fbpx
Wikipedia

Ivan Aivazovsky

January 12, 2023

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Konstantinovich and the family name is Aivazovsky.

Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Russian: Иван Константинович Айвазовский; 29 July 1817 – 2 May 1900) was a Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. Baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian,[a] he was born into an Armenian family in the Black Sea port of Feodosia in Crimea and was mostly based there.

Ivan Aivazovsky
Self-portrait, 1874, oil on canvas, 70.5 × 62.5 cm, Uffizi, Florence[1]
BornHovhannes Aivazian
29 July [O.S. 17 July] 1817
Feodosia, Taurida, Russian Empire
Died2 May [O.S. 19 April] 1900 (aged 82)
Feodosia, Taurida, Russian Empire
Resting placeSt. Sargis Armenian Church, Feodosia
EducationImperial Academy of Arts (1839)
Known forPainting, drawing
MovementLate Romanticism[2]
Spouses
  • Julia Graves
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1848; div. 1877)​
  • Anna Burnazian
    ​
    (m. 1882)​
Awards
See below
Aivazovsky's signature, 1850
Aivazovsky's signature in Armenian on oil painting from 1899

Following his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and lived briefly in Italy in the early 1840s. He then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the Russian Navy. Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the Russian Empire and often attended military maneuvers. He was sponsored by the state and was well-regarded during his lifetime. The saying "worthy of Aivazovsky's brush", popularized by Anton Chekhov, was used in Russia for describing something lovely. He remains highly popular in Russia in the 21st century.[4]

One of the most prominent Russian artists of his time, Aivazovsky was also popular outside Russian Empire. He held numerous solo exhibitions in Europe and the United States. During his almost 60-year career, he created around 6,000 paintings, making him one of the most prolific artists of his time.[5][6] The vast majority of his works are seascapes, but he often depicted battle scenes, Armenian themes, and portraiture. Most of Aivazovsky's works are kept in Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Turkish museums as well as private collections.

Life

 
A self-portrait, 1830s–1840s[7]

Background

Ivan Aivazovsky was born on 17 July (29 in New Style) 1817 in the city of Feodosia (Theodosia), Crimea, Russian Empire.[8] In the baptismal records of the local St. Sargis Armenian Apostolic Church, Aivazovsky was listed as Hovhannes, son of Gevorg Aivazian (Armenian: Գէորգ Այվազեանի որդի Յօհաննեսն).[3] During his study at the Imperial Academy of Arts, he was known in Russian as Ivan Gaivazovsky (Иванъ Гайвазовскій in the pre-1918 spelling).[9] He became known as Aivazovsky since c. 1840, while in Italy.[10] He signed an 1844 letter with an Italianized rendition of his name: "Giovani Aivazovsky".[11]

His father, Konstantin, (c. 1765–1840),[12] was an Armenian merchant from the Polish region of Galicia. His family had migrated to Europe from Western Armenia in the 18th century. After numerous familial conflicts, Konstantin left Galicia for Moldavia, later moving to Bukovina, before settling in Feodosia in the early 1800s.[13] He was initially known as Gevorg Aivazian (Haivazian or Haivazi), but he changed his last name to Gaivazovsky by adding the Slavic suffix "-sky". Aivazovsky's mother, Ripsime, was a Feodosia Armenian. The couple had five children—three daughters and two sons.[13] Aivazovsky's elder brother, Gabriel, was a prominent historian and an Armenian Apostolic archbishop.[14][15]

 
Aivazovsky in Italian costume, by Vasily Sternberg, 1842

Education

The young Aivazovsky received parochial education at Feodosia's St. Sargis Armenian Church.[16] He was taught drawing by Jacob Koch, a local architect. Aivazovsky moved to Simferopol with Taurida Governor Alexander Kaznacheyev's family in 1830 and attended the city's Russian gymnasium.[17] In 1833, Aivazovsky arrived in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Maxim Vorobiev's landscape class. In 1835, he was awarded with a silver medal and appointed assistant to the French painter Philippe Tanneur [fr].[18] In September 1836, Aivazovsky met Russia's national poet Alexander Pushkin during the latter's visit to the Academy.[19][20] In 1837, Aivazovsky joined the battle-painting class of Alexander Sauerweid and participated in Baltic Fleet exercises in the Gulf of Finland.[21] In October 1837, he graduated from the Imperial Academy of Arts with a gold medal, two years earlier than intended.[22][16][5] Aivazovsky returned to Feodosia in 1838 and spent two years in his native Crimea.[13][21] In 1839, he took part in military exercises in the shores of Crimea, where he met Russian admirals Mikhail Lazarev, Pavel Nakhimov and Vladimir Kornilov.[8][23]

First visit to Europe

 
Portrait of Aivazovsky by Alexey Tyranov, 1841

In 1840, Aivazovsky was sent by the Imperial Academy of Arts to study in Europe.[22][21] He first traveled to Venice via Berlin and Vienna and visited San Lazzaro degli Armeni, where an important Armenian Catholic congregation was located and his brother Gabriel lived at the time. Aivazovsky studied Armenian manuscripts and became familiar with Armenian art.[24] He met Russian novelist Nikolai Gogol in Venice. He then headed to Florence, Amalfi and Sorrento. In Florence, he met painter Alexander Ivanov.[21] He remained in Naples and Rome between 1840 and 1842. Aivazovsky was heavily influenced by Italian art and their museums became the "second academy" for him.[24] According to Rogachevsky the news of successful exhibitions in Italy reached Russia.[5] Pope Gregory XVI awarded him with a golden medal.[25] He then visited Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands and Britain. In an international exhibition at the Louvre, he was the only representative from Russia.[24] In France, he received a gold medal from the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. He then returned to Naples via Marseille and again visited Britain, Portugal, Spain, and Malta in 1843. Aivazovsky was admired throughout Europe.[23] He returned to Russia via Paris and Amsterdam in 1844.[23]

Return to Russia and first marriage

 
Photograph of Aivazovsky with his first wife, Julia, and their four daughters

Upon his return to Russia, Aivazovsky was made an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts and was appointed the "official artist of the Russian Navy to paint seascapes, coastal scenes and naval battles."[18][21] In 1845, Aivazovsky traveled to the Aegean Sea with Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and visited the Ottoman capital, Constantinople, and the Greek islands of Patmos and Rhodes.[21]

In 1845, Aivazovsky settled in his hometown of Feodosia, where he built a house and studio.[8][21] He isolated himself from the outside world, keeping a small circle of friends and relatives.[24] Yet the solitude played a negative role in his art career. By the mid-nineteenth century, Russian art was moving from Romanticism towards a distinct Russian style of Realism, while Aivazovsky continued to paint Romantic seascapes and attracted heavy criticism.[24]

In 1845 and 1846, Aivazovsky attended the maneuvers of the Black Sea Fleet and the Baltic Fleet at Petergof, near the imperial palace. In 1847, he was given the title of professor of seascape painting by the Imperial Academy of Arts and elevated to the rank of nobility. In the same year, he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[21]

In 1848, Aivazovsky married Julia Graves, an English governess. They had four daughters: Elena (1849), Maria (1851), Alexandra (1852) and Joanne (1858). They separated in 1860 and divorced in 1877 with permission from the Armenian Church, since Graves was a Lutheran.[21][26]

Rise to prominence

 
The vast majority of his works depict the sea. Pictured is an 1898 painting titled Among the Waves, Aivazovsky National Art Gallery, Feodosia

In 1851, traveling with the Russian emperor Nicholas I, Aivazovsky sailed to Sevastopol to participate in military maneuvers. His archaeological excavations near Feodosia lead to his election as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society in 1853. In that year, the Crimean War erupted between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and he was evacuated to Kharkiv. While safe, he returned to the besieged fortress of Sevastopol to paint battle scenes.[25] His work was exhibited in Sevastopol while it was under Ottoman siege.[25]

Between 1856 and 1857, Aivazovsky worked in Paris and became the first Russian[27] (and the first non-French) artist to receive the Legion of Honour. In 1857, Aivazovsky visited Constantinople and was awarded the Order of the Medjidie. In the same year, he was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Art Society. He was awarded the Greek Order of the Redeemer in 1859 and the Russian Order of St. Vladimir in 1865.[25]

Aivazovsky opened an art studio in Feodosia in 1865 and was awarded a salary by the Imperial Academy of Arts the same year.[21]

 
A photograph of Aivazovsky, 1870

Travels and accolades: 1860s–1880s

In the 1860s, the artist produced several paintings inspired by Greek nationalism and the Italian unification.[8][25] In 1868, he once again visited Constantinople and produced a series of works about the Greek resistance to the Turks, during the Great Cretan Revolution.[21] In 1868, Aivazovsky traveled in the Caucasus and visited the Russian part of Armenia for the first time. He painted several mountainous landscapes and in 1869 held an exhibition in Tiflis.[8] Later in the year, he made a trip to Egypt and took part in the opening ceremony of the Suez Canal. He became the "first artist to paint the Suez Canal, thus marking an epoch-making event in the history of Europe, Africa and Asia."[25][28]

In 1870, Aivazovsky was made an Actual Civil Councilor, the fourth highest civil rank in Russia.[21] In 1871, he initiated the construction of the archaeological museum in Feodosia.[25] In 1872, he traveled to Nice and Florence to exhibit his paintings.[25] In 1874, the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (Florence Academy of Fine Art) asked him for a self-portrait to be hung in the Uffizi Gallery.[29][30] The same year, Aivazovsky was invited to Constantinople by Sultan Abdülaziz who subsequently bestowed upon him the Turkish Order of Osmanieh.[21] In 1876, he was made a member of the Academy of Arts in Florence and became the second Russian artist (after Orest Kiprensky) to paint a self-portrait for the Palazzo Pitti.[24][25]

Aivazovsky was elected an honorary member of Stuttgart's Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1878. He made a trip to the Netherlands and France, staying briefly in Frankfurt until 1879. He then visited Munich and traveled to Genoa and Venice "to collect material on the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus."[25]

In 1880, Aivazovsky opened an art gallery in his Feodosia house; it became the third museum in the Russian Empire, after the Hermitage Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery.[24][25] Aivazovsky held an 1881 exhibition at London's Pall Mall, attended by English painter John Everett Millais and Edward VII, Prince of Wales.[21]

Second marriage and later life

 
Portrait of Aivazovsky by Dmitry Bolotov (1876)
 
Aivazovsky's painting of his second wife Anna Burnazian (1882)

Aivazovsky's second wife, Anna Burnazian, was a young Armenian widow 40 years his junior.[31] Aivazovsky said that by marrying her in 1882, he "became closer to [his] nation", referring to the Armenian people.[26] In 1882, Aivazovsky visited Moscow and St Petersburg and then toured the countryside of Russia by traveling along the Volga River in 1884.[21][25]

In 1885, he was promoted to the rank of Privy Councilor. The next year, the 50th anniversary of his creative labors, was celebrated with an exhibition in St Petersburg, and an honorary membership in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.[18][25]

In 1887, as part of a jubilee celebration of his career, Aivazovsky hosted a dinner for 150 friends. Each guest received a miniature painting by Aivazovsky set into a studio photograph of the artist at work.[32]

After meeting Aivazovsky in person, Anton Chekhov wrote a letter to his wife on 22 July 1888 describing him as follows:[33][34]

Aivazovsky himself is a hale and hearty old man of about seventy-five, looking like an insignificant Armenian and a bishop; he is full of a sense of his own importance, has soft hands and shakes your hand like a general. He's not very bright, but he is a complex personality, worthy of a further study. In him alone there are combined a general, a bishop, an artist, an Armenian, an naive old peasant, and an Othello.

 
The house in Feodosia, where Aivazovsky lived between 1845 and 1892. It is now an art gallery.

After traveling to Paris with his wife, in 1892 he made a trip to the United States, visiting Niagara Falls in New York and Washington D.C.[25] In 1896, at 79, Aivazovsky was promoted to the rank of full privy councillor.[21]

Aivazovsky was deeply affected by the Hamidian massacres that took place in the Armenian-inhabited areas of the Ottoman Empire between 1894 and 1896. He painted a number of works on the subject such as The Expulsion of the Turkish Ship, and The Armenian Massacres at Trebizond (1895). He threw the medals given to him by the Ottoman Sultan into the sea and told the Turkish consul in Feodosia: "Tell your bloodthirsty master that I've thrown away all the medals given to me, here are their ribbons, send it to him and if he wants, he can throw them into the seas painted by me."[35] He created several other paintings capturing the events, such as Lonely Ship and Night. Tragedy in the Sea of Marmara (1897).[36][37]

 
 
Tomb of Aivazovsky

He spent his final years in Feodosia. In the 1890s, thanks to his efforts a commercial port (ru) was established in Feodosia and linked to the railway network of the Russian Empire.[31][38] The railway station, opened in 1892, is now called Ayvazovskaya [ru] and is one of the two stations within the city of Feodosia. Aivazovsky also supplied Feodosia with drinking water.[39][40]

Death

Aivazovsky died on 19 April (2 May in New Style) 1900 in Feodosia.[25] In accordance with his wishes, he was buried at the courtyard of St. Sargis Armenian Church.[41] A white marble sarcophagus was made by Italian sculptor L. Biogiolli in 1901.[42] A quote from Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia in Classical Armenian is engraved on his tombstone: Mahkanatsu tsneal anmah ziurn yishatak yetogh (Մահկանացու ծնեալ անմահ զիւրն յիշատակ եթող),[43] which translates: "He was born a mortal, left an immortal legacy"[41] or "Born as a mortal, left the immortal memory of himself".[44] The inscription beneath reads: "Professor Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817–1900" (Профессоръ Иванъ Константиновичъ АЙВАЗОВСКIЙ 1817–1900).

