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Wikipedia

Tennis

January 01, 2023

For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation).

Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to manoeuvre the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is unable to return the ball validly will not gain a point, while the opposite player will.[1][2]

Tennis
French singles player Guillaume Rufin serves to Czech player Tomáš Berdych in a tennis match at the 2013 Australian Open
Highest governing bodyInternational Tennis Federation
First played19th century, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
Characteristics
ContactNo
Team membersSingles or doubles
Mixed-sexYes, separate tours and mixed doubles
TypeOutdoor or indoor
EquipmentBall, racket, net
VenueTennis court
GlossaryGlossary of tennis terms
Presence
Country or regionWorldwide
OlympicPart of Summer Olympic programme from 1896 to 1924
Demonstration sport in the 1968 and 1984 Summer Olympics
Part of Summer Olympic programme since 1988
ParalympicPart of Summer Paralympic programme since 1992

Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The original forms of tennis developed in France during the late Middle Ages.[citation needed] The modern form of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis.[3] It had close connections both to various field (lawn) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis.[4]

The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s. Two exceptions are that until 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times,[5][6] and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s.[7] A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system, which allows a player to contest the line call of a point, a system known as Hawk-Eye.[8][9]

Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is a popular worldwide spectator sport.[10] The four Grand Slam tournaments (also referred to as the majors) are especially popular: the Australian Open, played on hardcourts; the French Open, played on red clay courts; Wimbledon, played on grass courts; and the US Open, also played on hardcourts.[11]

History

Main article: History of tennis

Predecessors

 
Painting from Cremona; end of the 16th century
 
Jeu de paume in the 17th century

Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th-century northern France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand.[12] Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume ("game of the palm"), which evolved into real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century".[13] In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.[13] In June 1316 at Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, and following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of poisoning.[14] Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, Louis X is history's first tennis player known by name.[14] Another of the early enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France, who had a court set up at the Louvre Palace.[15]

It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use and the game began to be called "tennis", from the French term tenez, which can be translated as "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent.[16] It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors, where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, which is now known as real tennis.[17]

An epitaph in St Michael's Church, Coventry, written c. 1705, read, in part:[18]

Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball:
Was racketted, from spring to fall,
With so much heat and so much hast,
Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last.

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England.[19]

The invention of the first lawn mower in Britain in 1830 is believed to have been a catalyst for the preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches, greens, etc. This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others.[20]

Origins of the modern game

 
Augurio Perera's house in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, where he and Harry Gem first played the modern game of lawn tennis

Between 1859 and 1865 Harry Gem, a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that combined elements of racquets and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn in Birmingham, England.[21][22] In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club on Avenue Road, Leamington Spa.[23] This is where "lawn tennis" was used as the name of an activity by a club for the first time.

In Tennis: A Cultural History, Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, British army officer Walter Clopton Wingfield wrote to Harry Gem, commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis "for a year and a half".[24] In December 1873, Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called sphairistikè (Greek: σφαιριστική, meaning "ball-playing"), and which was soon known simply as "sticky" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend's estate of Nantclwyd Hall, in Llanelidan, Wales.[25] According to R. D. C. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, "Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis."[19][26] According to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield "popularized this game enormously. He produced a boxed set which included a net, poles, rackets, balls for playing the game – and most importantly you had his rules. He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he sent his game all over the world. He had very good connections with the clergy, the law profession, and the aristocracy and he sent thousands of sets out in the first year or so, in 1874."[27] The world's oldest annual tennis tournament took place at Leamington Lawn Tennis Club in Birmingham in 1874.[28] This was three years before the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club would hold its first championships at Wimbledon, in 1877. The first Championships culminated in a significant debate on how to standardise the rules.[27]

 
Lawn tennis in the US, 1887

In the United States in 1874, Mary Ewing Outerbridge, a young socialite, returned from Bermuda with a sphairistikè set. She became fascinated by the game of tennis after watching British army officers play.[29] She laid out a tennis court at the Staten Island Cricket Club at Camp Washington, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York. The first American National championship was played there in September 1880. An Englishman named O.E. Woodhouse won the singles title, and a silver cup worth $100, by defeating Canadian I. F. Hellmuth.[30] There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in New York.

On 21 May 1881, the oldest nationwide tennis organization in the world[31] was formed, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis Association) in order to standardize the rules and organize competitions.[32] The US National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open, was first held in 1881 at the Newport Casino, Newport, Rhode Island.[33] The US National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in Philadelphia.[34]

 
Tennis doubles final at 1896 Olympic Games

Tennis also became popular in France, where the French Championships date to 1891, although until 1925 they were open only to tennis players who were members of French clubs.[35] Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open and the Australian Open (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis.[36][37] Together, these four events are called the Majors or Slams (a term borrowed from bridge rather than baseball).[38]

 
Lawn tennis in Canada, c. 1900

In 1913, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), now the International Tennis Federation (ITF), was founded and established three official tournaments as the major championships of the day. The World Grass Court Championships were awarded to Great Britain. The World Hard Court Championships were awarded to France; the term "hard court" was used for clay courts at the time. Some tournaments were held in Belgium instead. And the World Covered Court Championships for indoor courts were awarded annually; Sweden, France, Great Britain, Denmark, Switzerland and Spain each hosted the tournament.[39] At a meeting held on 16 March 1923 in Paris, the title "World Championship" was dropped and a new category of "Official Championship" was created for events in Great Britain, France, the US and Australia [40] – today's Grand Slam events.[39][41] The impact on the four recipient nations to replace the "world championships" with "official championships" was simple in a general sense: each became a major nation of the federation with enhanced voting power, and each now operated a major event.[39]

The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the ILTF have remained largely stable in the ensuing 80 years, the one major change being the addition of the tiebreak system designed by Jimmy Van Alen.[42] That same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games, but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was credited by the efforts of then ITF president Philippe Chatrier, ITF general secretary David Gray and ITF vice president Pablo Llorens, with support from International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The success of the event was overwhelming, and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full-medal sport at Seoul in 1988.[43][44]

 
International Tennis Hall of Fame at the Newport Casino

The Davis Cup, an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900.[45] The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup, was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF.[46]

In 1926, promoter C. C. Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.[37][47] The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen.[37][48] Players turned pro, would no longer permitted to compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.[37]

In 1968, commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the Open Era, in which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis.[49] With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its middle-class English-speaking image[50] (although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).[50][51]

In 1954, Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a nonprofit museum in Newport, Rhode Island.[52] The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world.[53]

Equipment

Main article: Tennis technology

Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for play. Beginners need only a racket and balls.[1]

 
Racket of Franjo Punčec in a wooden frame – late 1930s

Rackets

Main article: Racket (sports equipment) § Tennis
 
Wooden racket – c. 1920s

The components of a tennis racket include a handle, known as the grip, connected to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, rackets were made of wood and of standard size, and strings were of animal gut. Laminated wood construction yielded more strength in rackets used through most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and lighter metals such as titanium were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power. Meanwhile, technology led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added durability.

Under modern rules of tennis, the rackets must adhere to the following guidelines;[54]

  • The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally uniform.
  • The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches (74 cm) in length and 12.5 inches (32 cm) in width.
  • The entire racket must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the rackets.
  • The rackets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or advice to the player during the match.

The rules regarding rackets have changed over time, as material and engineering advances have been made. For example, the maximum length of the frame had been 32 inches (81 cm) until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches (74 cm).[55]

Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets. Wilson, Head and Babolat are three of the most commonly used brands; however, many more companies exist.[56] The same companies sponsor players to use these rackets in the hopes that the company name will become better known by the public.

Strings

Main article: Strings (tennis)

There are multiple types of tennis strings, including natural gut and synthetic stings made from materials such as nylon, kevlar, or polyester[57]

 
Two different tennis strings of lengths 12m (left), and 200 m (right)

Natural gut

The first type of tennis strings available were natural gut strings, introduced by Babolat. They were the only type used until synthetic strings were introduced in the 1950s. Natural gut strings are still used frequently by players such as Roger Federer. They are made from cow intestines, and provide increased power, and are easier on the arm than most strings.[58]

Synthetic

Most synthetic strings are made from monofilament or multifiliament nylon strings. Monofilament strings are cheap to buy, and are used widely by many recreational level players for their all round performance, while multifilament strings are created to mimic natural gut more closely by weaving together fibres, but are generally more expensive than their monofilament counterparts.[57] Polyester strings allow for more spin on the ball than any other string, due to their firm strings, while keeping control of the ball, and this is why many players use them, especially higher player ones.[59] Kevlar tennis strings are highly durable, and are mostly used by players that frequently break strings, because they maintain tension well, but these strings can be stiff on the arm.[60]

Hybrid strings

Hybrid stringing is when a tennis racket is strung with two different strings for the mains (the vertical strings) and the crosses (the horizontal strings). This is most commonly done with two different strings that are made of different materials, but can also be done with two different types of the same string. A notable example of a player using hybrid strings is Roger Federer, using natural gut strings in his mains and polyester strings in his crosses.[61]

Balls

Main article: Tennis ball
 
A tennis racket and balls.

Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread and stuffed with feathers.[62] Modern tennis balls are made of hollow vulcanized rubber with a felt coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility. Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation, and bounce to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41–68.58 mm (2.575–2.700 in). Balls must weigh between 56.0 and 59.4 g (1.98 and 2.10 oz).[63] Tennis balls were traditionally manufactured in the United States and Europe. Although the process of producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years, the majority of manufacturing now takes place in the Far East. The relocation is due to cheaper labour costs and materials in the region.[64] Tournaments that are played under the ITF Rules of Tennis must use balls that are approved by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and be named on the official ITF list of approved tennis balls.[65]

Manner of play

 
The dimensions of a tennis court
For individual terms, see Glossary of tennis terms.

Court

Main article: Tennis court
 
Tennis court in Petäjävesi, Finland

Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface. The court is 78 feet (23.77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.2 m) wide for singles matches and 36 ft (11 m) for doubles matches.[66] Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a cord or metal cable of diameter no greater than 0.8 cm (1⁄3 in).[65] The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) high in the centre.[66] The net posts are 3 feet (0.91 m) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, 3 feet (0.91 m) outside the singles court on each side.

The modern tennis court owes its design to Major Walter Clopton Wingfield. In 1873, Wingfield patented a court much the same as the current one for his stické tennis (sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but with the hourglass shape of his court changed to a rectangle.[67]

Tennis is unusual in that it is played on a variety of surfaces.[68] Grass, clay, and hard courts of concrete or asphalt topped with acrylic are the most common. Occasionally carpet is used for indoor play, with hardwood flooring having been historically used. Artificial turf courts can also be found.

Lines

The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back) and the service line (middle of the court). The short mark in the centre of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the centre mark. The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines; they are the boundaries for doubles matches. The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines, and are the boundaries in singles play. The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley, playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the centre of a player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side. Despite its name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a serve.[69]

The line dividing the service line in two is called the centre line or centre service line. The boxes this centre line creates are called the service boxes; depending on a player's position, they have to hit the ball into one of these when serving.[70] A ball is out only if none of it has hit the area inside the lines, or the line, upon its first bounce. All lines are required to be between 1 and 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) in width, with the exception of the baseline which can be up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide, although in practice it is often the same width as the others.[69]

Play of a single point

Main article: Point (tennis)
 
Two players before a serve.

