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Empire style

February 15, 2024

The Empire style (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.piːʁ], style Empire) is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism. It flourished between 1800 and 1815 during the Consulate and the First French Empire periods, although its life span lasted until the late-1820s. From France it spread into much of Europe and the United States.[1]

The Arc de Triomphe of the Place de l'Étoile, one of the most famous examples of Empire architecture, commissioned in 1806 after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon I

The Empire style originated in and takes its name from the rule of the Emperor Napoleon I in the First French Empire, when it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The previous fashionable style in France had been the Directoire style, a more austere and minimalist form of Neoclassicism that replaced the Louis XVI style, and the new Empire style brought a full return to ostentatious richness. The style corresponds somewhat to the Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, and the Regency style in Britain.

History edit

Directoire style of the immediately preceding period, which aimed at a simpler, but still elegant evocation of the virtues of the Ancient Roman Republic:

The stoic virtues of Republican Rome were upheld as standards not merely for the arts but also for political behaviour and private morality. Conventionels saw themselves as antique heroes. Children were named after Brutus, Solon and Lycurgus. The festivals of the Revolution were staged by David as antique rituals. Even the chairs in which the committee of Salut Publique sat were made on antique models devised by David. ...In fact Neo-classicism became fashionable.[2]

The Empire style "turned to the florid opulence of Imperial Rome. The abstemious severity of Doric was replaced by Corinthian richness and splendour".[3]

Two French architects, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine, were together the creators of the French Empire style. The two had studied in Rome and in the 1790s became leading furniture designers in Paris, where they received many commissions from Napoleon and other statesmen.[4]

Architecture of the Empire style was based on elements of the Roman Empire and its many archaeological treasures, which had been rediscovered starting in the eighteenth century. The preceding Louis XVI and Directoire styles employed straighter, simpler designs compared to the Rococo style of the eighteenth century. Empire designs strongly influenced the contemporary American Federal style (such as design of the United States Capitol building), and both were forms of propaganda through architecture. It was a style of the people, not ostentatious but sober and evenly balanced. The style was considered to have "liberated" and "enlightened" architecture just as the propaganda that Napoleon had "liberated" the peoples of Europe with his Napoleonic Code.

The Empire period was popularized by the inventive designs of Percier and Fontaine, Napoleon's architects for Malmaison. The designs drew for inspiration on symbols and ornaments borrowed from the glorious ancient Greek and Roman empires. Buildings typically had simple timber frames and box-like constructions, veneered in expensive mahogany imported from the colonies. Biedermeier furniture also used ebony details, originally due to financial constraints. Ormolu details (gilded bronze furniture mounts and embellishments) displayed a high level of craftsmanship.

General Bernadotte, later to become King Karl Johan of Sweden and Norway, introduced the Napoleonic style to Sweden, where it became known under his own name. The Karl Johan style remained popular in Scandinavia even as the Empire style disappeared from other parts of Europe. France paid some of its debts to Sweden in ormolu bronzes instead of money, leading to a vogue for crystal chandeliers with bronze from France and crystal from Sweden.

After Napoleon lost power, the Empire style continued to be in favour for many decades, with minor adaptations. There was a revival of the style in the last half of the nineteenth century in France, again at the beginning of the twentieth century, and again in the 1980s.

The style survived in Italy longer than in most of Europe, partly because of its Imperial Roman associations, partly because it was revived as a national style of architecture following the unification of Italy in 1870. Mario Praz wrote about this style as the Italian Empire. In the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States, the Empire style was adapted to local conditions and gradually acquired further expression as the Egyptian Revival, Greek Revival, Biedermeier style, Regency style, and late-Federal style.

