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Wikipedia

Neoclassical architecture

March 19, 2023

This article is about the historical style. For the contemporary style, see New Classical architecture.

Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France. It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world.[1] The prevailing styles of architecture in most of Europe for the previous two centuries, Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture, already represented partial revivals of the Classical architecture of ancient Rome and ancient Greek architecture, but the Neoclassical movement aimed to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer and more authentic classical style, adapted to modern purposes.

Neoclassical architecture
Top: The Petit Trianon (Versailles, France), 1764, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel; Centre: The Salon de Compagnie of the Petit Trianon; Bottom: Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (Paris), 1806–1808, by Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
Years active18th century–mid-20th century

The development of archaeology and published accurate records of surviving classical buildings was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. In many countries, there was an initial wave essentially drawing on Roman architecture, followed, from about the start of the 19th century, by a second wave of Greek Revival architecture. This followed increased understanding of Greek survivals. As the 19th century continued, the style tended to lose its original rather austere purity in variants like the French Empire style. The term "neoclassical" is often used very loosely for any building using some of the classical architectural vocabulary.

In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition. Therefore, the style is defined by symmetry, simple geometry, and social demands instead of ornament.[2] In the 21st century, a version of the style continues, sometimes called New Classical architecture or New Classicism.

History

Neoclassical architecture is a specific style and moment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that was specifically associated with the Enlightenment, empiricism, and the study of sites by early archaeologists.[3] Classical architecture after about 1840 must be classified as one of a series of "revival" styles, such as Greek, Renaissance, or Italianate. Various historians of the 19th century have made this clear since the 1970s. Classical architecture during the twentieth century is classified less as a revival, and more a return to a style was decelerated with the advent of Modernism. Yet still Neoclassical architecture is beginning to be practiced again in twenty-first Century more in the form of New Classical Architecture and even in Gentrification and Historicism Architecture, the Neoclassical architecture or its important elements are still being used, even when the Postmodernist architecture is dominant throughout the world.

Palladianism

Main article: Palladian architecture

A return to more classical architectural forms as a reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century, most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland. The name refers to the designs of the 16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio.

The Baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell (1715), Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture, 1715), De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti (first published in 1452) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent designed Chiswick House. This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra "La Rotonda", but purified of 16th-century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of Palladianism. In 1734, William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture, Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

This classicizing vein was also detectable, to a lesser degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris, such as in the Louvre Colonnade. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran.

Neoclassicism

 
 
Comparison between a 1st century AD Roman wall painting of an ornate door, in the Villa Boscoreale (Italy); and a massive 19th century Neoclassical door of the Palace of Justice (Brussels, Belgium)

By the mid-18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. An early centre of neoclassicism was Italy, especially Naples, where by the 1730s court architects such as Luigi Vanvitelli and Ferdinando Fuga were recovering classical, Palladian and Mannerist forms in their Baroque architecture. Following their lead, Giovanni Antonio Medrano began to build the first truly neoclassical structures in Italy in the 1730s. In the same period, Alessandro Pompei introduced neoclassicism to the Venetian Republic, building one of the first lapidariums in Europe in Verona, in the Doric style (1738). During the same period, neoclassical elements were introduced to Tuscany by architect Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey, the court architect of Francis Stephen of Lorraine. On Jadot's lead, an original neoclassical style was developed by Gaspare Maria Paoletti, transforming Florence into the most important centre of neoclassicism in the peninsula. In the second half of the century, Neoclassicism flourished also in Turin, Milan (Giuseppe Piermarini) and Trieste (Matteo Pertsch). In the latter two cities, just as in Tuscany, the sober neoclassical style was linked to the reformism of the ruling Habsburg enlightened monarchs.

The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour, and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, were pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings, especially the Altes Museum in Berlin, Sir John Soane's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, D.C. of the nascent American Republic. The style was international. The Baltimore Basilica, which was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1806, is considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in the world.

A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the First French Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire and Empire. Its major proponents were Percier and Fontaine, court architects who specialized in interior decoration.[5]

In the decorative arts, neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style; the English furniture of Chippendale, George Hepplewhite and Robert Adam, Wedgwood's bas reliefs and "black basaltes" vases, and the Biedermeier furniture of Austria. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in Saint Petersburg.[6]

Interior design

 
Château de Malmaison, 1800, room for the Empress Joséphine, on the cusp between Directoire and Empire style

Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte (The Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the goût grec ("Greek taste"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the Louis XVI style to court. However, there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen [...] seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another".[7]

A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam style available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the Rococo and Baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Greek Revival

Main article: Greek Revival architecture

From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little direct knowledge of surviving Greek buildings before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59).[8] A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.[9]

Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge, that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–1809), the General Post Office (1824–1829) and the British Museum (1823–1848), Wilkins University College London (1826–1830) and the National Gallery (1832–1838). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–1829).

At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".[10]

Characteristics

 
The L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C., as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792.

High neoclassicism was an international movement. Architects reacted against the excesses and profuse ornament used in Late Baroque architecture. The new "classical" architecture emphasized planar qualities, rather than elaborate sculptural ornament in both the interior and the exterior. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flat and tended to be framed by friezes, tablets or panels. This was the first "stripped down" classical architecture, and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe. At its most elemental, as in the work of Etienne-Louis Boullée, it was highly abstract and geometrically pure.[11]

 
The neoclassical Helsinki Cathedral from the 19th century, near the Senate Square in Helsinki, Finland.

