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Wikipedia

NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American non-profit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.[2] It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.[3] It differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as the Associated Press, in that it was established by an act of Congress.[4]

National Public Radio
TypePublic radio network
Country
United States
First air date
April 20, 1971; 52 years ago (1971-04-20)
AvailabilityGlobal
FoundedFebruary 26, 1970; 53 years ago (1970-02-26)
Endowment$368 million (2021)[1]
Revenue $309.7 million (2021)[1]
$29.99 million (2021)[1]
Headquarters
Broadcast area
ParentNational Public Radio, Inc.
Key people
John Lansing (CEO)
Former names
Affiliation(s)WRN Broadcast
Official website
npr.org

Funding for NPR comes from dues and fees paid by member stations, underwriting from corporate sponsors and annual grants from the publicly funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting.[5] Most of its member stations are owned by non-profit organizations, including public school districts, colleges, and universities. NPR operates independently of any government or corporation, and has full control of its content.[6]

NPR produces and distributes both news and cultural programming. The organization's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts: Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered, both carried by most NPR member stations, and among the most popular radio programs in the country.[7][8] As of March 2018, the drive-time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million per week, respectively.[9]

NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System, which distributes its programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio Exchange, and which also acts as a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System. Its content is also available on-demand online, on mobile networks, and in many cases, as podcasts.[10] Several NPR stations also carry programs from British public broadcaster BBC World Service.

Name edit

The organization's legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR; it is known by both names.[11] In June 2010, the organization announced that it was "making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on-air and online" because NPR is the common name for the organization and the tag line "This ... is NPR" has been used by its radio hosts for many years.[11] However, National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group, as it has been since 1970.[11]

History edit

1970s edit

 
1970s logo

National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26, 1970, following Congressional passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.[12] This act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which also created the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a board of directors chaired by Bernard Mayes.

The board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations, and studios in Washington, D.C.[13]

NPR aired its first broadcast on April 20, 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the ongoing Vietnam War in Southeast Asia. The afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered premiered on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations. Morning Edition premiered on November 5, 1979, first hosted by Bob Edwards.

1980s edit

NPR suffered an almost-fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly $7 million (equivalent to $19 million in 2022 dollars). After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's then-president Frank Mankiewicz, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy.[14] In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt.[15]

 
1990s logo

1990s edit

Delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPR's CEO and president in January 1994.[16] Lewis resigned in August 1998.[16][17] In November 1998, NPR's board of directors hired Kevin Klose, the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau, as its president and chief executive officer.[17]

2000s edit

September 11th attacks made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington.

Jay Kernis, NPR's senior VP for programming[18]

NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. With room for up to 90 employees, it was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States, and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington, D.C.[18]

In November 2003, NPR received $235 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution.[19][20]

In 2004 NPR's budget increased by over 50% to $153 million due to the Kroc gift. Of the money, $34 million was deposited in its endowment.[21] The endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees.[19] The 2005 budget was about $120 million.

In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations. By November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times. Ten years later, by March 2015, users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times,[22] and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and the TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list.[23]

Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe.[24]

On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes.[25] The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008.[25]

In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall.[26]

In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer, following conflict with NPR's board of directors "over the direction of the organization", including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into new media "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR.[24]

As of 2009, corporate sponsorship made up 26% of the NPR budget.[27]

2010s edit

 
NPR's former headquarters at 635 Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. (demolished in 2013)
 
The new NPR headquarters at 1111 North Capitol Street, NE.

In October 2010, NPR accepted a $1.8 million grant from the Open Society Institute. The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013.[28] The OSI has made previous donations but does not take on-air credit for its gifts.[29]

In April 2013, NPR moved from its home of 19 years (635 Massachusetts Avenue NW) to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C&P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility.[30] The new headquarters—at the corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW—is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington.[31] The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday.[32] Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location.[33] In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call-in show Talk of the Nation.[34]

In September 2013, certain of NPR's 840 full- and part-time employees were offered a voluntary buyout plan to reduce staff by 10 percent and return NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year.[35]

In December 2018, The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps, while this compares to about five percent of a typical for-profit television station. Some of the temporary staff members told the newspaper the systems were "exploitative", but NPR's president of operations said the current system was in place because the station is a "media company that strives to be innovative and nimble."[36]

In December 2018, NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data (RAD), which developer Stacey Goers described as a "method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers, with extreme care and respect for user privacy."[37]

2020s edit

In late November 2022, CEO John Lansing told staffers in a memo that NPR needed to reduce spending by $10 million during the current fiscal year due to a drop in revenue from sponsors. The amount is approximately three percent of the organization's annual budget.[38]

In February 2023, Lansing announced in a memo that the network would be laying off approximately 10 percent of the workforce due to reduced advertising revenue. He said the annual operating budget is approximately $300 million, and the gap will likely be between $30 and $32 million.[39]

Governance edit

NPR is a membership organization. Member stations are required to be non-commercial or non-commercial educational radio stations; have at least five full-time professional employees; operate for at least 18 hours per day; and not be designed solely to further a religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep").

To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a board of directors. The board was previously composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. On November 2, 2015, NPR Members approved a change in the NPR Bylaws to expand the board of directors to 23 directors, consisting of 12 Member Directors who are managers of NPR Member stations and are elected to the board by their fellow Member stations, 9 Public Directors who are prominent members of the public selected by the board and confirmed by NPR Member stations, the NPR Foundation Chair, and the NPR President & CEO.[40] Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year.[41]

As of November 2019, the board of directors of NPR included the following members:[40]

NPR member station managers
President of NPR
  • John Lansing, president and CEO
Chair of the NPR Foundation
  • John McGinn
Public members of the board

The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the board of directors, are the following:

  • Provide an identifiable daily product which is consistent and reflects the highest standards of broadcast journalism.
  • Provide extended coverage of public events, issues and ideas, and to acquire and produce special public affairs programs.
  • Acquire and produce cultural programs which can be scheduled individually by stations.
  • Provide access to the intellectual and cultural resources of cities, universities and rural districts through a system of cooperative program development with member public radio stations.
  • Develop and distribute programs for specific groups (adult education, instruction, modular units for local productions) which may meet needs of individual regions or groups, but may not have general national relevance.
  • Establish liaison with foreign broadcasters for a program exchange service.
  • Produce materials specifically intended to develop the art and technical potential of radio[42]
NPR Public Editor

The Public Editor responds to significant listener queries, comments and criticisms. The position reports to the president and CEO John Lansing.[43] In April 2020, Kelly McBride became the Public Editor for NPR.

List of presidents/CEOs edit

Funding edit

 
Embroidered artwork made for an Etsy listing suggesting support of Public Radio

In 2020, NPR released a budget for FY21 anticipating revenue of $250 million, a slight decrease from the prior year due to impacts of COVID-19. The budget anticipates $240 million in operating expenses, plus additional debt service and capital costs that lead to a cash deficit of approximately $4 million. The budget includes $25 million in budget cuts.[44]

Funding pre-2000 edit

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the Reagan administration in the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes.