Motifs and ornaments edit

All Empire ornament is governed by a rigorous spirit of symmetry reminiscent of the Louis XIV style. Generally, the motifs on a piece's right and left sides correspond to one another in every detail; when they don't, the individual motifs themselves are entirely symmetrical in composition: antique heads with identical tresses falling onto each shoulder, frontal figures of Victory with symmetrically arrayed tunics, identical rosettes or swans flanking a lock plate, etc. Like Louis XIV, Napoleon had a set of emblems unmistakably associated with his rule, most notably the eagle, the bee, stars, and the initials I (for Imperator) and N (for Napoleon), which were usually inscribed within an imperial laurel crown. Motifs used include: figures of Nike bearing palm branches, Greek dancers, nude and draped women, figures of antique chariots, winged putti, mascarons of Apollo, Hermes and the Gorgon, swans, lions, the heads of oxen, horses and wild beasts, butterflies, claws, winged chimeras, sphinxes, bucrania, sea horses, oak wreaths knotted by thin trailing ribbons, climbing grape vines, poppy rinceaux, rosettes, palm branches, and laurel. There's a lot of Greco-Roman ones: stiff and flat acanthus leaves, palmettes, cornucopias, beads, amphoras, tripods, imbricated disks, caduceuses of Mercury, vases, helmets, burning torches, winged trumpet players, and ancient musical instruments (tubas, rattles and especially lyres). Despite their antique derivation, the fluting and triglyphs so prevalent under Louis XVI are abandoned. Egyptian Revival motifs are especially common at the beginning of the period: scarabs, lotus capitals, winged disks, obelisks, pyramids, figures wearing nemeses, caryatids en gaine supported by bare feet and with women Egyptian headdresses.[5]

Architecture edit

The most famous Empire-style structures in France are the grand neoclassical Arc de Triomphe of Place de l'Étoile, Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, Vendôme column, and La Madeleine, which were built in Paris to emulate the edifices of the Roman Empire. The style also was used widely in Imperial Russia, where it was used to celebrate the victory over Napoleon in such memorial structures as the General Staff Building, Kazan Cathedral, Alexander Column, and Narva Triumphal Gate. Stalinist architecture is sometimes referred to as Stalin's Empire style. The Royal Palace of Amsterdam houses a complete collection of Empire furniture from the time of Louis Napoleon, the largest collection outside of France.

Interiors have spacious rooms, richly decorated with symmetrically arranged motifs. The walls are decorated with Corinthian pilasters and vertical panels, having at the top a decorative frieze. The panels are covered with monumental paintings, stuccos, or with embroidered silks. The ceilings have light colours and fine ornaments.[6]

Historic sites which present an homogeneous ensemble, examples of the decoration of interiors of the early 19th century are:

Furniture edit

Clocks and candelabrums edit

Main article: French Empire mantel clock

Ceramic edit

  •  
    Teapot (théière Asselin), part of a breakfast service (déjeuner); 1813; hard-paste porcelain; height (with handle): 20.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
  •  
    Saucer, part of a breakfast service (déjeuner); 1813; hard-paste porcelain; height: 3.2 cm; diameter: 16.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
  •  
    Sugar bowl with cover, part of a breakfast service (déjeuner); 1813; hard-paste porcelain; height: 21 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
  •  
    Milk jug (pot à lait Étrusque), part of a breakfast service (déjeuner); 1813; hard-paste porcelain; height (with handle): 21.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
  •  
    Tray (plateau), part of a breakfast service (déjeuner); 1813; hard-paste porcelain; 2.5 x 37.5 x 33.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
  •  
    Cup (tasse Jasmin), part of a breakfast service (déjeuner); 1813; hard-paste porcelain and silver gilt; height: 11.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Fashion edit