After his death, his wife Anna led a generally secluded life, living in several rooms she had retained after nationalization, until 1941.[45] She died on 25 July 1944 and was buried next to Aivazovsky.[31] Two of his daughters (Maria and Alexandra) left Russia following the Revolution of 1917, while the other two died shortly thereafter: Yelena in 1918 and Zhanna in 1922.[45]

Art

 
The Ninth Wave (1850, Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg) is considered Aivazovsky's most famous work.[46][47][48]

During his 60-year career, Aivazovsky produced around 6,000 paintings[18][25][49] of, what one online art magazine describes, "very different value ... there are masterpieces and there are very timid works".[50] However, according to one count as many as 20,000 paintings are attributed to him.[51] The vast majority of Aivazovsky's works depict the sea.[52] He rarely drew dry-landscapes and created only a handful of portraits.[50] According to Rosa Newmarch Aivazovsky "never painted his pictures from nature, always from memory, and far away from the seaboard."[53] Rogachevsky wrote that "His artistic memory was legendary. He was able to reproduce what he had seen only for a very short time, without even drawing preliminary sketches."[25] Bolton praised "his ability to convey the effect of moving water and of reflected sun and moonlight."[22]

Exhibitions

He held 55 solo exhibitions (an unprecedented number)[54] over the course of his career. Among the most notable were held in Rome, Naples and Venice (1841–42), Paris (1843, 1890), Amsterdam (1844), Moscow (1848, 1851, 1886), Sevastopol (1854), Tiflis (1868), Florence (1874), St. Petersburg (1875, 1877, 1886, 1891), Frankfurt (1879), Stuttgart (1879), London (1881), Berlin (1885, 1890), Warsaw (1885), Constantinople (1888), New York (1893), Chicago (1893), San Francisco (1893).[21]

He also "contributed to the exhibitions of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1836–1900), Paris Salon (1843, 1879), Society of Exhibitions of Works of Art (1876–83), Moscow Society of Lovers of the Arts (1880), Pan-Russian Exhibitions in Moscow (1882) and Nizhny Novgorod (1896), World Exhibitions in Paris (1855, 1867, 1878), London (1863), Munich (1879) and Chicago (1893) and the international exhibitions in Philadelphia (1876), Munich (1879) and Berlin (1896)."[21]

 
Stormy Sea at Night, 1849, Pavlovsk Palace, Saint Petersburg

Style

A primarily Romantic painter, Aivazovsky used some Realistic elements.[55] Leek argued that Aivazovsky remained faithful to Romanticism throughout his life, "even though he oriented his work toward the Realist genre."[5] His early works are influenced by his Academy of Arts teachers Maxim Vorobiev and Sylvester Shchedrin.[18] Classic painters like Salvator Rosa, Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael and Claude Lorrain contributed to Aivazovsky's individual process and style.[8] Karl Bryullov, best known for his The Last Day of Pompeii, "played an important part in stimulating Aivazovsky's own creative development," according to Bolton.[22][18] Aivazovsky's best paintings in the 1840s–1850s used a variety of colors and were both epic and romantic in theme.[8] Newmarch suggested that by the mid-19th century the romantic features in Aivazovsky’'s work became "increasingly pronounced."[50] She, like most scholars, considered his Ninth Wave his best piece of art and argued that it "seems to mark the transition between fantastic color of his earlier works, and the more truthful vision of the later years."[56] By the 1870s, his paintings were dominated by delicate colors; and in the last two decades of his life, Aivazovsky created a series of silver-toned seascapes.[8]

The distinct transition in Russian art from Romanticism to Realism in the mid-nineteenth century left Aivazovsky, who would always retain a Romantic style, open to criticism. Proposed reasons for his unwillingness or inability to change began with his location; Feodosia was a remote town in the huge Russian empire, far from Moscow and Saint Petersburg. His mindset and worldview were similarly considered old-fashioned and did not correspond to the developments in Russian art and culture.[24] Vladimir Stasov only accepted his early works, while Alexandre Benois wrote in his The History of Russian Painting in the 19th Century that despite being Vorobiev's student, Aivazovsky stood apart from the general development of the Russian landscape school.[24]

Aivazovsky's later work contained dramatic scenes and was usually done on a larger scale. He depicted "the romantic struggle between man and the elements in the form of the sea (The Rainbow, 1873), and so-called "blue marines" (The Bay of Naples in Early Morning, 1897, Disaster, 1898) and urban landscapes (Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus, 1894)."[18]

Works

Landscapes

  •  

    View of a Fountain and Peterhof Palace (1837)

  •  

    Azure Grotto, Naples (1841)

  •  

    The Galata Tower by Moonlight (1845)

  •  

    View of Constantinople, with the Nusretiye Mosque (1856)

  •  

    Landscape with Settlers (1856)

  •  

    From Mleta to Gudauri (1868)

  •  

    View of Tiflis from Seid-Abaz (1868)

  •  

    Moscow in Winter from the Sparrow Hills (1872)

Seascapes

Religious paintings

  •  

    Chaos (1841)

  •  

    Jesus walking on water (1888)

  •  

    Jesus walking on water (1890)

  •  

    Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea (1891)

Orientalist themes

Armenian themes

Aivazovsky's early works incorporated Armenian themes. The artist's longstanding wish to visit his ancestral homeland was fulfilled in 1868. During his visit to Russian (Eastern) Armenia (roughly corresponding to the modern Armenia, as opposed to Western Armenia under Ottoman rule), Aivazovsky created paintings of Mount Ararat, the Ararat plain, and Lake Sevan. Although Mt. Ararat has been depicted in paintings of many non-native artists (mostly European travelers), Aivazovsky became the first Armenian artist to illustrate the two-peaked biblical mountain.[57][24]

He resumed the creation of Armenian-related paintings in the 1880s: Valley of Mount Ararat (1882), Ararat (1887), Descent of Noah from Ararat (1889).[57] The unique Valley of Mount Ararat contains Aivazovksy's signature in Armenian: "Aivazian" (Այվազեան).[57][26] In a panorama of Venice expressed by Byron's Visit to the Mekhitarists on St Lazarus Island in Venice (1898); the foreground of the picture contains members of the Armenian Congregation giving an enthusiastic welcome to the poet.[58]

His other themed works from this period include rare portraits of notable Armenians, such as his brother Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky (1882), Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov (1888), Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian (1895), Nakhichevan-on-Don Mayor Аrutyun Khalabyan and others.[57][24]

The Baptism of Armenians and Oath Before the Battle of Avarayr (both 1892) depict the two single most memorable events of ancient Armenia: the Christianization of Armenia via baptism of King Tiridates III (early 4th century), and the Battle of Avarayr of 451.[24]

Aivazovsky and archaeology

 
The Museum of Antiquities founded by Aivazovsky in Feodosia

Aivazovsky took an interest in archaeology since the 1850s. He employed farmers to conduct archaeological excavations in the Feodosia area. In 1853 some 22 burial mounds were excavated on Mount Tepe-Oba, which mostly contained broken amphorae and bones, but also golden necklaces, earrings, a female head, a chain with a sphinx, a sphinx with woman's head, the head of an ox, slabs; silver bracelets; clay statuettes, medallions, various vessels, a sarcophagus; silver and bronze coins. The site has been dated to the 5th to 3rd centuries BC when there was an ancient Greek settlement of Theodosia. The best finds were sent by Aivazovsky to the Imperial Hermitage in Petersburg.[61] In 1871 he founded the construction of a new Museum of Antiquities on Mount Mitridat modeled after a typical Ancient Greek temple of the Doric order. It was destroyed during World War II.[61]

Aivazovsky's estates

 
Aivazovsky's Shakh-Mamai estate in the 1890s

Aivazovsky was a major landowner with numerous estates in eastern Crimea, mostly in the vicinity of Feodosia. These estates delivered him significant income; more than the sale of his paintings. His earliest major estate, bestowed by the Emperor in 1848 along with a personal noble title, was the one at Shakh-Mamai (now called Ayvazovskoye [ru]). Located some 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Feodosia, it initially covered an area of 2,500 diasiatins (around 2,725 hectares (6,730 acres)). The estate had an Eastern-style house, and one of its most prominent visitors, Anton Chekhov, wrote that "It is an extravagant, fairy-tale estate of the kind you must probably find in Persia." By the end of his life, the estate had grown to include some 6,000 diasiatins of land, a dairy farm, and a steam-powered mill.[45]

The second major estate, located in Subash (now Zolotoy Klyuch), contained some 2,500 diasiatins of land. The site contained several natural springs, which Aivazovsky acquired in 1852 from the Lansky family. The latter also sold Aivazovsky 2,362 diasiatins of land. Later, Aivazovsky supplied Feodosia with water from Subash. In both estates, vegetables were grown. He had small estates in Romash-Eli (now Romanovka), with 338 diasiatins of land covered with orchards, and the Sudak Valley, with 12 diasiatins of vineyard, along with a dacha (summer house).[45]

In Feodosia, Aivazovsky possessed a house and a vineyard. He also owned houses elsewhere in Crimea, such as Stary Krym and Yalta. The estates inherited by his heirs were lost in the early Soviet period when they were nationalized.[45]

Influence

Aivazovsky was the most influential seascape painter in nineteenth-century Russian art.[18] According to the Russian Museum, "he was the first and for a long time the only representative of seascape painting" and "all other artists who painted seascapes were either his own students or influenced by him."[54]

Arkhip Kuindzhi (1842–1910) is sometimes cited as having been influenced by Aivazovsky.[62] In 1855, at age 13–14, Kuindzhi visited Feodosia to study with Aivazovsky, however, he was engaged merely to mix paints[63] and instead studied with Adolf Fessler, Aivazovsky's student.[64] A 1903 encyclopedic article stated: "Although Kuindzhi cannot be called a student of Aivazovsky, the latter had without doubt some influence on him in the first period of his activity; from whom he borrowed much in the manner of painting."[65] English art historian John E. Bowlt wrote that "the elemental sense of light and form associated with Aivazovsky's sunsets, storms, and surging oceans permanently influenced the young Kuindzhi."[63]

Vartan Makhokhian, an Trabzon-born Armenian painter, who was later based in France, met Aivazovsky in Crimea in 1894. The latter had a major influence on his work.[66] Aivazovsky also influenced Russian painters Lev Lagorio, Mikhail Latri [ru], and Aleksey Ganzen [ru] (the latter two were his grandsons).[27]

Recognition

Ivan Aivazovsky is one of the few Russian artists to achieve wide recognition during his lifetime.[68] He is considered one of the most prominent marine artists of the 19th century,[71] and, overall, one of the greatest marine artists in Russia and the world.[76] Aivazovsky was also one of the few Russian artists to become famous outside Russia.[80] In 1898, Munsey's Magazine wrote that Aivazovsky is "better known to the world at large than any other artist of his nationality, with the exception of the sensational Verestchagin".[81] However, Aivazovsky has not been incorporated into the mainstream Western history of art[82] and he remains relatively unknown in the West.[38] Souren Melikian described Aivazovsky as "highly academic."[83]

 
Six Aivazovsky paintings displayed at the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg
 
Wave (1889), one of the paintings exhibited

In Russia

In 1890 the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary described him as the "best Russian marine painter".[84] He was praised by contemporary artists Ivan Kramskoi,[7][61] Alexandre Benois,[54] and the novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky.[85] In nineteenth-century Russia, his name became a synonym for art and beauty. The phrase "worthy of Aivazovsky's brush" was the standard way of describing something ineffably lovely. It was first used by Anton Chekhov in his 1897 play Uncle Vanya.[33] In response to Marina Timofeevna's (the old nurse) query about the fight between Ivan Voynitsky ("Uncle Vanya") and Aleksandr Serebryakov, Ilya Telegin says that it was "A sight[b] worthy of Aivazovsky's brush."[c]

A street in Moscow [ru] was named after Aivazovsky in 1978.[90] His first and only statue in Russia was erected in 2007 in Kronstadt, near Saint Petersburg.[91] The Simferopol International Airport in Crimea, after Russian annexation, was voted to be named after Aivazovsky in 2018.[92] It was officially renamed according to a decree signed by President Vladimir Putin on 31 May 2019, and ceremonially renamed on Russia Day (12 June).[93][94]

In a July 2017 poll conducted by the VTsIOM Aivazovsky ranked first as the most favorite artist of Russians, with 27% of respondents naming him as their favorite, ahead of Ivan Shishkin (26%) and Ilya Repin (16%). Overall, 93% of respondents said they were familiar with his name (26% knew him well, 67% have heard his name) and 63% of those who know him said they liked his works, including 80% of those 60 or older and 35% of 18 to 24 year olds.[95][4][96]

In Armenia

 
The statue of Aivazovsky in central Yerevan, Armenia, was erected in 2003.[97][98]

In Armenia, Aivazovsky has been considered an Armenian painter[24] and exclusievly referred to by his Armenian name, Hovhannes.[99][d] He has been described as the "most remarkable" Armenian painter of the 19th century and the first-ever Armenian marine painter.[6][102] He signed some of his paintings and letters in Armenian.[103][e]

He was born outside Armenia, and like his contemporary Armenian painters,[f] Aivazovsky drew primary influences from European and Russian schools of art. According to Sureniants, he sought to create a union which would have brought together all Armenian artists around the world.[24] The prominent Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan wrote a short poem titled "In Front of an Aiazovsky painting" in 1893, inspired by a seascape.[104] It was translated into English in 1917 by Alice Stone Blackwell.[105]

As early as 1876, a sea painting by Aivazovsky was hanging at the residence of the Catholicos at the monastery of Etchmiadzin, the center of the Armenian Church.[106] The National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan holds around 100 works of Aivazovsky, including 65 paintings.[107] Several paintings from the National Gallery now hang in the Presidential Palace in Yerevan.[108] A bust of Aivazovsky was erected in Stepanakert, the center of Nagorno-Karabakh, in December 2021.[109]

Elsewhere

 
A bust of Aivazovsky at the Melkonian Educational Institute in Nicosia, Cyprus

Aivazovsky's paintings were popular in the Ottoman imperial court during the 19th century.[110] According to Hürriyet Daily News, as of 2014, 30 paintings of Aivazovsky are on display in museums in Turkey.[111] According to Bülent Özükan [tr], an organizer of an Aivazovsky exhibition in Istanbul, there are 60 Aivazovsky paintings in Turkey, including 41 in Turkish public institutions: 21 in former Ottoman palaces, 10 in various marine and military museums, 10 at the presidential residence, and 10 in private collections in Istanbul.[112] In 2007, when Abdullah Gül became president of Turkey, he brought paintings by Aivazovsky up from the basement to hang in his office during redecoration of the presidential palace, the Çankaya Mansion in Ankara.[113] Pictures of official meetings of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the new Presidential Complex in Ankara show that the walls of the rooms at the presidential residence are decorated with Aivazovsky's artwork.[112][114]

In Ukraine, he is sometimes considered a Ukrainian painter.[115] He was included in a 2001 book titled 100 Greatest Ukrainians.[116] In a 2012 poll in Ukraine, Aivazovsky placed 67 in the list of greatest Ukrainians of all time, receiving the same points as Olha Kobylianska, Ani Lorak, Marko Vovchok, Yevhen Konovalets (they were named by 0.3% of respondents as one of the three greatest Ukrainians).[117] An alley in Kyiv (Провулок Айвазовського) was named after him in 1939. In 1999 a statue of Aivazovsky and his brother Gabriel was erected in Simferopol, Crimea's administrative center.[118] In June 2017 Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko claimed that Aivazovsky is "part of Ukrainian heritage."[119][120] Russian media accused him of appropriation of Aivazovsky.[121][122] Works by Aivazovsky, among others, were presumably destroyed when an airstrike hit the Kuindzhi Art Museum in Mariupol during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022.[123]

Legacy

 
Aivazovsky's monument in front of his house (now an art gallery) in Feodosia
 
Aivazovsky on a 20,000 Armenian dram banknote[124]

Aivazovsky's house in Feodosia, where he had founded an art museum in 1880, is open to this day as the Aivazovsky National Art Gallery. It remains a central attraction in the city[38] and holds the world's largest collections (417) of Aivazovsky paintings.[31] A statue of the artist, by Ilya Ginzburg, was erected in front of the museum in 1930.[125]

Posthumous honors

The Soviet Union (1950), Romania (1971),[126] Armenia (first in 1992),[127] Russia (first in 1995),[128] Ukraine (1999),[129] and other countries have issued postage stamps depicting Aivazovsky or his works.[126] The minor planet 3787 Aivazovskij, named after Aivazovsky, was discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1977.[130]