Neoclassicism also influenced city planning. The ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience; however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

Many of these urban planning patterns found their way into the first modern planned cities of the 18th century. Exceptional examples include Karlsruhe, Washington, D.C., Saint Petersburg, Buenos Aires, Havana, and Barcelona. Contrasting models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by Brasília, the Garden city movement, and levittowns.

Regional trends

Great Britain and Ireland

Further information: Adam style, Georgian architecture, and English landscape garden

From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon, and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.

In Ireland, where Gothic Revival was also less popular, a refined, restrained form of the neoclassical developed, and can be seen in the works of James Gandon and other architects working at the time. It is particularly evident in Dublin, which is a largely neoclassical and Georgian city.

France

Main article: Neoclassicism in France
Further information: Louis XVI style and Empire style
 
Parisian apartment building on Rue de Rivoli. The name of the street comes from Napoleon's victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Rivoli (1797)

The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the Louis XV style of architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–1768); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and Empire, might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1774 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the Louis XVI style to court.

Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally, such ideas give rise to architecture parlante ("speaking architecture").

From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival. Although several European cities – notably Saint Petersburg, Athens, Berlin and Munich – were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture, the Greek Revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public.

Greece

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832, the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture. For Athens, the first King of Greece, Otto I, commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan. The Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built, between 1836 and 1843. Later, in the mid- and late 19th century, Theophil von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings. Theophil von Hansen designed his first building, the National Observatory of Athens, and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so-called "Athens Classical Trilogy", namely the Academy of Athens (1859) and the National Library of Greece (1888), the third building of the trilogy being the National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843), which was designed by his brother Christian Hansen. Also he designed the Zappeion Hall (1888). Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such the mansion of Heinrich Schliemann, Iliou Melathron (1880). The city of Nauplio is also an important example of Neoclassical architecture along with the island of Poros.

Hungary

 
Széchenyi Chain Bridge, Budapest by William Tierney Clark, 1840–1849

The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the Baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect, Charles Moreau, is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria).

The two principal architects of Neoclassicism in Hungary were Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom. The Reformed Great Church of Debrecen is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century. This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture, the most important of which is the Chain Bridge (Budapest) by William Tierney Clark.

Malta

 
The Rotunda of Mosta, built between 1833 and 1860

Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786),[12] the De Rohan Arch (1798)[13] and the Hompesch Gate (1801).[14] However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th-century neoclassical buildings include the Monument to Sir Alexander Ball (1810), RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now-destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).[15]

Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century. Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during the 20th century, such as the Domvs Romana museum (1922),[16] and the Courts of Justice building in Valletta (1965–1971).[17]

Mexico

 
The Museo Nacional de Arte with the equestrian statue in forefront.

As part of the Spanish Enlightenment's cultural impact on the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the crown established the Academy of San Carlos in 1785 to train painters, sculptors, and architects in New Spain, under the direction of the peninsular Gerónimo Antonio Gil.[18] The academy emphasized neoclassicism, which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture, but also, for some monuments, from the Aztec and Mayan architectural traditions.[19]

Neoclassicism in Mexican architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the Mexican Baroque, and to create public buildings of "good taste" funded by the crown, such as the Palacio de Minería in Mexico City, the Hospicio Cabañas in Guadalajara, and the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato, all built in the late colonial era.[20]

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Main article: Neoclassical architecture in Poland

The centre of Polish Neoclassicism was Warsaw under the rule of the last Polish king, Stanislaus Augustus. The University of Vilnius was another important centre of the Neoclassical architecture in Europe, led by the notable professors of architecture Marcin Knackfus, Laurynas Gucevicius and Karol Podczaszyński. The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings, such as the University's Observatory, Vilnius Cathedral and the town hall.

The best-known architects and artists, who worked in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were Dominik Merlini, Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer, Szymon Bogumił Zug, Jakub Kubicki, Antonio Corazzi, Efraim Szreger, Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Bertel Thorvaldsen.

Russia

Main article: Neoclassical architecture in Russia

In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture was equal to Saint Petersburg architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in the city. Catherine the Great adopted the style during her reign by allowing the architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe to build the Old Hermitage and the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg.[2]

Spain

 
The Museo del Prado in Madrid, by Juan de Villanueva

Spanish Neoclassicism was exemplified by the work of Juan de Villanueva, who adapted Burke's theories of beauty and the sublime to the requirements of Spanish climate and history. He built the Museo del Prado, which combined three functions: an academy, an auditorium, and a museum in one building with three separate entrances.

This was part of the ambitious program of Charles III, who intended to make Madrid the Capital of the Arts and Sciences. Very close to the museum, Villanueva built the Royal Observatory of Madrid. He also designed several summer houses for the kings in El Escorial and Aranjuez and reconstructed the Plaza Mayor, Madrid, among other important works. Villanueva's pupils expanded the Neoclassical style in Spain.

Germany

 
Altes Museum in Berlin (finished in 1830)

Neoclassical architecture became a symbol of national pride during the 18th century in Germany, in what was then Prussia. Karl Friedrich Schinkel built many notable buildings in this style, including the Altes Museum in Berlin. While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning, his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center.

Schinkel's work is very comparable to Neoclassical architecture in Britain since he drew much of his inspiration from that country. He made trips to observe the buildings and develop his functional style.[2]

United States

In the new republic, Robert Adam's neoclassical manner was adapted for the local late 18th- and early 19th-century style, called Federal architecture. One of the pioneers of this style was the English-born Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who is often noted as one of America's first formally trained professional architects and the father of American architecture. The Baltimore Basilica, the first Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, is considered by many experts to be Latrobe's masterpiece.