Further information: Empire silhouette and 1795–1820 in Western fashion

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Gontar, Cybele (1 October 2004). "Empire Style, 1800–1815". metmuseum.org. Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 18 September 2022. Courts across Europe adopted the Empire style, especially in Russia, where it became a staple. In Germany and Austria, it coexisted with the gentler Biedermeier associated with modest domestic interiors. Charles Percier (1764–1838) and Pierre François Léonard Fontaine (1762–1853) were the two most influential figures in the field of Empire decoration and furnishing. Official architects to the court of Napoleon, their main responsibility was the renovation of the various royal residences. Their Recueil de décorations intérieures (1812) was an essential handbook of the Empire style.
  2. ^ (Honour 1977, p. 171)
  3. ^ Honour 1977, p. 172
  4. ^ Fredlund, Jane (2008). Stilguiden: möbler & inredning 1700–2000 (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Prisma. p. 108. ISBN 9789151849874. OCLC 234047178.
  5. ^ Sylvie, Chadenet (2001). French Furniture • From Louis XIII to Art Deco. Little, Brown and Company. p. 103 & 105.
  6. ^ Ecaterina Oproiu, Tatiana Corvin (1975). Enciclopedia căminului (in Romanian). Editura științifică și enciclopedică. p. 44 & 45.
  7. ^ Jones 2014, p. 275.
  8. ^ a b c Hopkins 2014, p. 111.
  9. ^ Hopkins 2014, p. 112.
  10. ^ "Fauteuil du trône de Napoléon Ier aux Tuileries". collections.louvre.fr. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Commode à deux vantaux". collections.louvre.fr. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  12. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800-1815. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  13. ^ "Serre-bijoux de l'Impératrice Joséphine, dit Grand écrin". collections.louvre.fr. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  14. ^ "Deux chaises". collections.louvre.fr. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  15. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800-1815. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  16. ^ Muriel Barbier. "Egyptian vase and pedestal". louvre.fr. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  17. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800-1815. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  18. ^ "MANTEL CLOCK "LA LISEUSE"". www.kollerauktionen.ch.

