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Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad (/kəˈlɪnɪnɡræd/ kə-LIN-in-grad; Russian: Калининград, IPA: [kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat]), until 1946 known as Königsberg (German pronunciation: [ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk]; Russian: Кёнигсберг, tr. Kyonigsberg, IPA: [ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbɛrk]; Russian: Короле́вец, tr. Korolevets), is the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian semi-exclave between Lithuania and Poland. The city sits about 663 kilometres (412 mi) west from mainland Russia. The city is situated on the Pregolya River, at the head of the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea, and is the only ice-free port of Russia and the Baltic states on the Baltic Sea. Its population in 2020 was 489,359,[13] with up to 800,000 residents in the urban agglomeration.[14][15] Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region, and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea.

Kaliningrad
Калининград
Anthem: none[2]
Location of Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad
Location of Kaliningrad within Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad
Location of Kaliningrad within Russia
Kaliningrad
Location of Kaliningrad within Europe
Coordinates: 54°42′01″N 20°27′11″E / 54.70028°N 20.45306°E / 54.70028; 20.45306Coordinates: 54°42′01″N 20°27′11″E / 54.70028°N 20.45306°E / 54.70028; 20.45306
CountryRussia
Federal subjectKaliningrad Oblast[1]
Founded1 September 1255[3]
Government
 • BodyCity Council of Deputies[4]
 • Head[4]Elena Ivanovna Dyatlova[5]
Area
 • Total223.03 km2 (86.11 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 • Total431,402
 • Estimate 
(2018)[7]
475,056 (+10.1%)
 • Rank40th in 2010
 • Density1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Kaliningrad[1]
 • Capital ofKaliningrad Oblast[8], city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad[1]
 • Urban okrugKaliningrad Urban Okrug[9]
 • Capital ofKaliningrad Urban Okrug[9]
Time zoneUTC+2 (MSK–1 [10])
Postal code(s)[11]
236001 - 236999
Dialing code(s)+7 4012
OKTMO ID27701000001
City Day4 July; observed on the first Saturday of July
Websitewww.klgd.ru

The settlement of modern-day Kaliningrad was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named Königsberg in honor of King Ottokar II of Bohemia. A Baltic port city, it successively became the capital of the State of the Teutonic Order, the Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701) and East Prussia. Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy, though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701. From 1454 to 1455 the city under the name of Królewiec belonged to the Kingdom of Poland, and from 1466 to 1657 it was a Polish fief. Königsberg was the easternmost large city in Germany until World War II. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 and during the Battle of Königsberg in 1945; it was then captured by the Soviet Union on 9 April 1945. The Potsdam Agreement of 1945 placed it under Soviet administration. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 in honor of Soviet revolutionary Mikhail Kalinin. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has been governed as the administrative centre of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast, the westernmost oblast of Russia.[16]

As a major transport hub, with sea and river ports, the city is home to the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy, and is one of the largest industrial centres in Russia.[17] It was deemed the best city in Russia in 2012, 2013, and 2014 in Kommersant's magazine The Firm's Secret,[18] the best city in Russia for business in 2013 according to Forbes,[19] and was ranked fifth in the Urban Environment Quality Index published by Minstroy in 2019.[20] Kaliningrad has been a major internal migration attraction in Russia over the past two decades,[21] and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

History

The history of the city may be divided into four periods: the Old Prussian settlement known as Twangste before 1255; the Polish city of Królewiec from 1454 to 1455 and then fief of Poland from 1456–1657; the German city of Königsberg from 1657 to 1945; and the Russian city of Kaliningrad from 1945 to present.

Twangste

 
Old Prussian clans in the 13th century (Sambia - orange)

Königsberg was preceded by a Sambian (Old Prussian tribe) fort called Twangste (also spelt Tuwangste or Tvankste), meaning 'Oak Forest'.[22] During the conquest of the Sambians by the Teutonic Knights in 1255, Twangste was destroyed and replaced by a new fortress named Königsberg in the honor of Bohemian king Ottokar II. The declining Old Prussian culture finally became extinct around the early 18th century with the Great Plague,[23] and the surviving Old Prussians were integrated through assimilation.

Königsberg

The settlement on the site of present-day Kaliningrad was founded as a military fortress in 1255 after the Prussian Crusade by the Teutonic Knights against Baltic Prussians. The new settlement was named in honor of the Bohemian (Czech) King Ottokar II. The crusade was followed by a settlement of Germans and the surrounding area became predominantly German, with Polish, Lithuanian and Latvian minorities.

 
Anointment of Frederick I after his coronation as King in Prussia in Königsberg, 1701

In 1454, the city integrated within borders of Poland for a year thanks to King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and became a fiefdom under the Polish king from 1466. As a symbol of its dependence, the black Prussian eagle had a crown around its neck bearing the letter "S" from the Latinized name of the king, "Sigismundus." After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525, Königsberg became the capital of the Duchy of Prussia. In 1618 the Duchy of Prussia fell under the control of the Electors of Brandenburg and in 1657 it became controlled in personal union with Brandenburg (sometimes referred to as Brandenberg-Prussia). From 1701, Brandenberg-Prussia became a Kingdom and the entire area was referred to as the Kingdom of Prussia. While the Brandenberg portion was a part of the Holy Roman Empire and later the German Confederation, Prussia (later called East Prussia) was not included within those territorial boundaries.

In the context of the Seven Year War, all of East Prussia was conquered and occupied by the Russian Empire (1758–1762).[24] Immanuel Kant is famous for having sworn allegiance to Empress Elizabeth of Russia.[24]

In the ensuing two centuries the city, first as part of the Kingdom of Prussia, then from 1866 as part of the North German Confederation, and then from 1871 as part of the German Empire, continued to flourish and many iconic landmarks of Königsberg were built. The city had around 370,000 inhabitants and was a cultural and administrative center of Prussia and the German Empire. Immanuel Kant and E. T. A. Hoffmann, notable sons of the city, were born during this time.

World War II

In World War II the city of Königsberg was heavily damaged by a British bombing attack[23] in 1944 and the massive Soviet siege in spring 1945. At the end of World War II in 1945, the city became part of the Russian SFSR (as part of the Soviet Union).

Soviet Union: ethnic cleansing and destruction of cultural heritage

Historical affiliations

Old Prussians (until 1255)
  Teutonic Order 1255–1466
  Kingdom of Poland 1454–1455
  Kingdom of Poland /   Teutonic Order (fief of Poland) 1466–1525
  Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth /   Duchy of Prussia (fief of Poland) 1525–1656
  Sweden 1656–1657
  Duchy of Prussia 1657–1701
  Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1758
  Russian Empire 1758–1762
  Kingdom of Prussia 1762–1918
  German Empire 1871–1918
  Weimar Germany 1918–1933
  Nazi Germany 1933–1945
  Russian SFSR (as part of the Soviet Union) 1945–1991
  Russian Federation 1991–present

Under the Potsdam Agreement of 1 August 1945, the city became part of the Soviet Union pending the final determination of territorial borders at an anticipated peace settlement issued by military general Mingailas Paskauskas. This final determination eventually took place on 12 September 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed. The excerpt from the initial agreement pertaining to the partition of East Prussia, including the area surrounding Königsberg, is as follows (note that Königsberg is spelt "Koenigsberg" in the original document):

VI. CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA
The Conference examined a proposal by the Soviet Government that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement, the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig to the east, north of Braunsberg – Goldep, to the meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and East Prussia.

The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to expert examination of the actual frontier.

The President of the United States and the British Prime Minister supported the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement.[25]

 
The monument to Kalinin on the Kalinin Square (former Reichsplatz), built in 1959

Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin, although Kalinin was unrelated to the city, and there were already cities named in honour of Kalinin in the Soviet Union, namely Kalinin (now Tver) and Kaliningrad (now Korolev, Moscow Oblast).[26][27]

Some historians speculate that it may have originally been offered to the Lithuanian SSR because the resolution from the conference specifies that Kaliningrad's border would be at the (pre-war) Lithuanian frontier. The remaining German population was forcibly expelled between 1947 and 1948. The annexed territory was populated with Soviet citizens, mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians.[28]

The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were 1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population.

From 1953 to 1962, a monument to Stalin stood on Victory Square. In 1973, the town hall was turned into the House of Soviets. In 1975, the trolleybus was launched again. In 1980, a concert hall was opened in the building of the former Lutheran Church of the Holy Family. In 1986, the Kreuzkirche building was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church.

For foreigners, the city was completely closed and, with the exception of rare visits of friendship from neighboring Poland, it was practically not visited by foreigners.[29][30]

 
Demolition of Königsberg Castle with explosives, 1959. The last remnants were destroyed by 1968.

The old city was not restored, and the ruins of the Königsberg Castle were demolished in the late 1960s,[31] on Leonid Brezhnev's personal orders,[31][32] despite the protests of architects, historians, local historians and ordinary residents of the city.[33][34][35]

The "reconstruction" of the oblast, threatened by hunger in the immediate post-war years, was carried out through an ambitious policy of oceanic fishing[36] with the creation of one of the main fishing harbours of the USSR in Kaliningrad city. Fishing not only fed the regional economy but also was a basis for social and scientific development, in particular oceanography.[37]

In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between Polish People's Republic (Soviet satellite state at the time) and the Soviet Union.[38][39]

The region was added as a semi-exclave to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. According to some historians, Stalin created it as an oblast separate from the Lithuanian SSR because it further separated the Baltic states from the West.[40] Others think that the reason was that the region was far too strategic for the USSR to leave it in the hands of another SSR other than the Russian one.[37] The names of the cities, towns, rivers, and other geographical features were changed to Russian names.

The area was administered by the planning committee of the Lithuanian SSR, although it had its own Communist Party committee.[citation needed] In the 1950s, Nikita Khrushchev offered the entire Kaliningrad Oblast to the Lithuanian SSR but Antanas Sniečkus refused to accept the territory because it would add at least a million ethnic Russians to Lithuania proper.[28][41]

In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment). The offer was not seriously considered by the West German government which, at the time, saw reunification with East Germany as a higher priority.[42] However, this story was later denied by Mikhail Gorbachev.[43]

Russian Federation

 
The Königsberg Cathedral, restored in the 1990s.[44]

The town of Baltiysk, just outside Kaliningrad, is the only Russian Baltic Sea port said to be "ice-free" all year round, and the region hence plays an important role in maintenance of the Baltic Fleet.