The players or teams start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the server, and the opposing player is the receiver. The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm-up starts. Service alternates game by game between the two players or teams. For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between the centre mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will serve, although the receiver must play to the pace of the server.

For a service to be legal, the ball must travel over the net without touching it into the diagonally opposite service box. If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box, this is a let or net service, which is void, and the server retakes that serve. The player can serve any number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box, or does not clear the net. There is also a "foot fault" when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension of the centre mark before the ball is hit. If the second service, after a fault, is also a fault, the server double faults, and the receiver wins the point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service.

A legal service starts a rally, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of a player hitting the ball so that it falls in the server's court, before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net. A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row. The ball must travel over or round the net into the other players' court. A ball that hits the net during a rally is considered a legal return as long as it crosses into the opposite side of the court. The first player or team to fail to make a legal return loses the point. The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a new point.[71]

Scoring

Main article: Tennis scoring system
"Break point" redirects here. For software term, see Breakpoint.

Game, set, match

 
The scoreboard of a tennis match.
Game

A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a manner peculiar to tennis: scores from zero to three points are described as "love", "15", "30", and "40", respectively. If at least three points have been scored by each player, making the player's scores equal at 40 apiece, the score is not called out as "40–40", but rather as "deuce". If at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is "advantage" for the player in the lead. During informal games, advantage can also be called "ad in" or "van in" when the serving player is ahead, and "ad out" or "van out" when the receiving player is ahead; alternatively, either player may simply call out "my ad" or "your ad" during informal play.

The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the serving player's score first. In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g., "15–love") after each point. At the end of a game, the chair umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall score.[72]

Set

A set consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria. Typically, a player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more than the opponent. If one player has won six games and the opponent five, an additional game is played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins the set 7–5. If the trailing player wins the game (tying the set 6–6) a tiebreak is played. A tiebreak, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the set, to give a final set score of 7–6. A tiebreak game can be won by scoring at least seven points and at least two points more than the opponent. In a tiebreak, two players serve by 'ABBA' system which has been proven to be fair.[73] If a tiebreak is not played, the set is referred to as an advantage set, where the set continues without limit until one player leadsby a two-game margin. A "love set" means that the loser of the set won zero games, colloquially termed a "jam donut" in the US.[74] In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score. The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's score first, e.g. "6–2, 4–6, 6–0, 7–5".

Match

A match consists of a sequence of sets. The outcome is determined through a best of three or five sets system. On the professional circuit, men play best-of-five-set matches at all four Grand Slam tournaments, Davis Cup, and the final of the Olympic Games and best-of-three-set matches at all other tournaments, while women play best-of-three-set matches at all tournaments. The first player to win two sets in a best-of-three, or three sets in a best-of-five, wins the match.[75] Only in the final sets of matches at the French Open, the Olympic Games, and Fed Cup are tiebreaks not played. In these cases, sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead, occasionally leading to some remarkably long matches.

In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the end of the match with the well-known phrase "Game, set, match" followed by the winning person's or team's name.

Special point terms

Game point

A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point). For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40–love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.

Break point

A break point occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a chance to win the game with the next point. Break points are of particular importance because serving is generally considered advantageous, with servers being expected to win games in which they are serving. A receiver who has one (score of 30–40 or advantage), two (score of 15–40) or three (score of love–40) consecutive chances to win the game has break point, double break point or triple break point, respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is awarded to the receiver, and the receiver is said to have converted their break point. If the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a failure to convert. Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as breaking serve, as the receiver has disrupted, or broken the natural advantage of the server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point it is referred to as breaking back. Except where tiebreaks apply, at least one break of serve is required to win a set (otherwise a two-game lead would never occur).

Rule variations

See also: Types of tennis match
  • No ad
From 'No advantage'. Scoring method created by Jimmy Van Alen. The first player or doubles team to win four points wins the game, regardless of whether the player or team is ahead by two points. When the game score reaches three points each, the receiver chooses which side of the court (advantage court or deuce court) the service is to be delivered on the seventh and game-deciding point. Utilized by World Team Tennis professional competition, ATP tours, WTA tours, ITF Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles.[76][77]
  • Pro set
Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play one pro set. A pro set is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of two games, instead of first to 6 games. A 12-point tiebreak is usually played when the score is 8–8 (or 10–10). These are often played with no-ad scoring.
  • Match tiebreak
This is sometimes played instead of a third set. A match tiebreak (also called super tiebreak) is played like a regular tiebreak, but the winner must win ten points instead of seven. Match tiebreaks are used in the Hopman Cup, Grand Slams (excluding Wimbledon) and the Olympic Games for mixed doubles; on the ATP (since 2006), WTA (since 2007) and ITF (excluding four Grand Slam tournaments and the Davis Cup) tours for doubles and as a player's choice in USTA league play.
  • Fast4
Fast4 is a shortened format that offers a "fast" alternative, with four points, four games and four rules: there are no advantage scores, lets are played, tiebreakers apply at three games all, with it being first to five points with a "sudden death" point at four points all, and the first to four games wins the set. In the event of a no advantage deuce, the receiver gets to choose the service side. If a let occurs, the point continues as normal, and the non-receiver (in a doubles game) is permitted to return the serve. When players swap sides, they are not permitted to sit down and must be ready to play within sixty seconds. Between sets, players are permitted to sit down, and must be ready to play within ninety seconds.[78][79]

Another, however informal, tennis format is called Canadian doubles. This involves three players, with one person playing against a doubles team. The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved only for a doubles team. Conversely, the doubles team does not use the alleys when executing a shot. The scoring is the same as for a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by any official body.

"Australian doubles", another informal and unsanctioned form of tennis, is played with similar rules to the Canadian doubles style, only in this version, players rotate court position after each game, each player taking a turn at playing alone against the other two. As such, each player plays doubles and singles over the course of a match, with the singles player always serving. Scoring styles vary, but one popular method is to assign a value of 2 points to each game, with the server taking both points if he or she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break serve.

Wheelchair tennis can be played by able-bodied players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility. An extra bounce is permitted. This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and able-bodied matches. It is possible for a doubles team to consist of a wheelchair player and an able-bodied player (referred to as "one-up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an able-bodied player. In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only.

Match play

 
Convention dictates that the two players shake hands at the end of a match.

Continuity

A tennis match is intended to be continuous.[80] Because stamina is a relevant factor, arbitrary delays are not permitted. In most cases, service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous point.[80] This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a 2-minute break is permitted between sets.[80] Other than this, breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players' control, such as rain, damaged footwear, damaged racket, or the need to retrieve an errant ball. Should a player be deemed to be stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire may initially give a warning followed by subsequent penalties of "point", "game", and default of the match for the player who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit.[81]

In the event of a rain delay, darkness or other external conditions halting play, the match is resumed at a later time, with the same score as at the time of the delay, and each player at the same end of the court as when rain halted play, or as close to the same relative compass point if play is resumed on a different court.

Ball changes

Balls wear out quickly in serious play and, therefore, in ATP and WTA tournaments, they are changed after every nine games with the first change occurring after only seven games, because the first set of balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up.[63] In ITF tournaments like Fed Cup, the balls are changed after every eleven games (rather than nine) with the first change occurring after only nine games (instead of seven). An exception is that a ball change may not take place at the beginning of a tiebreaker, in which case the ball change is delayed until the beginning of the second game of the next set.[65] As a courtesy to the receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver before the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a reminder that they are using new balls. Continuity of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after an extended break in play (usually due to rain), then the re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes.

On-court coaching

A recent rule change is to allow coaching on court on a limited basis during a match.[82][83][84][85] This has been introduced in women's tennis for WTA Tour events in 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per set.[86]

Stance

Stance refers to the way a player prepares themselves in order to best be able to return a shot. Essentially, it enables them to move quickly in order to achieve a particular stroke. There are four main stances in modern tennis: open, semi-open, closed, and neutral. All four stances involve the player crouching in some manner: as well as being a more efficient striking posture, it allows them to isometrically preload their muscles in order to play the stroke more dynamically. What stance is selected is strongly influenced by shot selection. A player may quickly alter their stance depending on the circumstances and the type of shot they intend to play. Any given stance also alters dramatically based upon the actual playing of the shot with dynamic movements and shifts of body weight occurring.[87][88]

Open stance

This is the most common stance in tennis. The player's feet are placed parallel to the net. They may be pointing sideways, directly at the net or diagonally towards it. This stance allows for a high degree of torso rotation which can add significant power to the stroke. This process is sometimes likened to the coiling and uncoiling of a spring. i.e. the torso is rotated as a means of preloading the muscular system in preparation for playing the stroke: this is the coiling phase. When the stroke is played the torso rotates to face forwards again, called uncoiling, and adds significant power to the stroke. A disadvantage of this stance is that it does not always allow ‘for proper weight transfer and maintenance of balance’[87] when making powerful strokes. It is commonly used for forehand strokes; double-handed backhands can also be made effectively from it.

Semi-open stance

This stance is somewhere between open and closed and is a very flexible stance. The feet are aligned diagonally towards the net. It allows for a lot of shoulder rotation and the torso can be coiled, before being uncoiled into the shot in order to increase the power of the shot. It is commonly used in modern tennis especially by ‘top professional players on the forehand’.[89] Two-handed backhands can also be employed from this stance.

Closed stance

The closed stance is the least commonly used of the three main stances. One foot is placed further towards the net with the other foot further from it; there is a diagonal alignment between the feet. It allows for effective torso rotation in order to increase the power of the shot. It is usually used to play backhand shots and it is rare to see forehand shots played from it. A stroke from this stance may entail the rear foot coming completely off the floor with bodyweight being transferred entirely to the front foot.[87][88]

Neutral stance

This is sometimes also referred to as the square stance. One foot is positioned closer to the net and ahead of the other which is behind and in line with it. Both feet are aligned at a 90 degree angle to the net. The neutral stance is often taught early because ‘It allows beginners to learn about shifting weight and rotation of the body.’[88] Forehands and backhands may be made from it.[90]

Shots

Main article: Tennis shots

A competent tennis player has eight basic shots in his or her repertoire: the serve, forehand, backhand, volley, half-volley, overhead smash, drop shot, and lob.

Grip

Main article: Grip (Tennis)

A grip is a way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match. The grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot. Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or full eastern. Usually used for backhands.), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips. Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip.[91]

Serve

Main article: Serve (tennis)
 
Roger Federer in a serve motion.

A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis is a shot to start a point. The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net. The serve may be hit under- or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity.[92] If the ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets two more additional serves to get it in. There can also be a let if the server serves the ball and the receiver isn't prepared.[65] If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve, then they get one more try to get the serve in the box.

Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to maximize its power and placement. The server may employ different types of serve including flat serve, topspin serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist) serve. A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball opposite the natural spin of the server, the spin direction depending upon right- or left-handedness. If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, it will curve right from the hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise.[93]

Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point; however, advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their serve. A winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace".

Forehand

Main article: Forehand
 
Juan Martín del Potro in a forehand motion.