Another notable American architect who identified with Federal architecture was Thomas Jefferson. He built many neoclassical buildings including his personal estate Monticello, the Virginia State Capitol, and the University of Virginia.[2]

A second neoclassical manner found in the United States during the 19th century was called Greek Revival architecture. It differs from Federal architecture as it strictly follows the Greek idiom, however it was used to describe all buildings of the Neoclassicism period that display classical orders.[23]

Rest of Latin America

The Neoclassical style arrived in the American empires of Spain and Portugal through projects designed in Europe or carried out locally by European or Criollo architects trained in the academies of the metropolis. There are also examples of the adaptation to the local architectural language, which during previous centuries had made a synthesis or syncretism of European and pre-Columbian elements in the so-called Colonial Baroque.

Two more Classical criteria belong, in Chile, the Palacio de La Moneda (1784–1805) and the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago (1748–1899), both works by the Italian architect Joaquín Toesca. In Ecuador, the Quito's Palacio de Carondelet (Ecuador's Government Palace) built between 1611–1801 by Antonio García. At the dawn of the independence of Hispanic America, constructive programs were developed in the new republics. Neoclassicism was introduced in New Granada by Marcelino Pérez de Arroyo. Later, in Colombia, the Capitolio Nacional was built in Bogotá between 1848–1926 by Thomas Reed, trained at the Berlin Bauakademie; the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá (1807–1823), designed by Friar Domingo de Petrés; and in Peru the Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa built between 1540–1844 by Lucas Poblete.

Brazil, which became the seat of the court of the Portuguese monarchy, gaining independence from its metropolis as the Empire of Brazil, also used the resources of architecture for the glorification of political power, and it was decided to resort to architects trained in the Académie royale d'architecture. To this period belong the portal of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro made in 1826 and the Imperial Palace of Petrópolis built between 1845–1862.

Argentina is another of the countries that seeks to shed its colonial past, but in the context of the reorganization of the country after independence in 1810, an aspect of power is sought that transmits the presence of the State, inspiring respect and devotion, including of course the architecture. However, an image of its own is not conceived, but the Classical canon is introduced, not in the form of a replica of buildings from Antiquity, but with a classical predominance and a lot of influence from French Classicism; which will last until the 20th century.

Spanish East Indies

Like most western tradition, it arrived in the Pacific Archipelagos via rule from New Spain (Mexico) during the period of governance by Mexico City as one of the best preferred architecture in the Spanish east indies, manifested in Churches, Civic buildings and one of the popular architectural ornament for newer styled Bahay na bato and Bahay kubo. When the power over the archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United States of America, the style became more popular and developed from slightly simple approach during the Spanish era, to a more ornamented style of the Beaux-Arts architecture sparked by the return of massive number of architectural students to the islands from the western schools. It also became a symbol of democracy and the approaching republic during the commonwealth.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Neoclassical architecture". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Middleton, Robin. (1993). Neoclassical and 19th century architecture. Electa. ISBN 0-8478-0850-5. OCLC 444534819.
  3. ^ See, for instance, Joseph Rykwert, The First Moderns: the architects of the eighteenth century (Cambridge, MIT Press: 1980) and Alberto Perez Gomez, Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science, (Cambridge, MIT Press: 1983)
  4. ^ "Andrea Palladio 1508–1580". Irish Architectural Archive. 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  5. ^ Barry Bergdoll, Ed., The Complete Works of Percier and Fontaine, (New York, Princeton Architectural Press: 2018)
  6. ^ "Neoclassical Architecture (1640–1850)". www.visual-arts-cork.com. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  7. ^ Honour, 110–111, 110 quoted
  8. ^ Though Giles Worsley detects the first Grecian influenced architectural element in the windows of Nuneham Park from 1756, see Giles Worsley, "The First Greek Revival Architecture", The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 127, No. 985 (April 1985), pp. 226–229.
  9. ^ Joseph Mordant Crook, The Greek Revival: neoclassical attitudes in British architecture, 1760–1870 (London, John Murray: 1972)
  10. ^ Honour, 171–184, 171 quoted
  11. ^ Robin Middleton and David Watkin, NeoClassical and Nineteenth Century Architecture2 vols. (New York, Electa/Rizzoli: 1987)
  12. ^ (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2015.
  13. ^ . Times of Malta. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2015.
  14. ^ Bötig, Klaus (2011). Malta, Gozo. Con atlante stradale (in Italian). EDT srl. p. 54. ISBN 9788860407818.
  15. ^ . culturemalta.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015.
  16. ^ . Heritage Malta. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015.
  17. ^ . The Judiciary – Malta. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
  18. ^ Jean Charlot, Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos, 1785–1915. Austin: University of Texas Press 1962, p. 25
  19. ^ https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/54/3/525/151178/Los-origenes-del-nacionalismo-mexicano
  20. ^ James Oles, Art and Architecture in Mexico. London: Thames and Hudson 2013, pp.132–33, 150.
  21. ^ "Museo Manuel Tolsá - Palacio de Minería de la FI UNAM". museu.ms (in Spanish).
  22. ^ "Datos curiosos de la Parroquia de San José Iturbide". iturbide.travel (in Spanish). 10 July 2019.
  23. ^ Pierson, William Harvey, 1911– (1976). American buildings and their architects. Anchor Press/Doubleday. OCLC 605187550.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • Détournelle, Athanase, Recueil d'architecture nouvelle, A Paris : Chez l'auteur, 1805
  • Groth, Håkan, Neoclassicism in the North: Swedish Furniture and Interiors, 1770–1850
  • Honour, Hugh, Neoclassicism
  • Irwin, David, Neoclassicism (in series Art and Ideas) Phaidon, paperback, 1997
  • Lorentz, Stanislaw, Neoclassicism in Poland (Series History of art in Poland)
  • McCormick, Thomas, Charles-Louis Clérisseau and the Genesis of Neoclassicism Architectural History Foundation, 1991
  • Praz, Mario. On Neoclassicism