External links edit

  Media related to Empire style at Wikimedia Commons

February 15, 2024
empire, style, french, pronunciation, piːʁ, style, empire, early, nineteenth, century, design, movement, architecture, furniture, other, decorative, arts, visual, arts, representing, second, phase, neoclassicism, flourished, between, 1800, 1815, during, consul. The Empire style French pronunciation ɑ piːʁ style Empire is an early nineteenth century design movement in architecture furniture other decorative arts and the visual arts representing the second phase of Neoclassicism It flourished between 1800 and 1815 during the Consulate and the First French Empire periods although its life span lasted until the late 1820s From France it spread into much of Europe and the United States 1 The Arc de Triomphe of the Place de l Etoile one of the most famous examples of Empire architecture commissioned in 1806 after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon IThe Empire style originated in and takes its name from the rule of the Emperor Napoleon I in the First French Empire when it was intended to idealize Napoleon s leadership and the French state The previous fashionable style in France had been the Directoire style a more austere and minimalist form of Neoclassicism that replaced the Louis XVI style and the new Empire style brought a full return to ostentatious richness The style corresponds somewhat to the Biedermeier style in the German speaking lands Federal style in the United States and the Regency style in Britain Contents 1 History 2 Motifs and ornaments 3 Architecture 4 Furniture 5 Clocks and candelabrums 6 Ceramic 7 Fashion 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory editDirectoire style of the immediately preceding period which aimed at a simpler but still elegant evocation of the virtues of the Ancient Roman Republic The stoic virtues of Republican Rome were upheld as standards not merely for the arts but also for political behaviour and private morality Conventionels saw themselves as antique heroes Children were named after Brutus Solon and Lycurgus The festivals of the Revolution were staged by David as antique rituals Even the chairs in which the committee of Salut Publique sat were made on antique models devised by David In fact Neo classicism became fashionable 2 The Empire style turned to the florid opulence of Imperial Rome The abstemious severity of Doric was replaced by Corinthian richness and splendour 3 Two French architects Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine were together the creators of the French Empire style The two had studied in Rome and in the 1790s became leading furniture designers in Paris where they received many commissions from Napoleon and other statesmen 4 Architecture of the Empire style was based on elements of the Roman Empire and its many archaeological treasures which had been rediscovered starting in the eighteenth century The preceding Louis XVI and Directoire styles employed straighter simpler designs compared to the Rococo style of the eighteenth century Empire designs strongly influenced the contemporary American Federal style such as design of the United States Capitol building and both were forms of propaganda through architecture It was a style of the people not ostentatious but sober and evenly balanced The style was considered to have liberated and enlightened architecture just as the propaganda that Napoleon had liberated the peoples of Europe with his Napoleonic Code The Empire period was popularized by the inventive designs of Percier and Fontaine Napoleon s architects for Malmaison The designs drew for inspiration on symbols and ornaments borrowed from the glorious ancient Greek and Roman empires Buildings typically had simple timber frames and box like constructions veneered in expensive mahogany imported from the colonies Biedermeier furniture also used ebony details originally due to financial constraints Ormolu details gilded bronze furniture mounts and embellishments displayed a high level of craftsmanship General Bernadotte later to become King Karl Johan of Sweden and Norway introduced the Napoleonic style to Sweden where it became known under his own name The Karl Johan style remained popular in Scandinavia even as the Empire style disappeared from other parts of Europe France paid some of its debts to Sweden in ormolu bronzes instead of money leading to a vogue for crystal chandeliers with bronze from France and crystal from Sweden After Napoleon lost power the Empire style continued to be in favour for many decades with minor adaptations There was a revival of the style in the last half of the nineteenth century in France again at the beginning of the twentieth century and again in the 1980s The style survived in Italy longer than in most of Europe partly because of its Imperial Roman associations partly because it was revived as a national style of architecture following the unification of Italy in 1870 Mario Praz wrote about this style as the Italian Empire In the United Kingdom Germany and the United States the Empire style was adapted to local conditions and gradually acquired further expression as the Egyptian Revival Greek Revival Biedermeier style Regency style and late Federal style Motifs and ornaments editAll Empire ornament is governed by a rigorous spirit of symmetry reminiscent of the Louis XIV style Generally the motifs on a piece s right and left sides correspond to one another in every detail when they don t the individual motifs themselves are entirely symmetrical in composition antique heads with identical tresses falling onto each shoulder frontal