For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of the body. There are various grips for executing the forehand, and their popularity has fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the continental, the eastern, the semi-western, and the western. For a number of years, the small, frail 1920s player Bill Johnston was considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time, a stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a western grip. Few top players used the western grip after the 1920s, but in the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and equipment changed radically, the western forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many modern players. No matter which grip is used, most forehands are generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there have been fine players with two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American player Pancho Segura used a two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful players. Players such as Monica Seles or France's Fabrice Santoro and Marion Bartoli are also notable players known for their two-handed forehands.[94]

Backhand

Main article: Backhand
 
Novak Djokovic in a two-handed backhand motion.

For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side of their body, continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side of their body. It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the forehand. For most of the 20th century, the backhand was performed with one hand, using either an eastern or a continental grip. The first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians Vivian McGrath and John Bromwich, but they were lone exceptions. The two-handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as Björn Borg, Chris Evert, Jimmy Connors, and later Mats Wilander and Marat Safin used it to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the world's best players, including Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams.[95]

Two hands give the player more control, while one hand can generate a slice shot, applying backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce. Reach is also limited with the two-handed shot. The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all time, Don Budge, had a powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted topspin onto the ball. Ken Rosewall, another player noted for his one-handed backhand, used a very accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s. A small number of players, notably Monica Seles, use two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides.

Other shots

A volley is a shot returned to the opponent in mid-air before the ball bounces, generally performed near the net, and is usually made with a stiff-wristed punching motion to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court. The half volley is made by hitting the ball on the rise just after it has bounced, also generally in the vicinity of the net, and played with the racket close to the ground.[96] The swinging volley is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net. It is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the opponent, as it returns the ball into the opponent's court much faster than a standard volley.

From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the lob can be used as either an offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent's court to either enable the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the other court, however, an opponent near the net may then hit an overhead smash, a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point.

A difficult shot in tennis is the return of an attempted lob over the backhand side of a player. When the contact point is higher than the reach of a two-handed backhand, most players will try to execute a high slice (under the ball or sideways). Fewer players attempt the backhand sky-hook or smash. Rarely, a player will go for a high topspin backhand, while themselves in the air. A successful execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing, with less margin of error than the lower contact point backhands, since this shot is a break in the regular pattern of play.

If their opponent is deep in their court, a player may suddenly employ an unexpected drop shot, by softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it. Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop shot, causing the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less forward momentum toward their opponent, or even backwards towards the net, thus making it even more difficult to return.

Tournaments

See also: List of tennis tournaments

Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players. Common tournament configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on each side of the net. Tournaments may be organized for specific age groups, with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players. Example of this include the Orange Bowl and Les Petits As junior tournaments. There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as wheelchair tennis and deaf tennis.[97] In the four Grand Slam tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gender.

Most large tournaments seed players, but players may also be matched by their skill level. According to how well a person does in sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive matches. For example, the United States Tennis Association administers the National Tennis Rating Program (NTRP), which rates players between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2 point increments. Average club players under this system would rate 3.0–4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.

Grand Slam tournaments

 
A tennis match at Centre Court of Wimbledon in 2007.

The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world. They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).[98] The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.[98]

Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the ATP Masters 1000 (men) and Premier events (women).[99][100] Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw. There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament. This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through wild cards. Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three. Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters.

Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions. These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies. For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white. Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.[101] Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.[102]

Grand Slam First held Location Surface Date Prize money
Australian Open 1905 Melbourne Hard January–February A$75,000,000 (2022)
French Open 1891* Paris Clay May–June €42,661,000 (2022)
Wimbledon 1877 London Grass June–July £40,350,000 (2022)
US Open 1881 New York City Hard August–September US$57,462,000 (2021)
  • The international tournament began in 1925.

Men's tournament structure

Masters Series

The ATP Masters 1000 is a group of nine tournaments that form the second-highest echelon in men's tennis. Each event is held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 ranking points. When the ATP, led by Hamilton Jordan, began running the men's tour in 1990, the directors designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the Grand Slam events, as "Super 9" events.[103] In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series and in 2004 the ATP Masters Series. In November at the end of the tennis year, the world's top eight players compete in the ATP Finals, a tournament with a rotating locale. It is currently held in London.[104]

In August 2007 the ATP announced major changes to the tour that were introduced in 2009. The Masters Series was renamed to the "ATP Masters 1000", the addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each tournament. Contrary to earlier plans, the number of tournaments was not reduced from nine to eight and the Monte-Carlo Masters remains part of the series although, unlike the other events, it does not have a mandatory player commitment. The Hamburg Masters has been downgraded to a 500-point event. The Madrid Masters moved to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in Shanghai took over Madrid's former indoor October slot. As of 2011 six of the nine "1000" level tournaments are combined ATP and WTA events.[105]

500 and 250 series

The third and fourth tier of men's tennis tournaments are formed by the ATP 500 series, consisting of 11 tournaments, and the ATP 250 series with 40 tournaments.[106] Like the ATP Masters 1000, these events offer various amounts of prize money and the numbers refer to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of a tournament.[99] The Dubai Tennis Championships offer the largest financial incentive to players, with total prize money of US$2,313,975 (2012).[107] These series have various draws of 28, 32, 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles. It is mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500 events, including at least one after the US Open.

Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments

The Challenger Tour for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the ATP. It is composed of about 150 events and, as a result, features a more diverse range of countries hosting events.[108] The majority of players use the Challenger Series at the beginning of their career to work their way up the rankings. Andre Agassi, between winning Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to World No. 141 and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up the rankings.[109] The Challenger Series offers prize funds of between US$25,000 and US$150,000.

Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments, events on the ITF Men's Circuit. These tournaments also contribute towards a player's ATP rankings points. Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US$10,000 and US$15,000.[110] Approximately 530 Futures Tournaments are played each year.

Women's tournament structure

In 2021, the WTA rebranded, resembling the men's tournament series, and also providing extra simplicity for fans and consumers. The numbers do not indicate ranking points, or prize money, but is a system to help define different levels of women's tennis.

WTA 1000

The WTA 1000 Tournaments (formerly the Premier Mandatory and Premier 5 Tournaments), are a series of seven tournaments that are part of the second-highest tier in women's tennis.[111][112]

500 and 250 Series

The third and fourth tier of women's tennis tournaments are formed from the WTA 500 Series (formerly Premier 700), with fifteen tournaments, and the WTA 250 Series (formerly International), consisting of thirty tournaments.[111][113]

WTA 125

The WTA 125 Series (formerly 125K Series), is the lowest tier of women's tennis, with fourteen tournaments.[113]

Players

Professional players

Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative perks as most top sports personalities: clothing, equipment and endorsements. Like players of other individual sports such as golf, they are not salaried, but must play and finish highly in tournaments to obtain prize money.

In recent years, professional tennis players have been mocked by tabloids and fans for the involuntary or deliberate noise caused by players' grunting. This controversy has spurred the Grand Slam Committee, the International Tennis Association, and the Women's Tennis Association to teach players techniques to avoid grunting.[114]

Singles and doubles professional careers

 
McEnroe with Fleming playing as a doubles team at Wimbledon in the 1980s.

While players are gradually less competitive in singles by their late 20s and early 30s, they can still continue competitively in doubles (as instanced by Martina Navratilova and John McEnroe, who won doubles titles in their 40s).

In the Open Era, several female players such as Martina Navratilova, Margaret Court, Martina Hingis, Serena Williams, and Venus Williams (the latter two sisters playing together) have been prolific at both singles and doubles events throughout their careers. John McEnroe is one of the very few professional male players to be top ranked in both singles and doubles at the same time,[115][116][117] and Yevgeny Kafelnikov is the most recent male player to win multiple Grand Slams in both singles and doubles during the same period of his career.

In terms of public attention and earnings (see below), singles champions have far surpassed their doubles counterparts. The Open Era, particularly the men's side, has seen many top-ranked singles players that only sparingly compete in doubles, while having "doubles specialists" who are typically being eliminated early in the singles draw but do well in the doubles portion of a tournament. Notable doubles pairings include The Woodies (Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde) and the Bryan Brothers (identical twin brothers Robert Charles "Bob" Bryan and Michael Carl "Mike" Bryan). Woodbridge has disliked the term "doubles ‘specialists’", saying that he and Woodforde "set a singles schedule and doubles fitted in around that", although later in Woodbridge's career he focused exclusively on doubles as his singles ranking fell too low that it was no longer financially viable to recover at that age. Woodbridge noted that while top singles players earn enough that they don't need to nor want to play doubles, he suggested that lower-ranked singles players outside the Top Ten should play doubles to earn more playing time and money.[118][119]

Olympics

The Olympics doubles tennis tournament necessitates that both members of a doubles pairing be from the same country, hence several top professional pairs such as Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares cannot compete in the Olympics. Top-ranked singles players that are usually rivals on the professional circuit, such as Boris Becker and Michael Stich, and Roger Federer and Stan Wawrinka have formed a rare doubles partnership for the Olympics. Unlike professional tennis tournaments (see below) where singles players receive much more prize money than doubles players, an Olympic medal for both singles and doubles has similar prestige. The Olympics is more of a priority for doubles champions while singles champions often skip the tournament.[118][119] While the ATP has voted for Olympic results to count towards player ranking points, WTA players voted against it.[120]

For the 2000 Olympics, Lisa Raymond was passed over for Team USA in favour of Serena Williams by captain Billie Jean King, even though Raymond was the top-ranked doubles player in the world at the time, and Raymond unsuccessfully challenged the selection.[120]

Prize money

In professional tennis tournaments such as Wimbledon, the singles competition receives the most prize money and coverage, followed by doubles, and then mixed doubles usually receive the lowest monetary awards.[121] For instance in the US Open as of 2018, the men's and women's singles prize money (US$40,912,000) accounts for 80.9 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles (US$6,140,840), men's and women's singles qualifying (US$3,008,000), and mixed doubles (US$505,000) account for 12.1 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.0 percent, respectively. The singles winner receives US$3,800,000, while the doubles winning pair receives $700,000 and the mixed doubles winning pair receives US$155,000.[122]

Grand Slam tournament winners

See also: Lists of tennis records and statistics

The following players have won at least five singles titles at Grand Slam tournaments (active players in bold):

Greatest male players

Further information: Tennis male players statistics and World number one male tennis player rankings

A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of all time. By a large margin, an Associated Press poll in 1950 named Bill Tilden as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century.[123] From 1920 to 1930, Tilden won singles titles at Wimbledon three times and the US Championships seven times. In 1938, however, Donald Budge became the first person to win all four major singles titles during the same calendar year, the Grand Slam, and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden called Budge "the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived."[124] In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer said that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever.[125] Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title. Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Tony Trabert has said that of the players he saw before the start of the Open Era, Kramer was the best male champion.[126]

By the 1960s, Budge and others had added Pancho Gonzales and Lew Hoad to the list of contenders. Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was the greatest player ever.[127] Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's game was at its peak nobody could touch him. ... I think his game was the best game ever. Better than mine. He was capable of making more shots than anybody. His two volleys were great. His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique."[128]

Before and during the Open Era, Rod Laver remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year Grand Slam twice in 1962 and 1969 [129] and also the calendar year Professional Grand Slam in 1967.[130]

Jimmy Connors, Björn Borg, and John McEnroe had a fierce rivalry in the late 1970s and early 1980s that propelled "the men's game to new heights of popularity".[131] Connors had a long and prolific career and holds the Open Era men's singles records of 109 titles including eight Grand Slams, 1,557 matches played, and 1,274 match wins. Borg was regarded by his contemporaries as among the greatest ever, having a calm court demeanor and unrivalled physical conditioning, winning six French Opens and five straight Wimbledon titles, retiring at age 26 when he was still in his prime. McEnroe attained the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles, finishing his career with 77 singles and 78 doubles titles; this remains the highest men's combined total of the Open Era.[132]

The Agassi–Sampras rivalry showcased the two best players in the 1990s. Andre Agassi, the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles tennis (followed by Rafael Nadal), has been called the best service returner in the history of the game.[133][134][135][136] Agassi was the first man to win grand slams on all modern surfaces (hard, grass, and clay court, as previous holders of all grand slam tournaments played in an era of grass and clay only), and is regarded by a number of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all time.[133][137][138] Both Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall also won major Pro Slam tournaments on all three surfaces (grass, clay, hard court) Rosewall in 1963 and Laver in 1967.[139] Pete Sampras had a precise and powerful serve, set the record of six consecutive year-end No.1 finishes, and was the first player to break Roy Emerson's record of twelve Grand Slams. Sampras retired with a then-Open era record of fourteen Grand Slam titles which was by far the most among his contemporaries, as the second-most Slams held at the time by another active player was Agassi with seven. Earlier in Sampras' career, the most Grand Slams won up to that point by other active players was eight (jointly held by Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl).