Funding in the 2000s edit

According to CPB, in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB;[45] in 2012 10.9% of the revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources.[46]

In 2010, NPR revenues totaled $180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants from foundations or business entities, contributions and sponsorships.[27] According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges.[27] Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air pledge drives, corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and the federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities.[27][47] NPR receives a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce.[27][better source needed] This funding amounts amounted to less than 1% of revenues.[48]

In 2011, NPR announced the roll-out of their own online advertising network, which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area, opening additional advertising-related revenue streams to the broadcaster.[49]

Center Stage, a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage, above-the-fold, was launched in 2013. The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace.[50]

In 2014, NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them.[51]

For the year ended September 30, 2018, total operating revenues were $235 million, increasing to almost $259 million by September 2019.[52]

In 2023, Current reported NPR partnered with Spotify to run targeted advertisements sold through the Spotify Audience Network platform within NPR programming, when NPR has empty slots available they otherwise were unable to sell to other advertisers directly.[53]

Underwriting spots versus commercials edit

In contrast with commercial broadcasting, NPR's radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans, descriptions of products and services, and contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers.[54] These statements are called underwriting spots and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws; they cannot advocate a product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities.[55] These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR's other digital platforms. When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession, in a speech broadcast on C-SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2, 2009, then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated: "underwriting is down, it's down for everybody; this is the area that is most down for us, in sponsorship, underwriting, advertising, call it whatever you want; just like it is for all of media."[56] Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations, saying: "they are not advertisers exactly but, they have a lot of the same characteristics; let's just say that."[57]

Audience edit

According to NPR's 2022 data, 30.7 million listeners tuned into its programs each week.[58] This is down from its 2017 high of 37.7 million,[59] but still well above its total of 20.9 million in 2008.[60]

Demographics edit

According to 2015 figures, 87% of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67% of the NPR podcast audience is white.[61] According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey, NPR listeners tend to be highly educated, with 54% of regular listeners being college graduates and 21% having some college.[62] NPR's audience is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners (49% male, 51% female).[62] NPR listeners have higher incomes than average (the 2012 Pew study showed that 43% earn over $75,000, 27% earn between $30,000 and $75,000).

A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that the NPR audience leans Democratic (17% Republican, 37% independent, 43% Democratic) and politically moderate (21% conservative, 39% moderate, 36% liberal).[62] A late 2019 survey, also by Pew, found that NPR's audience overwhelmingly leaned Democratic. 87% of those surveyed identified as Democrats, or leaning Democratic, and 12% were Republicans.[63]

Trust edit

A Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR was the most trusted news source in the United States.[64][65] In 2014, Pew reported that, of adults who had heard of NPR, 55% of those polled trusted it; this was a similar level of listener trust as CNN, NBC, and ABC.[66]

Ratings edit

NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service, but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records. NPR station listenership is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community. NPR's signature morning news program, Morning Edition, is the network's most popular program, drawing 14.63 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, All Things Considered, a close second, with 14.6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data.[67] Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium, a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Arbitron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.[68]

Digital media edit

NPR's history in digital media includes the work of an independent, for-profit company called Public Interactive, which was founded in 1999[69] and acquired by PRI in June 2004, when it became a non-profit company.[70] By July 2008, Public Interactive had "170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations" and clients such as Car Talk, The World, and The Tavis Smiley Show; by the end of that month, NPR acquired Public Interactive from PRI[69] In March 2011, NPR revealed a restructuring proposal in which Boston-based Public Interactive would become NPR Digital Services, separate from the Washington D.C.-based NPR Digital Media, which focuses on NPR-branded services.[71] NPR Digital Services would continue offering its services to public TV stations.[71]

The technical backbone of its digital news publishing system is Core Publisher, which was built on Drupal, an open-source content management system.[71]

 
Kinsey Wilson and the npr.org crew at the 69th Annual Peabody Awards

NPR has been dubbed as "leveraging the Twitter generation"[72] because of its adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of its primary vehicles of information. Of NPR's Twitter followers, the majority (67%) also listen to NPR on the radio. In a survey of more than 10,000 respondents, NPR found that its Twitter followers are younger, more connected to the social web, and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as its Peabody Award-winning website npr.org, as well as podcasts, mobile apps and more.[73] NPR has more than one Twitter account including @NPR;[74] its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts, including topical account, show-specific accounts and on-air staff accounts.[73] In addition, NPR's Facebook page has been at the forefront of the company foray into social media. Started by college student and fan Geoff Campbell[75] in 2008, the page was quickly taken over by the organization,[76] and over the last two years has grown to nearly 4 million fans and is a popular example of the company's new focus on a younger audience.[77] NPR also has a YouTube channel featuring regularly posted videos covering news and informational subjects.

In May 2018, a group led by NPR acquired the podcasting app Pocket Casts.[78] On July 16, 2021, Automattic acquired Pocket Casts from NPR.[79]

NPR One edit

 
NPR One logo

In July 2014, NPR launched NPR One, an app for iOS and Android smartphones and other mobile devices, which aimed to make it easier for listeners to stream local NPR stations live, and listen to NPR podcasts by autoplaying content and permitting easy navigation.[80] Since launch NPR has made the service available on additional channels: Windows mobile devices, web browsers, Chromecast, Apple Car Play, Apple Watch, Android Auto, Android Wear, Samsung Gear S2 and S3, Amazon Fire TV, and Amazon Alexa–enabled devices.[81] The New York Times listed NPR One as one of 2016's "best apps".[82]

Programming edit

Programs produced by NPR edit

News and public affairs programs edit

 
NPR News logo

NPR produces a morning and an evening news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly newscasts around the clock.

Storytelling and cultural programming (in house) edit

Podcasts edit

  • All Songs Considered, a music podcast
  • Alt.Latino, a podcast on Latino arts and culture
  • Radio Ambulante, a Spanish-Language podcast which covers news in Latin America
  • El Hilo, an offshoot of Radio Ambulante devoted to news
  • Code Switch, a podcast about race and identity hosted by Shereen Marisol Meraji and Gene Demby
  • Consider This, a Monday-Saturday afternoon news podcast; weekday episodes hosted by All Things Considered anchors Ari Shapiro, Mary Louise Kelly, and Ailsa Chang; Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend All Things Considered host Michel Martin
  • Embedded, a podcast hosted by Kelly McEvers
  • How I Built This, a podcast on entrepreneurship hosted by Guy Raz
  • It's Been a Minute, a podcast on culture
  • NPR Politics Podcast, a podcast hosted by Tamara Keith and Scott Detrow
  • NPR News Now, podcast of 5 minute news updates updated hourly
  • Planet Money, a podcast on economics
  • Pop Culture Happy Hour, a podcast on culture hosted by Linda Holmes
  • Rough Translation, a podcast which tells stories from around the world that have relevance to a U.S. audience[83]
  • Short Wave, a daily science podcast hosted by Maddie Sofia
  • Throughline, a podcast on history hosted by Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei
  • Up First, a Monday-Saturday morning news podcast; weekday episodes hosted by Morning Edition anchors Steve Inskeep, Rachel Martin, A Martínez, and Leila Fadel; Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend Edition anchors Scott Simon and Ayesha Rascoe

Music programming edit

Programs distributed by NPR edit

News and public affairs edit

Storytelling and cultural programming edit

  • The Big Listen, a radio show about podcasts hosted by Lauren Ober (WAMU)[84]
  • Bullseye with Jesse Thorn, hosted by Jesse Thorn (Maximum Fun)
  • Car Talk, humorous automotive advice hosted by Tom Magliozzi and Ray Magliozzi (WBUR, ended September 2017[85])
  • The Engines of Our Ingenuity is a daily radio series that tells the story of human invention and creativity in 3+12 minute essays.
  • Only a Game, sports issues hosted by Bill Littlefield (WBUR, ended 2020)
  • Rough Cuts, a podcast and blog encouraging participation in the development of other new radio programs
  • State of the Re:Union, hosted by Al Letson
  • StoryCorps, oral history recordings (self-produced)

Music programming edit

Notable public radio programs not affiliated with NPR edit

Many programs broadcast on U.S. public radio stations are not affiliated with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.