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neoclassical architecture.
  • Institute of Classical Architecture and Art
  • OpenSource Classicism – project for free educational content about neoclassical architecture

March 19, 2023
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This article is about the historical style For the contemporary style see New Classical architecture Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid 18th century in Italy and France It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world 1 The prevailing styles of architecture in most of Europe for the previous two centuries Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture already represented partial revivals of the Classical architecture of ancient Rome and ancient Greek architecture but the Neoclassical movement aimed to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer and more authentic classical style adapted to modern purposes Neoclassical architectureTop The Petit Trianon Versailles France 1764 by Ange Jacques Gabriel Centre The Salon de Compagnie of the Petit Trianon Bottom Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Paris 1806 1808 by Pierre Francois Leonard FontaineYears active18th century mid 20th centuryThe development of archaeology and published accurate records of surviving classical buildings was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture In many countries there was an initial wave essentially drawing on Roman architecture followed from about the start of the 19th century by a second wave of Greek Revival architecture This followed increased understanding of Greek survivals As the 19th century continued the style tended to lose its original rather austere purity in variants like the French Empire style The term neoclassical is often used very loosely for any building using some of the classical architectural vocabulary In form Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition Therefore the style is defined by symmetry simple geometry and social demands instead of ornament 2 In the 21st century a version of the style continues sometimes called New Classical architecture or New Classicism Contents 1 History 1 1 Palladianism 1 2 Neoclassicism 1 3 Interior design 1 4 Greek Revival 2 Characteristics 3 Regional trends 3 1 Great Britain and Ireland 3 2 France 3 3 Greece 3 4 Hungary 3 5 Malta 3 6 Mexico 3 7 Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth 3 8 Russia 3 9 Spain 3 10 Germany 3 11 United States 3 12 Rest of Latin America 3 13 Spanish East Indies 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditNeoclassical architecture is a specific style and moment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that was specifically associated with the Enlightenment empiricism and the study of sites by early archaeologists 3 Classical architecture after about 1840 must be classified as one of a series of revival styles such as Greek Renaissance or Italianate Various historians of the 19th century have made this clear since the 1970s Classical architecture during the twentieth century is classified less as a revival and more a return to a style was decelerated with the advent of Modernism Yet still Neoclassical architecture is beginning to be practiced again in twenty first Century more in the form of New Classical Architecture and even in Gentrification and Historicism Architecture the Neoclassical architecture or its important elements are still being used even when the Postmodernist architecture is dominant throughout the world Palladianism Edit Main article Palladian architecture The Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza Veneto Italy A return to more classical architectural forms as a reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland The name refers to the designs of the 16th century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio The Baroque style had never truly been to the English taste Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell 1715 Palladio s I quattro libri dell architettura The Four Books of Architecture 1715 De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti first published in 1452 and The Designs of Inigo Jones with Some Additional Designs 1727 The most popular was the four volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th century architects Palladian architecture became well established in 18th century Britain At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl Richard Boyle 3rd Earl of Burlington in 1729 he and William Kent designed Chiswick House This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio s Villa Capra La Rotonda but purified of 16th century elements and ornament This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of Palladianism In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England s finest examples of Palladian architecture Holkham Hall in Norfolk The main block of this house followed Palladio s dictates quite closely but Palladio s low often detached wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance This classicizing vein was also detectable to a lesser degree in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris such as in the Louvre Colonnade This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned facade for Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran The east facade of Stourhead House based on Palladio s Villa Emo Russborough House County Wicklow Ireland a notable example of Irish Palladianism 4 1741 1755 by Richard Cassels Woburn Abbey Woburn Bedfordshire England 1746 by Henry Flitcroft Nova Scotia Legislature Building from Halifax Nova Scotia Canada 1819Neoclassicism Edit Comparison between a 1st century AD Roman wall painting of an ornate door in the Villa Boscoreale Italy and a massive 19th century Neoclassical door of the Palace of Justice Brussels Belgium By the mid 18th century the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of classical influences including those from Ancient Greece An early centre of neoclassicism was Italy especially Naples where by the 1730s court architects such as Luigi Vanvitelli and Ferdinando Fuga were recovering classical Palladian and Mannerist forms in their Baroque architecture Following their lead Giovanni Antonio Medrano began to build the first truly neoclassical structures in Italy in the 1730s In the same period Alessandro Pompei introduced neoclassicism to the Venetian Republic building one of the first lapidariums in Europe in Verona in the Doric style 1738 During the same period neoclassical elements were introduced to Tuscany by architect Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville Issey the court architect of Francis Stephen of Lorraine On Jadot s lead an original neoclassical style was developed by Gaspare Maria Paoletti transforming Florence into the most important centre of neoclassicism in the peninsula In the second half of the century Neoclassicism flourished also in Turin Milan Giuseppe Piermarini and Trieste Matteo Pertsch In the latter two cities just as in Tuscany the sober neoclassical style was linked to the reformism of the ruling Habsburg enlightened monarchs The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s It first gained influence in England and France in England