In 2016 and 2017 the 200th anniversary of Aivazovsky was celebrated with major exhibitions in Russia, Ukraine, and Armenia. An exhibition featuring 120 paintings and 55 etchings of Aivazovsky was held at the Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val in Moscow from 29 July to 20 November 2016 dedicated to his 200th anniversary of birth.[131][132] In the first 2 weeks, the exhibition had around 55,000 visitors, a record number.[133] 38 of the works were moved from the Aivazovsky Art Gallery in Feodosia, which prompted Ukraine to call for an international boycott of the Tretyakov Gallery as it considers Crimea an occupied territory.[134] Exhibitions were also held at the National Art Museum of Ukraine in Kiev,[135] and the National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan.[136]

Aivazovsky is depicted on the 20,000 Armenian dram banknotes issued in 2018.[124]

Auctions

Aivazovsky's paintings began appearing in auctions (mostly in London) in the early 2000s. Many of his works are being bought by Russian oligarchs.[137] His works have risen steadily in auction value.[138] In 2004, his Saint Isaac's Cathedral On A Frosty Day, a rare cityscape, sold for around £1 million ($2.1 million).[139][140] In 2006 The Varangians on the Dnieper sold for $3.2 million at Sotheby's.[141] In 2007 his painting American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar auctioned at £2.71 million, "more than four times its top estimate".[142] In April 2012, his 1856 work View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus was sold at Sotheby's for a record $5.2 million (£3.2 million),[143] a tenfold increase since it was last at an auction in 1995.[144] In 2020 his 1878 painting The Bay of Naples sold for $2.8 million, a record for a painting at an online-only auction.[145]

Stolen paintings

In January 2011 a number of paintings, including those of Aivazovsky, were stolen from the country house of Aleksandr Tarantsev, an owner of a chain of jewelry stores in Russia, outside Moscow.[146][147] In 2017 it was reported that a fake of one of the paintings stolen from Tarantsev's house was presented to Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan by the Pyunik foundation.[148][149]

In February 2011 an 1875 Aivazovsky painting A Storm on Rocky Shores was discovered at a Moscow auction after having been stolen from Armenia in 1990.[150] It was returned to Armenia's National Gallery by the Armenian-born Russian Senator Oganes Oganyan [ru] (Hovhannes Ohanyan), its last owner.[107][151]

In June 2015 Sotheby's withdrew from auction an 1870 Aivazovsky painting Evening in Cairo, which was estimated at £1.5–2 million ($2–$3 million), after the Russian Interior Ministry claimed that it was stolen in 1997 from a private collection in Moscow.[152][153] In 2017 View on Revel (1845), stolen from the Dmitrov Kremlin Museum [ru] in 1976, was found at the Koller Auktionen [de] in Zürich, Switzerland.[154]

According to the Ukrainian authorities, some original works by Aivazovsky were taken by Russia from Mariupol museums to Russian-controlled Donetsk during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[155]

Awards

Ranks

Russian Table of Ranks:[21]

  • 1870 – Actual Civil Councilor (Действительный статский советник)
  • 1885 – Privy Councilor (Тайный советник)
  • 1896 – Actual Privy Councilor (Действительный тайный советник)

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Armenian: Յովհաննէս Այվազեան in classical spelling and Հովհաննես Այվազյան in reformed spelling. His name was given as Յօհաննես Այվազեան, Yohannes Aivazian in baptismal records.[3]
  2. ^ Alternatively translated as "scene",[86] "subject",[87] or "picture".[88]
  3. ^ Сюжет, достойный кисти Айвазовского; Syuzhet, dostoyniy kisti Ayvazovskovo[89]
  4. ^ Virtually all Armenian, some Russian[100] and English[6] sources, refer to him by that name: Hovhannes Ayvazovski (Armenian: Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի; Russian: Ован(н)ес Айвазовский, Ovan(n)es Aivazovsky)[7][101]
  5. ^ For instance, his signatures in both Armenian (Այվազեան, Ayvazean) and Russian (Айвазовскій, Ayvazovskiy) appear on Valley of Mount Ararat (1882).[10]
  6. ^ such as Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Panos Terlemezian, and Vardges Sureniants
  7. ^ a b Aivazovsky threw his Ottoman medals into the sea in protest of the Hamidian massacres.[35]

Citations

  1. ^ Markina, Lyudmila (2017). . Tretyakov Gallery Magazine. 54 (1). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020.
  2. ^ . Kommersant (in Russian). No. 137. 30 July 2016. p. 4. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Это художник, который считается поздним романтиком.
  3. ^ a b Harutiunian 1965, p. 89.
  4. ^ a b . TASS. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e Leek 2012, p. 178.
  6. ^ a b c Lang, David Marshall (1970). Armenia: Cradle of Civilization (1st ed.). London: Allen & Unwin. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-04-956007-9.
  7. ^ a b c (in Russian). Kommersant Papers. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Ghazarian 1974, pp. 350–351
  9. ^ Petrov, Pyotr (1887). Указатель к Сборнику матеріалов для исторіи Императорской С.-Петербургской Академіи художеств за сто лѣт ея существованія [Index to the collection of materials for the history of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Arts for 100 years of its existence] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: M. M. Stasulevich. p. 51.
  10. ^ a b Harutiunian 1965, p. 93.
  11. ^ . Christie's. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021.
  12. ^ Mikaelian 1991, p. 69.
  13. ^ a b c Sarkssian 1963, p. 25.
  14. ^ Donenko, Nikolay (2007). Православные монастыри: Симферопольская и Крымская епархия Украинской православной церкви Московского патриархата (in Russian). Sonat. p. 82. О нем писал армянский епископ Гавриил (Айвазовский), брат выдающегося художника- мариниста...
  15. ^ . Asbarez. 23 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. The great seascape painter Ivan Aivazovsky (Hovhannes Aivazian)–while visiting his brother Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky–immortalized the Island and the Venetian lagoon in numerous magnificent paintings.
  16. ^ a b Mikaelian 1991, p. 59.
  17. ^ Bobkov, V. V. (2010). (PDF) (in Russian). Simferopol: Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University: 39–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i . Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  19. ^ Briggs, A.D.P., ed. (1999). Alexander Pushkin: a celebration of Russia's best-loved writer. London: Hazar Publishing. p. 219. ISBN 1-874371-14-8.
  20. ^ (PDF). Sotheby's. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t . RusArtNet.com The Premier Site for Russian Culture. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  22. ^ a b c d Bolton 2010, p. 140.
  23. ^ a b c Bolton 2010, p. 141.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Khachatrian "The Sea Poet"
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Rogachevsky, Alexander. . Tufts University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  26. ^ a b c Mikaelian 1991, p. 63.
  27. ^ a b Gomtsyan, Natalia (11 September 2015). . Golos Armenii (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 May 2021.
  28. ^ Shaljyan, Emma (March 2012). . Hye Sahrzoom, Armenian Studies Program California State University, Fresno. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014. Aivazovsky, in fact, was the first painter to paint the Suez Canal.
  29. ^ a b (PDF). Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013. Ivan Aivazovsky was the best known Russian painter of seascapes.
  30. ^ Bird, Alan (1987). A history of Russian painting. Boston: G.K. Hall. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8161-8911-3.
  31. ^ a b c d Obukhovska, Liudmyla (7 August 2012). . The Day (Kyiv). Archived from the original on 7 March 2022.
  32. ^ Ivan Constantinovich Aivasovski, The Met Museum
  33. ^ a b Karlinsky, Simon (1999). Anton Chekhov's Life and Thought: Selected Letters and Commentary. Heim, Michael Henry; Karlinsky, Simon (2nd ed.). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. pp. 310–311. ISBN 0-8101-1460-7.
  34. ^ Vasyanin, Andrey (10 August 2016). . Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian) (178). Archived from the original on 3 November 2020.
  35. ^ a b Harutiunian 1965, pp. 90–91: "Բռնակալության դեմ ի նշան բողոքի, նա բոլոր շքանշանները նետում է ծովը և ապա երիտասարդի աշխուժությամբ դնում է թուրքական հյուպատոսի մոտ ու զայրացած ասում. «Արյունակզակ տիրոջդ ինձի տված պատվանշանները ծովր նետեցի, ահավասիկ անոնց ժապավենները, իրեն ղրկել եթե կուզե թող ինքն ալ իմ պատկերներս ծովը նետե, բայց հոդս չէ, վասն զի անոնց փոխարժեքը ստացուած եմ»։ Ու կը մեկնի։
  36. ^ Koorghinian 1967, p. 190.
  37. ^ Sarkssian 1963, p. 31.
  38. ^ a b c d Whitmore, Janet. . Rehs Galleries. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021.
  39. ^ Novouspensky, Nikolay. . artsstudio.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.
  40. ^ (in Russian). Russia-K. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Благодаря ему в Феодосии был создан водопровод, построены морской торговый порт, железная дорога, возведено здание археологического музея и многое другое.
  41. ^ a b c . Art Renewal Center. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. One of the greatest seascape painters of his time, Aivazovsky conveyed the movement of the waves, the transparent water, the dialogue between sea and sky with virtuoso skill and tangible verisimilitude.
  42. ^ Yefremova, Svetlana (24 July 2008). Оставил о себе бессмертную память. Respublika Krym (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  43. ^ (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  44. ^ Minasyan, Artavazd M.; Gevorkyan, Aleksadr V. (2008). How Did I Survive?. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-84718-601-0. OCLC 318443997. Aivazovsky, Ivan Konstantionvich (real name: Hovannes Gevorgovich Aivazyan) (1817–1900) – grand Russian artist-painter of seascapes, ethnic Armenian. Aside from his artwork, I.A. was also known for his valuable contributions to the developments of the Russian and Armenian cultures of the 19th century. He lived and worked in Feodosia, Crimea. He was buried there according to his will. A sign on his tombstone, written in ancient Armenian, has a quote from the 5th century "History of Armenia" by Moses Khorenatsi says: "Born as a mortal, left the immortal memory of himself."
  45. ^ a b c d e Pogrebetskaya, Irina (2017). . Tretyakov Gallery Magazine. Tretyakov Gallery. 54 (1). Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Originally published in Pogrebetskaya, I.M. 'Aivazovsky's Estates and Lands' // Materials of research conference "Ivan Aivazovsky's Artistic Heritage and Traditions", dedicated to the centenary of Aivazovsky's death and the 120th anniversary of the Gallery inauguration. Aivazovsky Picture Gallery, Feodosia, 2000. pp. 28–33
  46. ^ . Hermitage Museum. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  47. ^ Mitrevski, George. . Auburn University. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Detail from "The Ninth Wave" "The Ninth Wave," painted in 1850, is Aivazovsky's most famous work and is an archetypal image for the artist.
  48. ^ Amirzyanova, Guzel (28 July 2013). . Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Бесспорно, популярнейшей картиной мариниста является «Девятый вал» (1850 г.), сейчас это полотно хранится в Русском музее. Пожалуй, в нем сильнее всего передана романтическая натура художника.
  49. ^ Sarkssian 1963, p. 26.
  50. ^ a b c . The Athenaeum: Interactive Humanities Online. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  51. ^ Nechayev, Sergey (25 July 2015). . Sovershenno sekretno (in Russian). Vol. 26, no. 355. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Считается, что кисти Айвазовского принадлежит более 6000 полотен. А приписывают ему и того больше – около 20 000 картин.
  52. ^ Leek 2012, pp. 178–180.
  53. ^ Newmarch 1917, p. 192.
  54. ^ a b c . Russian Museum. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  55. ^ Koorghinian 1967, p. 189.
  56. ^ Newmarch 1917, p. 191.
  57. ^ a b c d Sarkssian 1963, p. 28.
  58. ^ Cardwell 2005, p. 402.
  59. ^ (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022.
  60. ^ (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  61. ^ a b c Losev, Dmitry (2017). . Tretyakov Gallery Magazine. Tretyakov Gallery. 54 (1). Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  62. ^ (in Russian). Krugosvet. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Испытал особое влияние И.К.Айвазовского.
  63. ^ a b Bowlt, John E. (1975). "A Russian Luminist School? Arkhip Kuindzhi's "Red Sunset on the Dnepr"". Metropolitan Museum Journal. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10: 123–125. doi:10.2307/1512704. JSTOR 1512704. S2CID 192949837.
  64. ^ Manin, Vitaly (2000). Архип Куинджи (in Russian). Moskva: Belyĭ gorod. p. 6. ISBN 978-5-7793-0219-7. в Феодосию к знаменитому Айвазовскому. Куинджи прибыл в тихую Феодосию, по-видимому, летом 1855 года. ... Устройством Куинджи занялся Адольф Фесслер, ученик и копиист Айвазовского. Жил Архип во дворе под навесом в ...
  65. ^ "Куинджи Архип Иванович". Russian Biographical Dictionary (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Imperial Russian Historical Society. 1903. Хотя Куинджи и нельзя назвать учеником Айвазовского, но последний имел на него, несомненно, некоторое влияние в первый период его деятельности; от него он заимствовал многое в манере писать, в выборе тем, в любви к широким пространствам. online view
  66. ^ . gallery.am (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
  67. ^ According to Aleksey Savinov, an art expert at the Pushkin Museum, see Smirnov, Dmitriy (9 April 2009). . Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Он был знаменит еще при жизни, он был любимым художником Николая II.
    He [Aivazovsky] was famous during his lifetime, he was the favorite artist of Nicholas II.
  68. ^ [18][5][67]
  69. ^ . Christie's. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Lauded by many as the greatest maritime artist of his time, Aivazovsky's genius lay above all in his capacity for capturing light.
  70. ^ Chekhonin, O.; Chekhonina, Svetlana; Matafonov, Vadim Stepanovich; Ivashevskaya, Galina (2003). Three centuries of Russian painting (2nd ed.). St. Petersburg: Kitezh Art Publishers. ISBN 978-5-86263-019-0. The traditions of the genre were brilliantly developed by Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900), the most popular artist of the 19th century.
  71. ^ [41][69][70]
  72. ^ . Paul Fraser Collectibles. 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Aivazovsky (1817–1900) is widely regarded as one of the greatest seascape artists in history...
  73. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1970). Armenia: Cradle of Civilization. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 245. Aivazovsky is one of the world's most thrilling masters of the marine picture...
  74. ^ . The State Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2013. Aivazovsky was the best known and most celebrated Russian artist of marine paintings.
  75. ^ Bowater, Marina (1990). Collecting Russian art & antiques. Hippocrene Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-87052-897-2. I. Aivazovsky (1817–1900), the greatest Russian land- and waterscapist — best known for his renderings of the Black Sea.
  76. ^ [29][72][73][74][75]
  77. ^ . Izvestia (in Russian). 17 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. В XIX веке Айвазовский, создавший за свою долгую творческую жизнь около 6 тысяч работ, пользовался огромной популярностью не только в России. Его имя было прекрасно известно любителям живописи в Европе и за океаном.
    In the nineteenth century, Aivazovsky, who created about 6 thousand works for his long creative life, was very popular not only in Russia. His name was well known to art lovers in Europe and across the ocean.
  78. ^ Newmarch 1917, pp. 193–194: "one of the few Russian artists whose talent was generally recognized abroad."
  79. ^ An 1892 The New York Times article describes him as a "celebrated Russian marine painter"; see "Literary and Art Notes" (PDF). New York Times. 3 July 1892.
  80. ^ [77][78][79]
  81. ^ "Artists and Their Work". Munsey's Magazine. New York: Frank Munsey. XVIII (4): 488. January 1898.
  82. ^ Blakesley, Rosalind P. (2003). "Reviewed Work: Seas, Cities and Dreams: The Paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky by Gianni Caffiero, Ivan Samarine, Ivan Aivazovsky". The Slavonic and East European Review. 81 (3): 548–549. JSTOR 4213759.
  83. ^ Melikian, Souren (7 August 2004). "Bursts of creativity on the Russian plain". The New York Times.
  84. ^ "Айвазовский". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume I (in Russian). 1890. pp. 242–243.
  85. ^ Kalugina, Natalya (2017). . Tretyakov Gallery Magazine. 54 (1). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021.
  86. ^ Chekhov, Anton (2010). "Act Four". Five Plays. Brodskaya, Marina (translator). Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7574-8.
  87. ^ Frayn, Michael (1988). Plays. Methuen Publishing. p. 361.
  88. ^ "Soviet Literature" (7–12). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House: 575. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  89. ^ (in Russian). Russian Educational Portal, Russian Ministry of Education and Science. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  90. ^ улица Айвазовского (in Russian). Informative Site of the City of Moscow. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  91. ^ "В Кронштадте откроют первый в России памятник Ивану Айвазовскому [First statue of Ivan Aivazovsky in Russia to be opened in Kronstadt" (in Russian). Channel One Russia. 15 September 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  92. ^ Koteneva, Olga (1 December 2018). . Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 January 2021.
  93. ^ "Putin signs executive order on naming Simferopol airport after Hovhannes Aivazovsky". Armenpress. 31 May 2019.
  94. ^ (in Russian). 1tv.ru. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019.
  95. ^ . wciom.ru (in Russian). Russian Public Opinion Research Center. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021.
  96. ^ (in Russian). Interfax. 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021.
  97. ^ Keshishyan, A. (2 May 2003). . Aravot (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2019.
  98. ^ (in Armenian). Armenpress. 1 May 2003. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018.
  99. ^ Mahdesian, Arshag D., ed. (1915). "Hovannes Aivazovsky (A Biographical Sketch)". The New Armenia. New York: New Armenia Publishing Company. 8: 362–363.
  100. ^ The State Russian Museum, where many of his works are located, published an album in 2000 titled "Hovhannes Aivazovsky"; see . The State Russian Museum. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  101. ^ "1991–2011 – Национальная галерея Армении [1991–2011 National Gallery of Armenia]" (in Russian). National Gallery of Armenia. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  102. ^ Sarkissian 1967, p. 70.
  103. ^ Adamian 1958, p. 89.
  104. ^ Tumanyan, Hovhannes (1893), Այվազովսկու նկարի առջև (In front of Aiazovsky's painting) (in Armenian). Reproduced in Հովհաննես Թումանյան Երկերի Լիակատար Ժողովածու. Հատոր Առաջին. Քննադատություն և Հրապարակախոսություն 1887–1912 [Anthology of Hovhannes Tumanyan Volume 1: Criticism and Oration 1887–1912] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian National Academy of Sciences. 1994. p. 139.
  105. ^ Blackwell, Alice Stone (1917). Armenian Poems. Boston: Atlantic Printing Company. p. 187.
  106. ^ Telfer, J. Buchan (1876). The Crimea and Transcaucasia, being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban, in Gouria, Georgia, Armenia, Ossety, Imeritia, Swannety, and Mingrelia, and in the Tauric Range. Volume I. London: Henry S. King & Co. p. 228. ...on its walls a series of portraits of kinds and warriors, a sea-piece by the marine painter Aivazoffsky...
  107. ^ a b . Armenpress. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022.
  108. ^ "Demonstration Areas". president.am. Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia.
  109. ^ "The bust of Hovhannes Aivazovsky erected in the capital". Artsakhpress.am. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  110. ^ İnci Kuyulu Ersoy (April 2005). . Sanat Tarihi Dergisi (in Turkish). Ege University. 14 (1): 193–204. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  111. ^ . Hürriyet Daily News. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  112. ^ a b . tgme.org. The Greater Middle East. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021.
  113. ^ Marchand, Laure; Perrier, Guillaume (2015). Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7735-4549-6.
  114. ^ Abramson, Scott (28 July 2017). . Asbarez. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020.
  115. ^ . Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 1984. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  116. ^ Gnatiuk, Mikhail A.; et al. (2001). Сто великих украинцев [100 Greatest Ukrainians] (in Russian). Kiev: Orfey. ISBN 5-7838-1077-0. OCLC 50599356.
  117. ^ . ratinggroup.ua. Rating. 28 May 2012. p. 5. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. ()
  118. ^ . publication.pravo.gov.ru (in Russian). Official Internet portal of legal information. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Памятник братьям Айвазовским (скульпторы Левон Токмаджян и его сыновья, архитектор В. Кравченко), 1999 год
  119. ^ Budjurova, Lilia; Shylenko, Olga (28 September 2017). . Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018.
  120. ^ . Ukrayinska Pravda (in Russian). 30 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022.
  121. ^ (in Russian). gazeta.ru. 30 July 2017. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021.
  122. ^ (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020.
  123. ^ Cascone, Sarah (23 March 2022). . Artnet. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022.
  124. ^ a b . cba.am. Central Bank of Armenia. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. 20000 dram banknote of 2018 year of issue was put into circulation on November 22, 2018.
  125. ^ Losev, Dmitry (2017). . The Tretyakov Gallery Magazine (in Russian). Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022.
  126. ^ a b Kuzych, Ingert (6 August 2000). . The Ukrainian Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  127. ^ 1992, 1995
  128. ^ "1995 stamp".
  129. ^ 1999, 2005
  130. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2012). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (6th ed.). New York: Springer. p. 300. ISBN 978-3-642-29718-2.
  131. ^ . tretyakovgallery.ru (in Russian). Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016.
  132. ^ "Tretyakov Gallery celebrates Aivazovsky's 200th birthday with exhibition". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 29 July 2016.
  133. ^ Medvedeva, Maria (11 August 2016). "Выставка Айвазовского побила рекорд посещаемости выставки Серова" (in Russian). LifeNews.
  134. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (19 August 2016). . The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017.
  135. ^ "Exhibition dedicated to 200th anniversary of Hovhannes (Ivan) Aivazovsky opened at National Art Museum of Ukraine". Armenpress. 22 September 2017.
  136. ^ "Exhibition dedicated to Aivazovsky's 200th birth anniversary attracts thousands of visitors within one week". panorama.am. 23 September 2017.
  137. ^ "The Oligarts: How Russia's very rich are buying up the World's very best art". The Independent. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  138. ^ Smale, Alison (11 August 2015). "Paradise in Russia, Plus Trouble". The New York Times.
  139. ^ Moonan, Wendy (16 September 2005). "Taking Russian Art to the Motherland". The New York Times.
  140. ^ . Izvestia (in Russian). 30 November 2004. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  141. ^ Vogel, Carol (2 June 2006). "The Dahesh Wants a Home of Its Own". The New York Times.
  142. ^ Varoli, John (14 June 2007). . Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  143. ^ "Aivazovsky Painting Sold for Record $5.2 mln". RIA Novosti. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  144. ^ Adam, Georgina (28 April 2012). "The Art Market: Munch and more". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  145. ^ Reyburn, Scott (8 June 2020). "As the Art World Goes Online, a Generation Gap Opens". The New York Times.
  146. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (14 January 2011). "Russia: $50 Million Art and Gem Theft". The New York Times.
  147. ^ Zheglov, Aleksandr (15 January 2011). . Kommersant (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 April 2019.
  148. ^ Muradyan, Tirayr (15 February 2017). . The Armenian Times (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2020.
  149. ^ Muradyan, Tirayr (17 February 2017). . The Armenian Times (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2020.
  150. ^ Mikayelyan, Meri (3 March 2011). . Hetq (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 2 July 2022.
  151. ^ (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021.
  152. ^ . The Moscow Times. 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022.
  153. ^ Golubkova, Katya (2 June 2015). . Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021.
  154. ^ . TASS. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017.
  155. ^ . Ukrinform. 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.