Kaliningrad Oblast was an exclave of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 it became separated from the rest of Russia by independent countries. This isolation from the rest of Russia became even more pronounced politically when Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004. All military and civilian land links between the region and the rest of Russia have to pass through members of NATO and the EU. Special travel arrangements for the territory's inhabitants have been made through the Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD).[45]

While in the 1990s some Soviet-era city names commemorating communist leaders were changed (e.g., Leningrad reverting to Saint Petersburg and Kalinin, also named after Mikhail Kalinin, reverting to Tver), Kaliningrad remains named as it was,[46] though the city is sometimes colloquially referred to as König or Kyonig (Russian: Кёниг).[47] The question of the name of the city has been raised multiple times; in 2009, the head of the city administration, Felix Lapin, said he personally supported the return of the historical name of the city,[48] and in 2011, the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast, Nikolay Tsukanov, suggested a referendum could be held to resolve the issue, but stated that he was against renaming.[49][50] No further plans have been announced since, and in 2022 the government officially confirmed that renaming the city would be "inappropriate".[51]

Some of the cultural heritage, most notably the Königsberg Cathedral, were restored in the 1990s, as citizens started to examine previously ignored German past.[52]

Since the early 1990s, the Kaliningrad oblast has been a Free Economic Zone (FEZ Yantar). In 2005 the city celebrated its 750th anniversary.[53] In July 2007 Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared that if US-controlled missile defence systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad. On 5 November 2008 Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said that installing missiles in Kaliningrad was almost a certainty.[54] These plans were suspended, however, in January 2009.[55]

During late 2011, a long range Voronezh radar was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about 6,000 kilometres (3,728 miles). It is situated in the settlement of Pionersky (formerly German Neukuhren) in Kaliningrad Oblast.[56]

Kaliningrad was one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia.[57]

Geography

Kaliningrad is at the mouth of the navigable Pregolya River, which empties into the Vistula Lagoon, an inlet of the Baltic Sea.

Sea vessels can access Gdańsk Bay/Bay of Danzig and the Baltic Sea by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the Strait of Baltiysk.

Until around 1900, ships drawing more than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) of water could not pass the bar and use the city's docks;[citation needed] larger vessels had to anchor at Pillau (now Baltiysk), where cargo was transferred to smaller vessels. In 1901, a ship canal between Königsberg and Pillau, completed at a cost of 13 million German marks,[citation needed] enabled vessels of a 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) draught to moor alongside the town (see also Ports of the Baltic Sea).

Climate

Kaliningrad has an oceanic climate (Cfb, depending on the isotherm chosen for class C climates) or a humid continental climate (Dfb, depending on the isotherm chosen for class D climates), with cold, cloudy, (though moderate compared to most of Russia) winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.5 to +18.1 °C (29.3 to 64.6 °F) and rainfall varies from 36.0 millimeters (1.42 in)/month to 97.0 millimeters (3.82 in)/month. In general, it has maritime influences and therefore damp, variable and mild, with vast temperature differences between July and January.

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often very sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times (with temperature reaching as high as +30–+35 °C (86–95 °F) at least once per year) with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy showers. The average annual hours of sunshine for Kaliningrad is 1,700,[citation needed] similar to other northern cities. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp and foggy in November.[citation needed] Winter includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).

Climate data for Kaliningrad (1991–2020, extremes 1848–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9)
16.9
(62.4)
23.0
(73.4)
28.5
(83.3)
30.6
(87.1)
34.0
(93.2)
36.3
(97.3)
36.5
(97.7)
33.8
(92.8)
26.4
(79.5)
19.4
(66.9)
13.3
(55.9)
36.5
(97.7)
Average high °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
2.1
(35.8)
6.1
(43.0)
13.1
(55.6)
18.2
(64.8)
21.3
(70.3)
23.5
(74.3)
23.3
(73.9)
18.4
(65.1)
12.2
(54.0)
6.2
(43.2)
2.6
(36.7)
12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8)
−0.6
(30.9)
2.4
(36.3)
7.9
(46.2)
12.7
(54.9)
16.1
(61.0)
18.5
(65.3)
18.1
(64.6)
13.5
(56.3)
8.4
(47.1)
3.9
(39.0)
0.4
(32.7)
8.3
(46.9)
Average low °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7)
−3.0
(26.6)
−0.8
(30.6)
3.4
(38.1)
7.5
(45.5)
11.3
(52.3)
13.9
(57.0)
13.3
(55.9)
9.4
(48.9)
5.2
(41.4)
1.7
(35.1)
−1.8
(28.8)
4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) −32.5
(−26.5)
−33.3
(−27.9)
−21.7
(−7.1)
−5.8
(21.6)
−3.1
(26.4)
0.7
(33.3)
4.5
(40.1)
1.6
(34.9)
−2.0
(28.4)
−11.1
(12.0)
−18.7
(−1.7)
−25.6
(−14.1)
−33.3
(−27.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 68
(2.7)
54
(2.1)
49
(1.9)
38
(1.5)
52
(2.0)
69
(2.7)
91
(3.6)
91
(3.6)
73
(2.9)
86
(3.4)
76
(3.0)
69
(2.7)
816
(32.1)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7
(2.8)
7
(2.8)
3
(1.2)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
2
(0.8)
5
(2.0)
7
(2.8)
Average rainy days 14 13 14 14 14 16 15 16 17 18 18 16 185
Average snowy days 15 15 10 3 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 7 13 64
Average relative humidity (%) 85 83 78 72 71 74 75 77 81 83 86 87 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35 61 120 171 253 264 257 228 158 96 38 26 1,707
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[58]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[59]

Demographics

The original German population fled or was expelled after the end of World War II, when the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union, and in the following few years. In October 1945, only about 5,000 Soviet civilians lived in the territory.[60] Between October 1947 and October 1948 approximately 100,000 Germans were forcibly moved to Germany[clarification needed],[61] and by 1948 about 400,000 Soviet civilians had arrived in the Oblast.[60]

 
Local residents in Kaliningrad at "Immortal regiment", carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II
 
The blessing of the Easter baskets in Kaliningrad

Today the overwhelming majority of Kaliningrad's residents are Russians settled after 1945, and their descendants. A minority of the population are from other Slavic ethnic groups, including Belarusians and Ukrainians. Kaliningrad today is also home to small communities of Tatars, Germans, Armenians, Poles, and Lithuanians.

Ethnic composition, Russian 2010 census:

Ethnicity total population % of the population
Russians 351,186 87.4 %
Ukrainians 16,053 4.0 %
Belarusians 15,077 3.7 %
Armenians 3,062 0.8 %
Tatars 2,075 0.5 %
Lithuanians 1,789 0.4 %
Germans 1,676 0.4 %
Polish 1,114 0.3 %
Other ethnicities 10,041 2.5 %
All 401,649 100.0 %

Cityscape

Architecture

The pre-war city center (Altstadt and Kneiphof) consists of parks, broad avenues, a square on the site of the former Königsberg Castle, and two buildings: the House of Soviets ("Dom Sovyetov"), roughly on the site of the former castle, and the restored Königsberg Cathedral on the Kneiphof island (now "Kant island"). Immanuel Kant's grave is situated next to the cathedral. Many German-era buildings in the historic city centre have been preserved and even rebuilt, including the reconstruction of the Königsberg Synagogue. The new city centre is concentrated around Victory Square. The Cathedral of Christ the Savior, consecrated in 2005, is located on that square.

The oldest building in Kaliningrad is the Juditten Church (built before 1288). Also worth seeing are the former Stock Exchange, the surviving churches, and the remaining city gates. In counter-clockwise order these gates are: the Sackheim Gate, King's Gate, Rossgarten Gate, Attack Gate (German: Ausfallstor, or Sally Port), Railway Gate (Eisenbahntor), Brandenburg Gate, and Friedland Gate (Friedländer Tor (Kaliningrad) [de]). Apart from the Dohna Tower, which houses the Amber Museum, the Wrangel Tower also remains as a reminder of the former Königsberg city walls. Only the gate of the former Fort Friedrichsburg remains.

Monuments

Notable monuments include the statue of Immanuel Kant in front of the Immanuel Kant State University of Russia. The statue was made by notable sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and unveiled in 1864. The statue was destroyed in 1945, but was remoulded in 1992 on the initiative of Marion Dönhoff, a native East Prussian who became prominent in the West. Also worth seeing is the Cosmonaut monument, which honours the Kaliningrad cosmonauts Alexey Leonov, Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Viktorenko. Other statues and monuments include the statue for Duke Albert, the statue for Friedrich Schiller, the statue for communist functionary Mikhail Kalinin for whom the city is named,[62] the statue for Tsar Peter the Great, Vladimir Vysotsky, the "Mother Russia" monument, and the Monument for the 1200 Guardsmen, remembering the Battle of Königsberg.

Parks

Kaliningrad is a "green" city with many parks[63] and areas with many trees and lawns. Parks range from tiny city squares to massive parks.[citation needed]

The Youth Recreation Park is one of the most popular parks in the city.[citation needed] The park was established in the 1920s–1930s in the English style. It reopened its doors post-war and was popular among citizens in the 1980s–1990s with its boat house and tennis courts, as well as merry-go-rounds.[64] The park had a massive reconstruction in 2004 adding a cafe, carting, and various modern entertainments. It is located in the quiet area of the city, in Leningradsky area, and is connected to the Lower Pond. Youth Recreation Park provides entertainment for all age groups. There is also Interpersonal Communications Development Central located in the park.[citation needed]

The Kaliningrad Zoo was opened as the Königsberg Zoo in 1896. The collection, which extends over 16.5 ha (40 acres), comprises 315 species with a total of 2,264 individual animals (as of 2005). The Kaliningrad Zoo is also an arboretum.[citation needed]

Ponds

Centrally located in the city is Lower Pond, an artificial lake. Lower Pond is surrounded by a promenade and is an area for recreation especially in summer. North of the Lower Pond is the larger Upper Pond in northern Kaliningrad.

Bridges

Leonhard Euler's 1736 paper on the puzzle of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg was a seminal work in the fields of graph theory and topology. Only two of the structures from his era survive.