Sir William Hamilton s excavations at Pompeii and other sites the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam were pivotal in this regard In France the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel s buildings especially the Altes Museum in Berlin Sir John Soane s Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington D C of the nascent American Republic The style was international The Baltimore Basilica which was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1806 is considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in the world A second neoclassic wave more severe more studied and more consciously archaeological is associated with the height of the First French Empire In France the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style and the second in the styles called Directoire and Empire Its major proponents were Percier and Fontaine court architects who specialized in interior decoration 5 In the decorative arts neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style the English furniture of Chippendale George Hepplewhite and Robert Adam Wedgwood s bas reliefs and black basaltes vases and the Biedermeier furniture of Austria The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German born Catherine II the Great in Saint Petersburg 6 West facade of the Petit Trianon Versailles France The Pantheon Paris 1758 1790 The Rotunda of the University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia US by Thomas Jefferson and Stanford White 1826 The Academy of Athens 1859 by Theophil Hansen Legislative Building Manila Oudenbosch Basilica 1892 Oudenbosch The Netherlands Concertgebouw 1886 Amsterdam The Netherlands Ripon Building 1909 Chennai India Interior design Edit Chateau de Malmaison 1800 room for the Empress Josephine on the cusp between Directoire and Empire style Indoors neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum These had begun in the late 1740s but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichita di Ercolano Esposte The Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the Baroque or the most Roman rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors fireplaces topped with temple fronts The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary Techniques employed in the style included flatter lighter motifs sculpted in low frieze like relief or painted in monotones en camaieu like cameos isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon with slender arabesques against backgrounds perhaps of Pompeiian red or pale tints or stone colours The style in France was initially a Parisian style the gout grec Greek taste not a court style when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774 Marie Antoinette his fashion loving Queen brought the Louis XVI style to court However there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century and furniture makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone carving than metalwork Designers and craftsmen seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another 7 A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s observing the ruins of the classical world On their return to Britain they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779 This book of engraved designs made the Adam style available throughout Europe The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the Rococo and Baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors furniture and fittings designed by the Adams The Blue Salon of the Chateau de Compiegne Compiegne France an example of an Empire interior Detail of the ceiling of the Arc de Triomphe from Paris Design for a room in the Etruscan or Pompeian style from 1833 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City Dining room of the Centralhotel Berlin designed in 1881 by von der Hude amp Hennicke The Reading Room of the Bibliotheque Mazarine Paris Greek Revival Edit Main article Greek Revival architecture Second Bank of the United States Philadelphia 1818 1824 by William Strickland From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples seen through the medium of etchings and engravings gave a new impetus to neoclassicism the Greek Revival There was little direct knowledge of surviving Greek buildings before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England the garden temple at Hagley Hall 1758 59 8 A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century 9 Seen in its wider social context Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union the Napoleonic Wars and the clamour for political reform It was to be William Wilkins s winning design for the public competition for Downing College Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era including the Theatre Royal Covent Garden 1808 1809 the General Post Office 1824 1829 and the British Museum 1823 1848 Wilkins University College London 1826 1830 and the National Gallery 1832 1838 In Scotland Thomas Hamilton 1784 1858 in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson 1780 1848 and Hugh William Williams 1773 1829 created monuments and buildings of international significance the Burns Monument at Alloway 1818 and the Royal High School in Edinburgh 1823 1829 At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles it originated in and took its name from the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire where it was intended to idealize Napoleon s leadership and the French state The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German speaking lands Federal style in the United States the Regency style in Britain and the Napoleonstil in Sweden According to the art historian Hugh Honour so far from being as is sometimes supposed the culmination of the Neo classical movement the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival drained of all the high minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces 10 British Museum London by Robert Smirke 1823 1847 Bordeaux Courthouse Bordeaux France unknown architect 1839 1846 Royal Scottish Academy Edinburgh Scotland unknown architect unknown date Propylaen Munich Germany by Leo von Klenze finished in 1862 Austrian Parliament Building Vienna by Theophil Hansen 1874 1883 Friedrich von Thiersch hall of the Kurhaus Wiesbaden Germany 1905 1907 by Friedrich von ThierschCharacteristics Edit The L Enfant Plan for Washington D C as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 High neoclassicism was an international movement Architects reacted against the excesses and profuse ornament used in Late Baroque architecture The new classical architecture emphasized planar qualities rather than elaborate sculptural ornament in both the interior and the exterior Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat sculptural bas reliefs were flat and tended to be framed by friezes tablets or panels This was the first stripped down classical architecture and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe At its most elemental as in the work of Etienne Louis Boullee it was highly abstract and geometrically pure 11 The neoclassical Helsinki Cathedral from the 19th century near the Senate Square in Helsinki Finland Neoclassicism also influenced city planning The ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience however the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations At its most basic the grid system of streets a central forum with city services two main slightly wider boulevards and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design Ancient facades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings Many of these urban planning patterns found their way into the first modern planned cities of the 18th century Exceptional examples include Karlsruhe Washington D C Saint Petersburg Buenos Aires Havana and Barcelona Contrasting models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by Brasilia the Garden city movement and levittowns Regional trends EditGreat Britain and Ireland Edit Further information Adam style Georgian architecture and English landscape garden From the middle of the 18th century exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco Roman ideal James Athenian Stuart s work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard as were Robert Wood s Palmyra and Baalbec A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam brothers James Wyatt Sir William Chambers George Dance James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester In Scotland and the north of England where the Gothic Revival was less strong architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric In Ireland where Gothic Revival was also less popular a refined restrained form of the neoclassical developed and can be seen in the works of James Gandon and other architects working at the time It is particularly evident in Dublin which is a largely neoclassical and Georgian city The Circus Bath Somerset England 1754 1768 by John Wood the Elder Bedroom in Harewood House Harewood West Yorkshire England 1759 1771 by Robert Adam Kedleston Hall Kedleston Derbyshire England based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome the 1760s by Robert Adam Interior of Syon House London with Ionic columns and gilded statues 1767 1775 by Robert Adam Dining room of Syon House with a complex ceiling The General Register House Edinburgh Scotland 1774 1788 by Robert Adam Buildings in Lower O Connell Street Dublin constructed between 1918 and 1923 in the highly refined and aesthetically restrained style typical of the Irish capital The central courtyard of Somerset House London 1776 by Sir William Chambers Ionic Temple at the Chiswick House London an example of English landscape garden The Greek hexastyle portico of the General Post Office Dublin completed in 1818 The western front of St George s Hall in Liverpool from St John s Gardens Dublin s Custom House Parliament Buildings Northern Ireland 1933 France Edit Main article Neoclassicism in France Further information Louis XVI style and Empire style Parisian apartment building on Rue de Rivoli The name of the street comes from Napoleon s victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Rivoli 1797 The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the Louis XV style of architect Ange Jacques Gabriel Petit Trianon 1762 1768 the second phase in the styles called Directoire and Empire might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin s severe astylar Arc de Triomphe designed in 1806 In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam the second by those of Sir John Soane The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style the Gout grec Greek style not a court style Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1774 did Marie Antoinette his fashion loving Queen bring the Louis XVI style to court Many early 19th century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Etienne Louis Boullee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux The many graphite drawings of Boullee and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe There are links between Boullee s ideas and Edmund Burke s conception of the sublime Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer taken literally such ideas give rise to architecture parlante speaking architecture From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples seen through the medium of etchings and engravings gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival Although several European cities notably Saint Petersburg Athens Berlin and Munich were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture the Greek Revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public Boudoir de la Reine of the Palace of Fontainebleau Fontainbleau The Pantheon Paris 1758 1790 by Jacques Germain Soufflot 1713 1780 and Jean Baptiste Rondelet 1743 1829 Chateau de Bagatelle Paris a small Neoclassical chateau 1777 by Francois Joseph Belanger Stairway of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux 1780 by Victor Louis The Palais de la Legion d Honneur Paris 1782 1787 by Pierre Rousseau Cabinet dore of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles 1783 Eglise de la Madeleine Paris 1807 1828 by Pierre Alexandre Vignon The Blue Salon of the Chateau de Compiegne Compiegne an example of an Empire interior Empress s bedroom from the Chateau de Malmaison another Empire interior The Vendome Column Paris modelled after Trajan s Column 1810 The Guimet Museum Paris by Jules ChatronGreece Edit After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832 the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture For Athens the first King of Greece Otto I commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan The Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built between 1836 and 1843 Later in the mid and late 19th century Theophil von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings Theophil von Hansen designed his first building the National Observatory of Athens and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so called Athens Classical Trilogy namely the Academy of Athens 1859 and the National Library of Greece 1888 the third building of the trilogy being the National and Capodistrian University of Athens 1843 which was designed by his brother Christian Hansen Also he designed the Zappeion Hall 1888 Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public usually through donations such the mansion of Heinrich Schliemann Iliou Melathron 1880 The city of Nauplio is also an important example of Neoclassical architecture along with the island of Poros The Old Royal Palace completed in 1843 The National Library of Greece designed by Theophil von Hansen 1888 The main building of the Academy of Athens one of Theophil Hansen s Trilogy in central Athens 1859 The National and Capodistrian University of Athens 1843 The Zappeion 1888 The Numismatic Museum of Athens or Iliou Melathron built for Heinrich Schliemann by Ernst Ziller 1880 The Presidential Mansion formerly the Crown Prince s Palace in Athens built by Ernst ZillerHungary Edit Szechenyi Chain Bridge Budapest by William Tierney Clark 1840 1849 The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vac In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical facade of the Baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval Isidore Canevale in the 1760s Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden facade of the Esterhazy Palace 1797 1805 in Kismarton today Eisenstadt in Austria The two