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Alexander Prokhorov

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov[1] (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, Russian: Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.

Alexander Prokhorov
Prokhorov in 1964
Born
Alexander Michael Prochoroff

(1916-07-11)11 July 1916
Died8 January 2002(2002-01-08) (aged 85)
Resting placeNovodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
Known forLasers and masers
Awards1964 Nobel Prize in Physics
1987 Lomonosov Gold Medal
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics

Early life

Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road, Peeramon, Queensland, Australia (now 322 Gadaloff Road, Butchers Creek, situated about 30 km from Atherton), to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.[2][3]

In 1923, after the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, the family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics. He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944. Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute, in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N. D. Papaleksi. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere. At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union, in June 1941, he joined the Red Army. During World War II, Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the Medal For Courage in 1946.[4] He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where, in 1946, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter".[1][5][6]

Research

In 1947, Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron. He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range. His results became the basis of his habilitation on "Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator", defended in 1951. By 1950, Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory. Around that time, he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, and later on quantum electronics. The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three (non-degenerate) moments of inertia. The research was conducted both on experiment and theory. In 1954, Prokhorov became head of the laboratory. Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia. They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952, but not published until 1954–1955;[1][6]

In 1955, Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide, but also investigated other, "non-optical", topics, such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH.[7] In 1957, while studying ruby, a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide, he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser. As a new type of laser resonator, he proposed, in 1958, an "open type" cavity design, which is widely used today. In 1963, together with A. S. Selivanenko, he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions. For his pioneering work on lasers and masers, in 1964, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes.[1][6]

Posts and awards

 
Prokhorov with King Gustaf VI Adolf and wife of Townes at the Nobel Prize banquet in 1964

In 1959, Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union; the same year, he was awarded the Lenin Prize. In 1960, he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966. In 1967, he was awarded his first Order of Lenin (he received five of them during life, in 1967, 1969, 1975, 1981 and 1986). In 1968, he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In the same year, he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[5] In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.[8] Between 1982 and 1998, Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and after 1998 as honorary director. After his death in 2002, the institute was renamed the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute [Wikidata] of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[5][6] Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science, Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science, Moscow.[9][10]

In 1969, Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour, the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture. He received the second such award in 1986.[6] Starting in 1969, he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal, the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America (OSA), in 2000[11] and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001.[12] The same year, he was awarded the Demidov Prize.[13]

He died on 8 January, 2002 at Moscow and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.

Politics

Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950.[14] In 1983, together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff, Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter[15] called "when they lose honor and conscience"[16] (Когда теряют честь и совесть), denouncing Andrey Sakharov's article[17] in the Foreign Affairs.

Family

 
Basov and Prokhorov with wives in Stockholm in 1964

Both of Prokhorov's parents died during World War II. Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941, and they had a son, Kiril, born in 1945. Following his father, Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute.[4][18]

 
Alexander Prokhorov on 2016 postage stamp of Russia

Honours and awards

Books

  • A. M. Prokhorov (Editor in Chief), J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, K. Wille. Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration, 1992, ISBN 0-88318-926-7. Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press (presently , New York)
  • V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1: Laser Diamond Interaction. Plasma Diamond Reactors (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999 ISBN 1-889545-23-6.
  • V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors). Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999 ISBN 1-889545-24-4.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Alexander Prokhorov on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics
  2. ^ Tablelander (newspaper) 19 July 2016 'Prokharov centenary'
  3. ^ Collins, Stephen (October 2016). "National Science Week 2016 - "Prokhorov Centenary" (PDF). AOS News. 30 (3): 14–15. ISSN 1832-4436. (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  4. ^ a b Основные даты жизни и деятельности академика А.М. Прохорова 11 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  5. ^ a b c Прохоров Александр Михайлович 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  6. ^ a b c d e Прохоров Александр Михайлович 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine at warheroes.ru (in Russian)
  7. ^ A. M. Prokhorov and V.B. Fedorov, Soviet Physics JETP 16 (1963) 1489.
  8. ^ "List of Members". www.leopoldina.org. from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Presidium of the International Academy of Science= Ias-icsd.org" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  10. ^ "Foundation of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science= ias-icsd.org". from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  11. ^ Frederic Ives Medal 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ OSA Honorary Members 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Сост. И. Г. Бебих; Г. Н. Михайлова; А. В. Троицкий (2004). (in Russian). М.: Наука. p. 442. ISBN 5-02-033176-7. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007.
  14. ^ "Australia's forgotten Nobel Prize winner: Laser pioneer Alexander Prokhorov". ABC News. 3 August 2016. from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  15. ^ Когда теряют честь и совесть 19 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  16. ^ "1. Андрей Сахаров. ОПАСНОСТЬ ТЕРМОЯДЕРНОЙ ВОЙНЫ (Открытое письмо доктору Сиднею Дреллу) ::: Боннэр Е.Г. - Постскриптум: Книга о горьковской ссылке ::: Боннэр Елена Георгиевна ::: Воспоминания о ГУЛАГе :: База данных :: Авторы и тексты". www.sakharov-center.ru. from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  17. ^ "The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search". from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.