By the early twenty-first century, the "Big Three" of Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic had dominated.[140][141] As of 2022, Rafael Nadal holds the record for the most grand slam titles with 22.

Greatest female players

Further information: World number 1 women tennis players and List of WTA number 1 ranked players

As with the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female singles player of all time with Steffi Graf, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams being the three players most often nominated.

In March 2012 the Tennis Channel published a combined list of the 100 greatest men and women tennis players of all time.[142] It ranked Steffi Graf as the greatest female player (in 3rd place overall), followed by Martina Navratilova (4th place) and Margaret Court (8th place). The rankings were determined by an international panel.

Sportswriter John Wertheim of Sports Illustrated stated in an article in July 2010 that Serena Williams is the greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that "Head-to-head, on a neutral surface (i.e. hard courts), everyone at their best, I can't help feeling that she crushes the other legends.".[143] In a reaction to this article Yahoo sports blog Busted Racket published a list of the top-10 women's tennis players of all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot.[144] This top-10 list was similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also ranked Martina Navratilova as the top female player of all time.[145]

Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player. Billie Jean King said in 1999, "Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time."[146] Martina Navratilova has included Graf on her list of great players.[146] In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press.[147] Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, named her as the best female player of the 20th century, directly followed by Martina Navratilova.[148]

Tennis magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.[149][150] Tennis historian and journalist Bud Collins has called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time."[151] Billie Jean King said about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."[152]

In 2018, a Tennis.com panel selected Serena Williams as the greatest female tennis player in the Open Era.[153] In May 2020, the Tennis Channel ranked Williams as the greatest female tennis player of all time.[154]

In November 2018, Tennis.com polled its readers to choose the greatest women's tennis player of all time and Graf came in first.[155] In July 2020, The Guardian polled its readers to determine the greatest female tennis player of the past 50 years, and Steffi was the clear favorite, picking up nearly twice as many votes as any other player.[156]

Officials

Main article: Official (tennis)
 
An umpire informing two players of the rules.

In most professional play and some amateur competition, there is an officiating head judge or chair umpire (usually referred to simply as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to one side of the court. The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made.[157]

In past tournaments, line judges tasked with calling the serve were sometimes assisted by electronic sensors that beeped to indicate an out-of-bounds serve; one such system was called "Cyclops".[158] Cyclops has since largely been replaced by the Hawk-Eye system.[159][160] In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one additional appeal in the tiebreak to challenge close line calls by means of an electronic review. The US Open, Miami Masters, US Open Series, and World Team Tennis started using this challenge system in 2006 and the Australian Open and Wimbledon introduced the system in 2007.[161] In clay-court matches, such as at the French Open, a call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's impact on the court surface.

The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority about tennis rules. When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact. If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision. (This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches, not at the World Group level, when a chair umpire from a non-neutral country is in the chair).[157]

Junior tennis

Main article: Junior tennis

In tennis, a junior is a player under 18 who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian. Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian. These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.

The International Tennis Federation (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking. Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit. The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them. Some juniors, however, such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gaël Monfils, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.

In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.[162] Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours. Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.

Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions. To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age. To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system. Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play. Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.

Injuries

Main article: Tennis injuries

Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.[163] When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time body weight apply huge amount of pressure to the lengthened muscle, muscle strain can occur.[164] Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occurs, which can result in redness, pain and swelling.[164] Overuse is also common in tennis players of all levels. Muscle, cartilage, nerves, bursae, ligaments and tendons may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recovery is the most common cause of injury.[164]

In popular culture

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Barrett, John. Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships (HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 978-0-00-711707-9
  • Collins, Bud. History of Tennis – An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book (New Chapter Press, 2010) ISBN 978-0-942257-70-0
  • Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.). The Fireside Book of Tennis (Simon & Schuster, 1972) ISBN 978-0-671-21128-8
  • Doherty, Reginald Frank. R.F. and H.L. Doherty – On Lawn Tennis (Kessinger Publishing, 2010) ISBN 978-1-167-08589-5
  • Dwight, Eleanor. Tie Breaker – Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century (Scala Books, 2010) ISBN 978-1-905377-40-4
  • Gillmeister, Heiner. Tennis: A Cultural History (Continuum, 1998) ISBN 978-0-7185-0195-2
  • Grimsley, Will. Tennis – Its History, People and Events (Prentice-Hall, 1971) ISBN 0-13-903377-7
  • King, Billie Jean and Starr, Cynthia. We Have Come a Long Way (McGraw-Hill, 1998) ISBN 0-07-034625-9
  • Whitman, Malcolm D. Tennis – Origins and Mysteries (Dover Publications, 2004) ISBN 0-486-43357-9

External links

  • International Tennis Federation (ITF)
  • Association of Tennis Players (ATP) – men's professional tennis organization
  • Women's Tennis Association (WTA) – women's professional tennis organization
  • International Tennis Hall of Fame
  • Grand Slam history (Reference book)
  • Tennis at Curlie