American Public Media (APM) and Public Radio Exchange (PRX; which also merged with Public Radio International in 2018) are other major public radio production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other and NPR for programming slots on public radio stations.

Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and many are affiliate stations of APM and PRX at the same time. The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations.

American Public Media edit

Public Radio Exchange edit

This list includes programs that were distributed by Public Radio International (PRI) prior to the merger with PRX.

WNYC Studios edit

  • On the Media, covering journalism, technology, and First Amendment issues (formerly distributed by NPR)
  • Science Friday, science issues call-in hosted by Ira Flatow and independently produced (formerly distributed by NPR)

Independent edit

Controversies edit

Over the course of NPR's history, controversies have arisen over several incidents and topics.

Allegations of ideological bias edit

NPR has been accused of displaying both liberal bias, as alleged in work such as a UCLA and University of Missouri study of Morning Edition; and conservative bias, including criticism of alleged reliance on conservative think-tanks.[86] Public radio host Lisa Simeone, who worked for NPR from 1998 to 2002, accused NPR's Pentagon reporting of being "little more than Pentagon press releases."[87] The NPR ombudsman has described how NPR's coverage of the Israel-Palestinian conflict has been simultaneously criticized as biased by both sides.[88] University of Texas journalism professor and author Robert Jensen has criticized NPR as taking a pro-war stance during coverage of Iraq war protests.[89] During the 2020 election, NPR declined to cover the controversy surrounding a New York Post article on Hunter Biden, saying "We don't want to waste our time on stories that are not really stories, and we don't want to waste the listeners' and readers' time on stories that are just pure distractions, ..."[90]

Live from Death Row commentaries edit

In 1994, NPR arranged to air, on All Things Considered, a series of three-minute commentaries by Mumia Abu-Jamal, a journalist convicted in a controversial trial of murdering Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner. They cancelled airing them after the Fraternal Order of Police and members of the U.S. Congress objected.[91]

Euphemisms for torture edit

In a controversial act, NPR banned in 2009 the use of the word torture in the context of the Bush administration's use of torture.[92] NPR's Ombudswoman Alicia Shepard's defense of the policy was that "calling waterboarding torture is tantamount to taking sides."[93] Berkeley Professor of Linguistics Geoffrey Nunberg pointed out that virtually all media around the world, other than what he called the "spineless U.S. media", call these techniques torture.[94][95] In an article which criticized NPR and other U.S. media for their use of euphemisms for torture, Glenn Greenwald discussed what he called the enabling "corruption of American journalism":[96]

This active media complicity in concealing that our Government created a systematic torture regime, by refusing ever to say so, is one of the principal reasons it was allowed to happen for so long. The steadfast, ongoing refusal of our leading media institutions to refer to what the Bush administration did as "torture" – even in the face of more than 100 detainee deaths; the use of that term by a leading Bush official to describe what was done at Guantanamo; and the fact that media outlets frequently use the word "torture" to describe exactly the same methods when used by other countries – reveals much about how the modern journalist thinks.

Juan Williams comments edit

On October 20, 2010, NPR terminated Senior News Analyst Juan Williams's independent contract[97] over a series of incidents culminating in remarks he made on the Fox News Channel regarding Muslim head coverings and not feeling comfortable around women wearing them. Williams' firing, which was made abruptly without Williams being given a face-to-face meeting beforehand, was reported by The Washington Post as being a key part of Ellen Weiss, NPR's top news executive at the time, being given an ultimatum on January 4, 2011, to either resign or be fired. On January 6, 2011, NPR announced that Weiss had quit.[98]

Ronald Schiller comments edit

In March 2011, conservative political activist and provocateur James O'Keefe sent partners Simon Templar (a pen name) and Shaughn Adeleye[99] to secretly record their discussion with Ronald Schiller, NPR's outgoing senior vice president for fundraising, and an associate, in which Schiller made remarks viewed as disparaging of "the current Republican party, especially the Tea Party", and controversial comments regarding Palestine and funding for NPR. NPR disavowed Schiller's comments. CEO Vivian Schiller, who is not related to Ronald, later resigned over the fallout from the comments and the previous firing of Juan Williams.[100]

July 4 reading of the Declaration of Independence edit

From 1988 to 2021,[101][102] NPR broadcast an annual reading of the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence over the radio.[103] In 2017, it began using Twitter as a medium for reading the document as well. On July 4, 2017, the 100+ tweets were met with considerable opposition, some online supporters of Donald Trump mistakenly believing the words of the Declaration referring to George III of the United Kingdom to be directed towards the president. The tweets were called "trash"[104] and were accused of being "propaganda",[105] condoning violence[104] and calling for revolution.[106][107] The July 4, 2022 annual tradition was not held. Instead, referencing the recent Dobbs decision and voting rights, host Steve Innskeep held a discussion on "what equality means" with two historians, contrasting Thomas Jefferson's use of "All men are created equal" in the Declaration with his participation in slavery.[101][102]

Sexual harassment edit

In October 2017, sexual harassment charges were leveled against Michael Oreskes, senior vice president of news and editorial director since 2015. Some of the accusations dated back to when he was Washington, D.C. bureau chief for The New York Times during the 1990s, while others involved his conduct at NPR,[108] where eight women filed sexual harassment complaints against Oreskes.[109] After a report on the Times accusations was published in The Washington Post, NPR put Oreskes on administrative leave, and the following day his resignation was requested.[110][111][112] CNN's Brian Stelter reported that NPR staffers were dissatisfied with the handling of Oreskes, were demanding an external investigation, and that Oreskes poisoned the newsroom atmosphere by abusing his position to meet young women.[113] Oreskes resigned at the request of CEO Jarl Mohn, was denied severance and separation benefits, and reimbursed NPR $1,800 in expense account charges related to his meetings with women.[114][115]

Twitter controversy edit

After Elon Musk's acquisition of American social media platform Twitter, NPR's main Twitter account was designated as "US state-affiliated media" there in April 2023, a label that was typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments, like Russia's RT and China's Xinhua.[116][117][118] Twitter's designation was widely considered controversial as NPR is an independent news organization that receives a small minority of its funding through government programs. Twitter's previous policy had explicitly mentioned NPR, as well as the United Kingdom's BBC, as examples of networks that were not considered as state-affiliated due to their editorial independence.[116][117][118] NPR ceased activity on its main Twitter account in response to the designation.[119]

On April 8, 2023, Twitter changed the designation of NPR's account from "state-affiliated" to "government-funded".[120] On April 10, after managing to get in contact with Musk himself, NPR reporter Bobby Allyn wrote in a tweet that the platform's owner told him he was relying on a list accessible through a Wikipedia category page, named "Category:Publicly funded broadcasters", in order to determine which news organizations' accounts should be deemed as "government-funded media".[121][122]

