 2007 Germany s Sorb minority struggles for survival Reuters Retrieved 18 August 2022 Program politicke stranke GIG Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju 24 03 1999 godine u Gori je zivelo oko 18 000 Goranaca U Srbiji i bivsim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40 000 Goranaca a znacajan broj Goranaca zivi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama Po nasim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca u Gori u Srbiji i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60 000 Sources Edit Primary sourcesMoravcsik Gyula ed 1967 1949 Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio 2nd revised ed Washington D C Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies ISBN 9780884020219 Scholz Bernhard Walter ed 1970 Carolingian Chronicles Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard s Histories University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0472061860 Secondary sourcesAllentoft ME 11 June 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia Nature Nature Research 522 7555 167 172 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 167A doi 10 1038 nature14507 PMID 26062507 S2CID 4399103 Balanovsky Oleg Rootsi Siiri et al January 2008 Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context American Journal of Human Genetics 82 1 236 50 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2007 09 019 PMC 2253976 PMID 18179905 Balanovsky Oleg P 2012 Izmenchivost genofonda v prostranstve i vremeni sintez dannyh o genogeografii mitohondrialnoj DNK i Y hromosomy Variability of the gene pool in space and time synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome PDF Dr habil in Biology thesis in Russian Moscow Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Barford Paul M 2001 The Early Slavs Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801439773 Curta Florin 2001 The Making of the Slavs History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region c 500 700 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139428880 Curta Florin 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521815390 Curta Florin The early Slavs in Bohemia and Moravia a response to my critics Đecevic Mehmed Vukovic Calasan Danijela Knezevic Sasa 2017 Re designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro East European Politics and Societies 31 1 137 157 doi 10 1177 0888325416678042 S2CID 152238874 Retrieved 18 August 2022 Dvornik Francis 1962 The Slavs in European History and Civilization New Brunswick Rutgers University Press ISBN 9780813507996 Fine John Van Antwerp Jr 1991 1983 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0472081493 Fine John Van Antwerp Jr 1994 1987 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0472082605 Lacey Robert 2003 Great Tales from English History Little Brown and Company New York 2004 ISBN 0 316 10910 X Lewis Bernard Race and Slavery in the Middle East Oxford Univ Press Mathieson Iain 21 February 2018 The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe Nature Nature Research 555 7695 197 203 Bibcode 2018Natur 555 197M doi 10 1038 nature25778 PMC 6091220 PMID 29466330 Nystazopoulou Pelekidou Maria 1992 The Macedonian Question A Historical Review c Association Internationale d Etudes du Sud Est Europeen AIESEE International Association of Southeast European Studies Comite Grec Corfu Ionian University English translation of a 1988 work written in Greek Obolensky Dimitri 1974 1971 The Byzantine Commonwealth Eastern Europe 500 1453 London Cardinal ISBN 9780351176449 Ostrogorsky George 1956 History of the Byzantine State Oxford Basil Blackwell Rebala Krzysztof et al 2007 Y STR variation among Slavs evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin Journal of Human Genetics May 2007 52 5 408 414 Verbenko Dmitry A et al 2005 Variability of the 3 ApoB Minisatellite Locus in Eastern Slavonic Populations Human Heredity 60 1 10 18 doi 10 1159 000087338 PMID 16103681 S2CID 8926871 Archived PDF from the original on 20 January 2012 Vlasto Alexis P 1970 The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521074599 Further reading Edit Linguistic Marginalia on Slavic Ethnogensis PDF Sorin Palgia University of Bucharest External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slavs Look up Slav in Wiktionary the free dictionary Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs B Malyarchuk T Grzybowski M Derenko M Perkova T Vanecek J Lazur P Gomolcaknd I Tsybovsky Oxford Journals Texts on Wikisource Slavs Encyclopedia Americana 1920 Slavs The New Student s Reference Work 1914 Leopold Lenard 1913 The Slavs In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Slavs amp oldid 1156473349, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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