Kaliningrad Stadium

In 2018, the Kaliningrad Stadium, located on Oktyabrsky Island, near the embankment of the Staraya Pregolya River, was opened. The stadium has a seating capacity of 35,000.

Culture

Museums in Kaliningrad

 
Museum ship "Vityaz" from the collection of the Museum of the World Ocean

There are many museums in Kaliningrad.

The Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts is the oldest museum in Kaliningrad, founded in 1946. In addition to the main building, the museum has four branches in Kaliningrad (including "Blindage" and "Fort No. 5") and two elsewhere in the region.

In 1979, the Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum was opened in the building of the Don, a former defensive tower. Initially, it was a branch of the Historical and Art Museum, but since 2004 it has operated independently.

The Kaliningrad State Art Gallery, which opened on November 24, 1988, is one of the youngest and fastest-growing museums in Russia, known both domestically and abroad. Up to 40 exhibitions of domestic and foreign art are held annually in eight exhibition halls with a total exhibition area of more than 3,000 square metres (¾ acre).

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Museum of the World Ocean, which was unique in Russia at the time, was gradually created, and now offers exhibitions and six museum vessels:

  • Research ship-museum "Vityaz"
  • Submarine B-413
  • Space communication vessel "Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev"
  • Fishing boat-museum "SRT-129"
  • Floating lighthouse "Irbensky"
  • Icebreaker "Krassin" - moored in St. Petersburg.

The branches of the museum are the King's Gate and the preserved gate of Fort Friedrichsburg.

A museum of ancient archaeological finds has been created. It is located at the Friedland Gate, which itself is a monument of antiquity.

In 2009, the Museum of E. T. A. Hoffmann, a famous writer born in this city, was created. The museum is located in the building of the former Leningrad Cinema; now this building houses a regional music school named after Hoffman.

On 5 June 2016 the Einstein Museum of Entertaining Sciences was opened on the first floor of the Mega-Market shopping centre, which offers interactive exhibits that illustrate various fields of science and demonstrate the manifestation of their laws.[65]

Kaliningrad's museums were visited by roughly 920,000 people in 2013.[66] In terms of museum attendance, the region of Kaliningrad ranks seventh among the regions of Russia.[67]

Theaters and concert halls

There are several theaters in the city:

The musical life of the city is rich and diverse. Annual music festivals of various styles and trends are held throughout the year. Under the patronage of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic Society, international festivals and competitions of classical, jazz, organ music (dedicated to Johann Sebastian Bach and Mikael Tariverdiev) are held. Since 2006, the Don Cento Jazz International Jazz Festival has been held in the summer. The city also hosts two major rock festivals: the Night Wolves bike show (July) and Kaliningrad In Rock (August). The Baltic Seasons art festival is held annually.

In 2013, Kaliningrad's theaters were visited by almost 345,000 people.[66]

Libraries

 
Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library
  • Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library
  • Central City Library. A.P. Chekhov
  • Kaliningrad Regional Youth Library. V. Mayakovsky
  • Kaliningrad Regional Children's Library. A.P. Gaidar
  • Kaliningrad Regional Specialized Library for the Blind

Also, there are 20 municipal city libraries in the city. As of 2015, more than 100 thousand residents of Kaliningrad regularly visit the city's libraries.[68]

Music

The modern city of Kaliningrad is home to the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic and Symphony Orchestra, the Lik male chamber choir and the Garmonika Russian music ensemble,[69] as well as the Kaliningrad Chamber Orchestra.[70]

Cuisine

 
Königsberger Klopse are a Prussian specialty of meatballs in a white sauce with capers that can be found in many restaurants in Kaliningrad.

Kaliningrad has its own vodka and beer brands, Stari Königsberg and Ostmark respectively. Since the early 1990s many new restaurants have opened in the city. These restaurants offer culinary specialities of former East Prussia, like Königsberger Klopse, and also fish and salad dishes, pizza and sushi. Königsberger Fleck, a bovine tripe soup and yet another culinary specialty from former Königsberg, no longer belongs to the culinary culture of Kaliningrad.

The people of Kaliningrad generally imported their respective culinary traditions to the region when they settled in the area after 1945. Borscht and okroshka may be served as in the rest of Russia. Many Italian and Asian restaurants (or fusions of both traditions) are in operation all over the city. Pizza and sushi are among the most popular dishes today. Fast food is widely available from various chains, including those of foreign origin. Shawarma is also gaining considerable prominence.

Sports

The Russian football club FC Baltika Kaliningrad is based in Kaliningrad and plays in the Russian Football National League. The home stadium is the Kaliningrad Stadium, built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

During 2006 to 2013, the Dynamo-Yantar men's volleyball club played in the Russian men's volleyball Championship. They played their home games at the Yantarny Sports Palace, which can accommodate over 7,000 spectators. From 2010, Yantarny had regularly hosted matches of the Russian men's national volleyball team in the FIVB Volleyball World League and the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.

In the past, the city was also represented by the football clubs of West, Baltika-2 and FC Baltika-Tarko Kaliningrad, as well as the rugby club West Zvezda (winner of the 1994 Russian Cup, prize winner of the 1994 and 1995 Russian championships). The football club Volna Kaliningrad took part in the third tier of the 2000 Lithuanian championship, LF II Lyga, and won in the western zone (22 games: 20 wins, 2 draws, goal difference 101–9).[71][72]

Since November 2013, the city has had an American football team called Amber Hawks. In 2015, the Amber Hawks reached the semifinals of the Polish League 8x8.[73] In 2016, Amber Hawks took the silver medal of the prestigious Eastern League of American Football (VLAF).[74]

In June 2014 the Kaliningrad Regional Hockey League (KRHL) was created. League competition is the official championship of the Kaliningrad region of hockey.

In 2018 Kaliningrad hosted some games of the World Cup.

On 9 April 2018 the creation of a women's volleyball team, the "Lokomotiv Kaliningrad Region" was announced. At the end of the 2018–2019 season the club took the second place in the Russian Championship, losing one point to the leader team, the WVC Dynamo Moscow.

Administrative and municipal status

Kaliningrad is the administrative centre of the oblast.[8] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad — an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad is incorporated as Kaliningrad Urban Okrug.[9]

City districts

As of 2014, the city was divided into three administrative districts:

City district
Russian name Inhabitants
2010 Census[6]
Notes
Moskovsky Московский 152,165 Named after the Russian capital, Moscow
Leningradsky Ленинградский 159,771 Named after Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg
Tsentralny Центральный 119,966 Lit. central, as it lies to the northwest of the historical city center

Two administrative districts were abolished in June 2009:

City district
Russian name Inhabitants
2002 Census[75]
Notes
Baltiysky Балтийский 68,664 Named after the Baltic Sea
Oktyabrsky Октябрьский 43,252 Named after the October Revolution

Authorities

Local government

 
Flags of Russia (center), Kaliningrad Oblast (left), and Kaliningrad (right), over the City Hall

Local self-government in the city is carried out on the basis of the Charter, which was adopted by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad on July 12, 2007.

Bodies and officials of local self-government in the city (formally – in the city district) Kaliningrad are:

  • Council of Deputies (representative body of a municipal formation)
  • Head (chief executive)
  • Administration (executive and administrative body of the municipality)
  • Chamber of Control and Accounts

The City Council of Deputies consists of 28 deputies elected by city residents in municipal elections according to a mixed mandate distribution system for a period of 5 years. The chairman of the Council is elected by deputies from among its members. The current 6th convocation was elected on September 18, 2016. The Chairman of the Council is Andrey Kropotkin from United Russia.

The head of the city heads the administration of the city district. Elected by the City Council of Deputies from among the candidates presented by the Competition Commission based on the results of the competition, for the term of office of the City Council of Deputies. Since April 2018, the head of the city is Alexey Silanov.[76]

The Kaliningrad administration and the Council of Deputies are located in the building of the mayor's office at the Victory Square.[77]

From 1996 to 2007, the Charter of the City of Kaliningrad dated September 25, 1996 was in force in Kaliningrad, according to which the local self-government bodies were:

  • The head of the city (mayor) – the highest official of the city;
  • City hall (executive and administrative body);
  • City Council of Deputies (representative body).

In 2007, due to the reform of local self-government, the functions of local self-government bodies were changed, and a new position was introduced – the head of the administration.

In 2008–2012, the local government body, carrying out executive and administrative functions, was the city district administration, headed by the head of the administration (city manager). The head of the administration was appointed to the post by the decision of the District Council of Deputies following a competition. On May 14, 2008, Felix Lapin was appointed to this position for a period of 2 years. On June 15, 2011, deputies of the Kaliningrad District Council approved Svetlana Mukhomor as head of the city administration (she is the first deputy head of the city administration).[78]

In November 2016, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma adopted a law abolishing direct elections for the mayor of Kaliningrad.[79] The elections were replaced by the selection procedure of candidates by a competition commission from which the city Council of Deputies selects one by secret ballot. In 2018, out of ten people who submitted documents for participation in the competition, only three were admitted to the competition.[80]

Regional government

 
Building of the Government and Administration of the Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast

All legislative, executive and judicial authorities of Kaliningrad Oblast are located in Kaliningrad. The Government of Kaliningrad Oblast and the Governor's Administration are located in the same building on Dmitry Donskoy Street, the Kaliningrad Regional Duma on Kirov Street, the Kaliningrad Regional Court on Sergeeva Street, and the Arbitration Court of Kaliningrad Oblast on Rokossovsky Street.