On April 12, NPR announced that its accounts would no longer be active on Twitter,[121][123][124] citing the platform's "inaccurate and misleading" labeling of NPR as "government-funded media" despite the fact that it receives "less than 1 percent of its $300 million annual budget" from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.[121][123][125] As their last post on the platform, the network shared links to their alternative newsletters, websites and social media profiles in a thread.[123][126] In an email to the staff explaining the decision, CEO John Lansing allowed individual NPR journalists and staffers to choose for themselves whether to keep using Twitter, while noting that "it would be a disservice to the serious work you all do here to continue to share it on a platform that is associating the federal charter for public media with an abandoning of editorial independence or standards."[121][124]

Publications edit

Source:[127]

  • The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection by Ted Libbey (1994) ISBN 156305051X
  • The NPR Classical Music Companion: An Essential Guide for Enlightened Listening by Miles Hoffman (1997) ISBN 0618619453
  • The NPR Classical Music Companion: Terms and Concepts from A to Z by Miles Hoffman (1997) ISBN 0395707420
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Classical Music by Tim Smith (2002) ISBN 0399527958
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Jazz by Loren Schoenberg (2002) ISBN 039952794X
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Opera by William Berger (2002) ISBN 0399527435
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Popular Standards by Max Morath (2002) ISBN 0399527443
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide To American Folk Music by Kip Lornell (2004) ISBN 0399530339
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to World Music by Chris Nickson (2004) ISBN 0399530320
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide To Blues by David Evans (2005) ISBN 039953072X
  • The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Celtic Music by Fiona Ritchie (2005) ISBN 0399530711
  • The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music by Ted Libbey (2006) ISBN 0761120726

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Bennett, James T. (2021). The History and Politics of Public Radio; A Comprehensive Analysis of Taxpayer-Financed US Broadcasting. Studies in Public Choice. Vol. 41. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80019-2. ISBN 978-3-030-80019-2. S2CID 238550758.
  • Gibson, George H. (1977). Public Broadcasting: The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 9780030228315. OCLC 3167293.
  • Magee, Sara (2013). "All Things Considered: A Content Analysis of National Public Radio's Flagship News Magazine from 1999–2009". Journal of Radio & Audio Media. 20 (2): 236–250. doi:10.1080/19376529.2013.823970. S2CID 144116873.
  • McCauley, Michael P. (2005). NPR: The Trials and Triumphs of National Public Radio. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231121606. OCLC 937175101.