Bibliography

  • Newmarch, Rosa (1917). The Russian Arts. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company.
  • Adamian, A (1958). . Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (11): 89–94. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • Aral, Guillaume (2020). Aïvasovsky : Un peintre russe sur la Riviera. Nice: Editions de Nicephore. ISBN 978-2-9545266-2-1.
  • Sarkssian, M. S. (1963). "Հովհաննես Այվազովսկին և հայ մշակույթը [Hovhannes Ayvazovsky and Armenian Culture]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (4): 25–38.
  • Koorghinian, K. N. (1967). . Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (2–3): 187–194. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • Sarkissian, M. (1967). . Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian). Armenian Academy of Sciences (10): 70–81. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  • Harutiunian, Gr. (1965). . Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (2): 89–94. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • Ghazarian, Manya (1974). "Այվազովսկի [Aivazovsky]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. pp. 350–351.
  • Sarkissian, M. S. (1988). "Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու "Բայրոնի այցը Մխիթարյաններին Ս. Ղազար կղզում" նկարը [Hovhannes Aivazovsky's Painting "Byron's Arrival to Mekhitarists on the Island of St. Lazar".]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). Armenian Academy of Sciences (2): 224–226. ISSN 0135-0536.
  • Mikaelian, V. A. (1991). "И. К. Айвазовский и его соотечественники [H. K. Ayvazovsky and his compatriots]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Russian). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences (1): 59–70. ISSN 0320-8117.
  • Cardwell, Richard (2005). Reception of Byron in Europe. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-6844-4. OCLC 646740691.
  • Bolton, Roy (2010). Views of Russia & Russian Works on Paper. London: Sphinx Fine Art. ISBN 978-1-907200-05-2.
  • Leek, Peter (2012). Russian Painting. Temptis. New York: Parkstone International. ISBN 978-1-85995-939-8. OCLC 795320658.
  • Khachatrian, Shahen. (in Russian). Center of Spiritual Culture, Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.

Further reading

Books and articles on Aivazovsky

  • Айвазовский И.К. Документы и материалы [I. K. Aivazovsky: Documents and Materials] (in Russian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. 1967.
  • Barsamov, Nikolay (1962). Иван Константинович Айвазовский, 1817—1900 [Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, 1817–1900] (in Russian). Moscow: Iskusstvo.
  • Novouspensky, Nikolai, ed. (1989). Aivazovsky. Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers. ISBN 978-5-7300-0030-8. OCLC 21599603.
  • Khachatrian, Shahen (2000). Aivazovsky: Well-Known and Unknown. Samara: Agni.
  • Caffiero, Gianni; Samarine, Ivan (2000). Seas, Cities & Dreams, The Paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky. London: Alexandria Press. ISBN 1-85669-232-9.
  • Bulkeley, Rip (March 2015). "Aivazovsky's Icebergs: an Antarctic mystery". Polar Record. 51 (2): 212–215. doi:10.1017/S0032247414000047. S2CID 131719003.
  • Lyall, Sutherland (2005). Waters of Life: The Russian Painters of Water. New Line Books. ISBN 978-1-59764-041-1.
  • Tuğlacı, Pars (1983). Ayvazovski Türkiye'de (in Turkish). Istanbul: İnkılap ve Aka.

Articles analyzing Aivazovsky's works

  • Yan, Zhao (2015). Painterly Shading Ocean Surface (Master's thesis) (Thesis). Texas A&M University.
  • Bulkeley, Rip (2015). "Aivazovsky's Icebergs: an Antarctic mystery". Polar Record. 51 (2): 212–215. doi:10.1017/S0032247414000047. S2CID 131719003.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Aivazovsky.
  • Chronological List of paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky

Galleries of Aivazovsky's paintings

January 12, 2023
ivan, aivazovsky, this, name, that, follows, eastern, slavic, naming, conventions, patronymic, konstantinovich, family, name, aivazovsky, ivan, konstantinovich, aivazovsky, russian, Иван, Константинович, Айвазовский, july, 1817, 1900, russian, romantic, painte. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions the patronymic is Konstantinovich and the family name is Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky Russian Ivan Konstantinovich Ajvazovskij 29 July 1817 2 May 1900 was a Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art Baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian a he was born into an Armenian family in the Black Sea port of Feodosia in Crimea and was mostly based there Ivan AivazovskySelf portrait 1874 oil on canvas 70 5 62 5 cm Uffizi Florence 1 BornHovhannes Aivazian29 July O S 17 July 1817Feodosia Taurida Russian EmpireDied2 May O S 19 April 1900 aged 82 Feodosia Taurida Russian EmpireResting placeSt Sargis Armenian Church FeodosiaEducationImperial Academy of Arts 1839 Known forPainting drawingMovementLate Romanticism 2 SpousesJulia Graves m 1848 div 1877 wbr Anna Burnazian m 1882 wbr AwardsSee belowAivazovsky s signature 1850 Aivazovsky s signature in Armenian on oil painting from 1899 Following his education at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg Aivazovsky traveled to Europe and lived briefly in Italy in the early 1840s He then returned to Russia and was appointed the main painter of the Russian Navy Aivazovsky had close ties with the military and political elite of the Russian Empire and often attended military maneuvers He was sponsored by the state and was well regarded during his lifetime The saying worthy of Aivazovsky s brush popularized by Anton Chekhov was used in Russia for describing something lovely He remains highly popular in Russia in the 21st century 4 One of the most prominent Russian artists of his time Aivazovsky was also popular outside Russian Empire He held numerous solo exhibitions in Europe and the United States During his almost 60 year career he created around 6 000 paintings making him one of the most prolific artists of his time 5 6 The vast majority of his works are seascapes but he often depicted battle scenes Armenian themes and portraiture Most of Aivazovsky s works are kept in Russian Ukrainian Armenian Turkish museums as well as private collections Contents 1 Life 1 1 Background 1 2 Education 1 3 First visit to Europe 1 4 Return to Russia and first marriage 1 5 Rise to prominence 1 6 Travels and accolades 1860s 1880s 1 7 Second marriage and later life 1 8 Death 2 Art 2 1 Exhibitions 2 2 Style 2 3 Works 2 3 1 Landscapes 2 3 2 Seascapes 2 3 3 Religious paintings 2 3 4 Orientalist themes 2 3 5 Armenian themes 3 Aivazovsky and archaeology 4 Aivazovsky s estates 5 Influence 6 Recognition 6 1 In Russia 6 2 In Armenia 6 3 Elsewhere 7 Legacy 7 1 Posthumous honors 7 2 Auctions 7 3 Stolen paintings 8 Awards 8 1 Ranks 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11 1 Books and articles on Aivazovsky 11 2 Articles analyzing Aivazovsky s works 12 External links 12 1 Galleries of Aivazovsky s paintingsLife A self portrait 1830s 1840s 7 Background Ivan Aivazovsky was born on 17 July 29 in New Style 1817 in the city of Feodosia Theodosia Crimea Russian Empire 8 In the baptismal records of the local St Sargis Armenian Apostolic Church Aivazovsky was listed as Hovhannes son of Gevorg Aivazian Armenian Գէորգ Այվազեանի որդի Յօհաննեսն 3 During his study at the Imperial Academy of Arts he was known in Russian as Ivan Gaivazovsky Ivan Gajvazovskij in the pre 1918 spelling 9 He became known as Aivazovsky since c 1840 while in Italy 10 He signed an 1844 letter with an Italianized rendition of his name Giovani Aivazovsky 11 His father Konstantin c 1765 1840 12 was an Armenian merchant from the Polish region of Galicia His family had migrated to Europe from Western Armenia in the 18th century After numerous familial conflicts Konstantin left Galicia for Moldavia later moving to Bukovina before settling in Feodosia in the early 1800s 13 He was initially known as Gevorg Aivazian Haivazian or Haivazi but he changed his last name to Gaivazovsky by adding the Slavic suffix sky Aivazovsky s mother Ripsime was a Feodosia Armenian The couple had five children three daughters and two sons 13 Aivazovsky s elder brother Gabriel was a prominent historian and an Armenian Apostolic archbishop 14 15 Aivazovsky in Italian costume by Vasily Sternberg 1842 Education The young Aivazovsky received parochial education at Feodosia s St Sargis Armenian Church 16 He was taught drawing by Jacob Koch a local architect Aivazovsky moved to Simferopol with Taurida Governor Alexander Kaznacheyev s family in 1830 and attended the city s Russian gymnasium 17 In 1833 Aivazovsky arrived in the Russian capital Saint Petersburg to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Maxim Vorobiev s landscape class In 1835 he was awarded with a silver medal and appointed assistant to the French painter Philippe Tanneur fr 18 In September 1836 Aivazovsky met Russia s national poet Alexander Pushkin during the latter s visit to the Academy 19 20 In 1837 Aivazovsky joined the battle painting class of Alexander Sauerweid and participated in Baltic Fleet exercises in the Gulf of Finland 21 In October 1837 he graduated from the Imperial Academy of Arts with a gold medal two years earlier than intended 22 16 5 Aivazovsky returned to Feodosia in 1838 and spent two years in his native Crimea 13 21 In 1839 he took part in military exercises in the shores of Crimea where he met Russian admirals Mikhail Lazarev Pavel Nakhimov and Vladimir Kornilov 8 23 First visit to Europe Portrait of Aivazovsky by Alexey Tyranov 1841 In 1840 Aivazovsky was sent by the Imperial Academy of Arts to study in Europe 22 21 He first traveled to Venice via Berlin and Vienna and visited San Lazzaro degli Armeni where an important Armenian Catholic congregation was located and his brother Gabriel lived at the time Aivazovsky studied Armenian manuscripts and became familiar with Armenian art 24 He met Russian novelist Nikolai Gogol in Venice He then headed to Florence Amalfi and Sorrento In Florence he met painter Alexander Ivanov 21 He remained in Naples and Rome between 1840 and 1842 Aivazovsky was heavily influenced by Italian art and their museums became the second academy for him 24 According to Rogachevsky the news of successful exhibitions in Italy reached Russia 5 Pope Gregory XVI awarded him with a golden medal 25 He then visited Switzerland Germany the Netherlands and Britain In an international exhibition at the Louvre he was the only representative from Russia 24 In France he received a gold medal from the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture He then returned to Naples via Marseille and again visited Britain Portugal Spain and Malta in 1843 Aivazovsky was admired throughout Europe 23 He returned to Russia via Paris and Amsterdam in 1844 23 Return to Russia and first marriage Photograph of Aivazovsky with his first wife Julia and their four daughters Upon his return to Russia Aivazovsky was made an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts and was appointed the official artist of the Russian Navy to paint seascapes coastal scenes and naval battles 18 21 In 1845 Aivazovsky traveled to the Aegean Sea with Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and visited the Ottoman capital Constantinople and the Greek islands of Patmos and Rhodes 21 In 1845 Aivazovsky settled in his hometown of Feodosia where he built a house and studio 8 21 He isolated himself from the outside world keeping a small circle of friends and relatives 24 Yet the solitude played a negative role in his art career By the mid nineteenth century Russian art was moving from Romanticism towards a distinct Russian style of Realism while Aivazovsky continued to paint Romantic seascapes and attracted heavy criticism 24 In 1845 and 1846 Aivazovsky attended the maneuvers of the Black Sea Fleet and the Baltic Fleet at Petergof near the imperial palace In 1847 he was given the title of professor of seascape painting by the Imperial Academy of Arts and elevated to the rank of nobility In the same year he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 21 In 1848 Aivazovsky married Julia Graves an English governess They had four daughters Elena 1849 Maria 1851 Alexandra 1852 and Joanne 1858 They separated in 1860 and divorced in 1877 with permission from the Armenian Church since Graves was a Lutheran 21 26 Rise to prominence The vast majority of his works depict the sea Pictured is an 1898 painting titled Among the Waves Aivazovsky National Art Gallery Feodosia In 1851 traveling with the Russian emperor Nicholas I Aivazovsky sailed to Sevastopol to participate in military maneuvers His archaeological excavations near Feodosia lead to his election as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society in 1853 In that year the Crimean War erupted between Russia and the Ottoman Empire and he was evacuated to Kharkiv While safe he returned to the besieged fortress of Sevastopol to paint battle scenes 25 His work was exhibited in Sevastopol while it was under Ottoman siege 25 Between 1856 and 1857 Aivazovsky worked in Paris and became the first Russian 27 and the first non French artist to receive the Legion of Honour In 1857 Aivazovsky visited Constantinople and was awarded the Order of the Medjidie In the same year he was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Art Society He was awarded the Greek Order of the Redeemer in 1859 and the Russian Order of St Vladimir in 1865 25 Aivazovsky opened an art studio in Feodosia in 1865 and was awarded a salary by the Imperial Academy of Arts the same year 21 A photograph of Aivazovsky 1870 Travels and accolades 1860s 1880s In the 1860s the artist produced several paintings inspired by Greek nationalism and the Italian unification 8 25 In 1868 he once again visited Constantinople and produced a series of works about the Greek resistance to the Turks during the Great Cretan Revolution 21 In 1868 Aivazovsky traveled in the Caucasus and visited the Russian part of Armenia for the first time He painted several mountainous landscapes and in 1869 held an exhibition in Tiflis 8 Later in the year he made a trip to Egypt and took part in the opening ceremony of the Suez Canal He became the first artist to paint the Suez Canal thus marking an epoch making event in the history of Europe Africa and Asia 25 28 In 1870 Aivazovsky was made an Actual Civil Councilor the fourth highest civil rank in Russia 21 In 1871 he initiated the construction of the archaeological museum in Feodosia 25 In 1872 he traveled to Nice and Florence to exhibit his paintings 25 In 1874 the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze Florence Academy of Fine Art asked him for a self portrait to be hung in the Uffizi Gallery 29 30 The same year Aivazovsky was invited to Constantinople by Sultan Abdulaziz who subsequently bestowed upon him the Turkish Order of Osmanieh 21 In 1876 he was made a member of the Academy of Arts in Florence and became the second Russian artist after Orest Kiprensky to paint a self portrait for the Palazzo Pitti 24 25 Aivazovsky was elected an honorary member of Stuttgart s Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1878 He made a trip to the Netherlands and France staying briefly in Frankfurt until 1879 He then visited Munich and traveled to Genoa and Venice to collect material on the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus 25 In 1880 Aivazovsky opened an art gallery in his Feodosia house it became the third museum in the Russian Empire after the Hermitage Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery 24 25 Aivazovsky held an 1881 exhibition at London s Pall Mall attended by English painter John Everett Millais and Edward VII Prince of Wales 21 Second marriage and later life Portrait of Aivazovsky by Dmitry Bolotov 1876 Aivazovsky s painting of his second wife Anna Burnazian 1882 Aivazovsky s second wife Anna Burnazian was a young Armenian widow 40 years his junior 31 Aivazovsky said that by marrying her in 1882 he became closer to his nation referring to the Armenian people 26 In 1882 Aivazovsky visited Moscow and St Petersburg and then toured the countryside of Russia by traveling along the Volga River in 1884 21 25 In 1885 he was promoted to the rank of Privy Councilor The next year the 50th anniversary of his creative labors was celebrated with an exhibition in St Petersburg and an honorary membership in the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts 18 25 In 1887 as part of a jubilee celebration of his career Aivazovsky hosted a dinner for 150 friends Each guest received a miniature painting by Aivazovsky set into a studio photograph of the artist at work 32 After meeting Aivazovsky in person Anton Chekhov wrote a letter to his wife on 22 July 1888 describing him as follows 33 34 Aivazovsky himself is a hale and hearty old man of about seventy five looking like an insignificant Armenian and a bishop he is full of a sense of his own importance has soft hands and shakes your hand like a general He s not very bright but he is a complex personality worthy of a further study In him alone there are combined a general a bishop an artist an Armenian an naive old peasant and an Othello The house in Feodosia where Aivazovsky lived between 1845 and 1892 It is now an art gallery After traveling to Paris with his wife in 1892 he made a trip to the United States visiting Niagara Falls in New York and Washington D C 25 In 1896 at 79 Aivazovsky was promoted to the rank of full privy councillor 21 Aivazovsky was deeply affected by the Hamidian massacres that took place in the Armenian inhabited areas of the Ottoman Empire between 1894 and 1896 He painted a number of works on the subject such as The Expulsion of the Turkish Ship and The Armenian Massacres at Trebizond 1895 He threw the medals given to him by the Ottoman Sultan into the sea and told the Turkish consul in Feodosia Tell your bloodthirsty master that I ve thrown away all the medals given to me here are their ribbons send it to him and if he wants he can throw them into the seas painted by me 35 He created several other paintings capturing the events such as Lonely Ship and Night Tragedy in the Sea of Marmara 1897 36 37 Tomb of Aivazovsky He spent his final years in Feodosia In the 1890s thanks to his efforts a commercial port ru was established in Feodosia and linked to the railway network of the Russian Empire 31 38 The railway station opened in 1892 is now called Ayvazovskaya ru and is one of the two stations within the city of Feodosia Aivazovsky also supplied Feodosia with drinking water 39 40 Death Aivazovsky died on 19 April 2 May in New Style 1900 in Feodosia 25 In accordance with his wishes he was buried at the courtyard of St Sargis Armenian Church 41 A white marble sarcophagus was made by Italian sculptor L Biogiolli in 1901 42 A quote from Movses Khorenatsi s History of Armenia in Classical Armenian is engraved on his tombstone Mahkanatsu tsneal anmah ziurn yishatak yetogh Մահկանացու ծնեալ անմահ զիւրն յիշատակ եթող 43 which translates He was born a mortal left an immortal legacy 41 or Born as a mortal left the immortal memory of himself 44 The inscription beneath reads Professor Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817 1900 Professor Ivan Konstantinovich AJVAZOVSKIJ 1817 1900 After his death his wife Anna led a generally secluded life living in several rooms she had retained after nationalization until 1941 45 She died on 25 July 1944 and was buried next to Aivazovsky 31 Two of his daughters Maria and Alexandra left Russia following the Revolution of 1917 while the other two died shortly thereafter Yelena in 1918 and Zhanna in 1922 45 Art The Ninth Wave 1850 Russian Museum Saint Petersburg is considered Aivazovsky s most famous work 46 47 48 During his 60 year career Aivazovsky produced around 6 000 paintings 18 25 49 of what one online art magazine describes very different value there are masterpieces and there are very timid works 50 However according to one count as many as 20 000 paintings are attributed to him 51 The vast majority of Aivazovsky s works depict the sea 52 He rarely drew dry landscapes and created only a handful of portraits 50 According to Rosa Newmarch Aivazovsky never painted his pictures from nature always from memory and far away from the seaboard 53 Rogachevsky wrote that His artistic memory was legendary He was able to reproduce what he had seen only for a very short time without even drawing preliminary sketches 25 Bolton praised his ability to convey the effect