Federal government

In Kaliningrad, there are representative offices of federal authorities in the region:

Economy

In 1996, Kaliningrad was designated a Special Economic Zone, referred to as FEZ Yantar. Manufacturers based there get tax and customs duty breaks on the goods they send to other parts of Russia. Although corruption was an early deterrent, that policy means the region is now a manufacturing hub. One in three televisions in Russia are made in Kaliningrad (including Ericsson brand by Telebalt Ltd. and Polar by an eponymous firm located in the city of Chernyakhovsk) and it is home to Cadillac and BMW related car plants (produced by Avtotor). Kaliningrad's major industries are manufacturing, shipping, fishing and amber products. In 2006, Moscow declared it would turn the region into "the Russian Hong Kong".[81]

Education

 
Baltic Naval Institute

Today, there are 21 higher educational institutions in Kaliningrad (together with branches of universities in other cities), of which state-owned are:

  • The Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, previously the Kaliningrad Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (KYUI), even earlier – the Kaliningrad Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which was formed on the basis of the Kaliningrad Special Secondary School of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
  • Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Until 2011 – Russian State University. I. Kant. The name of Kant was given on the eve of the city's 750th anniversary in 2005. Previously – Kaliningrad State University (KSU). Occupies the building of the former German University of Königsberg.
  • Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet (BFFSA). Until 1991 – Kaliningrad Higher Marine Engineering School (KVIMU).
  • Kaliningrad State Technical University (KSTU). Previously – Kaliningrad Technical Institute of the Fishing Industry and Economy (KTIRPiH).
  • Kaliningrad Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Engineering School of Engineering Troops named after A.A.Zhdanov (KVIUIV).
  • The FF Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute, now a branch of the military educational and scientific center of the Russian Navy "Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov." Previously – Kaliningrad Higher Naval School (KVVMU).

Also in Kaliningrad there is a branch of the North-West Academy of Public Administration and National Economy, from secondary educational institutions – three gymnasiums, six lyceums and forty-seven secondary schools. There are educational institutions of secondary vocational education: Kaliningrad Regional College of Music. S. V. Rachmaninova, Kaliningrad State College of Urban Development, Kaliningrad Marine Fisheries College and others; to the IKBFU I. Kant included the Kaliningrad Technical College, the Communal Construction College. In addition, there is one cadet corps – KSH "Andrew the First-Called Cadet Naval Corps" (APKMK).

In August 2019, construction began on a branch of the Nakhimov Naval School. The opening is scheduled for September 1, 2020, the number of students will be over 560 people.[82]

Transport

Roads

Kaliningrad is a major transport hub. The most important roads of the city are:

In December 2007, construction began on the Primorskoye Koltso highway, which connects Kaliningrad with Svetlogorsk, Pionersky, Zelenogradsk and Khrabrovo Airport. It is planned to continue construction at Baltiysk, Svetly.

Around the city (from the village of A. Kosmodemyansky to the traffic intersection with Moskovsky Prospekt) passes the route of the northern and southern bypasses of Kaliningrad. Until now, on the western side of the city of Kaliningrad, the "ring" of the road has not been closed due to the absence of a 7-kilometer (5 mile) crossing through the Vistula Lagoon.

Water

Kaliningrad is home to the westernmost and the only non-freezing port of Russia and the Baltic states on the Baltic Sea. Freight and passenger ferry crossings connect the Port of Kaliningrad, and its outport, the Port of Baltiysk with Saint Petersburg, and the ports of Germany and Sweden.

As of April 2019, only a freight ferry operates on the Baltiysk–Ust-Luga route, and the passenger ferry has been cancelled.[83][84]

Air

The Kaliningrad Devau Airport, which opened in 1919, was one of the first civilian airports in the world, and the first in Germany. In 1922, the first planes of the Moscow-Riga-Königsberg, the first international airline of the Soviet Union, arrived in here for the first time. After World War II, the airport was used for local flights until the 1970s.

In the fifties, a new airport, the Khrabrovo Airport, was built on the base of a military airfield 24 kilometres (15 miles) from the city. Now it has international status. The Kaliningrad airline KD Aviation was based on Khrabrovo, which ceased operations in September 2009. The reconstruction of the airport has been completed in 2018.[citation needed] On 1 October 2022 the airport began allowing more flights from international destinations, including through operation by foreign airlines.[85]

Railway

 
Railway network in Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad is the most important hub of the railway network of the Kaliningrad Oblast. It is the site of the Kaliningrad Railway.

The main passenger railway station of the city is the Kaliningrad South railway station, which includes the main railway station of the city and the Oblast–Yuzhny station, it serves both commuter and long-distance trains following from Kaliningrad:

The Berlin-Kaliningrad direct train (via Poland) operated from 1993 to 2000, then was replaced by a non-stop carriage, which was part of the Kaliningrad-Gdynia train from December 2003 to December 2009 and in 2010–2013 (in the summer), with a re-trailer in the Polish city of Tczew. A platform with a European Standard Gauge track was specially equipped to receive these trains, allowing trains to run on this message without the interruption of a bogie exchange at some point on the journey.

Kaliningrad North railway station serves trains connecting Kaliningrad with the seaside resorts of the city, Svetlogorsk and Pionersky, as well as the city of Sovetsk. It is a major transport hub in the public transport system of Kaliningrad.

Other railway stations located in the city:

  • Kutuzovo-Novoye (Alexander Nevsky Street District)
  • Chkalovsk-Western (Mck. Chkalovsk)
  • West New (Wagon Street District)
  • Forest-Novoya (Mcn. named after Alexander Kosmodemyansky)
  • Dzerzhinskaya-Novaya (Dzerzhinsky Street district, there is a European (standard gauge) track)
  • Aivazovsky stop (in the area of Aivazovsky and Yamskaya streets)
  • Kiev stop (Kievskaya Street district, near the Baltic market)
  • Selma stop (General Chelnokov Street and Selma Market)
  • Stop point 4 kilometer (Muromskaya Street District, Southern)
  • Brusnichny Stop (Brusny street district)

Inter-city and international bus service

Regular bus routes connect Kaliningrad with Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany.

There are two bus stations in the city. The "old" bus station is located on Kalinin Square, next to the Kaliningrad-Passazhirskiy railway station and is used primarily for intra-regional transportation.

Due to the conflict with the station directorate, the Königavto road carrier stopped using this bus station and set up its own international bus station at the end of Moskovsky Prospekt. More than 90% of regular international bus services depart from it.

Urban public transport

Public transport in Kaliningrad is represented by a bus, a trolleybus, a tram, a taxi, and the city's railway lines. On 21 March 2010 a new public transport scheme came into effect.[86]

The tram network in Kaliningrad has been in existence since 1895 and is the oldest tram system in Russia. It has a track width of 1000 mm (3'3"). Until 2000, at least ten city tram routes operated in Kaliningrad, however, over the past twenty years, the route network has been significantly reduced.[87] By the beginning of 2013, only two routes were operating in the city. In 2015, after changing the traffic pattern at the Kaliningrad South railway station, the last tram route No. 5 remained. In accordance with the newly adopted General Plan of Kaliningrad until 2035, the construction of a tram line with a separate traffic section in the Moskovsky District is envisaged.

The first trolleybuses appeared in Königsberg in 1943, but after the war they decided not to restore the trolleybus system. The modern trolleybus system of the city has been operating since 5 November 1975.[88] During this time, the route network in Kaliningrad has repeatedly changed. After the repair of the overpass on Pobedy Avenue, carried out in the summer of 2018, route No. 6 was discontinued. As a result, three operating trolleybus lines remained in the city, although the new route scheme for public transport, adopted on 1 August 2016, provided for six routes.[89] The general plan of the city until 2035 also provides for the development of the trolleybus network in Kaliningrad.

Railbus

 
A Tatra T4 Tram passing through the Brandenburg Gate

On 26 March 2014 the first line of the city rail bus was launched in Kaliningrad, serving the route from the Kievskaya platform in the Moskovsky district to the Kaliningrad North railway station. At the same time, a bus line was organised connecting Oleg Koshevoy Street with the Kievskaya platform. The opening of several more lines of the city railway has been announced, which should connect the center of Kaliningrad with the peripheral districts of the city.[90][91]

In December 2016, the mayor of Kaliningrad, Alexander Yaroshuk, announced that from 1 January 2017 the city rail bus would be canceled due to its unprofitability.[92] After that, Governor Anton Alikhanov made an operational decision to subsidize the rail bus from the regional budget.[93]

In early January 2017, the press service of the Kaliningrad Railway announced that it was planned to extend the rail bus line to Chkalovsk.[94]

On 9 January 2017 city trains were launched on the Kaliningrad-Guryevsk route, and on the Kaliningrad-Lesnoye Novoe route from 3 September 2018.

As of the end of 2018, rail buses serve four intra-city lines connecting peripheral sleeping areas and the satellite city of Guryevsk with the center of Kaliningrad. Kaliningrad North railway station is a major transport and interchange hub, where many public transport routes converge. Passengers are transported by rail buses of the RA1 and RA2 models, manufactured by Metrovagonmash. City trains run on weekdays during the morning and evening rush hours.

Bridges

 
The Two-tiered Bridge
 
The Wooden Bridge
 
Second Overpass Bridge

The branches of the Pregolya River divide the city into four parts. Majority of the city (Tsentralny Administrative District and Leningradsky Administrive District) is located north of the river, Moskovsky Administrative District is south of the river. Kant Island (Kneiphof) and Oktyabrsky Administrative District (Lomse) are located between the branches of the river.

There are eight active bridges across the Pregolya and one dismantled in Kaliningrad.

  • The Two-tiered bridge is a drawbridge that connects General Butkov (northern bank) and Zheleznodorozhnaya (southern bank) streets. Divorced by raising the middle span. The upper tier of the bridge is occupied by a railway, the lower - by the carriageway and pedestrian sidewalks. The double-deck bridge is the only existing railway bridge across the Pregolya in Kaliningrad.
  • Trestle bridge - thrown over both branches of the Pregolya and passes over Kneiphof, is part of the Leninsky Prospekt, built in 1972,[95] to replace two of the seven Königsberg bridges - Lavochny and Zeleny. There is a pedestrian descent from the bridge to the island, an automobile exit to Moskovsky Prospekt . There is no road exit to the island. The bridge is crossed by routes of all types of public transport.
  • The Wooden Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges in Königsberg. Connects Moskovsky Prospekt with Oktyabrsky Island (Oktyabrskaya st.). There are two tram routes across the bridge
  • The Honey Bridge is a drawbridge, one of the seven bridges of Königsberg. Connects Oktyabrsky Island and Kneiphof. Since the Kneiphof is a pedestrian zone, the de facto bridge is also exclusively pedestrian. From time to time, the bridge is used by official vehicles (delivery of materials for the restoration of the Königsberg Cathedral, as well as for the passage of wedding corteges).
  • Jubilee Bridge - drawbridge, pedestrian, connects Oktyabrsky Island (Rybnaya village area) with St. Epronovskaya. Built in 2005 on the pillars of the old Imperial Bridge, destroyed during World War II.
  • The High Bridge is one of the seven bridges in Königsberg. Connects st. Oktyabrskaya (Oktyabrsky Island) from st. Dzerzhinsky. A tram line runs across the bridge.
  • Berlin (Palmburg) Bridge is part of the Kaliningrad ring road, it is thrown across both channels of the Pregolya. Farthest from the city center. After the war, it was only partially restored (one strip). A three-lane bridge was built in its place, reconstructed in 2014.
  • The old railway bridge is a drawbridge, located in the area of the Museum of the World Ocean. Divorced by raising the middle span. The middle span is dismantled, the bridge is not used in any way. An abandoned railway line crosses the bridge.
  • The Second Overpass Bridge was commissioned in December 2011. The bridge crosses both channels of the Pregolya and passes over Oktyabrsky Island, connecting April 9 Street in the right-bank part of the city with Dzerzhinsky Street in the left-bank part. The total length is 1883 metres (2060 yards). The bridge has three lanes in each direction. The design speed of vehicles is not less than 80 km/h (50 mph).