External links edit

other, uses, disambiguation, national, public, radio, stylized, american, profit, media, organization, headquartered, washington, with, west, headquarters, culver, city, california, serves, national, syndicator, network, over, public, radio, stations, united, . For other uses see NPR disambiguation National Public Radio NPR stylized as npr is an American non profit media organization headquartered in Washington D C with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City California 2 It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1 000 public radio stations in the United States 3 It differs from other non profit membership media organizations such as the Associated Press in that it was established by an act of Congress 4 National Public RadioTypePublic radio networkCountryUnited StatesFirst air dateApril 20 1971 52 years ago 1971 04 20 AvailabilityGlobalFoundedFebruary 26 1970 53 years ago 1970 02 26 Endowment 368 million 2021 1 Revenue 309 7 million 2021 1 Net income 29 99 million 2021 1 Headquarters1111 North Capitol Street NE Washington D C Culver City CaliforniaBroadcast areaUnited StatesGuamPuerto RicoAmerican Forces NetworkParentNational Public Radio Inc Key peopleJohn Lansing CEO Former namesAssociation of Public Radio Stations National Educational Radio NetworkAffiliation s WRN BroadcastOfficial websitenpr wbr orgFunding for NPR comes from dues and fees paid by member stations underwriting from corporate sponsors and annual grants from the publicly funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting 5 Most of its member stations are owned by non profit organizations including public school districts colleges and universities NPR operates independently of any government or corporation and has full control of its content 6 NPR produces and distributes both news and cultural programming The organization s flagship shows are two drive time news broadcasts Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered both carried by most NPR member stations and among the most popular radio programs in the country 7 8 As of March 2018 update the drive time programs attract an audience of 14 9 million and 14 7 million per week respectively 9 NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System which distributes its programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio Exchange and which also acts as a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System Its content is also available on demand online on mobile networks and in many cases as podcasts 10 Several NPR stations also carry programs from British public broadcaster BBC World Service Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 1970s 2 2 1980s 2 3 1990s 2 4 2000s 2 5 2010s 2 6 2020s 3 Governance 4 List of presidents CEOs 5 Funding 5 1 Funding pre 2000 5 2 Funding in the 2000s 5 3 Underwriting spots versus commercials 6 Audience 6 1 Demographics 6 2 Trust 6 3 Ratings 7 Digital media 7 1 NPR One 8 Programming 8 1 Programs produced by NPR 8 1 1 News and public affairs programs 8 1 2 Storytelling and cultural programming in house 8 1 3 Podcasts 8 1 4 Music programming 8 2 Programs distributed by NPR 8 2 1 News and public affairs 8 2 2 Storytelling and cultural programming 8 2 3 Music programming 8 3 Notable public radio programs not affiliated with NPR 8 3 1 American Public Media 8 3 2 Public Radio Exchange 8 3 3 WNYC Studios 8 3 4 Independent 9 Controversies 9 1 Allegations of ideological bias 9 2 Live from Death Row commentaries 9 3 Euphemisms for torture 9 4 Juan Williams comments 9 5 Ronald Schiller comments 9 6 July 4 reading of the Declaration of Independence 9 7 Sexual harassment 9 8 Twitter controversy 10 Publications 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksName editThe organization s legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR it is known by both names 11 In June 2010 the organization announced that it was making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on air and online because NPR is the common name for the organization and the tag line This is NPR has been used by its radio hosts for many years 11 However National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group as it has been since 1970 11 History edit1970s edit nbsp 1970s logoNational Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26 1970 following Congressional passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 12 This act was signed into law by President Lyndon B Johnson and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting which also created the Public Broadcasting Service PBS for television in addition to NPR A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a board of directors chaired by Bernard Mayes The board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations and studios in Washington D C 13 NPR aired its first broadcast on April 20 1971 covering United States Senate hearings on the ongoing Vietnam War in Southeast Asia The afternoon drive time newscast All Things Considered premiered on May 3 1971 first hosted by Robert Conley NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977 when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations Morning Edition premiered on November 5 1979 first hosted by Bob Edwards 1980s edit NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly 7 million equivalent to 19 million in 2022 dollars After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR s then president Frank Mankiewicz the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy 14 In exchange NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead in turn those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture the Public Radio Satellite System making it possible for non NPR shows to get national distribution It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt 15 nbsp 1990s logo1990s edit Delano Lewis the president of C amp P Telephone left that position to become NPR s CEO and president in January 1994 16 Lewis resigned in August 1998 16 17 In November 1998 NPR s board of directors hired Kevin Klose the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau as its president and chief executive officer 17 2000s edit September 11th attacks made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington Jay Kernis NPR s senior VP for programming 18 NPR spent nearly 13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25 000 square foot 2 300 m2 production facility NPR West which opened in Culver City Los Angeles County California in November 2002 With room for up to 90 employees it was established to expand its production capabilities improve its coverage of the western United States and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington D C 18 In November 2003 NPR received 235 million from the estate of the late Joan B Kroc the widow of Ray Kroc founder of McDonald s Corporation This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution 19 20 In 2004 NPR s budget increased by over 50 to 153 million due to the Kroc gift Of the money 34 million was deposited in its endowment 21 The endowment fund before the gift totaled 35 million NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations fees 19 The 2005 budget was about 120 million In August 2005 NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations By November of that year users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times Ten years later by March 2015 users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times 22 and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and the TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list 23 Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006 reportedly as the hand picked successor of CEO Kevin Klose who gave up the job but remained as NPR s president Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe 24 On December 10 2008 NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7 and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News amp Notes 25 The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008 25 In the fall of 2008 NPR programming reached a record 27 5 million people weekly according to Arbitron ratings figures NPR stations reach 32 7 million listeners overall 26 In March 2008 the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer following conflict with NPR s board of directors over the direction of the organization including issues NPR s member station managers had had with NPR s expansion into new media at the expense of serving the stations that financially support NPR 24 As of 2009 corporate sponsorship made up 26 of the NPR budget 27 2010s edit nbsp NPR s former headquarters at 635 Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington D C demolished in 2013 nbsp The new NPR headquarters at 1111 North Capitol Street NE In October 2010 NPR accepted a 1 8 million grant from the Open Society Institute The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013 28 The OSI has made previous donations but does not take on air credit for its gifts 29 In April 2013 NPR moved from its home of 19 years 635 Massachusetts Avenue NW to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C amp P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility 30 The new headquarters at the corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington 31 The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday 32 Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location 33 In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call in show Talk of the Nation 34 In September 2013 certain of NPR s 840 full and part time employees were offered a voluntary buyout plan to reduce staff by 10 percent and return NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year 35 In December 2018 The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps while this compares to about five percent of a typical for profit television station Some of the temporary staff members told the newspaper the systems were exploitative but NPR s president of operations said the current system was in place because the station is a media company that strives to be innovative and nimble 36 In December 2018 NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data RAD which developer Stacey Goers described as a method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers with extreme care and respect for user privacy 37 2020s edit In late November 2022 CEO John Lansing told staffers in a memo that NPR needed to reduce spending by 10 million during the current fiscal year due to a drop in revenue from sponsors The amount is approximately three percent of the organization s annual budget 38 In February 2023 Lansing announced in a memo that the network would be laying off approximately 10 percent of the workforce due to reduced advertising revenue He said the annual operating budget is approximately 300 million and the gap will likely be between 30 and 32 million 39 Governance editNPR is a membership organization Member stations are required to be non commercial or non commercial educational radio stations have at least five full time professional employees operate for at least 18 hours per day and not be designed solely to further a religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative A Rep To oversee the day to day operations and prepare its budget members elect a board of directors The board was previously composed of ten A Reps five members of the general public and the