External links

  • Alexander Prokhorov on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics
  • Prokhorov's grave in Novodevichy cemetery

alexander, prokhorov, alexander, mikhailovich, prokhorov, born, alexander, michael, prochoroff, russian, Алекса, ндр, Миха, йлович, Про, хоров, july, 1916, january, 2002, australian, born, soviet, russian, physicist, known, pioneering, research, lasers, masers. Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov 1 born Alexander Michael Prochoroff Russian Aleksa ndr Miha jlovich Pro horov 11 July 1916 8 January 2002 was an Australian born Soviet Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov Alexander ProkhorovProkhorov in 1964BornAlexander Michael Prochoroff 1916 07 11 11 July 1916Peeramon Queensland AustraliaDied8 January 2002 2002 01 08 aged 85 Moscow RussiaResting placeNovodevichy Cemetery MoscowKnown forLasers and masersAwards1964 Nobel Prize in Physics1987 Lomonosov Gold MedalScientific careerFieldsPhysics Contents 1 Early life 2 Research 3 Posts and awards 4 Politics 5 Family 6 Honours and awards 7 Books 8 References 9 External linksEarly life EditAlexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon Queensland Australia now 322 Gadaloff Road Butchers Creek situated about 30 km from Atherton to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna nee Mikhailova Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist regime As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School 2 3 In 1923 after the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War the family returned to Russia In 1934 Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N D Papaleksi His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union in June 1941 he joined the Red Army During World War II Prokhorov fought in the infantry was wounded twice in battles and was awarded three medals including the Medal For Courage in 1946 4 He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where in 1946 he defended his Ph D thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter 1 5 6 Research EditIn 1947 Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator defended in 1951 By 1950 Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory Around that time he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations and later on quantum electronics The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three non degenerate moments of inertia The research was conducted both on experiment and theory In 1954 Prokhorov became head of the laboratory Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 but not published until 1954 1955 1 6 In 1955 Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance EPR He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide but also investigated other non optical topics such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH 7 In 1957 while studying ruby a chromium doped variation of aluminium oxide he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser As a new type of laser resonator he proposed in 1958 an open type cavity design which is widely used today In 1963 together with A S Selivanenko he suggested a laser using two quantum transitions For his pioneering work on lasers and masers in 1964 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes 1 6 Posts and awards Edit Prokhorov with King Gustaf VI Adolf and wife of Townes at the Nobel Prize banquet in 1964 In 1959 Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union the same year he was awarded the Lenin Prize In 1960 he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 In 1967 he was awarded his first Order of Lenin he received five of them during life in 1967 1969 1975 1981 and 1986 In 1968 he became vice director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology In the same year he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 5 In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina 8 Between 1982 and 1998 Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and after 1998 as honorary director After his death in 2002 the institute was renamed the A M Prokhorov General Physics Institute Wikidata of the Russian Academy of Sciences 5 6 Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science Moscow 9 10 In 1969 Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture He received the second such award in 1986 6 Starting in 1969 he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America OSA in 2000 11 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 12 The same year he was awarded the Demidov Prize 13 He died on 8 January 2002 at Moscow and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery Politics EditProkhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 14 In 1983 together with three other academicians Andrey Tychonoff Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin he signed the famous open letter 15 called when they lose honor and conscience 16 Kogda teryayut chest i sovest denouncing Andrey Sakharov s article 17 in the Foreign Affairs Family Edit Basov and Prokhorov with wives in Stockholm in 1964 Both of Prokhorov s parents died during World War II Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 and they had a son Kiril born in 1945 Following his father Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser related laboratory at the A M Prokhorov General Physics Institute 4 18 Alexander Prokhorov on 2016 postage stamp of RussiaHonours and awards EditMandelstam Prize 1948 Lenin Prize 1959 Five Orders of Lenin including 11 May 1981 Order of the Patriotic War 1st class 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 Hero of Socialist Labour twice 1969 1986 Medal For Courage USSR State Prize 1980 Order of Merit for the Fatherland 2nd class 1996 State Prize of the Russian Federation 1998 Medal Frederick Ayvesa 2000 Demidov Prize 2001 Lomonosov Gold Medal Moscow State University 1987 Award of the Council of Ministers State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology 2003 posthumously for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 1982 Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il ich Lenin Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 Medal Veteran of Labour Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow Books EditA M Prokhorov Editor in Chief J M Buzzi P Sprangle K Wille Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration 1992 ISBN 0 88318 926 7 Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press presently Springer New York V Stefan and A M Prokhorov Editors Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 Laser Diamond Interaction Plasma Diamond Reactors Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology 1999 ISBN 1 889545 23 6 V Stefan and A M Prokhorov Editors Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology 1999 ISBN 1 889545 24 4 References Edit a b c d Alexander Prokhorov on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics Tablelander newspaper 19 July 2016 Prokharov centenary Collins Stephen October 2016 National Science Week 2016 Prokhorov Centenary PDF AOS News 30 3 14 15 ISSN 1832 4436 Archived PDF from the original on 21 February 2022 Retrieved 21 February 2022 a b Osnovnye daty zhizni i deyatelnosti akademika A M Prohorova Archived 11 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine in Russian a b c Prohorov Aleksandr Mihajlovich Archived 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine in Great Soviet Encyclopedia in Russian a b c d e Prohorov Aleksandr Mihajlovich Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine at warheroes ru in Russian A M Prokhorov and V B Fedorov Soviet Physics JETP 16 1963 1489 List of Members www leopoldina org Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 Retrieved 4 October 2017 Presidium of the International Academy of Science Ias icsd org PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 16 March 2015 Foundation of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science ias icsd org Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 16 March 2015 Frederic Ives Medal Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine OSA Honorary Members Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Sost I G Bebih G N Mihajlova A V Troickij 2004 Aleksandr Mihajlovich Prohorov 1916 2002 Materialy k biobibliogr uchenyh 2 e izd dop in Russian M Nauka p 442 ISBN 5 02 033176 7 Archived from the original on 21 August 2007 Australia s forgotten Nobel Prize winner Laser pioneer Alexander Prokhorov ABC News 3 August 2016 Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 Retrieved 2 April 2017 Kogda teryayut chest i sovest Archived 19 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine in Russian 1 Andrej Saharov OPASNOST TERMOYaDERNOJ VOJNY Otkrytoe pismo doktoru Sidneyu Drellu Bonner E G Postskriptum Kniga o gorkovskoj ssylke Bonner Elena Georgievna Vospominaniya o GULAGe Baza dannyh Avtory i teksty www sakharov center ru Archived from the original on 13 July 2021 Retrieved 13 July 2021 The Montreal Gazette Google News Archive Search Archived from the original on 21 February 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2015 Kirill Aleksandrovich Prohorov Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 20 February 2015 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aleksandr Prokhorov Alexander Prokhorov on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics Prokhorov s role in the invention of lasers and masers Prokhorov s grave in Novodevichy cemetery Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alexander Prokhorov amp oldid 1133231535, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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