Seven bridges existed in Königsberg in the 16th-20th centuries. The relative position of the bridges led to the mathematical problem of Seven Bridges of Königsberg, and prompted the mathematician Leonard Euler to speculate, which led to the emergence of graph theory.

Media

Television

The Kaliningrad television studio has existed since 1958 with its own frequency channel and daily 6–7-hour broadcasting, then it was called the Yantar TV and Radio Company. It has lost its channel and most of its airtime; it is a branch of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company.

Kaliningrad television networks:

Radio

Kaliningrad radio stations:

Notable people

International relations

Diplomatic missions

In 2004 Germany opened a consulate general in Kaliningrad.[96] This consulate allows Kaliningrad residents to get Schengen visas without having to travel to Moscow. An agreement between Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany, and President of Russia Vladimir Putin established the consulate in light of Lithuania and Poland, which surround Kaliningrad, joining the EU. Russian concerns with Germany wanting the former Königsberg back had stifled earlier plans for a German consulate.[97][98][99]

Small border traffic law

Poland and the Russian Federation have an agreement whereby residents of Kaliningrad and the Polish cities of Olsztyn, Elbląg and Gdańsk may obtain special cards permitting repeated travel between the two countries, crossing the Polish–Russian border. As of July 2013, Poland had issued 100,000 of the cards. That year, the influx of Russians visiting Poland to shop at the Biedronka and Lidl supermarkets was novel enough to be featured in songs by musical group Parovoz.[100]

Twin towns – sister cities

Kaliningrad is twinned with:[101]

Former twin towns

In February and March 2022, Norfolk, Virginia, suspended while Lithuanian, Polish and Dutch cities of Panevėžys, Białystok, Elbląg, Łódź, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Olsztyn, Racibórz, Toruń and Zwolle terminated their cooperation with Kaliningrad as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]

Partner cities

Kaliningrad is also partnered with:

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Resolution #640
  2. ^ Article 6 of the Charter of Kaliningrad states that the city may have an anthem, providing one is officially adopted. As of 2015, an anthem is not listed among the symbols of the city shown on the official website of Kaliningrad.
  3. ^ a b Official website of Kaliningrad. Passport of Kaliningrad Urban Okrug. (in Russian)
  4. ^ a b Charter of Kaliningrad, Article 25
  5. ^ Official website of Kaliningrad. Head of the City, Alexander Georgiyevich Yaroshuk. (in Russian)
  6. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Law #463
  9. ^ a b c Law #397
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. ^ Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Оценка численности населения Калининградской области по состоянию на 1 января 2018 года[permanent dead link] (in Russian)
  13. ^ "Russia: Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Northwestern Federal District". City Population.de. August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  14. ^ "Система расселения России: тенденции к переменам". Демоскоп Weekly. August 1–19, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  15. ^ "Биполярная модель межрегионального сотрудничества"Трехградье (Польша) — Калининград (Россия)"" [Bipolar model of interregional cooperation "Tricity (Poland) - Kaliningrad (Russia)"] (PDF).
  16. ^ В.И. Кулаков, Д.А. Пуляева. "Кaliningrad". Большая российская энциклопедия. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  17. ^ Alexander Akishin (December 16, 2013). "250 крупнейших промышленных центров России". Urbanica. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  18. ^ "100 лучших городов России". Kommersant Secret Firmy. April 2, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  19. ^ "30 лучших городов для бизнеса 2013". Forbes. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  20. ^ Кирилл Алексеев (November 5, 2019). "Рейтинг комфортности городов России: Пионерский на первом месте, Калининград - на пятом". Komsomolskaya Pravda. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
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  22. ^ The Monthly Review, p. 609, at Google Books
  23. ^ a b Roqueplo O: La Russie & son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, HAL, 2018
  24. ^ a b Roqueplo O. La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, HAL, 2018
  25. ^ "The Potsdam Declaration". Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  26. ^ Кёнигсберг мог стать Балтийском. Archived 2022-02-01 at the Wayback Machine // klgd.ru
  27. ^ Кёнигсберг-Калининград. Поиск самоидентификации. Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine // klgd.ru
  28. ^ a b Milan Bufon (April 11, 2014). The New European Frontiers: Social and Spatial (Re)Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 978-1443859363.
  29. ^ Социально-экономическая география Балтийского региона. // window.edu.ru
  30. ^ Калининград: От реликта России до процветающего города Прибалтики («The Independent», Великобритания). Archived 2016-08-27 at the Wayback Machine // newkaliningrad.ru
  31. ^ a b Ryabushev, Alexander (November 11, 2008). "Калининградские руины еще немного подождут". ng.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  32. ^ Artamonova, Alexandra (June 7, 2018). "Raze and rebuild: Kaliningrad's battle to preserve its complex post-war cityscape". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  33. ^ "Калининградская архитектура".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) // archikld.ru
  34. ^ О восстановлении послевоенного Калининграда 1946—1953 гг. Archived 2020-09-25 at the Wayback Machine // klgd.ru
  35. ^ Клемешев А. П., Калининградский государственный университет (2004). На перекрёстке культур: русские в Балтийском регионе. Выпуск 7. Часть 2. КГУ. pp. 206–207.
  36. ^ Roqueplo O: La Russie et son Miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Langues'O, HAL, 2018
  37. ^ a b Roqueplo O: La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, 2018
  38. ^ "Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet–Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957" (PDF). Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  39. ^ For other issues of the frontier delimitation see "Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other material". Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  40. ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). Visions of Victory: The hopes of eight World War II leaders. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-521-85254-8.
  41. ^ Krickus, Richard J. (2002). "2. Kaliningrad under Soviet and Russian Rule". The Kaliningrad Question. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 9780742517059 – via Google Books.
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  48. ^ "Калининград или Кенигсберг?". Interfax. May 14, 2009.
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Sources

  • Городской Совет депутатов Калининграда. Решение №257 от 12 июля 2007 г. «О принятии Устава городского округа "Город Калининград"», в ред. Решения №20 от 17 февраля 2017 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав городского округа "Город Калининград", утверждённый Решением городского Совета депутатов Калининграда от 12 июля 2007 г. №257». Вступил в силу 22 июля 2007 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Гражданин" (специальный выпуск), №12, 21 июля 2007 г. (City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad. Decision #257 of July 12, 2007 On Adopting the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", as amended by the Decision #20 of February 17, 2017 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the "City of Kaliningrad", Adopted by Decision #257 by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad Decision on July 12, 2007. Effective as of July 22, 2007 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
  • Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №463 от 27 мая 2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Калининградской области», в ред. Закона №450 от 3 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Калининградской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Калининградской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Ведомости Правительства Калининградской области"), №112, 26 июня 2010 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #463 of May 27, 2010 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast, as amended by the Law #450 of July 3, 2015 On Amending the Law of Kaliningrad Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Правительство Калининградской области. Постановление №640 от 30 августа 2011 г. «Об утверждении реестра объектов административно-территориального деления Калининградской области», в ред. Постановления №877 от 21 ноября 2011 г «О внесении изменения в Постановление Правительства Калининградской области от 30 августа 2011 г. №640». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Официально"), №170, 15 сентября 2011 г. (Government of Kaliningrad Oblast. Resolution #640 of August 30, 2011 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #877 of November 21, 2011 On Amending the Resolution of the Government of Kaliningrad Oblast #640 of August 30, 2011. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №397 от 15 мая 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования "Город Калининград" статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №370 от 1 июля 2009 г «О составе территорий муниципальных образований Калининградской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета" ("Запад России"), №115, 3 июня 2004 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #397 of May 15, 2004 On Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Kaliningrad", as amended by the Law #370 of July 1, 2009 On the Composition of the Territories of the Municipal Formations of Kaliningrad Oblast. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Vesilind, Priit J. "Kaliningrad: Coping with a German Past and a Russian Future", National Geographic, March 1997.
  • Berger, Stefan "A City and Its Past. Popular Histories in Kaliningrad between Regionalization and Nationalization", in: Popularizing National Past. 1800 to Present, Edited by Stefan Berger, Chris Lorenz, and Billie Melman, Routledge 2012, pp. 288–307.
  • Kommersant, Russia's daily On-line
  • Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 4 июля 1946 г. «О переименовании города Кёнигсберга в город Калининград и Кёнигсбергской области в Калининградскую область». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 4, 1946 On Changing the Name of the City of Kyonigsberg to the City of Kaliningrad and the Name of Kyonigsberg Oblast to Kaliningrad Oblast. ).