chair of the NPR Foundation On November 2 2015 NPR Members approved a change in the NPR Bylaws to expand the board of directors to 23 directors consisting of 12 Member Directors who are managers of NPR Member stations and are elected to the board by their fellow Member stations 9 Public Directors who are prominent members of the public selected by the board and confirmed by NPR Member stations the NPR Foundation Chair and the NPR President amp CEO 40 Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year 41 As of November 2019 update the board of directors of NPR included the following members 40 NPR member station managersMike Crane director Wisconsin Public Radio John Decker director KPBS Tim Eby general manager St Louis Public Radio Jennifer Ferro president KCRW Nico Leone president and CEO KERA Wonya Lucas president and CEO WABE Joe O Connor president and CEO WFAE LaFontaine E Oliver president and general manager WYPR Jay Pearce CEO and general manager WVIK FM Mike Savage director and general manager WEKU Joyce Slocum president and CEO Texas Public Radio Sylvia Strobel CEO ideastreamPresident of NPRJohn Lansing president and CEOChair of the NPR FoundationJohn McGinnPublic members of the boardCarlos Alvarez CEO The Gambrinus Company Fred Dust designer speaker and consultant Paul G Haaga Jr retired Capital Research and Management Company Chairman of the NPR Board of Directors Jacqueline Reses head of Square Capital and Chief People Officer of Square Jeff Sine co founder and partner The Raine Group Carlos Watson CEO and co founder OZY Media Inc Howard Wollner senior vice president retired Starbucks Coffee Company Telisa Yancy CEO American Family Insurance Neal Zuckerman partner and managing director Boston Consulting GroupThe original purposes of NPR as ratified by the board of directors are the following Provide an identifiable daily product which is consistent and reflects the highest standards of broadcast journalism Provide extended coverage of public events issues and ideas and to acquire and produce special public affairs programs Acquire and produce cultural programs which can be scheduled individually by stations Provide access to the intellectual and cultural resources of cities universities and rural districts through a system of cooperative program development with member public radio stations Develop and distribute programs for specific groups adult education instruction modular units for local productions which may meet needs of individual regions or groups but may not have general national relevance Establish liaison with foreign broadcasters for a program exchange service Produce materials specifically intended to develop the art and technical potential of radio 42 NPR Public EditorThe Public Editor responds to significant listener queries comments and criticisms The position reports to the president and CEO John Lansing 43 In April 2020 Kelly McBride became the Public Editor for NPR List of presidents CEOs editDonald Quayle 1970 1973 Lee Frischknecht 1973 1977 Frank Mankiewicz 1977 1983 Douglas J Bennet 1983 1993 Delano Lewis 1993 1998 Kevin Klose 1998 2008 Vivian Schiller 2009 2011 Gary Knell 2011 2013 Paul Haaga 2013 2014 Jarl Mohn 2014 2019 John F Lansing 2019 present Funding edit nbsp Embroidered artwork made for an Etsy listing suggesting support of Public RadioIn 2020 NPR released a budget for FY21 anticipating revenue of 250 million a slight decrease from the prior year due to impacts of COVID 19 The budget anticipates 240 million in operating expenses plus additional debt service and capital costs that lead to a cash deficit of approximately 4 million The budget includes 25 million in budget cuts 44 Funding pre 2000 edit During the 1970s and early 1980s the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government Steps were taken during the Reagan administration in the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes Funding in the 2000s edit According to CPB in 2009 11 3 of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources principally through CPB 45 in 2012 10 9 of the revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources 46 In 2010 NPR revenues totaled 180 million with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees grants from foundations or business entities contributions and sponsorships 27 According to the 2009 financial statement about 50 of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges 27 Typically NPR member stations receive funds through on air pledge drives corporate underwriting state and local governments educational institutions and the federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting CPB In 2009 member stations derived 6 of their revenue from federal state and local government funding 10 of their revenue from CPB grants and 14 of their revenue from universities 27 47 NPR receives a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce 27 better source needed This funding amounts amounted to less than 1 of revenues 48 In 2011 NPR announced the roll out of their own online advertising network which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area opening additional advertising related revenue streams to the broadcaster 49 Center Stage a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage above the fold was launched in 2013 The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace 50 In 2014 NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them 51 For the year ended September 30 2018 total operating revenues were 235 million increasing to almost 259 million by September 2019 52 In 2023 Current reported NPR partnered with Spotify to run targeted advertisements sold through the Spotify Audience Network platform within NPR programming when NPR has empty slots available they otherwise were unable to sell to other advertisers directly 53 Underwriting spots versus commercials edit In contrast with commercial broadcasting NPR s radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans descriptions of products and services and contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers 54 These statements are called underwriting spots and unlike commercials are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws they cannot advocate a product or promote the goods and services of for profit entities 55 These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR s other digital platforms When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession in a speech broadcast on C SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2 2009 then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated underwriting is down it s down for everybody this is the area that is most down for us in sponsorship underwriting advertising call it whatever you want just like it is for all of media 56 Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations saying they are not advertisers exactly but they have a lot of the same characteristics let s just say that 57 Audience editAccording to NPR s 2022 data 30 7 million listeners tuned into its programs each week 58 This is down from its 2017 high of 37 7 million 59 but still well above its total of 20 9 million in 2008 60 Demographics edit According to 2015 figures 87 of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67 of the NPR podcast audience is white 61 According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey NPR listeners tend to be highly educated with 54 of regular listeners being college graduates and 21 having some college 62 NPR s audience is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners 49 male 51 female 62 NPR listeners have higher incomes than average the 2012 Pew study showed that 43 earn over 75 000 27 earn between 30 000 and 75 000 A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that the NPR audience leans Democratic 17 Republican 37 independent 43 Democratic and politically moderate 21 conservative 39 moderate 36 liberal 62 A late 2019 survey also by Pew found that NPR s audience overwhelmingly leaned Democratic 87 of those surveyed identified as Democrats or leaning Democratic and 12 were Republicans 63 Trust edit A Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR was the most trusted news source in the United States 64 65 In 2014 Pew reported that of adults who had heard of NPR 55 of those polled trusted it this was a similar level of listener trust as CNN NBC and ABC 66 Ratings edit NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio amp Records NPR station listenership is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM people meter markets NPR stations are frequently not included in summary level diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning Data on NPR listening can be accessed using respondent level diary data Additionally all radio stations public and commercial are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community NPR s signature morning news program Morning Edition is the network s most popular program drawing 14 63 million listeners a week with its afternoon newsmagazine All Things Considered a close second with 14 6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data 67 Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium a non profit corporation which subscribes to the Arbitron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non commercial stations and on its website 68 Digital media editNPR s history in digital media includes the work of an independent for profit company called Public Interactive which was founded in 1999 69 and acquired by PRI in June 2004 when it became a non profit company 70 By July 2008 Public Interactive had 170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations and clients such as Car Talk The World and The Tavis Smiley Show by the end of that month NPR acquired Public Interactive from PRI 69 In March 2011 NPR revealed a restructuring proposal in which Boston based Public Interactive would become NPR Digital Services separate from the Washington D C based NPR Digital Media which focuses on NPR branded services 71 NPR Digital Services would continue offering its services to public TV stations 71 The technical backbone of its digital news publishing system is Core Publisher which was built on Drupal an open source content management system 71 nbsp Kinsey Wilson and the npr org crew at the 69th Annual Peabody AwardsNPR has been dubbed as leveraging the Twitter generation 72 because of its adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of its primary vehicles of information Of NPR s Twitter followers the majority 67 also listen to NPR on the radio In a survey of more than 10 000 respondents NPR found that its Twitter followers are younger more connected to the social web and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as its Peabody Award winning website npr org as well as podcasts mobile apps and more 73 NPR has more than one Twitter account including NPR 74 its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts including topical account show specific accounts and on air staff accounts 73 In addition NPR s Facebook page has been at the forefront of the company foray into social media Started by college student and fan Geoff Campbell 75 in 2008 the page was quickly taken over by the organization 76 and over the last two years has grown to nearly 4 million fans and is a popular example of the company s new focus on a younger audience 77 NPR also has a YouTube channel featuring regularly posted