January 01, 2023
tennis, other, uses, disambiguation, racket, sport, that, played, either, individually, against, single, opponent, singles, between, teams, players, each, doubles, each, player, uses, tennis, racket, that, strung, with, cord, strike, hollow, rubber, ball, cove. For other uses see Tennis disambiguation Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent singles or between two teams of two players each doubles Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent s court The object of the game is to manoeuvre the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return The player who is unable to return the ball validly will not gain a point while the opposite player will 1 2 TennisFrench singles player Guillaume Rufin serves to Czech player Tomas Berdych in a tennis match at the 2013 Australian OpenHighest governing bodyInternational Tennis FederationFirst played19th century Birmingham England United KingdomCharacteristicsContactNoTeam membersSingles or doublesMixed sexYes separate tours and mixed doublesTypeOutdoor or indoorEquipmentBall racket netVenueTennis courtGlossaryGlossary of tennis termsPresenceCountry or regionWorldwideOlympicPart of Summer Olympic programme from 1896 to 1924Demonstration sport in the 1968 and 1984 Summer OlympicsPart of Summer Olympic programme since 1988ParalympicPart of Summer Paralympic programme since 1992Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket including wheelchair users The original forms of tennis developed in France during the late Middle Ages citation needed The modern form of tennis originated in Birmingham England in the late 19th century as lawn tennis 3 It had close connections both to various field lawn games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis 4 The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s Two exceptions are that until 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times 5 6 and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s 7 A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point challenge system which allows a player to contest the line call of a point a system known as Hawk Eye 8 9 Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is a popular worldwide spectator sport 10 The four Grand Slam tournaments also referred to as the majors are especially popular the Australian Open played on hardcourts the French Open played on red clay courts Wimbledon played on grass courts and the US Open also played on hardcourts 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 Predecessors 1 2 Origins of the modern game 2 Equipment 2 1 Rackets 2 2 Strings 2 2 1 Natural gut 2 2 2 Synthetic 2 2 3 Hybrid strings 2 3 Balls 3 Manner of play 3 1 Court 3 1 1 Lines 3 2 Play of a single point 3 3 Scoring 3 3 1 Game set match 3 3 1 1 Game 3 3 1 2 Set 3 3 1 3 Match 3 3 2 Special point terms 3 3 2 1 Game point 3 3 2 2 Break point 3 4 Rule variations 4 Match play 4 1 Continuity 4 2 Ball changes 4 3 On court coaching 5 Stance 5 1 Open stance 5 2 Semi open stance 5 3 Closed stance 5 4 Neutral stance 6 Shots 6 1 Grip 6 2 Serve 6 3 Forehand 6 4 Backhand 6 5 Other shots 7 Tournaments 7 1 Grand Slam tournaments 7 2 Men s tournament structure 7 2 1 Masters Series 7 2 2 500 and 250 series 7 2 3 Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments 7 3 Women s tournament structure 7 3 1 WTA 1000 7 3 2 500 and 250 Series 7 3 3 WTA 125 8 Players 8 1 Professional players 8 1 1 Singles and doubles professional careers 8 1 2 Olympics 8 1 3 Prize money 8 2 Grand Slam tournament winners 8 3 Greatest male players 8 4 Greatest female players 9 Officials 10 Junior tennis 11 Injuries 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistoryMain article History of tennis Predecessors Painting from Cremona end of the 16th century Jeu de paume in the 17th century Historians believe that the game s ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand 12 Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume game of the palm which evolved into real tennis and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor enclosed courts made in Paris around the end of the 13th century 13 In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe 13 In June 1316 at Vincennes Val de Marne and following a particularly exhausting game Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy although there was also suspicion of poisoning 14 Because of the contemporary accounts of his death Louis X is history s first tennis player known by name 14 Another of the early enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France who had a court set up at the Louvre Palace 15 It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use and the game began to be called tennis from the French term tenez which can be translated as hold receive or take an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent 16 It was popular in England and France although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game which is now known as real tennis 17 An epitaph in St Michael s Church Coventry written c 1705 read in part 18 Here lyes an old toss d Tennis Ball Was racketted from spring to fall With so much heat and so much hast Time s arm for shame grew tyred at last During the 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis declined new racket sports emerged in England 19 The invention of the first lawn mower in Britain in 1830 is believed to have been a catalyst for the preparation of modern style grass courts sporting ovals playing fields pitches greens etc This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports including lawn tennis most football codes lawn bowls and others 20 Origins of the modern game Augurio Perera s house in Edgbaston Birmingham England where he and Harry Gem first played the modern game of lawn tennis Between 1859 and 1865 Harry Gem a solicitor and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that combined elements of racquets and the Basque ball game pelota which they played on Perera s croquet lawn in Birmingham England 21 22 In 1872 along with two local doctors they founded the world s first tennis club on Avenue Road Leamington Spa 23 This is where lawn tennis was used as the name of an activity by a club for the first time In Tennis A Cultural History Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874 British army officer Walter Clopton Wingfield wrote to Harry Gem commenting that he Wingfield had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis for a year and a half 24 In December 1873 Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called sphairistike Greek sfairistikh meaning ball playing and which was soon known simply as sticky for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend s estate of Nantclwyd Hall in Llanelidan Wales 25 According to R D C Evans turfgrass agronomist Sports historians all agree that Wingfield deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis 19 26 According to Honor Godfrey museum curator at Wimbledon Wingfield popularized this game enormously He produced a boxed set which included a net poles rackets balls for playing the game and most importantly you had his rules He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he sent his game all over the world He had very good connections with the clergy the law profession and the aristocracy and he sent thousands of sets out in the first year or so in 1874 27 The world s oldest annual tennis tournament took place at Leamington Lawn Tennis Club in Birmingham in 1874 28 This was three years before the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club would hold its first championships at Wimbledon in 1877 The first Championships culminated in a significant debate on how to standardise the rules 27 Lawn tennis in the US 1887 In the United States in 1874 Mary Ewing Outerbridge a young socialite returned from Bermuda with a sphairistike set She became fascinated by the game of tennis after watching British army officers play 29 She laid out a tennis court at the Staten Island Cricket Club at Camp Washington Tompkinsville Staten Island New York The first American National championship was played there in September 1880 An Englishman named O E Woodhouse won the singles title and a silver cup worth 100 by defeating Canadian I F Hellmuth 30 There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair There were different rules at each club The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in New York On 21 May 1881 the oldest nationwide tennis organization in the world 31 was formed the United States National Lawn Tennis Association now the United States Tennis Association in order to standardize the rules and organize competitions 32 The US National Men s Singles Championship now the US Open was first held in 1881 at the Newport Casino Newport Rhode Island 33 The US National Women s Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in Philadelphia 34 Tennis doubles final at 1896 Olympic Games Tennis also became popular in France where the French Championships date to 1891 although until 1925 they were open only to tennis players who were members of French clubs 35 Thus Wimbledon the US Open the French Open and the Australian Open dating to 1905 became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis 36 37 Together these four events are called the Majors or Slams a term borrowed from bridge rather than baseball 38 Lawn tennis in Canada c 1900 In 1913 the International Lawn Tennis Federation ILTF now the International Tennis Federation ITF was founded and established three official tournaments as the major championships of the day The World Grass Court Championships were awarded to Great Britain The World Hard Court Championships were awarded to France the term hard court was used for clay courts at the time Some tournaments were held in Belgium instead And the World Covered Court Championships for indoor courts were awarded annually Sweden France Great Britain Denmark Switzerland and Spain each hosted the tournament 39 At a meeting held on 16 March 1923 in Paris the title World Championship was dropped and a new category of Official Championship was created for events in Great Britain France the US and Australia 40 today s Grand Slam events 39 41 The impact on the four recipient nations to replace the world championships with official championships was simple in a general sense each became a major nation of the federation with enhanced voting power and each now operated a major event 39 The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the ILTF have remained largely stable in the ensuing 80 years the one major change being the addition of the tiebreak system designed by Jimmy Van Alen 42 That same year tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games but returned 60 years later as a 21 and under demonstration event in 1984 This reinstatement was credited by the efforts of then ITF president Philippe Chatrier ITF general secretary David Gray and ITF vice president Pablo Llorens with support from International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch The success of the event was overwhelming and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full medal sport at Seoul in 1988 43 44 International Tennis Hall of Fame at the Newport Casino The Davis Cup an annual competition between men s national teams dates to 1900 45 The analogous competition for women s national teams the Fed Cup was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF 46 In 1926 promoter C C Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences 37 47 The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen 37 48 Players turned pro would no longer permitted to compete in the major amateur tournaments 37 In 1968 commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction inaugurating the Open Era in which all players could compete in all tournaments and top players were able to make their living from tennis 49 With the beginning of the Open Era the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit and revenues from the sale of television rights tennis s popularity has spread worldwide and the sport has shed its middle class English speaking image 50 although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists 50 51 In 1954 Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame a nonprofit museum in Newport Rhode Island 52 The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world 53 EquipmentMain article Tennis technology Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for play Beginners need only a racket and balls 1 Racket of Franjo Puncec in a wooden frame late 1930s Rackets Main article Racket sports equipment Tennis Wooden racket c 1920s The components of a tennis racket include a handle known as the grip connected to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings For the first 100 years of the modern game rackets were made of wood and of standard size and strings were of animal gut Laminated wood construction yielded more strength in rackets used through most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite ceramics and lighter metals such as titanium were introduced These stronger materials enabled the production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power Meanwhile technology led to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added durability Under modern rules of tennis the rackets must adhere to the following guidelines 54 The hitting area composed of the strings must be flat and generally uniform The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches 74 cm in length and 12 5 inches 32 cm in width The entire racket must be of a fixed shape size weight and weight distribution There may not be any energy source built into the rackets The rackets must not provide any kind of communication instruction or advice to the player during the match The rules regarding rackets have changed over time as material and engineering advances have been made For example the maximum length of the frame had been 32 inches 81 cm until 1997 when it was shortened to 29 inches 74 cm 55 Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets Wilson Head and Babolat are three of the most commonly used brands however many more companies exist 56 The same companies sponsor players to use these rackets in the hopes that the company name will become better known by the public Strings Main article Strings tennis There are multiple types of tennis strings including natural gut and synthetic stings made from materials such as nylon kevlar or polyester 57 Two different tennis strings of lengths 12m left and 200 m right Natural gut The first type of tennis strings available were natural gut strings introduced by Babolat They were the only type used until synthetic strings were introduced in the 1950s Natural gut strings are still used frequently by players such as Roger Federer They are made from cow intestines and provide increased power and are easier on the arm than most strings 58 Synthetic Most synthetic strings are made from monofilament or multifiliament nylon strings Monofilament strings are cheap to buy and are used widely by many recreational level players for their all round performance while multifilament strings are created to mimic natural gut more closely by weaving together fibres but are generally more expensive than their monofilament counterparts 57 Polyester strings allow for more spin on the ball than any other string due to their firm strings while keeping control of the ball and this is why many players use them especially higher player ones 59 Kevlar tennis strings are highly durable and are mostly used by players that frequently break strings because they maintain tension well but these strings can be stiff on the arm 60 Hybrid strings Hybrid stringing is when a tennis racket is strung with two different strings for the mains the vertical strings and the crosses the horizontal strings This is most commonly done with two different strings that are made of different materials but can also be done with two different types of the same string A notable example of a player using hybrid strings is Roger Federer using natural gut strings in his mains and polyester strings in his crosses 61 Balls Main article Tennis ball A tennis racket and balls Tennis balls were originally made of cloth strips stitched together with thread and stuffed with feathers 62 Modern tennis balls are made of hollow vulcanized rubber with a felt coating Traditionally white the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size weight deformation and bounce to be approved for regulation play The International Tennis Federation ITF defines the official diameter as 65 41 68 58 mm 2 575 2 700 in Balls must weigh between 56 0 and 59 4 g 1 98 and 2 10 oz 63 Tennis balls were traditionally manufactured in the United States and Europe Although the process of producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years the majority of manufacturing now takes place in the Far East The relocation is due to cheaper labour costs and materials in the region 64 Tournaments that are played under the ITF Rules of Tennis must use balls that are approved by the International Tennis Federation ITF and be named on the official ITF list of approved tennis balls 65 Manner of play The dimensions of a tennis court For individual terms see Glossary of tennis terms Court Main article Tennis court Tennis court in Petajavesi Finland Tennis is played on a rectangular flat surface The court is 78 feet 23 77 m long and 27 feet 8 2 m wide for singles matches and 36 ft 11 m for doubles matches 66 Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls A net is stretched across the full width of the court parallel with the baselines dividing it into two equal ends It is held up by either a cord or metal cable of diameter no greater than 0 8 cm 1 3 in 65 The net is 3 feet 6 inches 1 07 m high at the posts and 3 feet 0 91 m high in the centre 66 The net posts