of moving water and of reflected sun and moonlight 22 Exhibitions He held 55 solo exhibitions an unprecedented number 54 over the course of his career Among the most notable were held in Rome Naples and Venice 1841 42 Paris 1843 1890 Amsterdam 1844 Moscow 1848 1851 1886 Sevastopol 1854 Tiflis 1868 Florence 1874 St Petersburg 1875 1877 1886 1891 Frankfurt 1879 Stuttgart 1879 London 1881 Berlin 1885 1890 Warsaw 1885 Constantinople 1888 New York 1893 Chicago 1893 San Francisco 1893 21 He also contributed to the exhibitions of the Imperial Academy of Arts 1836 1900 Paris Salon 1843 1879 Society of Exhibitions of Works of Art 1876 83 Moscow Society of Lovers of the Arts 1880 Pan Russian Exhibitions in Moscow 1882 and Nizhny Novgorod 1896 World Exhibitions in Paris 1855 1867 1878 London 1863 Munich 1879 and Chicago 1893 and the international exhibitions in Philadelphia 1876 Munich 1879 and Berlin 1896 21 Stormy Sea at Night 1849 Pavlovsk Palace Saint Petersburg Style A primarily Romantic painter Aivazovsky used some Realistic elements 55 Leek argued that Aivazovsky remained faithful to Romanticism throughout his life even though he oriented his work toward the Realist genre 5 His early works are influenced by his Academy of Arts teachers Maxim Vorobiev and Sylvester Shchedrin 18 Classic painters like Salvator Rosa Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael and Claude Lorrain contributed to Aivazovsky s individual process and style 8 Karl Bryullov best known for his The Last Day of Pompeii played an important part in stimulating Aivazovsky s own creative development according to Bolton 22 18 Aivazovsky s best paintings in the 1840s 1850s used a variety of colors and were both epic and romantic in theme 8 Newmarch suggested that by the mid 19th century the romantic features in Aivazovsky s work became increasingly pronounced 50 She like most scholars considered his Ninth Wave his best piece of art and argued that it seems to mark the transition between fantastic color of his earlier works and the more truthful vision of the later years 56 By the 1870s his paintings were dominated by delicate colors and in the last two decades of his life Aivazovsky created a series of silver toned seascapes 8 The distinct transition in Russian art from Romanticism to Realism in the mid nineteenth century left Aivazovsky who would always retain a Romantic style open to criticism Proposed reasons for his unwillingness or inability to change began with his location Feodosia was a remote town in the huge Russian empire far from Moscow and Saint Petersburg His mindset and worldview were similarly considered old fashioned and did not correspond to the developments in Russian art and culture 24 Vladimir Stasov only accepted his early works while Alexandre Benois wrote in his The History of Russian Painting in the 19th Century that despite being Vorobiev s student Aivazovsky stood apart from the general development of the Russian landscape school 24 Aivazovsky s later work contained dramatic scenes and was usually done on a larger scale He depicted the romantic struggle between man and the elements in the form of the sea The Rainbow 1873 and so called blue marines The Bay of Naples in Early Morning 1897 Disaster 1898 and urban landscapes Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus 1894 18 Works Landscapes View of a Fountain and Peterhof Palace 1837 Azure Grotto Naples 1841 The Galata Tower by Moonlight 1845 View of Constantinople with the Nusretiye Mosque 1856 Landscape with Settlers 1856 From Mleta to Gudauri 1868 View of Tiflis from Seid Abaz 1868 Moscow in Winter from the Sparrow Hills 1872 Seascapes Night at Gurzuf Battle of Navarino 1848 The brig Mercury encounter after defeating two Turkish ships of the Russian squadron 1848 Bracing The Waves Battle of Cesme at Night 1856 Bay of Naples 1842 American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar 1873 Rainbow 1873 Ship Twelve Apostles 1878 Sea coast at night Near the beacon 1837 The burning of the Turkish flagship by Kanaris 1881 Seascape with a steamer 1886 Tempest by Sounion 1856 The Wrath Of The Seas 1886 Brig Mercury Attacked by Two Turkish Ships 1892 Lake Maggiore in the Evening 1892 Religious paintings Chaos 1841 Jesus walking on water 1888 Jesus walking on water 1890 Passage of the Jews through the Red Sea 1891 Orientalist themes Bosphorus A Moonlit Night on the Bosphorus Top Kahne Mosque Nusretiye Mosque View of Constantinopole by Evening Light Scenes from Cairo s Life Boat Ride by Kumkapi in Constantinople Sunset over the Golden Horn Dusk on the Golden Horn Trebizond Coffee house by the Ortakoy Mosque in Constantinople The Great Pyramid of Giza Towers on the cliff near the Bosphorus 1859 Armenian themes Aivazovsky s early works incorporated Armenian themes The artist s longstanding wish to visit his ancestral homeland was fulfilled in 1868 During his visit to Russian Eastern Armenia roughly corresponding to the modern Armenia as opposed to Western Armenia under Ottoman rule Aivazovsky created paintings of Mount Ararat the Ararat plain and Lake Sevan Although Mt Ararat has been depicted in paintings of many non native artists mostly European travelers Aivazovsky became the first Armenian artist to illustrate the two peaked biblical mountain 57 24 He resumed the creation of Armenian related paintings in the 1880s Valley of Mount Ararat 1882 Ararat 1887 Descent of Noah from Ararat 1889 57 The unique Valley of Mount Ararat contains Aivazovksy s signature in Armenian Aivazian Այվազեան 57 26 In a panorama of Venice expressed by Byron s Visit to the Mekhitarists on St Lazarus Island in Venice 1898 the foreground of the picture contains members of the Armenian Congregation giving an enthusiastic welcome to the poet 58 His other themed works from this period include rare portraits of notable Armenians such as his brother Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky 1882 Count Mikhail Loris Melikov 1888 Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian 1895 Nakhichevan on Don Mayor Arutyun Khalabyan and others 57 24 The Baptism of Armenians and Oath Before the Battle of Avarayr both 1892 depict the two single most memorable events of ancient Armenia the Christianization of Armenia via baptism of King Tiridates III early 4th century and the Battle of Avarayr of 451 24 Valley of Mount Ararat 1882 Descent of Noah from Ararat 1889 National Gallery of Armenia 59 The Baptism of the Armenian People by Gregory the Illuminator avaray Oath Before the Battle of Avarayr 1892 Lord Byron s visit to San Lazzaro degli Armeni 1899 60 Mkrtich Khrimian near EchmiadzinAivazovsky and archaeology The Museum of Antiquities founded by Aivazovsky in Feodosia Aivazovsky took an interest in archaeology since the 1850s He employed farmers to conduct archaeological excavations in the Feodosia area In 1853 some 22 burial mounds were excavated on Mount Tepe Oba which mostly contained broken amphorae and bones but also golden necklaces earrings a female head a chain with a sphinx a sphinx with woman s head the head of an ox slabs silver bracelets clay statuettes medallions various vessels a sarcophagus silver and bronze coins The site has been dated to the 5th to 3rd centuries BC when there was an ancient Greek settlement of Theodosia The best finds were sent by Aivazovsky to the Imperial Hermitage in Petersburg 61 In 1871 he founded the construction of a new Museum of Antiquities on Mount Mitridat modeled after a typical Ancient Greek temple of the Doric order It was destroyed during World War II 61 Aivazovsky s estates Aivazovsky s Shakh Mamai estate in the 1890s Aivazovsky was a major landowner with numerous estates in eastern Crimea mostly in the vicinity of Feodosia These estates delivered him significant income more than the sale of his paintings His earliest major estate bestowed by the Emperor in 1848 along with a personal noble title was the one at Shakh Mamai now called Ayvazovskoye ru Located some 25 kilometres 16 mi from Feodosia it initially covered an area of 2 500 diasiatins around 2 725 hectares 6 730 acres The estate had an Eastern style house and one of its most prominent visitors Anton Chekhov wrote that It is an extravagant fairy tale estate of the kind you must probably find in Persia By the end of his life the estate had grown to include some 6 000 diasiatins of land a dairy farm and a steam powered mill 45 The second major estate located in Subash now Zolotoy Klyuch contained some 2 500 diasiatins of land The site contained several natural springs which Aivazovsky acquired in 1852 from the Lansky family The latter also sold Aivazovsky 2 362 diasiatins of land Later Aivazovsky supplied Feodosia with water from Subash In both estates vegetables were grown He had small estates in Romash Eli now Romanovka with 338 diasiatins of land covered with orchards and the Sudak Valley with 12 diasiatins of vineyard along with a dacha summer house 45 In Feodosia Aivazovsky possessed a house and a vineyard He also owned houses elsewhere in Crimea such as Stary Krym and Yalta The estates inherited by his heirs were lost in the early Soviet period when they were nationalized 45 InfluenceAivazovsky was the most influential seascape painter in nineteenth century Russian art 18 According to the Russian Museum he was the first and for a long time the only representative of seascape painting and all other artists who painted seascapes were either his own students or influenced by him 54 Arkhip Kuindzhi 1842 1910 is sometimes cited as having been influenced by Aivazovsky 62 In 1855 at age 13 14 Kuindzhi visited Feodosia to study with Aivazovsky however he was engaged merely to mix paints 63 and instead studied with Adolf Fessler Aivazovsky s student 64 A 1903 encyclopedic article stated Although Kuindzhi cannot be called a student of Aivazovsky the latter had without doubt some influence on him in the first period of his activity from whom he borrowed much in the manner of painting 65 English art historian John E Bowlt wrote that the elemental sense of light and form associated with Aivazovsky s sunsets storms and surging oceans permanently influenced the young Kuindzhi 63 Vartan Makhokhian an Trabzon born Armenian painter who was later based in France met Aivazovsky in Crimea in 1894 The latter had a major influence on his work 66 Aivazovsky also influenced Russian painters Lev Lagorio Mikhail Latri ru and Aleksey Ganzen ru the latter two were his grandsons 27 RecognitionIvan Aivazovsky is one of the few Russian artists to achieve wide recognition during his lifetime 68 He is considered one of the most prominent marine artists of the 19th century 71 and overall one of the greatest marine artists in Russia and the world 76 Aivazovsky was also one of the few Russian artists to become famous outside Russia 80 In 1898 Munsey s Magazine wrote that Aivazovsky is better known to the world at large than any other artist of his nationality with the exception of the sensational Verestchagin 81 However Aivazovsky has not been incorporated into the mainstream Western history of art 82 and he remains relatively unknown in the West 38 Souren Melikian described Aivazovsky as highly academic 83 Six Aivazovsky paintings displayed at the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg Wave 1889 one of the paintings exhibited In Russia In 1890 the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary described him as the best Russian marine painter 84 He was praised by contemporary artists Ivan Kramskoi 7 61 Alexandre Benois 54 and the novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky 85 In nineteenth century Russia his name became a synonym for art and beauty The phrase worthy of Aivazovsky s brush was the standard way of describing something ineffably lovely It was first used by Anton Chekhov in his 1897 play Uncle Vanya 33 In response to Marina Timofeevna s the old nurse query about the fight between Ivan Voynitsky Uncle Vanya and Aleksandr Serebryakov Ilya Telegin says that it was A sight b worthy of Aivazovsky s brush c A street in Moscow ru was named after Aivazovsky in 1978 90 His first and only statue in Russia was erected in 2007 in Kronstadt near Saint Petersburg 91 The Simferopol International Airport in Crimea after Russian annexation was voted to be named after Aivazovsky in 2018 92 It was officially renamed according to a decree signed by President Vladimir Putin on 31 May 2019 and ceremonially renamed on Russia Day 12 June 93 94 In a July 2017 poll conducted by the VTsIOM Aivazovsky ranked first as the most favorite artist of Russians with 27 of respondents naming him as their favorite ahead of Ivan Shishkin 26 and Ilya Repin 16 Overall 93 of respondents said they were familiar with his name 26 knew him well 67 have heard his name and 63 of those who know him said they liked his works including 80 of those 60 or older and 35 of 18 to 24 year olds 95 4 96 In Armenia The statue of Aivazovsky in central Yerevan Armenia was erected in 2003 97 98 In Armenia Aivazovsky has been considered an Armenian painter 24 and exclusievly referred to by his Armenian name Hovhannes 99 d He has been described as the most remarkable Armenian painter of the 19th century and the first ever Armenian marine painter 6 102 He signed some of his paintings and letters in Armenian 103 e He was born outside Armenia and like his contemporary Armenian painters f Aivazovsky drew primary influences from European and Russian schools of art According to Sureniants he sought to create a union which would have brought together all Armenian artists around the world 24 The prominent Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan wrote a short poem titled In Front of an Aiazovsky painting in 1893 inspired by a seascape 104 It was translated into English in 1917 by Alice Stone Blackwell 105 As early as 1876 a sea painting by Aivazovsky was hanging at the residence of the Catholicos at the monastery of Etchmiadzin the center of the Armenian Church 106 The National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan holds around 100 works of Aivazovsky including 65 paintings 107 Several paintings from the National Gallery now hang in the Presidential Palace in Yerevan 108 A bust of Aivazovsky was erected in Stepanakert the center of Nagorno Karabakh in December 2021 109 Elsewhere A bust of Aivazovsky at the Melkonian Educational Institute in Nicosia Cyprus Aivazovsky s paintings were popular in the Ottoman imperial court during the 19th century 110 According to Hurriyet Daily News as of 2014 30 paintings of Aivazovsky are on display in museums in Turkey 111 According to Bulent Ozukan tr an organizer of an Aivazovsky exhibition in Istanbul there are 60 Aivazovsky paintings in Turkey including 41 in Turkish public institutions 21 in former Ottoman palaces 10 in various marine and military museums 10 at the presidential residence and 10 in private collections in Istanbul 112 In 2007 when Abdullah Gul became president of Turkey he brought paintings by Aivazovsky up from the basement to hang in his office during redecoration of the presidential palace the Cankaya Mansion in Ankara 113 Pictures of official meetings of Recep Tayyip Erdogan at the new Presidential Complex in Ankara show that the walls of the rooms at the presidential residence are decorated with Aivazovsky s artwork 112 114 In Ukraine he is sometimes considered a Ukrainian painter 115 He was included in a 2001 book titled 100 Greatest Ukrainians 116 In a 2012 poll in Ukraine Aivazovsky placed 67 in the list of greatest Ukrainians of all time receiving the same points as Olha Kobylianska Ani Lorak Marko Vovchok Yevhen Konovalets they were named by 0 3 of respondents as one of the three greatest Ukrainians 117 An alley in Kyiv Provulok Ajvazovskogo was named after him in 1939 In 1999 a statue of Aivazovsky and his brother Gabriel was erected in Simferopol Crimea s administrative center 118 In June 2017 Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko claimed that Aivazovsky is part of Ukrainian heritage 119 120 Russian media accused him of appropriation of Aivazovsky 121 122 Works by Aivazovsky among others were presumably destroyed when an airstrike hit the Kuindzhi Art Museum in Mariupol during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022 123 Legacy Aivazovsky s monument in front of his house now an art gallery in Feodosia Aivazovsky on a 20 000 Armenian dram banknote 124 Aivazovsky s house in Feodosia where he had founded an art museum in 1880 is open to this day as the Aivazovsky National Art Gallery It remains a central attraction in the city 38 and holds the world s largest collections 417 of Aivazovsky paintings 31 A statue of the artist by Ilya Ginzburg was erected in front of the museum in 1930 125 Posthumous honors The Soviet Union 