Further reading

  • Barros, George. "Belarus Warning Update: Moscow and Minsk Hold Simultaneous Combat Readiness Exercises in Kaliningrad, Mainland Russia, and Belarus." Institute for the Study of War (2021) online.
  • Diener, Alexander, and Joshua Hagen. "Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad exclave and enclave: Russian and EU perspectives." Eurasian Geography and Economics 52.4 (2011): 567-592. online
  • Krickus, Richard J. The Kaliningrad Question (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
  • Lachowski, Zdzislaw. "Kaliningrad as a security issue: an expert view from Poland." in Kaliningrad: the European amber region (Routledge, 2018) pp. 130–148.
  • Mordovets, Vitaly, et al. "Socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad region." E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 291. EDP Sciences, 2021. online
  • Oldberg, Ingmar. "The Kaliningrad Region: an Exclave with Internal and External Problems." in The Kaliningrad Region (Brill Schöningh, 2021) pp. 241–261.
  • Oldberg, Ingmar. "The emergence of a regional identity in the Kaliningrad oblast." Cooperation and Conflict 35.3 (2000): 269-288.
  • Sebentsov, Alexander B., and Maria V. Zotova. "The Kaliningrad Region: Challenges of the Exclave Position and the Ways to Offset Them." Baltic Region 10.1 (2018): 89-106. online
  • Veebel, Viljar. "Why it would be strategically rational for Russia to escalate in Kaliningrad and the Suwalki corridor." Comparative Strategy 38.3 (2019): 182-197. online
  • Liuhto, Kari (editor). "Its future competitiveness and role in the Baltic Sea economic region October 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." University of Turku.
  • Rogoża, Jadwiga, Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga, and Iwona Wiśniewska. "." OSW Studies, No. 41, July 2012.
  • Roqueplo, Olivier, Home - TEL - Thèses en ligne › tel-02080112. La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Sorbonne, HAL, 2018.

External links

  • Official website of Kaliningrad (in Russian)
  • Kaliningrad Business Directory (in Russian)
  • Kaliningrad travel guide
  • All roads lead to Kaliningrad