videos covering news and informational subjects In May 2018 a group led by NPR acquired the podcasting app Pocket Casts 78 On July 16 2021 Automattic acquired Pocket Casts from NPR 79 NPR One edit nbsp NPR One logoIn July 2014 NPR launched NPR One an app for iOS and Android smartphones and other mobile devices which aimed to make it easier for listeners to stream local NPR stations live and listen to NPR podcasts by autoplaying content and permitting easy navigation 80 Since launch NPR has made the service available on additional channels Windows mobile devices web browsers Chromecast Apple Car Play Apple Watch Android Auto Android Wear Samsung Gear S2 and S3 Amazon Fire TV and Amazon Alexa enabled devices 81 The New York Times listed NPR One as one of 2016 s best apps 82 Programming editPrograms produced by NPR edit News and public affairs programs edit nbsp NPR News logoNPR produces a morning and an evening news program both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts It also produces hourly newscasts around the clock All Things Considered NPR News evening news program hosted by Ari Shapiro Mary Louise Kelly Ailsa Chang and Juana Summers Weekend All Things Considered hosted by Michel Martin Morning Edition NPR News morning news program hosted by Steve Inskeep Rachel Martin A Martinez and Leila Fadel Weekend Edition hosted by Scott Simon Saturdays and Ayesha Rascoe Sundays Here and Now a mid day news magazine program hosted by Robin Young and Tonya Mosley co produced with WBUR Storytelling and cultural programming in house edit Ask Me Another a trivia quiz hosted by Ophira Eisenberg co produced with WNYC The show was ended in September 2021 Invisibilia hosted by Alix Spiegel Hanna Rosin and Lulu Miller TED Radio Hour hosted by Manoush Zomorodi Wait Wait Don t Tell Me a humorous news based panel show hosted by Peter Sagal co produced with WBEZ Podcasts edit All Songs Considered a music podcast Alt Latino a podcast on Latino arts and culture Radio Ambulante a Spanish Language podcast which covers news in Latin America El Hilo an offshoot of Radio Ambulante devoted to news Code Switch a podcast about race and identity hosted by Shereen Marisol Meraji and Gene Demby Consider This a Monday Saturday afternoon news podcast weekday episodes hosted by All Things Considered anchors Ari Shapiro Mary Louise Kelly and Ailsa Chang Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend All Things Considered host Michel Martin Embedded a podcast hosted by Kelly McEvers How I Built This a podcast on entrepreneurship hosted by Guy Raz It s Been a Minute a podcast on culture NPR Politics Podcast a podcast hosted by Tamara Keith and Scott Detrow NPR News Now podcast of 5 minute news updates updated hourly Planet Money a podcast on economics Pop Culture Happy Hour a podcast on culture hosted by Linda Holmes Rough Translation a podcast which tells stories from around the world that have relevance to a U S audience 83 Short Wave a daily science podcast hosted by Maddie Sofia Throughline a podcast on history hosted by Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei Up First a Monday Saturday morning news podcast weekday episodes hosted by Morning Edition anchors Steve Inskeep Rachel Martin A Martinez and Leila Fadel Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend Edition anchors Scott Simon and Ayesha RascoeMusic programming edit First Listen album previews Jazz Night In America hosted by Christian McBride co produced with WBGO and Jazz at Lincoln Center Songs We Love The Thistle amp Shamrock Celtic music hosted by Fiona Ritchie Tiny Desk Concerts video concert seriesPrograms distributed by NPR edit News and public affairs edit 1A public affairs roundtable program hosted by Jenn White WAMU Fresh Air interviews with cultural news makers hosted by Terry Gross WHYY FM Latino USA Latino issues hosted by Maria Hinojosa Futuro Media Group Youth Radio stories told by youth self produced Storytelling and cultural programming edit The Big Listen a radio show about podcasts hosted by Lauren Ober WAMU 84 Bullseye with Jesse Thorn hosted by Jesse Thorn Maximum Fun Car Talk humorous automotive advice hosted by Tom Magliozzi and Ray Magliozzi WBUR ended September 2017 85 The Engines of Our Ingenuity is a daily radio series that tells the story of human invention and creativity in 3 1 2 minute essays Only a Game sports issues hosted by Bill Littlefield WBUR ended 2020 Rough Cuts a podcast and blog encouraging participation in the development of other new radio programs State of the Re Union hosted by Al Letson StoryCorps oral history recordings self produced Music programming edit From the Top A program showcasing young classical musicians between the ages of 8 18 self produced JazzSet hosted by Dee Dee Bridgewater WBGO Metropolis a show on electronic music hosted by Jason Bentley KCRW Mountain Stage hosted by Larry Groce West Virginia Public Broadcasting Piano Jazz hosted by Marian McPartland South Carolina ETV Radio ended in 2011 World Cafe a 2 hour music program featuring both recorded music and interviews and live in studio performances hosted by Raina Douris WXPN Notable public radio programs not affiliated with NPR edit Many programs broadcast on U S public radio stations are not affiliated with NPR If these programs are distributed by another distributor a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network s programming American Public Media APM and Public Radio Exchange PRX which also merged with Public Radio International in 2018 are other major public radio production and distribution organizations with distinct missions and each competes with the other and NPR for programming slots on public radio stations Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and many are affiliate stations of APM and PRX at the same time The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations American Public Media edit Main article American Public Media BBC World Service world news produced by the BBC often used to fill overnight hours Classical 24 generally airs overnights on many non commercial stations The Daily daily podcast created by The New York Times and hosted by Michael Barbaro Live from Here formerly known as A Prairie Home Companion variety radio show known for its folk music and comedy cancelled in 2020 Marketplace program that focuses on business the economy and events that influence them Performance Today most listened to daily classical music radio program in the United States formerly distributed by NPR Pipedreams radio music program focusing on organ music The Splendid Table weekly program about foodPublic Radio Exchange edit Main articles Public Radio Exchange and Public Radio International This list includes programs that were distributed by Public Radio International PRI prior to the merger with PRX A Way with Words a show about language distributed by Public Radio Exchange and Public Radio Satellite System Echoes a daily program of ambient new age and electronic music hosted by John Diliberto formerly distributed by PRI Hearts of Space a weekly program of ambient space and contemplative music hosted by Stephen Hill San Rafael Calif Living on Earth environmental news program formerly distributed by NPR and PRI Philosophy Talk everyday topics examined through a philosophical lens hosted by Stanford philosophy professors John Perry and Ken Taylor produced by Ben Manilla Productions KALW Planetary Radio space exploration radio program hosted by Mat Kaplan The Planetary Society Pasadena Calif Reveal investigative journalism Selected Shorts dramatic readings hosted by Isaiah Sheffer Symphony Space WNYC formerly distributed by PRI This American Life stories of real life hosted by Ira Glass distributed by Public Radio Exchange The Takeaway a daily news program from WNYC formerly distributed by PRI The World news magazine show with an emphasis on international news formerly distributed by PRI WNYC Studios edit Further information WNYC Studios On the Media covering journalism technology and First Amendment issues formerly distributed by NPR Science Friday science issues call in hosted by Ira Flatow and independently produced formerly distributed by NPR Independent edit Democracy Now the flagship news program of the Pacifica Radio network provides a feed to NPR stations Forum call in panel discussion program wide ranging national and local topics hosted by Michael Krasny KQED FM Jazz from Lincoln Center Wynton Marsalis formerly hosted by Ed Bradley Murray Street Productions The Merrow Report education issues hosted by John Merrow Learning Matters Inc The People s Pharmacy a call in and interview program on personal health from WUNC in Chapel Hill N C Pulse of the Planet a daily two minute sound portrait of Planet Earth hosted by Jim Metzner StarDate short segments relating to science and astronomy from the University of Texas at Austin s McDonald Observatory hosted by Billy Henry Sunday Baroque baroque and early music hosted by Suzanne Bona WSHU FM Controversies editMain article NPR controversies Over the course of NPR s history controversies have arisen over several incidents and topics Allegations of ideological bias edit NPR has been accused of displaying both liberal bias as alleged in work such as a UCLA and University of Missouri study of Morning Edition and conservative bias including criticism of alleged reliance on conservative think tanks 86 Public radio host Lisa Simeone who worked for NPR from 1998 to 2002 accused NPR s Pentagon reporting of being little more than Pentagon press releases 87 The NPR ombudsman has described how NPR s coverage of the Israel Palestinian conflict has been simultaneously criticized as biased by both sides 88 University of Texas journalism professor and author Robert Jensen has criticized NPR as taking a pro war stance during coverage of Iraq war protests 89 During the 2020 election NPR declined to cover the controversy surrounding a New York Post article on Hunter Biden saying We don t want to waste our time on stories that are not really stories and we don t want to waste the listeners and readers time on stories that are just pure distractions 90 Live from Death Row commentaries edit In 1994 NPR arranged to air on All Things Considered a series of three minute commentaries by Mumia Abu Jamal a journalist convicted in a controversial trial of murdering Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner They cancelled airing them after the Fraternal Order of Police and members of the U S Congress objected 91 Euphemisms for torture edit In a controversial act NPR banned in 2009 the use of the word torture in the context of the Bush administration s use of torture 92 NPR s Ombudswoman Alicia Shepard s defense of the policy was that calling waterboarding torture is tantamount to taking sides 93 Berkeley Professor of Linguistics Geoffrey Nunberg pointed out that virtually all media around the world other than what he called the spineless U S media call these techniques torture 94 95 In an article which criticized NPR and other U S media for their use of euphemisms for torture Glenn Greenwald discussed what he called the enabling corruption of American journalism 96 This active media complicity in concealing that our Government created a systematic torture regime by refusing ever to say so is one of the principal reasons it was allowed to happen for so long The steadfast ongoing refusal of our leading media institutions to refer to what the Bush administration