1950 Romania 1971 126 Armenia first in 1992 127 Russia first in 1995 128 Ukraine 1999 129 and other countries have issued postage stamps depicting Aivazovsky or his works 126 The minor planet 3787 Aivazovskij named after Aivazovsky was discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1977 130 In 2016 and 2017 the 200th anniversary of Aivazovsky was celebrated with major exhibitions in Russia Ukraine and Armenia An exhibition featuring 120 paintings and 55 etchings of Aivazovsky was held at the Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val in Moscow from 29 July to 20 November 2016 dedicated to his 200th anniversary of birth 131 132 In the first 2 weeks the exhibition had around 55 000 visitors a record number 133 38 of the works were moved from the Aivazovsky Art Gallery in Feodosia which prompted Ukraine to call for an international boycott of the Tretyakov Gallery as it considers Crimea an occupied territory 134 Exhibitions were also held at the National Art Museum of Ukraine in Kiev 135 and the National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan 136 Aivazovsky is depicted on the 20 000 Armenian dram banknotes issued in 2018 124 Auctions Aivazovsky s paintings began appearing in auctions mostly in London in the early 2000s Many of his works are being bought by Russian oligarchs 137 His works have risen steadily in auction value 138 In 2004 his Saint Isaac s Cathedral On A Frosty Day a rare cityscape sold for around 1 million 2 1 million 139 140 In 2006 The Varangians on the Dnieper sold for 3 2 million at Sotheby s 141 In 2007 his painting American Shipping off the Rock of Gibraltar auctioned at 2 71 million more than four times its top estimate 142 In April 2012 his 1856 work View of Constantinople and the Bosphorus was sold at Sotheby s for a record 5 2 million 3 2 million 143 a tenfold increase since it was last at an auction in 1995 144 In 2020 his 1878 painting The Bay of Naples sold for 2 8 million a record for a painting at an online only auction 145 Stolen paintings In January 2011 a number of paintings including those of Aivazovsky were stolen from the country house of Aleksandr Tarantsev an owner of a chain of jewelry stores in Russia outside Moscow 146 147 In 2017 it was reported that a fake of one of the paintings stolen from Tarantsev s house was presented to Armenian president Serzh Sargsyan by the Pyunik foundation 148 149 In February 2011 an 1875 Aivazovsky painting A Storm on Rocky Shores was discovered at a Moscow auction after having been stolen from Armenia in 1990 150 It was returned to Armenia s National Gallery by the Armenian born Russian Senator Oganes Oganyan ru Hovhannes Ohanyan its last owner 107 151 In June 2015 Sotheby s withdrew from auction an 1870 Aivazovsky painting Evening in Cairo which was estimated at 1 5 2 million 2 3 million after the Russian Interior Ministry claimed that it was stolen in 1997 from a private collection in Moscow 152 153 In 2017 View on Revel 1845 stolen from the Dmitrov Kremlin Museum ru in 1976 was found at the Koller Auktionen de in Zurich Switzerland 154 According to the Ukrainian authorities some original works by Aivazovsky were taken by Russia from Mariupol museums to Russian controlled Donetsk during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 155 AwardsCountry Award 21 Year French Empire Legion of Honor Chevalier 1857 38 Ottoman Empire Order of the Medjidie g 1858 Kingdom of Greece Order of the Redeemer 1859 Russian Empire Order of St Vladimir 1865 Ottoman Empire Order of Osmanieh g 1874 Kingdom of Poland Order of the White Eagle 1893 Russian Empire Order of St Alexander Nevsky 1897Ranks Russian Table of Ranks 21 1870 Actual Civil Councilor Dejstvitelnyj statskij sovetnik 1885 Privy Councilor Tajnyj sovetnik 1896 Actual Privy Councilor Dejstvitelnyj tajnyj sovetnik See alsoRussian culture Armenian culture Armenians in CrimeaReferencesNotes Armenian Յովհաննէս Այվազեան in classical spelling and Հովհաննես Այվազյան in reformed spelling His name was given as Յօհաննես Այվազեան Yohannes Aivazian in baptismal records 3 Alternatively translated as scene 86 subject 87 or picture 88 Syuzhet dostojnyj kisti Ajvazovskogo Syuzhet dostoyniy kisti Ayvazovskovo 89 Virtually all Armenian some Russian 100 and English 6 sources refer to him by that name Hovhannes Ayvazovski Armenian Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի Russian Ovan n es Ajvazovskij Ovan n es Aivazovsky 7 101 For instance his signatures in both Armenian Այվազեան Ayvazean and Russian Ajvazovskij Ayvazovskiy appear on Valley of Mount Ararat 1882 10 such as Gevorg Bashinjaghian Panos Terlemezian and Vardges Sureniants a b Aivazovsky threw his Ottoman medals into the sea in protest of the Hamidian massacres 35 Citations Markina Lyudmila 2017 The Many Faces of Ivan Aivazovsky Tretyakov Gallery Magazine 54 1 Archived from the original on 30 November 2020 Vera Bodunova Ajvazovskij svoj sredi chuzhih Kommersant in Russian No 137 30 July 2016 p 4 Archived from the original on 25 November 2020 Eto hudozhnik kotoryj schitaetsya pozdnim romantikom a b Harutiunian 1965 p 89 a b Poll reveals Russians enjoy Aivazovsky s paintings more than other artists works TASS Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 a b c d e Leek 2012 p 178 a b c Lang David Marshall 1970 Armenia Cradle of Civilization 1st ed London Allen amp Unwin p 245 ISBN 978 0 04 956007 9 a b c Ivan Ajvazovskij velikij marinist Ivan Aivazovsky great marinist in Russian Kommersant Papers 30 November 2013 Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 Retrieved 4 January 2014 a b c d e f g h Ghazarian 1974 pp 350 351 Petrov Pyotr 1887 Ukazatel k Sborniku materialov dlya istorii Imperatorskoj S Peterburgskoj Akademii hudozhestv za sto lѣt eya sushestvovaniya Index to the collection of materials for the history of the Imperial St Petersburg Academy of Arts for 100 years of its existence in Russian St Petersburg M M Stasulevich p 51 a b Harutiunian 1965 p 93 AIVAZOVKSY Ivan 1817 1900 Autograph letter signed Giovani Aivazovsky to Auguste Vecchy St Petersburg 28 August 1844 in eccentric Italian Christie s Archived from the original on 29 August 2021 Mikaelian 1991 p 69 a b c Sarkssian 1963 p 25 Donenko Nikolay 2007 Pravoslavnye monastyri Simferopolskaya i Krymskaya eparhiya Ukrainskoj pravoslavnoj cerkvi Moskovskogo patriarhata in Russian Sonat p 82 O nem pisal armyanskij episkop Gavriil Ajvazovskij brat vydayushegosya hudozhnika marinista Armenia s in Venice to Highlight Save Venice 2004 Asbarez 23 March 2004 Archived from the original on 19 March 2022 The great seascape painter Ivan Aivazovsky Hovhannes Aivazian while visiting his brother Archbishop Gabriel Aivazovsky immortalized the Island and the Venetian lagoon in numerous magnificent paintings a b Mikaelian 1991 p 59 Bobkov V V 2010 Feodosijskij Gradonachalnik Aleksandr Ivanovich Kaznacheev Osnovnye Vehi Administrativnoj Deyatelnosti Feodosia Mayor Alexander Ivanovich Kaznacheyev Major Milestones In Administrative Activities PDF in Russian Simferopol Tavrida National V I Vernadsky University 39 40 Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 2 February 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c d e f g h i Ayvazovskiy Gayvazovskiy Ivan Oganes Konstantinovich Tretyakov Gallery Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Briggs A D P ed 1999 Alexander Pushkin a celebration of Russia s best loved writer London Hazar Publishing p 219 ISBN 1 874371 14 8 Sotheby s Russian Art Evening sale PDF Sotheby s 9 June 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 1 October 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Hovhannes Aivazovsky RusArtNet com The Premier Site for Russian Culture Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 a b c d Bolton 2010 p 140 a b c Bolton 2010 p 141 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Khachatrian The Sea Poet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Rogachevsky Alexander Ivan Aivazovsky 1817 1900 Tufts University Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 a b c Mikaelian 1991 p 63 a b Gomtsyan Natalia 11 September 2015 Ajvazovskij i ego okruzhenie Golos Armenii in Russian Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 Shaljyan Emma March 2012 Walter and Laurel Karabian Speak on Artist Aivazian Aivazovsky Hye Sahrzoom Armenian Studies Program California State University Fresno Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 10 January 2014 Aivazovsky in fact was the first painter to paint the Suez Canal a b Ivan Aivazovsky Seascape at Sunset 1841 PDF Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Archived from the original PDF on 2 February 2014 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Ivan Aivazovsky was the best known Russian painter of seascapes Bird Alan 1987 A history of Russian painting Boston G K Hall p 162 ISBN 978 0 8161 8911 3 a b c d Obukhovska Liudmyla 7 August 2012 To a good genius Feodosiia marked the 195th anniversary of Ivan Aivazovsky s birth The Day Kyiv Archived from the original on 7 March 2022 Ivan Constantinovich Aivasovski The Met Museum a b Karlinsky Simon 1999 Anton Chekhov s Life and Thought Selected Letters and Commentary Heim Michael Henry Karlinsky Simon 2nd ed Evanston Illinois Northwestern University Press pp 310 311 ISBN 0 8101 1460 7 Vasyanin Andrey 10 August 2016 Ajvazovskij na ladoni Rossiyskaya Gazeta in Russian 178 Archived from the original on 3 November 2020 a b Harutiunian 1965 pp 90 91 Բռնակալության դեմ ի նշան բողոքի նա բոլոր շքանշանները նետում է ծովը և ապա երիտասարդի աշխուժությամբ դնում է թուրքական հյուպատոսի մոտ ու զայրացած ասում Արյունակզակ տիրոջդ ինձի տված պատվանշանները ծովր նետեցի ահավասիկ անոնց ժապավենները իրեն ղրկել եթե կուզե թող ինքն ալ իմ պատկերներս ծովը նետե բայց հոդս չէ վասն զի անոնց փոխարժեքը ստացուած եմ Ու կը մեկնի Koorghinian 1967 p 190 Sarkssian 1963 p 31 a b c d Whitmore Janet Ivan K Aivazovsky Rehs Galleries Archived from the original on 29 August 2021 Novouspensky Nikolay Ivan Aivazovsky artsstudio com Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 Morya plamennyj poet Ivan Ajvazovskij in Russian Russia K 2007 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Blagodarya emu v Feodosii byl sozdan vodoprovod postroeny morskoj torgovyj port zheleznaya doroga vozvedeno zdanie arheologicheskogo muzeya i mnogoe drugoe a b c Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky Art Renewal Center Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 One of the greatest seascape painters of his time Aivazovsky conveyed the movement of the waves the transparent water the dialogue between sea and sky with virtuoso skill and tangible verisimilitude Yefremova Svetlana 24 July 2008 Ostavil o sebe bessmertnuyu pamyat Respublika Krym in Russian Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Այվազովսկի Հովհաննես Կոստանդնի Aivazovsky Hovhannes Konstandni in Armenian National Gallery of Armenia Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Minasyan Artavazd M Gevorkyan Aleksadr V 2008 How Did I Survive Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 56 ISBN 978 1 84718 601 0 OCLC 318443997 Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantionvich real name Hovannes Gevorgovich Aivazyan 1817 1900 grand Russian artist painter of seascapes ethnic Armenian Aside from his artwork I A was also known for his valuable contributions to the developments of the Russian and Armenian cultures of the 19th century He lived and worked in Feodosia Crimea He was buried there according to his will A sign on his tombstone written in ancient Armenian has a quote from the 5th century History of Armenia by Moses Khorenatsi says Born as a mortal left the immortal memory of himself a b c d e Pogrebetskaya Irina 2017 Aivazovsky s Estates and Lands Tretyakov Gallery Magazine Tretyakov Gallery 54 1 Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 5 January 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Originally published in Pogrebetskaya I M Aivazovsky s Estates and Lands Materials of research conference Ivan Aivazovsky s Artistic Heritage and Traditions dedicated to the centenary of Aivazovsky s death and the 120th anniversary of the Gallery inauguration Aivazovsky Picture Gallery Feodosia 2000 pp 28 33 The Ninth Wave Hermitage Museum Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2013 Mitrevski George Aivazovsky I K The Ninth Wave 1850 Auburn University Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 Detail from The Ninth Wave The Ninth Wave painted in 1850 is Aivazovsky s most famous work and is an archetypal image for the artist Amirzyanova Guzel 28 July 2013 Sem znamenityh kartin Ajvazovskogo Komsomolskaya Pravda in Russian Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Bessporno populyarnejshej kartinoj marinista yavlyaetsya Devyatyj val 1850 g sejchas eto polotno hranitsya v Russkom muzee Pozhaluj v nem silnee vsego peredana romanticheskaya natura hudozhnika Sarkssian 1963 p 26 a b c Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky The Athenaeum Interactive Humanities Online Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Nechayev Sergey 25 July 2015 Stahanovec Ajvazovskij Sovershenno sekretno in Russian Vol 26 no 355 Archived from the original on 18 September 2020 Schitaetsya chto kisti Ajvazovskogo prinadlezhit bolee 6000 poloten A pripisyvayut emu i togo bolshe okolo 20 000 kartin Leek 2012 pp 178 180 Newmarch 1917 p 192 a b c Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817 1900 Russian Museum Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Koorghinian 1967 p 189 Newmarch 1917 p 191 a b c d Sarkssian 1963 p 28 Cardwell 2005 p 402 Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից 1889 Descent of Noah from Ararat 1889 in Armenian National Gallery of Armenia Archived from the original on 23 January 2022 Բայրոնի այցը Մխիթարյաններին Սբ Ղազար կղզում 1899 in Armenian National Gallery of Armenia Archived from the original on 20 October 2020 a b c Losev Dmitry 2017 Father of the Town Ivan Aivazovsky and Feodosia A Lifelong Attachment Tretyakov Gallery Magazine Tretyakov Gallery 54 1 Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 14 January 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Kuindzhi Arhip Ivanovich in Russian Krugosvet Archived from the original on 27 January 2022 Ispytal osoboe vliyanie I K Ajvazovskogo a b Bowlt John E 1975 A Russian Luminist School Arkhip Kuindzhi s Red Sunset on the Dnepr Metropolitan Museum Journal Metropolitan Museum of Art 10 123 125 doi 10 2307 1512704 JSTOR 1512704 S2CID 192949837 Manin Vitaly 2000 Arhip Kuindzhi in Russian Moskva Belyĭ gorod p 6 ISBN 978 5 7793 0219 7 v Feodosiyu k znamenitomu Ajvazovskomu Kuindzhi pribyl v tihuyu Feodosiyu po vidimomu letom 1855 goda Ustrojstvom Kuindzhi zanyalsya Adolf Fessler uchenik i kopiist Ajvazovskogo Zhil Arhip vo dvore pod navesom v Kuindzhi Arhip Ivanovich Russian Biographical Dictionary in Russian Saint Petersburg Imperial Russian Historical Society 1903 Hotya Kuindzhi i nelzya nazvat uchenikom Ajvazovskogo no poslednij imel na nego nesomnenno nekotoroe vliyanie v pervyj period ego deyatelnosti ot nego on zaimstvoval mnogoe v manere pisat v vybore tem v lyubvi k shirokim prostranstvam online view Մախոխյան Վարդան 1869 1937 Makhokhyan Vardan 1869 1937 gallery am in Armenian National Gallery of Armenia Archived from the original on 24 September 2022 According to Aleksey Savinov an art expert at the Pushkin Museum see Smirnov Dmitriy 9 April 2009 Oligarhi pokupayut Ajvazovskogo po kvadratnym santimetram Oligarchs buying Aivazovsky s painting by square centimeters Komsomolskaya Pravda in Russian Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 On byl znamenit eshe pri zhizni on byl lyubimym hudozhnikom Nikolaya II He Aivazovsky was famous during his lifetime he was the favorite artist of Nicholas II 18 5 67 The Russian Art Sale Christie s 18 November 2010 Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 Lauded by many as the greatest maritime artist of his time Aivazovsky s genius lay above all in his capacity for capturing light Chekhonin O Chekhonina Svetlana Matafonov Vadim Stepanovich Ivashevskaya Galina 2003 Three centuries of Russian painting 2nd ed St Petersburg Kitezh Art Publishers ISBN 978 5 86263 019 0 The traditions of the genre were brilliantly developed by Ivan Aivazovsky 1817 1900 the most popular artist of the 19th century 41 69 70 Aivazovsky s View of Venice leads Russian art auction at 1 6m Paul Fraser Collectibles 29 November 2012 Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Aivazovsky 1817 1900 is widely regarded as one of the greatest seascape artists in history Lang David Marshall 1970 Armenia Cradle of Civilization London Allen amp Unwin p 245 Aivazovsky is one of the world s most thrilling