principal architects of Neoclassicism in Hungary were Mihaly Pollack and Jozsef Hild Pollack s major work is the Hungarian National Museum 1837 1844 Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom The Reformed Great Church of Debrecen is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture the most important of which is the Chain Bridge Budapest by William Tierney Clark Malta Edit The Rotunda of Mosta built between 1833 and 1860 Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century during the final years of Hospitaller rule Early examples include the Bibliotheca 1786 12 the De Rohan Arch 1798 13 and the Hompesch Gate 1801 14 However neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century In 1814 a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include the Monument to Sir Alexander Ball 1810 RNH Bighi 1832 St Paul s Pro Cathedral 1844 the Rotunda of Mosta 1860 and the now destroyed Royal Opera House 1866 15 Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during the 20th century such as the Domvs Romana museum 1922 16 and the Courts of Justice building in Valletta 1965 1971 17 Mexico Edit The Museo Nacional de Arte with the equestrian statue in forefront As part of the Spanish Enlightenment s cultural impact on the kingdom of New Spain Mexico the crown established the Academy of San Carlos in 1785 to train painters sculptors and architects in New Spain under the direction of the peninsular Geronimo Antonio Gil 18 The academy emphasized neoclassicism which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture but also for some monuments from the Aztec and Mayan architectural traditions 19 Neoclassicism in Mexican architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the Mexican Baroque and to create public buildings of good taste funded by the crown such as the Palacio de Mineria in Mexico City the Hospicio Cabanas in Guadalajara and the Alhondiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato all built in the late colonial era 20 The late neoclassical Palacio de Bellas Artes in the capital of Mexico City The Palacio de Mineria built between 1797 and 1813 by the Spanish Mexican architect Manuel Tolsa 21 The Monument to Cuauhtemoc built in Mexico City in 1887 in the neoclassical neoindigenismo style dedicated to the last Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan The Teatro Degollado in Guadalajara Jalisco built during the Second Mexican Empire in the 1860 s The Palacio del Marques del Apartado in Mexico City built 1795 1805 also by Manuel Tolsa The drawings for the unfinished Palacio Legislativo Federal by Henri Jean Emile Benard San Jose Iturbide parish built in 1866 by Ramon Ramirez y Arangoiti 22 Hospicio Cabanas Guadalajara built between 1805 1845 is one of the oldest and largest hospital complexes in the Americas The Palacio de Gobierno Nuevo Leon The courtyard of the Museo Nacional de ArtePolish Lithuanian Commonwealth Edit St Anne s Church Warsaw Main article Neoclassical architecture in Poland The centre of Polish Neoclassicism was Warsaw under the rule of the last Polish king Stanislaus Augustus The University of Vilnius was another important centre of the Neoclassical architecture in Europe led by the notable professors of architecture Marcin Knackfus Laurynas Gucevicius and Karol Podczaszynski The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings such as the University s Observatory Vilnius Cathedral and the town hall The best known architects and artists who worked in Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth were Dominik Merlini Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer Szymon Bogumil Zug Jakub Kubicki Antonio Corazzi Efraim Szreger Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Bertel Thorvaldsen Russia Edit Main article Neoclassical architecture in Russia In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century neoclassical architecture was equal to Saint Petersburg architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in the city Catherine the Great adopted the style during her reign by allowing the architect Jean Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe to build the Old Hermitage and the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg 2 Spain Edit The Museo del Prado in Madrid by Juan de Villanueva Spanish Neoclassicism was exemplified by the work of Juan de Villanueva who adapted Burke s theories of beauty and the sublime to the requirements of Spanish climate and history He built the Museo del Prado which combined three functions an academy an auditorium and a museum in one building with three separate entrances This was part of the ambitious program of Charles III who intended to make Madrid the Capital of the Arts and Sciences Very close to the museum Villanueva built the Royal Observatory of Madrid He also designed several summer houses for the kings in El Escorial and Aranjuez and reconstructed the Plaza Mayor Madrid among other important works Villanueva s pupils expanded the Neoclassical style in Spain Germany Edit Altes Museum in Berlin finished in 1830 Neoclassical architecture became a symbol of national pride during the 18th century in Germany in what was then Prussia Karl Friedrich Schinkel built many notable buildings in this style including the Altes Museum in Berlin While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center Schinkel s work is very comparable to Neoclassical architecture in Britain since he drew much of his inspiration from that country He made trips to observe the buildings and develop his functional style 2 United States Edit In the new republic Robert Adam s neoclassical manner was adapted for the local late 18th and early 19th century style called Federal architecture One of the pioneers of this style was the English born Benjamin Henry Latrobe who is often noted as one of America s first formally trained professional architects and the father of American architecture The Baltimore Basilica the first Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States is considered by many experts to be Latrobe s masterpiece Another notable American architect who identified with Federal architecture was Thomas Jefferson He built many neoclassical buildings including his personal estate Monticello the Virginia State Capitol and the University of Virginia 2 A second neoclassical manner found in the United States during the 19th century was called Greek Revival architecture It differs from Federal architecture as it strictly follows the Greek idiom however it was used to describe all buildings of the Neoclassicism period that display classical orders 23 The University of Virginia Rotunda an example of the Neoclassical architecture Thomas Jefferson built on campus Butler Library at Columbia University in New York City finished in 1934 The United States Capitol finished in 1800 Federal Hall National Memorial Jefferson Memorial in Washington D C 1939 1943 Rest of Latin America Edit The Neoclassical style arrived in the American empires of Spain and Portugal through projects designed in Europe or carried out locally by European or Criollo architects trained in the academies of the metropolis There are also examples of the adaptation to the local architectural language which during previous centuries had