figures of Victory with symmetrically arrayed tunics identical rosettes or swans flanking a lock plate etc Like Louis XIV Napoleon had a set of emblems unmistakably associated with his rule most notably the eagle the bee stars and the initials I for Imperator and N for Napoleon which were usually inscribed within an imperial laurel crown Motifs used include figures of Nike bearing palm branches Greek dancers nude and draped women figures of antique chariots winged putti mascarons of Apollo Hermes and the Gorgon swans lions the heads of oxen horses and wild beasts butterflies claws winged chimeras sphinxes bucrania sea horses oak wreaths knotted by thin trailing ribbons climbing grape vines poppy rinceaux rosettes palm branches and laurel There s a lot of Greco Roman ones stiff and flat acanthus leaves palmettes cornucopias beads amphoras tripods imbricated disks caduceuses of Mercury vases helmets burning torches winged trumpet players and ancient musical instruments tubas rattles and especially lyres Despite their antique derivation the fluting and triglyphs so prevalent under Louis XVI are abandoned Egyptian Revival motifs are especially common at the beginning of the period scarabs lotus capitals winged disks obelisks pyramids figures wearing nemeses caryatids en gaine supported by bare feet and with women Egyptian headdresses 5 nbsp Detail of Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel from Paris with a pair of winged Victories nbsp A pair of sphinxes with an amphora between them surrounded by rinceaux and palmettes on a washstand athenienne or lavabo nbsp The top of an Egyptian Revival pylon shaped coin cabinet with a cornice and a winged sun nbsp A chair decorated with various kinds of palmettes nbsp A table with three winged lions and a small long frieze with palmettesArchitecture editThe most famous Empire style structures in France are the grand neoclassical Arc de Triomphe of Place de l Etoile Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Vendome column and La Madeleine which were built in Paris to emulate the edifices of the Roman Empire The style also was used widely in Imperial Russia where it was used to celebrate the victory over Napoleon in such memorial structures as the General Staff Building Kazan Cathedral Alexander Column and Narva Triumphal Gate Stalinist architecture is sometimes referred to as Stalin s Empire style The Royal Palace of Amsterdam houses a complete collection of Empire furniture from the time of Louis Napoleon the largest collection outside of France Interiors have spacious rooms richly decorated with symmetrically arranged motifs The walls are decorated with Corinthian pilasters and vertical panels having at the top a decorative frieze The panels are covered with monumental paintings stuccos or with embroidered silks The ceilings have light colours and fine ornaments 6 Historic sites which present an homogeneous ensemble examples of the decoration of interiors of the early 19th century are Chateau de Malmaison in France Hotel de Beauharnais in Paris Chateau de Compiegne in France Chateau de Fontainebleau in France Casa del Labrador in Spain Royal Palace of Amsterdam in The Netherlands nbsp Empress Josephine s Bedroom in Chateau de Malmaison Rueil Malmaison France 1800 1802 by Charles Percier and Pierre Francois Leonard Fontaine 7 nbsp Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Paris 1806 1808 by Charles Percier and Pierre Francois Leonard Fontaine 8 nbsp Portico of the Palais Bourbon Paris 1806 1808 by Bernard Poyet 8 nbsp Vendome Column Place Vendome Paris 1806 1810 by Jacques Gondouin and Jean Baptiste Lepere 9 nbsp La Madeleine Paris 1807 1842 by Pierre Alexandre Vignon fr 8 nbsp Kazan Cathedral Saint Petersburg Russia 1811 by Andrey VoronikhinFurniture edit nbsp Washstand athenienne or lavabo 1800 1814 legs base and shelf of yew wood gilt bronze mounts iron plate beneath shelf height 92 4 cm width 49 5 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City nbsp Secretary c 1804 1809 amboyna wood veneered on pine with gilt bronze mounts 173 4 x 87 6 x 37 8 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Throne of Napoleon I by Georges Jacob and Francois Honore Georges Jacob Desmalter 1804 embroidered velvet gilt wood and ivory height 1 2 m Louvre 10 nbsp Commode with two door panels before 1805 mahogany with bronze mounts 1 165 x 1 794 x 0 83 m Louvre 11 nbsp Throne by Bernard Poyet and Francois Honore Georges Jacob Desmalter 1805 carved and gilded wood covered in red velvet with silver embroidery 160 x 110 x 82 cm Musee des Arts Decoratifs Paris 12 nbsp Desk chair c 1805 1808 mahogany gilt bronze and satin velvet upholstery 87 6 59 7 64 8 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Jewelry holder of the Empress Josephine by Francois Honore Georges Jacob Desmalter 1809 mahogany amaranth ebony taxus mother of pearl and gilt bronze mounts 2 76 x 2 x 0 6 m Louvre 13 nbsp Egyptian Revival coin cabinet by Francois Honore Georges Jacob Desmalter 1809 1819 mahogany probably Swietenia mahagoni with applied and inlaid silver 90 2 x 50 2 x 37 5 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Chair before 1810 white trimmed wood with gilt carved decoration modern trim red and white silk 90 x 50 5 x 44 cm Louvre 14 nbsp King of Rome s Cradle Empire by Pierre Paul Prud hon Henri Victor Roguier fr Jean Baptiste Claude Odiot and Pierre Philippe Thomire 1811 wood silver gilt mother of pearl sheets of copper covered with velvet silk and tulle decorated with silver and gold thread height 216 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Austria 15 Clocks and candelabrums editMain article