are 3 feet 0 91 m outside the doubles court on each side or for a singles net 3 feet 0 91 m outside the singles court on each side The modern tennis court owes its design to Major Walter Clopton Wingfield In 1873 Wingfield patented a court much the same as the current one for his sticke tennis sphairistike This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists today with markings similar to Wingfield s version but with the hourglass shape of his court changed to a rectangle 67 Tennis is unusual in that it is played on a variety of surfaces 68 Grass clay and hard courts of concrete or asphalt topped with acrylic are the most common Occasionally carpet is used for indoor play with hardwood flooring having been historically used Artificial turf courts can also be found Lines The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline farthest back and the service line middle of the court The short mark in the centre of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the centre mark The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines they are the boundaries for doubles matches The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines and are the boundaries in singles play The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley playable in doubles play The line that runs across the centre of a player s side of the court is called the service line because the serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side Despite its name this is not where a player legally stands when making a serve 69 The line dividing the service line in two is called the centre line or centre service line The boxes this centre line creates are called the service boxes depending on a player s position they have to hit the ball into one of these when serving 70 A ball is out only if none of it has hit the area inside the lines or the line upon its first bounce All lines are required to be between 1 and 2 inches 25 and 51 mm in width with the exception of the baseline which can be up to 4 inches 100 mm wide although in practice it is often the same width as the others 69 Play of a single point Main article Point tennis Two players before a serve The players or teams start on opposite sides of the net One player is designated the server and the opposing player is the receiver The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm up starts Service alternates game by game between the two players or teams For each point the server starts behind the baseline between the centre mark and the sideline The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net When the receiver is ready the server will serve although the receiver must play to the pace of the server For a service to be legal the ball must travel over the net without touching it into the diagonally opposite service box If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box this is a let or net service which is void and the server retakes that serve The player can serve any number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box or does not clear the net There is also a foot fault when a player s foot touches the baseline or an extension of the centre mark before the ball is hit If the second service after a fault is also a fault the server double faults and the receiver wins the point However if the serve is in it is considered a legal service A legal service starts a rally in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net A legal return consists of a player hitting the ball so that it falls in the server s court before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row The ball must travel over or round the net into the other players court A ball that hits the net during a rally is considered a legal return as long as it crosses into the opposite side of the court The first player or team to fail to make a legal return loses the point The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a new point 71 Scoring Main article Tennis scoring system Break point redirects here For software term see Breakpoint Game set match The scoreboard of a tennis match Game A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving A game is won by the first player to have won at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent The running score of each game is described in a manner peculiar to tennis scores from zero to three points are described as love 15 30 and 40 respectively If at least three points have been scored by each player making the player s scores equal at 40 apiece the score is not called out as 40 40 but rather as deuce If at least three points have been scored by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent the score of the game is advantage for the player in the lead During informal games advantage can also be called ad in or van in when the serving player is ahead and ad out or van out when the receiving player is ahead alternatively either player may simply call out my ad or your ad during informal play The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the serving player s score first In tournament play the chair umpire calls the point count e g 15 love after each point At the end of a game the chair umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall score 72 Set A set consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating between games ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria Typically a player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more than the opponent If one player has won six games and the opponent five an additional game is played If the leading player wins that game the player wins the set 7 5 If the trailing player wins the game tying the set 6 6 a tiebreak is played A tiebreak played under a separate set of rules allows one player to win one more game and thus the set to give a final set score of 7 6 A tiebreak game can be won by scoring at least seven points and at least two points more than the opponent In a tiebreak two players serve by ABBA system which has been proven to be fair 73 If a tiebreak is not played the set is referred to as an advantage set where the set continues without limit until one player leadsby a two game margin A love set means that the loser of the set won zero games colloquially termed a jam donut in the US 74 In tournament play the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall score The final score in sets is always read with the winning player s score first e g 6 2 4 6 6 0 7 5 Match A match consists of a sequence of sets The outcome is determined through a best of three or five sets system On the professional circuit men play best of five set matches at all four Grand Slam tournaments Davis Cup and the final of the Olympic Games and best of three set matches at all other tournaments while women play best of three set matches at all tournaments The first player to win two sets in a best of three or three sets in a best of five wins the match 75 Only in the final sets of matches at the French Open the Olympic Games and Fed Cup are tiebreaks not played In these cases sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two game lead occasionally leading to some remarkably long matches In tournament play the chair umpire announces the end of the match with the well known phrase Game set match followed by the winning person s or team s name Special point terms Game point A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win the game The terminology is extended to sets set point matches match point and even championships championship point For example if the player who is serving has a score of 40 love the player has a triple game point triple set point etc as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game Game points set points and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play Break point A break point occurs if the receiver not the server has a chance to win the game with the next point Break points are of particular importance because serving is generally considered advantageous with servers being expected to win games in which they are serving A receiver who has one score of 30 40 or advantage two score of 15 40 or three score of love 40 consecutive chances to win the game has break point double break point or triple break point respectively If the receiver does in fact win their break point the game is awarded to the receiver and the receiver is said to have converted their break point If the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a failure to convert Winning break points and thus the game is also referred to as breaking serve as the receiver has disrupted or broken the natural advantage of the server If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point it is referred to as breaking back Except where tiebreaks apply at least one break of serve is required to win a set otherwise a two game lead would never occur Rule variations See also Types of tennis match No adFrom No advantage Scoring method created by Jimmy Van Alen The first player or doubles team to win four points wins the game regardless of whether the player or team is ahead by two points When the game score reaches three points each the receiver chooses which side of the court advantage court or deuce court the service is to be delivered on the seventh and game deciding point Utilized by World Team Tennis professional competition ATP tours WTA tours ITF Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles 76 77 Pro setInstead of playing multiple sets players may play one pro set A pro set is first to 8 or 10 games by a margin of two games instead of first to 6 games A 12 point tiebreak is usually played when the score is 8 8 or 10 10 These are often played with no ad scoring Match tiebreakThis is sometimes played instead of a third set A match tiebreak also called super tiebreak is played like a regular tiebreak but the winner must win ten points instead of seven Match tiebreaks are used in the Hopman Cup Grand Slams excluding Wimbledon and the Olympic Games for mixed doubles on the ATP since 2006 WTA since 2007 and ITF excluding four Grand Slam tournaments and the Davis Cup tours for doubles and as a player s choice in USTA league play Fast4Fast4 is a shortened format that offers a fast alternative with four points four games and four rules there are no advantage scores lets are played tiebreakers apply at three games all with it being first to five points with a sudden death point at four points all and the first to four games wins the set In the event of a no advantage deuce the receiver gets to choose the service side If a let occurs the point continues as normal and the non receiver in a doubles game is permitted to return the serve When players swap sides they are not permitted to sit down and must be ready to play within sixty seconds Between sets players are permitted to sit down and must be ready to play within ninety seconds 78 79 Another however informal tennis format is called Canadian doubles This involves three players with one person playing against a doubles team The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved only for a doubles team Conversely the doubles team does not use the alleys when executing a shot The scoring is the same as for a regular game This format is not sanctioned by any official body Australian doubles another informal and unsanctioned form of tennis is played with similar rules to the Canadian doubles style only in this version players rotate court position after each game each player taking a turn at playing alone against the other two As such each player plays doubles and singles over the course of a match with the singles player always serving Scoring styles vary but one popular method is to assign a value of 2 points to each game with the server taking both points if he or she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break serve Wheelchair tennis can be played by able bodied players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility An extra bounce is permitted This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and able bodied matches It is possible for a doubles team to consist of a wheelchair player and an able bodied player referred to as one up one down or for a wheelchair player to play against an able bodied player In such cases the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only Match play Convention dictates that the two players shake hands at the end of a match Continuity A tennis match is intended to be continuous 80 Because stamina is a relevant factor arbitrary delays are not permitted In most cases service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous point 80 This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change ends after every odd numbered game and a 2 minute break is permitted between sets 80 Other than this breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players control such as rain damaged footwear damaged racket or the need to retrieve an errant ball Should a player be deemed to be stalling repeatedly the chair umpire may initially give a warning followed by subsequent penalties of point game and default of the match for the player who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit 81 In the event of a rain delay darkness or other external conditions halting play the match is resumed at a later time with the same score as at the time of the delay and each player at the same end of the court as when rain halted play or as close to the same relative compass point if play is resumed on a different court Ball changes Balls wear out quickly in serious play and therefore in ATP and WTA tournaments they are changed after every nine games with the first change occurring after only seven games because the first set of balls is also used for the pre match warm up 63 In ITF tournaments like Fed Cup the balls are changed after every eleven games rather than nine with the first change occurring after only nine games instead of seven An exception is that a ball change may not take place at the beginning of a tiebreaker in which case the ball change is delayed until the beginning of the second game of the next set 65 As a courtesy to the receiver the server will often signal to the receiver before the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a reminder that they are using new balls Continuity of the balls condition is considered part of the game so if a re warm up is required after an extended break in play usually due to rain then the re warm up is done using a separate set of balls and use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes On court coaching A recent rule change is to allow coaching on court on a limited basis during a match 82 83 84 85 This has been introduced in women s tennis for WTA Tour events in 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per set 86 StanceStance refers to the way a player prepares themselves in order to best be able to return a shot Essentially it enables them to move quickly in order to achieve a particular stroke There are four main stances in modern tennis open semi open closed and neutral All four stances involve the player crouching in some manner as well as being a more efficient striking posture it allows them to isometrically preload their muscles in order to play the stroke more dynamically What stance is selected is strongly influenced by shot selection A player may quickly alter their stance depending on the circumstances and the type of shot they intend to play Any given stance also alters dramatically based upon the actual playing of the shot with dynamic movements and shifts of body weight occurring 87 88 Open stance This is the most common stance in tennis The player s feet are placed parallel to the net They may be pointing sideways directly at the net or diagonally towards it This stance allows for a high degree of torso rotation which can add significant power to the stroke This process is sometimes likened to the coiling and uncoiling of a spring i e the torso is rotated as a means of preloading the muscular system in preparation for playing the stroke this is the coiling phase When the stroke is played the torso rotates to face forwards again called uncoiling and adds significant power to the stroke A disadvantage of this stance is that it does not always allow for proper weight transfer and maintenance of balance 87 when making powerful strokes It is commonly used for forehand strokes double handed backhands can also be made effectively from it Semi open stance This stance is somewhere between open and closed and is a very flexible stance The feet are aligned diagonally towards the net It allows for a lot of shoulder rotation and the torso can be coiled before being uncoiled into the shot in order to increase the power of the shot It is commonly used in modern tennis especially by top professional players on the forehand 89 Two handed backhands can also be employed from this stance Closed stance The closed stance is the least commonly used of the three main stances One foot is placed further towards the net with the other foot further from it there is a diagonal alignment between the feet It allows for effective torso rotation in order to increase the power of the shot It is usually used to play backhand shots and it is rare to see forehand shots played from it A stroke from this stance may entail the rear foot coming completely off the floor with bodyweight being transferred entirely to the front foot 87 88 Neutral stance This is sometimes also referred to as the square stance One foot is positioned closer to the net and ahead of the other which is behind and in line with it Both feet are aligned at a 90 degree angle to the net The neutral stance is often taught early because It allows beginners to learn about shifting weight and rotation of the body 88 Forehands and backhands may be made from it 90 ShotsMain article Tennis shots A competent tennis player has eight basic shots in his or