kaliningrad, this, article, about, city, since, 1945, detailed, history, before, 1945, königsberg, oblast, where, city, located, oblast, other, uses, disambiguation, grad, russian, Калининград, kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat, until, 1946, known, königsberg, german, pronunciat. This article is about the city since 1945 For detailed history before 1945 see Konigsberg For the oblast where the city is located see Kaliningrad Oblast For other uses see Kaliningrad disambiguation Kaliningrad k e ˈ l ɪ n ɪ n ɡ r ae d ke LIN in grad Russian Kaliningrad IPA kelʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat until 1946 known as Konigsberg German pronunciation ˈkoːnɪcsbɛʁk Russian Kyonigsberg tr Kyonigsberg IPA ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbɛrk Russian Korole vec tr Korolevets is the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast a Russian semi exclave between Lithuania and Poland The city sits about 663 kilometres 412 mi west from mainland Russia The city is situated on the Pregolya River at the head of the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea and is the only ice free port of Russia and the Baltic states on the Baltic Sea Its population in 2020 was 489 359 13 with up to 800 000 residents in the urban agglomeration 14 15 Kaliningrad is the second largest city in the Northwestern Federal District after Saint Petersburg the third largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh largest city on the Baltic Sea Kaliningrad KaliningradCity 1 Church of the Holy Family Konigsberg Cathedral Fishermen s village in pseudo historic style Brandenburg Gate King s Gate Pregolya RiverFlagCoat of armsAnthem none 2 Location of KaliningradKaliningradLocation of Kaliningrad within Kaliningrad OblastShow map of Kaliningrad OblastKaliningradLocation of Kaliningrad within RussiaShow map of RussiaKaliningradLocation of Kaliningrad within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates 54 42 01 N 20 27 11 E 54 70028 N 20 45306 E 54 70028 20 45306 Coordinates 54 42 01 N 20 27 11 E 54 70028 N 20 45306 E 54 70028 20 45306CountryRussiaFederal subjectKaliningrad Oblast 1 Founded1 September 1255 3 Government BodyCity Council of Deputies 4 Head 4 Elena Ivanovna Dyatlova 5 Area 3 Total223 03 km2 86 11 sq mi Elevation5 m 16 ft Population 2010 Census 6 Total431 402 Estimate 2018 7 475 056 10 1 Rank40th in 2010 Density1 900 km2 5 000 sq mi Administrative status Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Kaliningrad 1 Capital ofKaliningrad Oblast 8 city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad 1 Municipal status Urban okrugKaliningrad Urban Okrug 9 Capital ofKaliningrad Urban Okrug 9 Time zoneUTC 2 MSK 1 10 Postal code s 11 236001 236999Dialing code s 7 4012OKTMO ID27701000001City Day4 July observed on the first Saturday of JulyWebsitewww wbr klgd wbr ruThe settlement of modern day Kaliningrad was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades and was named Konigsberg in honor of King Ottokar II of Bohemia A Baltic port city it successively became the capital of the State of the Teutonic Order the Duchy of Prussia 1525 1701 and East Prussia Konigsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy though the capital was moved to Berlin in 1701 From 1454 to 1455 the city under the name of Krolewiec belonged to the Kingdom of Poland and from 1466 to 1657 it was a Polish fief Konigsberg was the easternmost large city in Germany until World War II The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in 1944 and during the Battle of Konigsberg in 1945 it was then captured by the Soviet Union on 9 April 1945 The Potsdam Agreement of 1945 placed it under Soviet administration The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 in honor of Soviet revolutionary Mikhail Kalinin Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union it has been governed as the administrative centre of Russia s Kaliningrad Oblast the westernmost oblast of Russia 16 As a major transport hub with sea and river ports the city is home to the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy and is one of the largest industrial centres in Russia 17 It was deemed the best city in Russia in 2012 2013 and 2014 in Kommersant s magazine The Firm s Secret 18 the best city in Russia for business in 2013 according to Forbes 19 and was ranked fifth in the Urban Environment Quality Index published by Minstroy in 2019 20 Kaliningrad has been a major internal migration attraction in Russia over the past two decades 21 and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Contents 1 History 1 1 Twangste 1 2 Konigsberg 1 3 World War II 1 4 Soviet Union ethnic cleansing and destruction of cultural heritage 1 5 Russian Federation 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Cityscape 4 1 Architecture 4 2 Monuments 4 3 Parks 4 4 Ponds 4 5 Bridges 4 6 Kaliningrad Stadium 5 Culture 5 1 Museums in Kaliningrad 5 2 Theaters and concert halls 5 3 Libraries 5 4 Music 5 5 Cuisine 6 Sports 7 Administrative and municipal status 7 1 City districts 8 Authorities 8 1 Local government 8 2 Regional government 8 3 Federal government 9 Economy 10 Education 11 Transport 11 1 Roads 11 2 Water 11 3 Air 11 4 Railway 11 5 Inter city and international bus service 11 6 Urban public transport 11 6 1 Railbus 11 7 Bridges 12 Media 12 1 Television 12 2 Radio 13 Notable people 14 International relations 14 1 Diplomatic missions 14 2 Small border traffic law 14 3 Twin towns sister cities 14 4 Former twin towns 14 5 Partner cities 15 See also 16 References 16 1 Notes 16 2 Sources 17 Further reading 18 External linksHistory EditSee also Timeline of Kaliningrad The history of the city may be divided into four periods the Old Prussian settlement known as Twangste before 1255 the Polish city of Krolewiec from 1454 to 1455 and then fief of Poland from 1456 1657 the German city of Konigsberg from 1657 to 1945 and the Russian city of Kaliningrad from 1945 to present Twangste Edit Old Prussian clans in the 13th century Sambia orange Konigsberg was preceded by a Sambian Old Prussian tribe fort called Twangste also spelt Tuwangste or Tvankste meaning Oak Forest 22 During the conquest of the Sambians by the Teutonic Knights in 1255 Twangste was destroyed and replaced by a new fortress named Konigsberg in the honor of Bohemian king Ottokar II The declining Old Prussian culture finally became extinct around the early 18th century with the Great Plague 23 and the surviving Old Prussians were integrated through assimilation Konigsberg Edit Main article Konigsberg The settlement on the site of present day Kaliningrad was founded as a military fortress in 1255 after the Prussian Crusade by the Teutonic Knights against Baltic Prussians The new settlement was named in honor of the Bohemian Czech King Ottokar II The crusade was followed by a settlement of Germans and the surrounding area became predominantly German with Polish Lithuanian and Latvian minorities Anointment of Frederick I after his coronation as King in Prussia in Konigsberg 1701 In 1454 the city integrated within borders of Poland for a year thanks to King Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk and became a fiefdom under the Polish king from 1466 As a symbol of its dependence the black Prussian eagle had a crown around its neck bearing the letter S from the Latinized name of the king Sigismundus After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525 Konigsberg became the capital of the Duchy of Prussia In 1618 the Duchy of Prussia fell under the control of the Electors of Brandenburg and in 1657 it became controlled in personal union with Brandenburg sometimes referred to as Brandenberg Prussia From 1701 Brandenberg Prussia became a Kingdom and the entire area was referred to as the Kingdom of Prussia While the Brandenberg portion was a part of the Holy Roman Empire and later the German Confederation Prussia later called East Prussia was not included within those territorial boundaries In the context of the Seven Year War all of East Prussia was conquered and occupied by the Russian Empire 1758 1762 24 Immanuel Kant is famous for having sworn allegiance to Empress Elizabeth of Russia 24 In the ensuing two centuries the city first as part of the Kingdom of Prussia then from 1866 as part of the North German Confederation and then from 1871 as part of the German Empire continued to flourish and many iconic landmarks of Konigsberg were built The city had around 370 000 inhabitants and was a cultural and administrative center of Prussia and the German Empire Immanuel Kant and E T A Hoffmann notable sons of the city were born during this time World War II Edit In World War II the city of Konigsberg was heavily damaged by a British bombing attack 23 in 1944 and the massive Soviet siege in spring 1945 At the end of World War II in 1945 the city became part of the Russian SFSR as part of the Soviet Union Soviet Union ethnic cleansing and destruction of cultural heritage Edit Historical affiliations Old Prussians until 1255 Teutonic Order 1255 1466 Kingdom of Poland 1454 1455 Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Order fief of Poland 1466 1525 Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Duchy of Prussia fief of Poland 1525 1656 Sweden 1656 1657 Duchy of Prussia 1657 1701 Kingdom of Prussia 1701 1758 Russian Empire 1758 1762 Kingdom of Prussia 1762 1918 German Empire 1871 1918 Weimar Germany 1918 1933 Nazi Germany 1933 1945 Russian SFSR as part of the Soviet Union 1945 1991 Russian Federation 1991 present Under the Potsdam Agreement of 1 August 1945 the city became part of the Soviet Union pending the final determination of territorial borders at an anticipated peace settlement issued by military general Mingailas Paskauskas This final determination eventually took place on 12 September 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed The excerpt from the initial agreement pertaining to the partition of East Prussia including the area surrounding Konigsberg is as follows note that Konigsberg is spelt Koenigsberg in the original document VI CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREAThe Conference examined a proposal by the Soviet Government that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig to the east north of Braunsberg Goldep to the meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania the Polish Republic and East Prussia The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above subject to expert examination of the actual frontier The President of the United States and the British Prime Minister supported the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement 25 The monument to Kalinin on the Kalinin Square former Reichsplatz built in 1959 Konigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin although Kalinin was unrelated to the city and there were already cities named in honour of Kalinin in the Soviet Union namely Kalinin now Tver and Kaliningrad now Korolev Moscow Oblast 26 27 Some historians speculate that it may have originally been offered to the Lithuanian SSR because the resolution from the conference specifies that Kaliningrad s border would be at the pre war Lithuanian frontier The remaining German population was forcibly expelled between 1947 and 1948 The annexed territory was populated with Soviet citizens mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians 28 The German language was replaced with the Russian language In 1950 there were 1 165 000 inhabitants which was only half the number of the pre war population From 1953 to 1962 a monument to Stalin stood on Victory Square In 1973 the town hall was turned into the House of Soviets In 1975 the trolleybus was launched again In 1980 a concert hall was opened in the building of the former Lutheran Church of the Holy Family In 1986 the Kreuzkirche building was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church For foreigners the city was completely closed and with the exception of rare visits of friendship from neighboring Poland it was practically not visited by foreigners 29 30 Demolition of Konigsberg Castle with explosives 1959 The last remnants were destroyed by 1968 The old city was not restored and the ruins of the Konigsberg Castle were demolished in the late 1960s 31 on Leonid Brezhnev s personal orders 31 32 despite the protests of architects historians local historians and ordinary residents of the city 33 34 35 The reconstruction of the oblast threatened by hunger in the immediate post war years was carried out through an ambitious policy of oceanic fishing 36 with the creation of one of the main fishing harbours of the USSR in Kaliningrad city Fishing not only fed the regional economy but also was a basis for social and scientific development in particular oceanography 37 In 1957 an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between Polish People s Republic Soviet satellite state at the time and the Soviet Union 38 39 The region was added as a semi exclave to the Russian SFSR since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast According to some historians Stalin created it as an oblast separate from the Lithuanian SSR because it further separated the Baltic states from the West 40 Others think that the reason was that the region was far too strategic for the USSR to leave it in the hands of another SSR other than the Russian one 37 The names of the cities towns rivers and other geographical features were changed to Russian names The area was administered by the planning committee of the Lithuanian SSR although it had its own Communist Party committee citation needed In the 1950s Nikita Khrushchev offered the entire Kaliningrad Oblast to the Lithuanian SSR but Antanas Snieckus refused to accept the territory because it would add at least a million ethnic Russians to Lithuania proper 28 41 In 2010 the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 against payment The offer was not seriously considered by the West German government which at the time saw reunification with East Germany as a higher priority 42 However this story was later denied by Mikhail Gorbachev 43 Russian Federation Edit The Konigsberg Cathedral restored in the 1990s 44 The town of Baltiysk just outside Kaliningrad is the only Russian Baltic Sea port said to be ice free all year round and the region hence plays an important role in maintenance of the Baltic Fleet Kaliningrad Oblast was an exclave of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 it became separated from the rest of Russia by independent countries This isolation from the rest of Russia became even more pronounced politically when Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004 All military and civilian land links between the region and the rest of Russia have to pass through members of NATO and the EU Special travel arrangements for the territory s inhabitants have been made through the Facilitated Transit Document FTD and Facilitated Rail Transit Document FRTD 45 While in the 1990s some Soviet era city names commemorating communist leaders were changed e g Leningrad reverting to Saint Petersburg and Kalinin also named after Mikhail Kalinin reverting to Tver Kaliningrad remains named as it was 46 though the city is sometimes colloquially referred to as Konig or Kyonig Russian Kyonig 47 The question of the name of the city has been raised multiple times in 2009 the head of the city administration Felix Lapin said he personally supported the return of the historical name of the city 48 and in 2011 the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast Nikolay Tsukanov suggested a referendum could be held to resolve the issue but stated that he was against renaming 49 50 No further plans have been announced since and in 2022 the government officially confirmed that renaming the city would be inappropriate 51 Some of the cultural heritage most notably the Konigsberg Cathedral were restored in the 1990s as citizens started to examine previously ignored German past 52 Since the early 1990s the Kaliningrad oblast has been a Free Economic Zone FEZ Yantar In 2005 the city celebrated its 750th anniversary 53 In July 2007 Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared that if US controlled missile defence systems were deployed in Poland then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad On 5 November 2008 Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said that installing missiles in Kaliningrad was almost a certainty 54 These plans were suspended however in January 2009 55 During late 2011 a long range Voronezh radar was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about 6 000 kilometres 3 728 miles It is situated in the settlement of Pionersky formerly German Neukuhren in Kaliningrad Oblast 56 Kaliningrad was one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia 57 Geography EditKaliningrad is at the mouth of the navigable Pregolya River which empties into the Vistula Lagoon an inlet of the Baltic Sea Sea vessels can access Gdansk Bay Bay of Danzig and the Baltic Sea by way of the Vistula Lagoon and the Strait of Baltiysk Until around 1900 ships drawing more than 2 meters 6 ft 7 in of water could not pass the bar and use the city s docks citation needed larger vessels had to anchor at Pillau now Baltiysk where cargo was transferred to smaller vessels In 1901 a