did as torture even in the face of more than 100 detainee deaths the use of that term by a leading Bush official to describe what was done at Guantanamo and the fact that media outlets frequently use the word torture to describe exactly the same methods when used by other countries reveals much about how the modern journalist thinks Juan Williams comments edit On October 20 2010 NPR terminated Senior News Analyst Juan Williams s independent contract 97 over a series of incidents culminating in remarks he made on the Fox News Channel regarding Muslim head coverings and not feeling comfortable around women wearing them Williams firing which was made abruptly without Williams being given a face to face meeting beforehand was reported by The Washington Post as being a key part of Ellen Weiss NPR s top news executive at the time being given an ultimatum on January 4 2011 to either resign or be fired On January 6 2011 NPR announced that Weiss had quit 98 Ronald Schiller comments edit In March 2011 conservative political activist and provocateur James O Keefe sent partners Simon Templar a pen name and Shaughn Adeleye 99 to secretly record their discussion with Ronald Schiller NPR s outgoing senior vice president for fundraising and an associate in which Schiller made remarks viewed as disparaging of the current Republican party especially the Tea Party and controversial comments regarding Palestine and funding for NPR NPR disavowed Schiller s comments CEO Vivian Schiller who is not related to Ronald later resigned over the fallout from the comments and the previous firing of Juan Williams 100 July 4 reading of the Declaration of Independence edit From 1988 to 2021 101 102 NPR broadcast an annual reading of the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence over the radio 103 In 2017 it began using Twitter as a medium for reading the document as well On July 4 2017 the 100 tweets were met with considerable opposition some online supporters of Donald Trump mistakenly believing the words of the Declaration referring to George III of the United Kingdom to be directed towards the president The tweets were called trash 104 and were accused of being propaganda 105 condoning violence 104 and calling for revolution 106 107 The July 4 2022 annual tradition was not held Instead referencing the recent Dobbs decision and voting rights host Steve Innskeep held a discussion on what equality means with two historians contrasting Thomas Jefferson s use of All men are created equal in the Declaration with his participation in slavery 101 102 Sexual harassment edit In October 2017 sexual harassment charges were leveled against Michael Oreskes senior vice president of news and editorial director since 2015 Some of the accusations dated back to when he was Washington D C bureau chief for The New York Times during the 1990s while others involved his conduct at NPR 108 where eight women filed sexual harassment complaints against Oreskes 109 After a report on the Times accusations was published in The Washington Post NPR put Oreskes on administrative leave and the following day his resignation was requested 110 111 112 CNN s Brian Stelter reported that NPR staffers were dissatisfied with the handling of Oreskes were demanding an external investigation and that Oreskes poisoned the newsroom atmosphere by abusing his position to meet young women 113 Oreskes resigned at the request of CEO Jarl Mohn was denied severance and separation benefits and reimbursed NPR 1 800 in expense account charges related to his meetings with women 114 115 Twitter controversy edit After Elon Musk s acquisition of American social media platform Twitter NPR s main Twitter account was designated as US state affiliated media there in April 2023 a label that was typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments like Russia s RT and China s Xinhua 116 117 118 Twitter s designation was widely considered controversial as NPR is an independent news organization that receives a small minority of its funding through government programs Twitter s previous policy had explicitly mentioned NPR as well as the United Kingdom s BBC as examples of networks that were not considered as state affiliated due to their editorial independence 116 117 118 NPR ceased activity on its main Twitter account in response to the designation 119 On April 8 2023 Twitter changed the designation of NPR s account from state affiliated to government funded 120 On April 10 after managing to get in contact with Musk himself NPR reporter Bobby Allyn wrote in a tweet that the platform s owner told him he was relying on a list accessible through a Wikipedia category page named Category Publicly funded broadcasters in order to determine which news organizations accounts should be deemed as government funded media 121 122 On April 12 NPR announced that its accounts would no longer be active on Twitter 121 123 124 citing the platform s inaccurate and misleading labeling of NPR as government funded media despite the fact that it receives less than 1 percent of its 300 million annual budget from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting 121 123 125 As their last post on the platform the network shared links to their alternative newsletters websites and social media profiles in a thread 123 126 In an email to the staff explaining the decision CEO John Lansing allowed individual NPR journalists and staffers to choose for themselves whether to keep using Twitter while noting that it would be a disservice to the serious work you all do here to continue to share it on a platform that is associating the federal charter for public media with an abandoning of editorial independence or standards 121 124 Publications editSource 127 The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection by Ted Libbey 1994 ISBN 156305051X The NPR Classical Music Companion An Essential Guide for Enlightened Listening by Miles Hoffman 1997 ISBN 0618619453 The NPR Classical Music Companion Terms and Concepts from A to Z by Miles Hoffman 1997 ISBN 0395707420 The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to Classical Music by Tim Smith 2002 ISBN 0399527958 The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to Jazz by Loren Schoenberg 2002 ISBN 039952794X The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to Opera by William Berger 2002 ISBN 0399527435 The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to Popular Standards by Max Morath 2002 ISBN 0399527443 The NPR Curious Listener s Guide To American Folk Music by Kip Lornell 2004 ISBN 0399530339 The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to World Music by Chris Nickson 2004 ISBN 0399530320 The NPR Curious Listener s Guide To Blues by David Evans 2005 ISBN 039953072X The NPR Curious Listener s Guide to Celtic Music by Fiona Ritchie 2005 ISBN 0399530711 The NPR Listener s Encyclopedia of Classical Music by Ted Libbey 2006 ISBN 0761120726See also editAustralian Broadcasting Corporation BBC Radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation List of NPR personnel List of NPR stations NPR Berlin before its closure the only NPR affiliate operated by NPR itself Voice of America Sound Reporting The NPR Guide to Audio Journalism and ProductionReferences edit a b c National Public Radio 2021 and 2020 Consolidated Financial Statements PDF National Public Radio Archived PDF from the original on February 15 2023 Retrieved February 11 2023 Kuypers Melissa November 14 2012 Ten Years in Tinsel Town NPR West Celebrates a Decade NPR Archived from the original on December 8 2022 Retrieved March 17 2021 Audience NPR Archived from the original on November 5 2019 Retrieved January 23 2018 Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 January 14 2015 Archived from the original on December 10 2020 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West Opens November 2 Expanding Network s Presence and Reach NPR November 2 2002 Archived from the original on January 7 2019 Retrieved February 16 2012 a b Steinberg Jacques November 7 2003 Billions and Billions Served Hundreds of Millions Donated The New York Times Archived from the original on December 20 2008 Retrieved July 28 2008 National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least 200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald s restaurant chain The gift is the largest in the 33 year history of NPR the nonprofit broadcasting corporation and about twice the size of NPR s annual operating budget It is believed to be among the largest ever pledged to an American cultural institution NPR Receives a Record Bequest of More Than 200 Million Press release National Public Radio November 6 2003 Archived from the original on December 2 2003 Retrieved October 2 2006 Janssen Mike May 24 2004 Kroc gift lets NPR expand news lower fees Current org Archived from the original on March 22 2011 Retrieved October 2 2006 Sanders Caitlin August 31 2015 NPR Podcasts Turn 10 NPR Archived from the original on December 6 2022 Retrieved September 4 2021 US Podcasts iTunesCharts net Archived from the original on December 4 2022 Retrieved October 21 2015 a b Farhi Paul March 6 2008 NPR Leader Out After Board Clash The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved September 5 2017 a b Carney Steve December 10 2008 National Public Radio to cut shows personnel Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on June 3 2022 Retrieved December 11 2008 NPR reaches new audience high Press release NPR March 24 2009 Archived from the original on November 26 2010 Retrieved August 24 2010 a b c d e Public Radio Finances NPR Archived from the original on March 19 2012 Retrieved October 22 2010 The Situation Room CNN October 22 2010 Archived from the original on June 28 2011 Retrieved November 14 2010 Chiu Lisa March 17 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from the original on April 13 2023 Retrieved April 13 2023 NPR April 12 2023 NPR produces consequential independent journalism every day in service to the public Here s you can find and read our work Tweet Retrieved April 12 2023 via Twitter FolkLib Index Music Reference Books by National Public Radio NPR www folklib net Archived from the original on December 2 2022 Retrieved May 11 2017 Further reading editBennett James T 2021 The History and Politics of Public Radio A Comprehensive Analysis of Taxpayer Financed US Broadcasting Studies in Public Choice Vol 41 Springer doi 10 1007 978 3 030 80019 2 ISBN 978 3 030 80019 2 S2CID 238550758 Gibson George H 1977 Public Broadcasting The Role of the Federal Government 1919 1976 Praeger Publishers ISBN 9780030228315 OCLC 3167293 Magee Sara 2013 All Things Considered A Content Analysis of National Public Radio s Flagship News Magazine from 1999 2009 Journal of Radio amp Audio Media 20 2 236 250 doi 10 1080 19376529 2013 823970 S2CID 144116873 McCauley Michael P 2005 NPR The Trials and Triumphs of National Public Radio Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231121606 OCLC 937175101 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Public Radio nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to National Public Radio Official website nbsp Elizabeth L Young papers at the University of Maryland Libraries 50 Years of NPR report series NPR Ethics Handbook Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title NPR amp oldid 1195496132, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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