made a synthesis or syncretism of European and pre Columbian elements in the so called Colonial Baroque Two more Classical criteria belong in Chile the Palacio de La Moneda 1784 1805 and the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago 1748 1899 both works by the Italian architect Joaquin Toesca In Ecuador the Quito s Palacio de Carondelet Ecuador s Government Palace built between 1611 1801 by Antonio Garcia At the dawn of the independence of Hispanic America constructive programs were developed in the new republics Neoclassicism was introduced in New Granada by Marcelino Perez de Arroyo Later in Colombia the Capitolio Nacional was built in Bogota between 1848 1926 by Thomas Reed trained at the Berlin Bauakademie the Primatial Cathedral of Bogota 1807 1823 designed by Friar Domingo de Petres and in Peru the Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa built between 1540 1844 by Lucas Poblete Brazil which became the seat of the court of the Portuguese monarchy gaining independence from its metropolis as the Empire of Brazil also used the resources of architecture for the glorification of political power and it was decided to resort to architects trained in the Academie royale d architecture To this period belong the portal of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro made in 1826 and the Imperial Palace of Petropolis built between 1845 1862 Argentina is another of the countries that seeks to shed its colonial past but in the context of the reorganization of the country after independence in 1810 an aspect of power is sought that transmits the presence of the State inspiring respect and devotion including of course the architecture However an image of its own is not conceived but the Classical canon is introduced not in the form of a replica of buildings from Antiquity but with a classical predominance and a lot of influence from French Classicism which will last until the 20th century Palacio de La Moneda from Santiago de Chile 1784 1805 by Joaquin Toesca Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago Chile 1748 1899 by Joaquin Toesca and Ignacio Cremonesi Palacio de Carondelet Quito Ecuador built between 1611 1801 by Antonio Garcia Capitolio Nacional Bogota Colombia 1848 1926 by Thomas Reed Primatial Cathedral of Bogota Colombia 1807 1823 by Friar Domingo de Petres Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa Peru 1540 1844 by Lucas Poblete Palace of Justice Lima Peru 1939 by Bruno Paprowsky Palacio Imperial de Petropolis Brazil 1845 1862 by Julius Friedrich Koeler Palacio del Congreso de Nacion Argentina 1896 1906 by Vittorio Meano El Capitolio Havana Cuba 1926 1929 by Eugenio Rayneri Piedra Spanish East Indies Edit Like most western tradition it arrived in the Pacific Archipelagos via rule from New Spain Mexico during the period of governance by Mexico City as one of the best preferred architecture in the Spanish east indies manifested in Churches Civic buildings and one of the popular architectural ornament for newer styled Bahay na bato and Bahay kubo When the power over the archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United States of America the style became more popular and developed from slightly simple approach during the Spanish era to a more ornamented style of the Beaux Arts architecture sparked by the return of massive number of architectural students to the islands from the western schools It also became a symbol of democracy and the approaching republic during the commonwealth San Bartolome Church Malabon National Museum of Natural History Manila Cebu Provincial CapitolSee also Edit Architecture portalNew classical architecture Neoclassical architecture in Milan Outline of classical architecture Federal architecture Nordic Classicism John Carr architect William Chambers architect List of architectural stylesReferences Edit Neoclassical architecture Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 7 July 2017 a b c d Middleton Robin 1993 Neoclassical and 19th century architecture Electa ISBN 0 8478 0850 5 OCLC 444534819 See for instance Joseph Rykwert The First Moderns the architects of the eighteenth century Cambridge MIT Press 1980 and Alberto Perez Gomez Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science Cambridge MIT Press 1983 Andrea Palladio 1508 1580 Irish Architectural Archive 2010 Retrieved 23 September 2018 Barry Bergdoll Ed The Complete Works of Percier and Fontaine New York Princeton Architectural Press 2018 Neoclassical Architecture 1640 1850 www visual arts cork com Retrieved 7 July 2017 Honour 110 111 110 quoted Though Giles Worsley detects the first Grecian influenced architectural element in the windows of Nuneham Park from 1756 see Giles Worsley The First Greek Revival Architecture The Burlington Magazine Vol 127 No 985 April 1985 pp 226 229 Joseph Mordant Crook The Greek Revival neoclassical attitudes in British architecture 1760 1870 London John Murray 1972 Honour 171 184 171 quoted Robin Middleton and David Watkin NeoClassical and Nineteenth Century Architecture2 vols New York Electa Rizzoli 1987 Bibliotheca PDF National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands 28 December 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 6 December 2015 Rohan Gate Zebbuġ Times of Malta 11 December 2012 Archived from the original on 4 December 2015 Botig Klaus 2011 Malta Gozo Con atlante stradale in Italian EDT srl p 54 ISBN 9788860407818 Architecture in Malta under the British culturemalta org Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 Domvs Romana Heritage Malta Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 The Courts The Judiciary Malta Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 Jean Charlot Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos 1785 1915 Austin University of Texas Press 1962 p 25 https read dukeupress edu hahr article 54 3 525 151178 Los origenes del nacionalismo mexicano James Oles Art and Architecture in Mexico London Thames and Hudson 2013 pp 132 33 150 Museo Manuel Tolsa Palacio de Mineria de la FI UNAM museu ms in Spanish Datos curiosos de la Parroquia de San Jose Iturbide iturbide travel in Spanish 10 July 2019 Pierson William Harvey 1911 1976 American buildings and their architects Anchor Press Doubleday OCLC 605187550 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Further reading EditDetournelle Athanase Recueil d architecture nouvelle A Paris Chez l auteur 1805 Groth Hakan Neoclassicism in the North Swedish Furniture and Interiors 1770 1850 Honour Hugh Neoclassicism Irwin David Neoclassicism in series Art and Ideas Phaidon paperback 1997 Lorentz Stanislaw Neoclassicism in Poland Series History of art in Poland McCormick Thomas Charles Louis Clerisseau and the Genesis of Neoclassicism Architectural History Foundation 1991 Praz Mario On NeoclassicismExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neoclassical architecture Institute of Classical Architecture and Art Traditional Architecture Group OpenSource Classicism project for free educational content about neoclassical architecture Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neoclassical architecture amp oldid 1144893524, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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