French Empire mantel clock nbsp Candelabrum circa 1800 gilt and patinated metal overall 49 9 x 25 7 x 12 3 cm Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland Ohio US nbsp Egyptian Revival vase with pedestal 1804 1806 varnished sheet and gilded bronze height 1 80 m depth 0 95 m Louvre 16 nbsp Minerva candelabra 1804 1814 gilded and patinated bronze height 101 cm width of the plinth 25 cm depth of the plinth 19 cm Musee des Arts Decoratifs Paris 17 nbsp Clock 1807 1810 fire gilt bronze blackened bronze enameled metal dial blued steel hands glass 56 x 49 7 x 18 5 cm Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum New York City nbsp Clock with Mars and Venus by Pierre Philippe Thomire circa 1810 gilded bronze and patina height 90 cm Louvre nbsp Centerpiece between two candelabra by Pierre Philippe Thomire circa 1810 probably gilded bronze Calouste Gulbenkian Museum Lisboa Portugal nbsp Pair of candelabra with Winged Victories 1810 1815 gilt bronze height each 127 6 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City nbsp Mantel clock called The Reader by Jean Andre Reiche circa 1810 matte and polished gilt bronze and Vert de Mer marble 31 x 15 x 26 cm Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Montreal Canada 18 Ceramic edit nbsp Teapot theiere Asselin part of a breakfast service dejeuner 1813 hard paste porcelain height with handle 20 5 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City nbsp Saucer part of a breakfast service dejeuner 1813 hard paste porcelain height 3 2 cm diameter 16 2 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Sugar bowl with cover part of a breakfast service dejeuner 1813 hard paste porcelain height 21 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Milk jug pot a lait Etrusque part of a breakfast service dejeuner 1813 hard paste porcelain height with handle 21 3 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Tray plateau part of a breakfast service dejeuner 1813 hard paste porcelain 2 5 x 37 5 x 33 3 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art nbsp Cup tasse Jasmin part of a breakfast service dejeuner 1813 hard paste porcelain and silver gilt height 11 3 cm Metropolitan Museum of ArtFashion editFurther information Empire silhouette and 1795 1820 in Western fashion nbsp The Empire silhouette of Stephanie de Beauharnais nbsp Portrait of Madame Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord from circa 1804 nbsp 1809 illustration which shows how male Empire fashion looks like from Journal des dames et des modes nbsp Portrait of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord from 1817See also edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp France portal nbsp Philosophy portalAmerican Empire style Chariot clock Empire silhouette French Empire mantel clock Indies Empire style Lighthouse clock Lyre arm Neoclassicism in France Neoclassical architecture in Milan Neo Grec the late Greek revival style architecture Palace of Fontainebleau Second Empire architecture References edit Gontar Cybele 1 October 2004 Empire Style 1800 1815 metmuseum org Department of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 18 September 2022 Courts across Europe adopted the Empire style especially in Russia where it became a staple In Germany and Austria it coexisted with the gentler Biedermeier associated with modest domestic interiors Charles Percier 1764 1838 and Pierre Francois Leonard Fontaine 1762 1853 were the two most influential figures in the field of Empire decoration and furnishing Official architects to the court of Napoleon their main responsibility was the renovation of the various royal residences Their Recueil de decorations interieures 1812 was an essential handbook of the Empire style Honour 1977 p 171 Honour 1977 p 172 Fredlund Jane 2008 Stilguiden mobler amp inredning 1700 2000 in Swedish 2nd ed Stockholm Prisma p 108 ISBN 9789151849874 OCLC 234047178 Sylvie Chadenet 2001 French Furniture From Louis XIII to Art Deco Little Brown and Company p 103 amp 105 Ecaterina Oproiu Tatiana Corvin 1975 Enciclopedia căminului in Romanian Editura științifică și enciclopedică p 44 amp 45 Jones 2014 p 275 a b c Hopkins 2014 p 111 Hopkins 2014 p 112 Fauteuil du trone de Napoleon Ier aux Tuileries collections louvre fr Retrieved 23 May 2022 Commode a deux vantaux collections louvre fr Retrieved 23 May 2022 Odile Nouvel Kammerer 2007 Symbols of Power Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style 1800 1815 p 154 ISBN 978 0 8109 9345 7 Serre bijoux de l Imperatrice Josephine dit Grand ecrin collections louvre fr Retrieved 23 May 2022 Deux chaises collections louvre fr Retrieved 23 May 2022 Odile Nouvel Kammerer 2007 Symbols of Power Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style 1800 1815 p 32 ISBN 978 0 8109 9345 7 Muriel Barbier Egyptian vase and pedestal louvre fr Retrieved 12 March 2021 Odile Nouvel Kammerer 2007 Symbols of Power Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style 1800 1815 p 177 ISBN 978 0 8109 9345 7 MANTEL CLOCK LA LISEUSE www kollerauktionen ch Honour Hugh 1977 1968 Neo classicism Style and Civilisation reprinted with revisions ed London Penguin Books ISBN 9780140137606 OCLC 36284165 Hopkins Owen 2014 Architectural Styles A Visual Guide Laurence King ISBN 978 178067 163 5 Jones Denna ed 2014 Architecture The Whole Story Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 29148 1 External links edit nbsp Media related to Empire style at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Empire style amp oldid 1195364914, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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