her repertoire the serve forehand backhand volley half volley overhead smash drop shot and lob Grip Main article Grip Tennis A grip is a way of holding the racket in order to hit shots during a match The grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the ball and influences the pace spin and placement of the shot Players use various grips during play including the Continental The Handshake Grip Eastern Can be either semi eastern or full eastern Usually used for backhands and Western semi western or full western usually for forehand grips grips Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting for example slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip 91 Serve Main article Serve tennis Roger Federer in a serve motion A serve or more formally a service in tennis is a shot to start a point The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it usually near the apex of its trajectory into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net The serve may be hit under or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity 92 If the ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a let and the server gets two more additional serves to get it in There can also be a let if the server serves the ball and the receiver isn t prepared 65 If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve then they get one more try to get the serve in the box Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand serve to maximize its power and placement The server may employ different types of serve including flat serve topspin serve slice serve and kick American twist serve A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball opposite the natural spin of the server the spin direction depending upon right or left handedness If the ball is spinning counterclockwise it will curve right from the hitter s point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise 93 Some servers are content to use the serve simply to initiate the point however advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their serve A winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an ace Forehand Main article Forehand Juan Martin del Potro in a forehand motion For a right handed player the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of the body continues across the body as contact is made with the ball and ends on the left side of the body There are various grips for executing the forehand and their popularity has fluctuated over the years The most important ones are the continental the eastern the semi western and the western For a number of years the small frail 1920s player Bill Johnston was considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time a stroke that he hit shoulder high using a western grip Few top players used the western grip after the 1920s but in the latter part of the 20th century as shot making techniques and equipment changed radically the western forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many modern players No matter which grip is used most forehands are generally executed with one hand holding the racket but there have been fine players with two handed forehands In the 1940s and 50s the Ecuadorian American player Pancho Segura used a two handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger more powerful players Players such as Monica Seles or France s Fabrice Santoro and Marion Bartoli are also notable players known for their two handed forehands 94 Backhand Main article Backhand Novak Djokovic in a two handed backhand motion For right handed players the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side of their body continues across their body as contact is made with the ball and ends on the right side of their body It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the forehand For most of the 20th century the backhand was performed with one hand using either an eastern or a continental grip The first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians Vivian McGrath and John Bromwich but they were lone exceptions The two handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as Bjorn Borg Chris Evert Jimmy Connors and later Mats Wilander and Marat Safin used it to great effect and it is now used by a large number of the world s best players including Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams 95 Two hands give the player more control while one hand can generate a slice shot applying backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce Reach is also limited with the two handed shot The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all time Don Budge had a powerful one handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted topspin onto the ball Ken Rosewall another player noted for his one handed backhand used a very accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s A small number of players notably Monica Seles use two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides Other shots A volley is a shot returned to the opponent in mid air before the ball bounces generally performed near the net and is usually made with a stiff wristed punching motion to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent s court The half volley is made by hitting the ball on the rise just after it has bounced also generally in the vicinity of the net and played with the racket close to the ground 96 The swinging volley is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net It is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the opponent as it returns the ball into the opponent s court much faster than a standard volley From a poor defensive position on the baseline the lob can be used as either an offensive or defensive weapon hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent s court to either enable the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by hitting it over the opponent s head If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the other court however an opponent near the net may then hit an overhead smash a hard serve like shot to try to end the point A difficult shot in tennis is the return of an attempted lob over the backhand side of a player When the contact point is higher than the reach of a two handed backhand most players will try to execute a high slice under the ball or sideways Fewer players attempt the backhand sky hook or smash Rarely a player will go for a high topspin backhand while themselves in the air A successful execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing with less margin of error than the lower contact point backhands since this shot is a break in the regular pattern of play If their opponent is deep in their court a player may suddenly employ an unexpected drop shot by softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it Advanced players will often apply back spin to a drop shot causing the ball to skid upon landing and bounce sideways with less forward momentum toward their opponent or even backwards towards the net thus making it even more difficult to return TournamentsSee also List of tennis tournaments Tournaments are often organized by gender and number of players Common tournament configurations include men s singles women s singles and doubles where two players play on each side of the net Tournaments may be organized for specific age groups with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior players Example of this include the Orange Bowl and Les Petits As junior tournaments There are also tournaments for players with disabilities such as wheelchair tennis and deaf tennis 97 In the four Grand Slam tournaments the singles draws are limited to 128 players for each gender Most large tournaments seed players but players may also be matched by their skill level According to how well a person does in sanctioned play a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive matches For example the United States Tennis Association administers the National Tennis Rating Program NTRP which rates players between 1 0 and 7 0 in 1 2 point increments Average club players under this system would rate 3 0 4 5 while world class players would be 7 0 on this scale Grand Slam tournaments A tennis match at Centre Court of Wimbledon in 2007 The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world They are held annually and comprise in chronological order the Australian Open the French Open Wimbledon and the US Open Apart from the Olympic Games Davis Cup Fed Cup and Hopman Cup they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation ITF 98 The ITF s national associations Tennis Australia Australian Open the Federation Francaise de Tennis French Open the Lawn Tennis Association Wimbledon and the United States Tennis Association US Open are delegated the responsibility to organize these events 98 Aside from the historical significance of these events they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments the ATP Masters 1000 men and Premier events women 99 100 Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw There are 128 more than any other professional tennis tournament This draw is composed of 32 seeded players other players ranked in the world s top 100 qualifiers and players who receive invitations through wild cards Grand Slam men s tournaments have best of five set matches while the women play best of three Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters Currently the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies For example players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event s traditionalism particularly its predominantly white dress code 101 Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets 102 Grand Slam First held Location Surface Date Prize moneyAustralian Open 1905 Melbourne Hard January February A 75 000 000 2022 French Open 1891 Paris Clay May June 42 661 000 2022 Wimbledon 1877 London Grass June July 40 350 000 2022 US Open 1881 New York City Hard August September US 57 462 000 2021 The international tournament began in 1925 Men s tournament structure Masters Series The ATP Masters 1000 is a group of nine tournaments that form the second highest echelon in men s tennis Each event is held annually and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 ranking points When the ATP led by Hamilton Jordan began running the men s tour in 1990 the directors designated the top nine tournaments outside of the Grand Slam events as Super 9 events 103 In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series and in 2004 the ATP Masters Series In November at the end of the tennis year the world s top eight players compete in the ATP Finals a tournament with a rotating locale It is currently held in London 104 In August 2007 the ATP announced major changes to the tour that were introduced in 2009 The Masters Series was renamed to the ATP Masters 1000 the addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each tournament Contrary to earlier plans the number of tournaments was not reduced from nine to eight and the Monte Carlo Masters remains part of the series although unlike the other events it does not have a mandatory player commitment The Hamburg Masters has been downgraded to a 500 point event The Madrid Masters moved to May and onto clay courts and a new tournament in Shanghai took over Madrid s former indoor October slot As of 2011 six of the nine 1000 level tournaments are combined ATP and WTA events 105 500 and 250 series The third and fourth tier of men s tennis tournaments are formed by the ATP 500 series consisting of 11 tournaments and the ATP 250 series with 40 tournaments 106 Like the ATP Masters 1000 these events offer various amounts of prize money and the numbers refer to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of a tournament 99 The Dubai Tennis Championships offer the largest financial incentive to players with total prize money of US 2 313 975 2012 107 These series have various draws of 28 32 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles It is mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500 events including at least one after the US Open Challenger Tour and Futures tournaments The Challenger Tour for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the ATP It is composed of about 150 events and as a result features a more diverse range of countries hosting events 108 The majority of players use the Challenger Series at the beginning of their career to work their way up the rankings Andre Agassi between winning Grand Slam tournaments plummeted to World No 141 and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up the rankings 109 The Challenger Series offers prize funds of between US 25 000 and US 150 000 Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments events on the ITF Men s Circuit These tournaments also contribute towards a player s ATP rankings points Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US 10 000 and US 15 000 110 Approximately 530 Futures Tournaments are played each year Women s tournament structure In 2021 the WTA rebranded resembling the men s tournament series and also providing extra simplicity for fans and consumers The numbers do not indicate ranking points or prize money but is a system to help define different levels of women s tennis WTA 1000 The WTA 1000 Tournaments formerly the Premier Mandatory and Premier 5 Tournaments are a series of seven tournaments that are part of the second highest tier in women s tennis 111 112 500 and 250 Series The third and fourth tier of women s tennis tournaments are formed from the WTA 500 Series formerly Premier 700 with fifteen tournaments and the WTA 250 Series formerly International consisting of thirty tournaments 111 113 WTA 125 The WTA 125 Series formerly 125K Series is the lowest tier of women s tennis with fourteen tournaments 113 PlayersProfessional players Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative perks as most top sports personalities clothing equipment and endorsements Like players of other individual sports such as golf they are not salaried but must play and finish highly in tournaments to obtain prize money In recent years professional tennis players have been mocked by tabloids and fans for the involuntary or deliberate noise caused by players grunting This controversy has spurred the Grand Slam Committee the International Tennis Association and the Women s Tennis Association to teach players techniques to avoid grunting 114 Singles and doubles professional careers McEnroe with Fleming playing as a doubles team at Wimbledon in the 1980s While players are gradually less competitive in singles by their late 20s and early 30s they can still continue competitively in doubles as instanced by Martina Navratilova and John McEnroe who won doubles titles in their 40s In the Open Era several female players such as Martina Navratilova Margaret Court Martina Hingis Serena Williams and Venus Williams the latter two sisters playing together have been prolific at both singles and doubles events throughout their careers John McEnroe is one of the very few professional male players to be top ranked in both singles and doubles at the same time 115 116 117 and Yevgeny Kafelnikov is the most recent male player to win multiple Grand Slams in both singles and doubles during the same period of his career In terms of public attention and earnings see below singles champions have far surpassed their doubles counterparts The Open Era particularly the men s side has seen many top ranked singles players that only sparingly compete in doubles while having doubles specialists who are typically being eliminated early in the singles draw but do well in the doubles portion of a tournament Notable doubles pairings include The Woodies Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde and the Bryan Brothers identical twin brothers Robert Charles Bob Bryan and Michael Carl Mike Bryan Woodbridge has disliked the term doubles specialists saying that he and Woodforde set a singles schedule and doubles fitted in around that although later in Woodbridge s career he focused exclusively on doubles as his singles ranking fell too low that it was no longer financially viable to recover at that age Woodbridge noted that while top singles players earn enough that they don t need to nor want to play doubles he suggested that lower ranked singles players outside the Top Ten should play doubles to earn more playing time and money 118 119 Olympics The Olympics doubles tennis tournament necessitates that both members of a doubles pairing be from the same country hence several top professional pairs such as Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares cannot compete in the Olympics Top ranked singles players that are usually rivals on the professional circuit such as Boris Becker and Michael Stich and Roger Federer and Stan Wawrinka have formed a rare doubles partnership for the Olympics Unlike professional tennis tournaments see below where singles players receive much more prize money than doubles players an Olympic medal for both singles and doubles has similar prestige The Olympics is more of a priority for doubles champions while singles champions often skip the tournament 118 119 While the ATP has voted for Olympic results to count towards player ranking points WTA players voted against it 120 For the 2000 Olympics Lisa Raymond was passed over for Team USA in favour of Serena Williams by captain Billie Jean King even though Raymond was the top ranked doubles player in the world at the time and Raymond unsuccessfully challenged the selection 120 Prize money In professional tennis tournaments such as Wimbledon the singles competition receives the most prize money and coverage followed by doubles and then mixed doubles usually receive the lowest monetary awards 121 For instance in the US Open as of 2018 the men s and women s singles prize money US 40 912 000 accounts for 80 9 percent of total player base