masters of the marine picture Ayvazovskiy Gayvazovskiy Ivan Oganes Konstantinovich The State Tretyakov Gallery Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 13 December 2013 Aivazovsky was the best known and most celebrated Russian artist of marine paintings Bowater Marina 1990 Collecting Russian art amp antiques Hippocrene Books p 38 ISBN 978 0 87052 897 2 I Aivazovsky 1817 1900 the greatest Russian land and waterscapist best known for his renderings of the Black Sea 29 72 73 74 75 V Vene otkrylas unikalnaya vystavka rabot Ivana Ajvazovskogo A unique exhibition of works of Ivan Aivazovsky opened in Vienna Izvestia in Russian 17 March 2011 Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 V XIX veke Ajvazovskij sozdavshij za svoyu dolguyu tvorcheskuyu zhizn okolo 6 tysyach rabot polzovalsya ogromnoj populyarnostyu ne tolko v Rossii Ego imya bylo prekrasno izvestno lyubitelyam zhivopisi v Evrope i za okeanom In the nineteenth century Aivazovsky who created about 6 thousand works for his long creative life was very popular not only in Russia His name was well known to art lovers in Europe and across the ocean Newmarch 1917 pp 193 194 one of the few Russian artists whose talent was generally recognized abroad An 1892 The New York Times article describes him as a celebrated Russian marine painter see Literary and Art Notes PDF New York Times 3 July 1892 77 78 79 Artists and Their Work Munsey s Magazine New York Frank Munsey XVIII 4 488 January 1898 Blakesley Rosalind P 2003 Reviewed Work Seas Cities and Dreams The Paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky by Gianni Caffiero Ivan Samarine Ivan Aivazovsky The Slavonic and East European Review 81 3 548 549 JSTOR 4213759 Melikian Souren 7 August 2004 Bursts of creativity on the Russian plain The New York Times Ajvazovskij Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Volume I in Russian 1890 pp 242 243 Kalugina Natalya 2017 Reporting Aivazovsky in 19th century Russian Periodicals Tretyakov Gallery Magazine 54 1 Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Chekhov Anton 2010 Act Four Five Plays Brodskaya Marina translator Palo Alto Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 7574 8 Frayn Michael 1988 Plays Methuen Publishing p 361 Soviet Literature 7 12 Moscow Foreign Languages Publishing House 575 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Syuzhet dostojnyj kisti Ajvazovskogo in Russian Russian Educational Portal Russian Ministry of Education and Science Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 ulica Ajvazovskogo in Russian Informative Site of the City of Moscow Retrieved 13 December 2013 V Kronshtadte otkroyut pervyj v Rossii pamyatnik Ivanu Ajvazovskomu First statue of Ivan Aivazovsky in Russia to be opened in Kronstadt in Russian Channel One Russia 15 September 2007 Retrieved 13 December 2013 Koteneva Olga 1 December 2018 Aeroport Simferopolya poluchit imya hudozhnika Ajvazovskogo Rossiyskaya Gazeta in Russian Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 Putin signs executive order on naming Simferopol airport after Hovhannes Aivazovsky Armenpress 31 May 2019 Aeroportu Simferopolya torzhestvenno prisvoeno imya Ivana Ajvazovskogo in Russian 1tv ru 12 June 2019 Archived from the original on 15 June 2019 Ajvazovskij k 200 letiyu wciom ru in Russian Russian Public Opinion Research Center 28 July 2017 Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 Samym izvestnym sredi rossiyan zhivopiscem okazalsya Ivan Shishkin in Russian Interfax 28 July 2017 Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 Keshishyan A 2 May 2003 Այվազովսկին Երեւանում Aravot in Armenian Archived from the original on 3 March 2019 Երեւանում բացվեց Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու արձանը in Armenian Armenpress 1 May 2003 Archived from the original on 28 July 2018 Mahdesian Arshag D ed 1915 Hovannes Aivazovsky A Biographical Sketch The New Armenia New York New Armenia Publishing Company 8 362 363 The State Russian Museum where many of his works are located published an album in 2000 titled Hovhannes Aivazovsky see Publications Catalogues and Albums 2000 The State Russian Museum Archived from the original on 21 December 2010 Retrieved 28 October 2016 1991 2011 Nacionalnaya galereya Armenii 1991 2011 National Gallery of Armenia in Russian National Gallery of Armenia Retrieved 4 January 2014 Sarkissian 1967 p 70 Adamian 1958 p 89 Tumanyan Hovhannes 1893 Այվազովսկու նկարի առջև In front of Aiazovsky s painting in Armenian Reproduced in Հովհաննես Թումանյան Երկերի Լիակատար Ժողովածու Հատոր Առաջին Քննադատություն և Հրապարակախոսություն 1887 1912 Anthology of Hovhannes Tumanyan Volume 1 Criticism and Oration 1887 1912 in Armenian Yerevan Armenian National Academy of Sciences 1994 p 139 Blackwell Alice Stone 1917 Armenian Poems Boston Atlantic Printing Company p 187 Telfer J Buchan 1876 The Crimea and Transcaucasia being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban in Gouria Georgia Armenia Ossety Imeritia Swannety and Mingrelia and in the Tauric Range Volume I London Henry S King amp Co p 228 on its walls a series of portraits of kinds and warriors a sea piece by the marine painter Aivazoffsky a b Aivazovsky s Storm at Rocky Shores Canvas Handed to National Gallery Armenpress 3 June 2011 Archived from the original on 27 June 2022 Demonstration Areas president am Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia The bust of Hovhannes Aivazovsky erected in the capital Artsakhpress am 2 December 2021 Archived from the original on 9 December 2021 Retrieved 9 December 2021 Inci Kuyulu Ersoy April 2005 Kirim Feodosiya Kefe Ayvazovsky Cesmesi Sanat Tarihi Dergisi in Turkish Ege University 14 1 193 204 Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Naval Museum hosts leading marine artist Aivazovsky Hurriyet Daily News 6 January 2014 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 a b Why does Erdogan love paintings by Aivazovsky tgme org The Greater Middle East Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 Marchand Laure Perrier Guillaume 2015 Turkey and the Armenian Ghost On the Trail of the Genocide McGill Queen s University Press p 129 ISBN 978 0 7735 4549 6 Abramson Scott 28 July 2017 Aivazovsky at 200 Turkey s Love Affair with a Russian Armenian Painter Asbarez Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Aivazovsky Ivan Encyclopedia of Ukraine 1984 Archived from the original on 17 October 2020 Retrieved 16 January 2014 Gnatiuk Mikhail A et al 2001 Sto velikih ukraincev 100 Greatest Ukrainians in Russian Kiev Orfey ISBN 5 7838 1077 0 OCLC 50599356 Famous Ukrainians of all times ratinggroup ua Rating 28 May 2012 p 5 Archived from the original on 26 June 2022 archived PDF Prikaz Ministerstva kultury Respubliki Krym Decree of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Crimea publication pravo gov ru in Russian Official Internet portal of legal information 3 March 2022 Archived from the original on 14 October 2022 Pamyatnik bratyam Ajvazovskim skulptory Levon Tokmadzhyan i ego synovya arhitektor V Kravchenko 1999 god Budjurova Lilia Shylenko Olga 28 September 2017 Ukraine and Russia fight over Crimean heritage Agence France Presse Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 Poroshenko ob Ajvazovskom pochtim nashe nasledie Ukrayinska Pravda in Russian 30 July 2017 Archived from the original on 3 February 2022 Ukraina prisvoila Ajvazovskogo in Russian gazeta ru 30 July 2017 Archived from the original on 13 July 2021 Moj drug Ivan Ajvazovskij Poroshenko nashel eshe odnogo ukrainca in Russian RIA Novosti 31 July 2017 Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Cascone Sarah 23 March 2022 A Mariupol Museum Dedicated to One of Ukraine s Most Important Realist Painters Has Reportedly Been Destroyed by Russian Airstrikes Artnet Archived from the original on 16 September 2022 a b Banknotes in Circulation 20000 dram cba am Central Bank of Armenia Archived from the original on 15 May 2021 20000 dram banknote of 2018 year of issue was put into circulation on November 22 2018 Losev Dmitry 2017 OTEC GORODA Ivan Ajvazovskij i Feodosiya istoriya vzaimootnoshenij FATHER OF THE CITY Ivan Aivazovsky and Feodosia the history of relationships The Tretyakov Gallery Magazine in Russian Tretyakov Gallery Archived from the original on 23 January 2022 a b Kuzych Ingert 6 August 2000 Focus on Philately Aivazovsky stamps The Ukrainian Weekly Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 1992 1995 1995 stamp 1999 2005 Schmadel Lutz D 2012 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 6th ed New York Springer p 300 ISBN 978 3 642 29718 2 Ivan Ajvazovskij K 200 letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Ivan Aivazovsky 200 years since birth tretyakovgallery ru in Russian Tretyakov Gallery Archived from the original on 13 August 2016 Tretyakov Gallery celebrates Aivazovsky s 200th birthday with exhibition Russia Beyond the Headlines 29 July 2016 Medvedeva Maria 11 August 2016 Vystavka Ajvazovskogo pobila rekord poseshaemosti vystavki Serova in Russian LifeNews Kishkovsky Sophia 19 August 2016 Moscow s Tretyakov Gallery under fire over Crimean loans in blockbuster show The Art Newspaper Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Exhibition dedicated to 200th anniversary of Hovhannes Ivan Aivazovsky opened at National Art Museum of Ukraine Armenpress 22 September 2017 Exhibition dedicated to Aivazovsky s 200th birth anniversary attracts thousands of visitors within one week panorama am 23 September 2017 The Oligarts How Russia s very rich are buying up the World s very best art The Independent 27 September 2008 Retrieved 13 December 2013 Smale Alison 11 August 2015 Paradise in Russia Plus Trouble The New York Times Moonan Wendy 16 September 2005 Taking Russian Art to the Motherland The New York Times Ajvazovskij idet na novyj rekord Izvestia in Russian 30 November 2004 Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 17 January 2014 Vogel Carol 2 June 2006 The Dahesh Wants a Home of Its Own The New York Times Varoli John 14 June 2007 Russian Sale Sets Record Crazy Prices at Christie s London Bloomberg News Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 Retrieved 13 December 2013 Aivazovsky Painting Sold for Record 5 2 mln RIA Novosti 25 April 2012 Retrieved 13 December 2013 Adam Georgina 28 April 2012 The Art Market Munch and more Financial Times Retrieved 22 December 2013 Reyburn Scott 8 June 2020 As the Art World Goes Online a Generation Gap Opens The New York Times Kramer Andrew E 14 January 2011 Russia 50 Million Art and Gem Theft The New York Times Zheglov Aleksandr 15 January 2011 Hudozhestvennyj nalet Prestupniki unesli galereyu Aleksandra Taranceva Kommersant in Russian Archived from the original on 9 April 2019 Muradyan Tirayr 15 February 2017 Փյունիկ հիմնադրամը Սերժ Սարգսյանին Այվազովսկու գողացված նկարն է նվիրել The Armenian Times in Armenian Archived from the original on 21 February 2020 Muradyan Tirayr 17 February 2017 Սերժ Սարգսյանին նվիրել են Այվազովսկու կեղծ նկարը Փյունիկ ն իր հայտարարությունը ջնջել է The Armenian Times in Armenian Archived from the original on 21 February 2020 Mikayelyan Meri 3 March 2011 21 տարի անց Այվազովսկու գողացված նկարը գտել են Մոսկվայի աճուրդատանը 21 years later Aivazovsky s stolen painting was found at a Moscow auction house Hetq in Armenian Archived from the original on 2 July 2022 Pohishennyj holst Ajvazovskogo vernulsya v Armeniyu Aivazovsky s stolen canvas returned to Armenia in Russian RIA Novosti 3 June 2011 Archived from the original on 18 March 2021 Sotheby s Removes Allegedly Stolen Russian Painting from Sale The Moscow Times 2 June 2015 Archived from the original on 8 May 2022 Golubkova Katya 2 June 2015 Sotheby s withdraws sale of Russian painting alleged stolen Reuters Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 Aivazovsky painting stolen in 1976 found at auction in Switzerland TASS 29 September 2017 Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 Invaders steal over 2 000 exhibits from Mariupol museums Ukrinform 28 April 2022 Archived from the original on 24 September 2022 Bibliography Newmarch Rosa 1917 The Russian Arts New York E P Dutton amp Company Adamian A 1958 Նոր վավերագրեր նկարիչ Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու մասին New documentaries about the artist Hovhannes Ayvazovsky Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Social Sciences in Armenian Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 11 89 94 Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Aral Guillaume 2020 Aivasovsky Un peintre russe sur la Riviera Nice Editions de Nicephore ISBN 978 2 9545266 2 1 Sarkssian M S 1963 Հովհաննես Այվազովսկին և հայ մշակույթը Hovhannes Ayvazovsky and Armenian Culture Patma Banasirakan Handes in Armenian Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 4 25 38 Koorghinian K N 1967 Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի Ծննդյան 150 ամյակի առթիվ Hovhannes Ayvazovsky Patma Banasirakan Handes in Armenian Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 2 3 187 194 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Sarkissian M 1967 Հովհ Այվազովսկու տեղը և նշանակությունը հայ նկարչության մեջ The Place and Importance of Aivazovsky in the History of the Armenian Painting of the 19th century Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Armenian Armenian Academy of Sciences 10 70 81 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 29 January 2014 Harutiunian Gr 1965 Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու տոհմի ծագումնաբանությունը և ազգանվան փոփոխումը Hovhannes Aivazovsky family genealogy and family name change Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Social Sciences in Armenian Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 2 89 94 Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Ghazarian Manya 1974 Այվազովսկի Aivazovsky Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia in Armenian Vol 1 Yerevan Armenian Encyclopedia pp 350 351 Sarkissian M S 1988 Հովհաննես Այվազովսկու Բայրոնի այցը Մխիթարյաններին Ս Ղազար կղզում նկարը Hovhannes Aivazovsky s Painting Byron s Arrival to Mekhitarists on the Island of St Lazar Patma Banasirakan Handes in Armenian Armenian Academy of Sciences 2 224 226 ISSN 0135 0536 Mikaelian V A 1991 I K Ajvazovskij i ego sootechestvenniki H K Ayvazovsky and his compatriots Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Russian Yerevan Armenian Academy of Sciences 1 59 70 ISSN 0320 8117 Cardwell Richard 2005 Reception of Byron in Europe London Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 6844 4 OCLC 646740691 Bolton Roy 2010 Views of Russia amp Russian Works on Paper London Sphinx Fine Art ISBN 978 1 907200 05 2 Leek Peter 2012 Russian Painting Temptis New York Parkstone International ISBN 978 1 85995 939 8 OCLC 795320658 Khachatrian Shahen Poet morya The Sea Poet in Russian Center of Spiritual Culture Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace University Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 Further readingBooks and articles on Aivazovsky Ajvazovskij I K Dokumenty i materialy I K Aivazovsky Documents and Materials in Russian Yerevan Hayastan Publishing 1967 Barsamov Nikolay 1962 Ivan Konstantinovich Ajvazovskij 1817 1900 Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817 1900 in Russian Moscow Iskusstvo Novouspensky Nikolai ed 1989 Aivazovsky Leningrad Aurora Art Publishers ISBN 978 5 7300 0030 8 OCLC 21599603 Khachatrian Shahen 2000 Aivazovsky Well Known and Unknown Samara Agni Caffiero Gianni Samarine Ivan 2000 Seas Cities amp Dreams The Paintings of Ivan Aivazovsky London Alexandria Press ISBN 1 85669 232 9 Bulkeley Rip March 2015 Aivazovsky s Icebergs an Antarctic mystery Polar Record 51 2 212 215 doi 10 1017 S0032247414000047 S2CID 131719003 Lyall Sutherland 2005 Waters of Life The Russian Painters of Water New Line Books ISBN 978 1 59764 041 1 Tuglaci Pars 1983 Ayvazovski Turkiye de in Turkish Istanbul Inkilap ve Aka Articles analyzing Aivazovsky s works Yan Zhao 2015 Painterly Shading Ocean Surface Master s thesis Thesis Texas A amp M University Bulkeley Rip 2015 Aivazovsky s Icebergs an Antarctic mystery Polar Record 51 2 212 215 doi 10 1017 S0032247414000047 S2CID 131719003 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Aivazovsky Chronological List of paintings by Ivan AivazovskyGalleries of Aivazovsky s paintings Aivazovskiy Ivan at the Russian State Museum National Gallery of Armenia Russian Art Encyclopedia The Athenaeum Old Istanbul paints at Organization of Istanbul Armenians Ivan Aivazovsky in collection of the Odessa Art Museum Album Odessa Astroprint 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ivan Aivazovsky amp oldid 1127918866, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.