compensation while men s and women s doubles US 6 140 840 men s and women s singles qualifying US 3 008 000 and mixed doubles US 505 000 account for 12 1 percent 5 9 percent and 1 0 percent respectively The singles winner receives US 3 800 000 while the doubles winning pair receives 700 000 and the mixed doubles winning pair receives US 155 000 122 Grand Slam tournament winners See also Lists of tennis records and statistics The following players have won at least five singles titles at Grand Slam tournaments active players in bold Men Titles Rafael Nadal 22 Novak Djokovic 21 Roger Federer 20 Pete Sampras 14 Roy Emerson 12 Rod Laver 11 Bjorn Borg Bill Tilden 10 Fred Perry 8 Ken Rosewall Jimmy Connors Ivan Lendl Andre Agassi William Renshaw 7 Richard Sears William Larned Henri Cochet Rene Lacoste John Newcombe John McEnroe Mats Wilander Laurence Doherty 6 Anthony Wilding Donald Budge Jack Crawford Boris Becker Stefan Edberg Frank Sedgman 5 Tony Trabert Women Titles Margaret Court 24 Serena Williams 23 Steffi Graf 22 Helen Wills Moody 19 Chris Evert 18 Martina Navratilova Billie Jean King 12 Maureen Connolly Brinker 9 Monica Seles Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 8 Suzanne Lenglen Dorothea Lambert Chambers 7 Maria Bueno Evonne Goolagong Cawley Venus Williams Justine Henin Blanche Bingley Hillyard 6 Doris Hart Margaret Osborne duPont Nancye Wynne Bolton Louise Brough Clapp Lottie Dod 5 Charlotte Cooper Sterry Daphne Akhurst Cozens Helen Jacobs Alice Marble Pauline Betz Addie Althea Gibson Martina Hingis Maria Sharapova Greatest male players Further information Tennis male players statistics and World number one male tennis player rankings Ken Rosewall Rod Laver Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Novak DjokovicA frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of all time By a large margin an Associated Press poll in 1950 named Bill Tilden as the greatest player of the first half of the 20th century 123 From 1920 to 1930 Tilden won singles titles at Wimbledon three times and the US Championships seven times In 1938 however Donald Budge became the first person to win all four major singles titles during the same calendar year the Grand Slam and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938 Tilden called Budge the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived 124 In his 1979 autobiography Jack Kramer said that based on consistent play Budge was the greatest player ever 125 Some observers however also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title Kramer was among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early 1950s Tony Trabert has said that of the players he saw before the start of the Open Era Kramer was the best male champion 126 By the 1960s Budge and others had added Pancho Gonzales and Lew Hoad to the list of contenders Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was the greatest player ever 127 Gonzales said about Hoad When Lew s game was at its peak nobody could touch him I think his game was the best game ever Better than mine He was capable of making more shots than anybody His two volleys were great His overhead was enormous He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique 128 Before and during the Open Era Rod Laver remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year Grand Slam twice in 1962 and 1969 129 and also the calendar year Professional Grand Slam in 1967 130 Jimmy Connors Bjorn Borg and John McEnroe had a fierce rivalry in the late 1970s and early 1980s that propelled the men s game to new heights of popularity 131 Connors had a long and prolific career and holds the Open Era men s singles records of 109 titles including eight Grand Slams 1 557 matches played and 1 274 match wins Borg was regarded by his contemporaries as among the greatest ever having a calm court demeanor and unrivalled physical conditioning winning six French Opens and five straight Wimbledon titles retiring at age 26 when he was still in his prime McEnroe attained the No 1 ranking in both singles and doubles finishing his career with 77 singles and 78 doubles titles this remains the highest men s combined total of the Open Era 132 The Agassi Sampras rivalry showcased the two best players in the 1990s Andre Agassi the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles tennis followed by Rafael Nadal has been called the best service returner in the history of the game 133 134 135 136 Agassi was the first man to win grand slams on all modern surfaces hard grass and clay court as previous holders of all grand slam tournaments played in an era of grass and clay only and is regarded by a number of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all time 133 137 138 Both Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall also won major Pro Slam tournaments on all three surfaces grass clay hard court Rosewall in 1963 and Laver in 1967 139 Pete Sampras had a precise and powerful serve set the record of six consecutive year end No 1 finishes and was the first player to break Roy Emerson s record of twelve Grand Slams Sampras retired with a then Open era record of fourteen Grand Slam titles which was by far the most among his contemporaries as the second most Slams held at the time by another active player was Agassi with seven Earlier in Sampras career the most Grand Slams won up to that point by other active players was eight jointly held by Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl By the early twenty first century the Big Three of Roger Federer Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic had dominated 140 141 As of 2022 Rafael Nadal holds the record for the most grand slam titles with 22 Greatest female players Further information World number 1 women tennis players and List of WTA number 1 ranked players Helen Wills Margaret Court Martina Navratilova Chris Evert Steffi Graf Serena WilliamsAs with the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female singles player of all time with Steffi Graf Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams being the three players most often nominated In March 2012 the Tennis Channel published a combined list of the 100 greatest men and women tennis players of all time 142 It ranked Steffi Graf as the greatest female player in 3rd place overall followed by Martina Navratilova 4th place and Margaret Court 8th place The rankings were determined by an international panel Sportswriter John Wertheim of Sports Illustrated stated in an article in July 2010 that Serena Williams is the greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that Head to head on a neutral surface i e hard courts everyone at their best I can t help feeling that she crushes the other legends 143 In a reaction to this article Yahoo sports blog Busted Racket published a list of the top 10 women s tennis players of all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot 144 This top 10 list was similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also ranked Martina Navratilova as the top female player of all time 145 Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player Billie Jean King said in 1999 Steffi is definitely the greatest women s tennis player of all time 146 Martina Navratilova has included Graf on her list of great players 146 In December 1999 Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press 147 Tennis writer Steve Flink in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century named her as the best female player of the 20th century directly followed by Martina Navratilova 148 Tennis magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005 149 150 Tennis historian and journalist Bud Collins has called Navratilova arguably the greatest player of all time 151 Billie Jean King said about Navratilova in 2006 She s the greatest singles doubles and mixed doubles player who s ever lived 152 In 2018 a Tennis com panel selected Serena Williams as the greatest female tennis player in the Open Era 153 In May 2020 the Tennis Channel ranked Williams as the greatest female tennis player of all time 154 In November 2018 Tennis com polled its readers to choose the greatest women s tennis player of all time and Graf came in first 155 In July 2020 The Guardian polled its readers to determine the greatest female tennis player of the past 50 years and Steffi was the clear favorite picking up nearly twice as many votes as any other player 156 OfficialsMain article Official tennis An umpire informing two players of the rules In most professional play and some amateur competition there is an officiating head judge or chair umpire usually referred to simply as the umpire who sits in a raised chair to one side of the court The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations The umpire may be assisted by line judges who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made 157 In past tournaments line judges tasked with calling the serve were sometimes assisted by electronic sensors that beeped to indicate an out of bounds serve one such system was called Cyclops 158 Cyclops has since largely been replaced by the Hawk Eye system 159 160 In professional tournaments using this system players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set plus one additional appeal in the tiebreak to challenge close line calls by means of an electronic review The US Open Miami Masters US Open Series and World Team Tennis started using this challenge system in 2006 and the Australian Open and Wimbledon introduced the system in 2007 161 In clay court matches such as at the French Open a call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball s impact on the court surface The referee who is usually located off the court is the final authority about tennis rules When called to the court by a player or team captain the referee may overrule the umpire s decision if the tennis rules were violated question of law but may not change the umpire s decision on a question of fact If however the referee is on the court during play the referee may overrule the umpire s decision This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches not at the World Group level when a chair umpire from a non neutral country is in the chair 157 Junior tennisMain article Junior tennis In tennis a junior is a player under 18 who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian These players however are still eligible to play in junior tournaments The International Tennis Federation ITF conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals ATP or Women s Tennis Association WTA ranking Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF Satellite Future and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them Some juniors however such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gael Monfils have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments In 2004 the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles by combining two rankings singles and doubles into one combined tally 162 Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments which are the most prestigious junior events Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future Satellite or Challenger tours Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points culminating with Grade A Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age To facilitate and nurture a junior s growth in tennis almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces accommodating all different standards of play Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions InjuriesMain article Tennis injuries Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis 163 When an isolated large energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time body weight apply huge amount of pressure to the lengthened muscle muscle strain can occur 164 Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occurs which can result in redness pain and swelling 164 Overuse is also common in tennis players of all levels Muscle cartilage nerves bursae ligaments and tendons may be damaged from overuse The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recovery is the most common cause of injury 164 In popular culture Tennis balles are mentioned by William Shakespeare in his play Henry V 1599 when a basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness David Foster Wallace an amateur tennis player himself at Urbana High School in Illinois 165 included tennis in many of his works of non fiction and fiction including Tennis Player Michael Joyce s Professional Artistry as a Paradigm of Certain Stuff about Choice Freedom Discipline Joy Grotesquerie and Human Completeness the autobiographical piece Derivative Sport in Tornado Alley and Infinite Jest which is partially set at the fictional Enfield Tennis Academy in Massachusetts Japanese Manga series The Prince of Tennis revolves around the tennis prodigy Echizen Ryoma and tennis matches between rival schools The Royal Tenenbaums 2001 features Richie Tenenbaum Luke Wilson a tennis pro who suffers from depression and has a breakdown on court in front of thousands of fans 166 Wimbledon 2004 is a film about a discouraged pro tennis player Paul Bettany who meets a young woman on the women s tennis circuit Kirsten Dunst who helps him find his drive to go and win Wimbledon 167 In The Squid and the Whale 2005 Joan Laura Linney has an affair with her kids tennis coach Ivan William Baldwin In a symbolic scene Joan s ex husband Bernard Jeff Daniels loses a tennis match against Ivan in front of the kids 168 Woody Allen s Match Point 2005 features a love affair between a former tennis pro Chris Wilton Jonathan Rhys Meyers and his best friend s fiance Nola Rice Scarlett Johansson A scene of the movie includes a brief comparison between Andre Agassi and Tim Henman with Chris Wilton calling both of them geniuses 169 Confetti 2006 is a mockumentary which sees three couples competing to win the title of Most Original Wedding of the Year One competing couple Meredith MacNeill and Stephen Mangan are a pair of hyper competitive professional tennis players holding a tennis themed wedding 170 There are several tennis video games including the Mario Tennis series the TopSpin series the Virtua Tennis series Sega Superstars Tennis Grand Slam Tennis and Wii Sports 171 172 See also Tennis portalOutline of tennis Tennis games Tennis strategy Tennis technology Tennis statistics Tennis injuries 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Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Prakash 18 May 2020 Serena Williams Ranked as the Greatest of All Time Tennis World USA Retrieved 17 June 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link GOAT Vote Steffi or Serena The Ten went one way you went another The greatest female tennis player of the last 50 years The fans verdict TheGuardian com 4 July 2020 a b ITF Rules of Tennis Appendix V Role of Court Officials PDF ITF Archived from the original PDF on 18 April 2013 Retrieved 5 May 2012 Cyclops and speed guns BBC 20 June 2003 Retrieved 6 May 2012 Cyclops knocked off centre as Wimbledon adopts Hawkeye The Guardian London 24 April 2007 Retrieved 6 May 2012 Evans Richard 27 June 2009 Hawk eye Vision The Guardian London Retrieved 6 May 2012 The History Of Hawk Eye WTA Tour 7 October 2011 Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 Retrieved 6 September 2012 ITF Announce Combined Junior Rankings PDF ITF Archived from the original PDF on 24 January 2004 Retrieved 6 May 2012 Abrams Geoffrey D Renstrom Per A Safran Marc R 1 June 2012 Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player British Journal of Sports Medicine 46 7 492 498 doi 10 1136 bjsports 2012 091164 ISSN 1473 0480 PMID 22554841 S2CID 10416294 a b c Levangie P K amp Norkin C C 2011 Joint structure and function A comprehensive analysis 5th ed Philadelphia F A Davis Co ISBN 9780803623620 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Brief Interview with a Five Draft Man Amherst Magazine Retrieved 28 June 2009 The Royal Tenenbaums IMDB com Retrieved 6 May 2012 Wimbledon IMDB com Retrieved 6 May 2012 The Squid and the Whale IMDB com Retrieved 6 May 2012 Match Point IMDB com Retrieved 6 May 2012 Confetti IMDB com Retrieved 6 May 2012 Topspin 4 Official Website 2K Sports Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 Retrieved 6 May 2012 Mario Tennis official website Nintendo Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 Retrieved 7 May 2012 Further readingBarrett John Wimbledon The Official History of the Championships HarperCollins 2001 ISBN 978 0 00 711707 9 Collins Bud History of Tennis An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book New Chapter Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 942257 70 0 Danzig Allison and Peter Schwed ed The Fireside Book of Tennis Simon amp Schuster 1972 ISBN 978 0 671 21128 8 Doherty Reginald Frank R F and H L Doherty On Lawn Tennis Kessinger Publishing 2010 ISBN 978 1 167 08589 5 Dwight Eleanor Tie Breaker Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century Scala Books 2010 ISBN 978 1 905377 40 4 Gillmeister Heiner Tennis A Cultural History Continuum 1998 ISBN 978 0 7185 0195 2 Grimsley Will Tennis Its History People and Events Prentice Hall 1971 ISBN 0 13 903377 7 King Billie Jean and Starr Cynthia We Have Come a Long Way McGraw Hill 1998 ISBN 0 07 034625 9 Whitman Malcolm D Tennis Origins and Mysteries Dover Publications 2004 ISBN 0 486 43357 9External linksTennis at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity International Tennis Federation ITF Association of Tennis Players ATP men s professional tennis organization Women s Tennis Association WTA women s professional tennis organization International Tennis Hall of Fame Grand Slam history Reference book Tennis at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tennis amp oldid 1130366813, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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