ship canal between Konigsberg and Pillau completed at a cost of 13 million German marks citation needed enabled vessels of a 6 5 m 21 ft 4 in draught to moor alongside the town see also Ports of the Baltic Sea The Pregolya River in Kaliningrad The pseudo historic Fishermen s village 13th century Juditten ChurchClimate Edit Kaliningrad has an oceanic climate Cfb depending on the isotherm chosen for class C climates or a humid continental climate Dfb depending on the isotherm chosen for class D climates with cold cloudy though moderate compared to most of Russia winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Average temperatures range from 1 5 to 18 1 C 29 3 to 64 6 F and rainfall varies from 36 0 millimeters 1 42 in month to 97 0 millimeters 3 82 in month In general it has maritime influences and therefore damp variable and mild with vast temperature differences between July and January The seasons are clearly differentiated Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy later becoming pleasantly warm and often very sunny Summer which begins in June is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 35 C 86 95 F at least once per year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy showers The average annual hours of sunshine for Kaliningrad is 1 700 citation needed similar to other northern cities Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny turning cold damp and foggy in November citation needed Winter includes periods of snow January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as 15 C 5 F Climate data for Kaliningrad 1991 2020 extremes 1848 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 12 7 54 9 16 9 62 4 23 0 73 4 28 5 83 3 30 6 87 1 34 0 93 2 36 3 97 3 36 5 97 7 33 8 92 8 26 4 79 5 19 4 66 9 13 3 55 9 36 5 97 7 Average high C F 1 1 34 0 2 1 35 8 6 1 43 0 13 1 55 6 18 2 64 8 21 3 70 3 23 5 74 3 23 3 73 9 18 4 65 1 12 2 54 0 6 2 43 2 2 6 36 7 12 3 54 1 Daily mean C F 1 2 29 8 0 6 30 9 2 4 36 3 7 9 46 2 12 7 54 9 16 1 61 0 18 5 65 3 18 1 64 6 13 5 56 3 8 4 47 1 3 9 39 0 0 4 32 7 8 3 46 9 Average low C F 3 5 25 7 3 0 26 6 0 8 30 6 3 4 38 1 7 5 45 5 11 3 52 3 13 9 57 0 13 3 55 9 9 4 48 9 5 2 41 4 1 7 35 1 1 8 28 8 4 7 40 5 Record low C F 32 5 26 5 33 3 27 9 21 7 7 1 5 8 21 6 3 1 26 4 0 7 33 3 4 5 40 1 1 6 34 9 2 0 28 4 11 1 12 0 18 7 1 7 25 6 14 1 33 3 27 9 Average precipitation mm inches 68 2 7 54 2 1 49 1 9 38 1 5 52 2 0 69 2 7 91 3 6 91 3 6 73 2 9 86 3 4 76 3 0 69 2 7 816 32 1 Average extreme snow depth cm inches 7 2 8 7 2 8 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 5 2 0 7 2 8 Average rainy days 14 13 14 14 14 16 15 16 17 18 18 16 185Average snowy days 15 15 10 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 7 13 64Average relative humidity 85 83 78 72 71 74 75 77 81 83 86 87 79Mean monthly sunshine hours 35 61 120 171 253 264 257 228 158 96 38 26 1 707Source 1 Pogoda ru net 58 Source 2 NOAA sun 1961 1990 59 Demographics EditThe original German population fled or was expelled after the end of World War II when the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union and in the following few years In October 1945 only about 5 000 Soviet civilians lived in the territory 60 Between October 1947 and October 1948 approximately 100 000 Germans were forcibly moved to Germany clarification needed 61 and by 1948 about 400 000 Soviet civilians had arrived in the Oblast 60 Local residents in Kaliningrad at Immortal regiment carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II The blessing of the Easter baskets in Kaliningrad Today the overwhelming majority of Kaliningrad s residents are Russians settled after 1945 and their descendants A minority of the population are from other Slavic ethnic groups including Belarusians and Ukrainians Kaliningrad today is also home to small communities of Tatars Germans Armenians Poles and Lithuanians Ethnic composition Russian 2010 census Ethnicity total population of the populationRussians 351 186 87 4 Ukrainians 16 053 4 0 Belarusians 15 077 3 7 Armenians 3 062 0 8 Tatars 2 075 0 5 Lithuanians 1 789 0 4 Germans 1 676 0 4 Polish 1 114 0 3 Other ethnicities 10 041 2 5 All 401 649 100 0 Cityscape EditArchitecture Edit King s Gate Friedrichsburg Gate The pre war city center Altstadt and Kneiphof consists of parks broad avenues a square on the site of the former Konigsberg Castle and two buildings the House of Soviets Dom Sovyetov roughly on the site of the former castle and the restored Konigsberg Cathedral on the Kneiphof island now Kant island Immanuel Kant s grave is situated next to the cathedral Many German era buildings in the historic city centre have been preserved and even rebuilt including the reconstruction of the Konigsberg Synagogue The new city centre is concentrated around Victory Square The Cathedral of Christ the Savior consecrated in 2005 is located on that square The oldest building in Kaliningrad is the Juditten Church built before 1288 Also worth seeing are the former Stock Exchange the surviving churches and the remaining city gates In counter clockwise order these gates are the Sackheim Gate King s Gate Rossgarten Gate Attack Gate German Ausfallstor or Sally Port Railway Gate Eisenbahntor Brandenburg Gate and Friedland Gate Friedlander Tor Kaliningrad de Apart from the Dohna Tower which houses the Amber Museum the Wrangel Tower also remains as a reminder of the former Konigsberg city walls Only the gate of the former Fort Friedrichsburg remains Monuments Edit Notable monuments include the statue of Immanuel Kant in front of the Immanuel Kant State University of Russia The statue was made by notable sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch and unveiled in 1864 The statue was destroyed in 1945 but was remoulded in 1992 on the initiative of Marion Donhoff a native East Prussian who became prominent in the West Also worth seeing is the Cosmonaut monument which honours the Kaliningrad cosmonauts Alexey Leonov Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Viktorenko Other statues and monuments include the statue for Duke Albert the statue for Friedrich Schiller the statue for communist functionary Mikhail Kalinin for whom the city is named 62 the statue for Tsar Peter the Great Vladimir Vysotsky the Mother Russia monument and the Monument for the 1200 Guardsmen remembering the Battle of Konigsberg Parks Edit Kaliningrad is a green city with many parks 63 and areas with many trees and lawns Parks range from tiny city squares to massive parks citation needed The Youth Recreation Park is one of the most popular parks in the city citation needed The park was established in the 1920s 1930s in the English style It reopened its doors post war and was popular among citizens in the 1980s 1990s with its boat house and tennis courts as well as merry go rounds 64 The park had a massive reconstruction in 2004 adding a cafe carting and various modern entertainments It is located in the quiet area of the city in Leningradsky area and is connected to the Lower Pond Youth Recreation Park provides entertainment for all age groups There is also Interpersonal Communications Development Central located in the park citation needed The Kaliningrad Zoo was opened as the Konigsberg Zoo in 1896 The collection which extends over 16 5 ha 40 acres comprises 315 species with a total of 2 264 individual animals as of 2005 update The Kaliningrad Zoo is also an arboretum citation needed Ponds Edit Centrally located in the city is Lower Pond an artificial lake Lower Pond is surrounded by a promenade and is an area for recreation especially in summer North of the Lower Pond is the larger Upper Pond in northern Kaliningrad Bridges Edit Leonhard Euler s 1736 paper on the puzzle of the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg was a seminal work in the fields of graph theory and topology Only two of the structures from his era survive Kaliningrad Stadium Edit In 2018 the Kaliningrad Stadium located on Oktyabrsky Island near the embankment of the Staraya Pregolya River was opened The stadium has a seating capacity of 35 000 Culture EditMuseums in Kaliningrad Edit Museum ship Vityaz from the collection of the Museum of the World Ocean Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum There are many museums in Kaliningrad Museum of the World Ocean Kaliningrad Regional History and Art Museum Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum Kaliningrad State Art Gallery Friedland Gate MuseumThe Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts is the oldest museum in Kaliningrad founded in 1946 In addition to the main building the museum has four branches in Kaliningrad including Blindage and Fort No 5 and two elsewhere in the region In 1979 the Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum was opened in the building of the Don a former defensive tower Initially it was a branch of the Historical and Art Museum but since 2004 it has operated independently The Kaliningrad State Art Gallery which opened on November 24 1988 is one of the youngest and fastest growing museums in Russia known both domestically and abroad Up to 40 exhibitions of domestic and foreign art are held annually in eight exhibition halls with a total exhibition area of more than 3 000 square metres acre At the beginning of the 21st century the Museum of the World Ocean which was unique in Russia at the time was gradually created and now offers exhibitions and six museum vessels Research ship museum Vityaz Submarine B 413 Space communication vessel Cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev Fishing boat museum SRT 129 Floating lighthouse Irbensky Icebreaker Krassin moored in St Petersburg Konigsberg Cathedral on Kneiphof island Brandenburg Gate The branches of the museum are the King s Gate and the preserved gate of Fort Friedrichsburg A museum of ancient archaeological finds has been created It is located at the Friedland Gate which itself is a monument of antiquity In 2009 the Museum of E T A Hoffmann a famous writer born in this city was created The museum is located in the building of the former Leningrad Cinema now this building houses a regional music school named after Hoffman On 5 June 2016 the Einstein Museum of Entertaining Sciences was opened on the first floor of the Mega Market shopping centre which offers interactive exhibits that illustrate various fields of science and demonstrate the manifestation of their laws 65 Kaliningrad s museums were visited by roughly 920 000 people in 2013 66 In terms of museum attendance the region of Kaliningrad ranks seventh among the regions of Russia 67 Theaters and concert halls Edit Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater There are several theaters in the city Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theater Kaliningrad Regional Musical Theater Kaliningrad Regional Puppet Theater The organ hall of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic is located in the historic building of the former Catholic Church of the Holy Family A large concert hall with two organs located in the Konigsberg Cathedral The Variety Theater located in the House of Arts The musical life of the city is rich and diverse Annual music festivals of various styles and trends are held throughout the year Under the patronage of the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic Society international festivals and competitions of classical jazz organ music dedicated to Johann Sebastian Bach and Mikael Tariverdiev are held Since 2006 the Don Cento Jazz International Jazz Festival has been held in the summer The city also hosts two major rock festivals the Night Wolves bike show July and Kaliningrad In Rock August The Baltic Seasons art festival is held annually In 2013 Kaliningrad s theaters were visited by almost 345 000 people 66 Libraries Edit Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library Kaliningrad Regional Scientific Library Central City Library A P Chekhov Kaliningrad Regional Youth Library V Mayakovsky Kaliningrad Regional Children s Library A P Gaidar Kaliningrad Regional Specialized Library for the BlindAlso there are 20 municipal city libraries in the city As of 2015 more than 100 thousand residents of Kaliningrad regularly visit the city s libraries 68 Music Edit The modern city of Kaliningrad is home to the Kaliningrad Regional Philharmonic and Symphony Orchestra the Lik male chamber choir and the Garmonika Russian music ensemble 69 as well as the Kaliningrad Chamber Orchestra 70 Cuisine Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Konigsberger Klopse are a Prussian specialty of meatballs in a white sauce with capers that can be found in many restaurants in Kaliningrad Kaliningrad has its own vodka and beer brands Stari Konigsberg and Ostmark respectively Since the early 1990s many new restaurants have opened in the city These restaurants offer culinary specialities of former East Prussia like Konigsberger Klopse and also fish and salad dishes pizza and sushi Konigsberger Fleck a bovine tripe soup and yet another culinary specialty from former Konigsberg no longer belongs to the culinary culture of Kaliningrad The people of Kaliningrad generally imported their respective culinary traditions to the region when they settled in the area after 1945 Borscht and okroshka may be served as in the rest of Russia Many Italian and Asian restaurants or fusions of both traditions are in operation all over the city Pizza and sushi are among the most popular dishes today Fast food is widely available from various chains including those of foreign origin Shawarma is also gaining considerable prominence Sports Edit The Kaliningrad Stadium hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup games The Russian football club FC Baltika Kaliningrad is based in Kaliningrad and plays in the Russian Football National League The home stadium is the Kaliningrad Stadium built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup During 2006 to 2013 the Dynamo Yantar men s volleyball club played in the Russian men s volleyball Championship They played their home games at the Yantarny Sports Palace which can accommodate over 7 000 spectators From 2010 Yantarny had regularly hosted matches of the Russian men s national volleyball team in the FIVB Volleyball World League and the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix In the past the city was also represented by the football clubs of West Baltika 2 and FC Baltika Tarko Kaliningrad as well as the rugby club West Zvezda winner of the 1994 Russian Cup prize winner of the 1994 and 1995 Russian championships The football club Volna Kaliningrad took part in the third tier of the 2000 Lithuanian championship LF II Lyga and won in the western zone 22 games 20 wins 2 draws goal difference 101 9 71 72 Since November 2013 the city has had an American football team called Amber Hawks In 2015 the Amber Hawks reached the semifinals of the Polish League 8x8 73 In 2016 Amber Hawks took the silver medal of the prestigious Eastern League of American Football VLAF 74 In June 2014 the Kaliningrad Regional Hockey League KRHL was created League competition is the official championship of the Kaliningrad region of hockey In 2018 Kaliningrad hosted some games of the World Cup On 9 April 2018 the creation of a women s volleyball team the Lokomotiv Kaliningrad Region was announced At the end of the 2018 2019 season the club took the second place in the Russian Championship losing one point to the leader team the WVC Dynamo Moscow Administrative and municipal status EditKaliningrad is the administrative centre of the oblast 8 Within the framework of administrative divisions it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts 1 As a municipal division the city of oblast significance of Kaliningrad is incorporated as Kaliningrad Urban Okrug 9 City districts Edit As of 2014 update the city was divided into three administrative districts City district Russian name Inhabitants2010 Census 6 NotesMoskovsky Moskovskij 152 165 Named after the Russian capital MoscowLeningradsky Leningradskij 159 771 Named after Leningrad now Saint PetersburgTsentralny Centralnyj 119 966 Lit central as it lies to the northwest of the historical city centerTwo administrative districts were abolished in June 2009 City district Russian name Inhabitants2002 Census 75 NotesBaltiysky Baltijskij 68 664 Named after the Baltic SeaOktyabrsky Oktyabrskij 43 252 Named after the October RevolutionAuthorities EditLocal government Edit Kaliningrad City Hall in the Victory Square Flags of Russia center Kaliningrad Oblast left and Kaliningrad right over the City Hall Local self government in the city is carried out on the basis of the Charter which was adopted by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad on July 12 2007 Bodies and officials of local self government in the city formally in the city district Kaliningrad are Council of Deputies representative body of a municipal formation Head chief executive Administration executive and administrative body of the municipality Chamber of Control and AccountsThe City Council of Deputies consists of 28 deputies elected by city residents in municipal elections according to a mixed mandate distribution system for a period of 5 years The chairman of the Council is elected by deputies from among its members The current 6th convocation was elected on September 18 2016 The Chairman of the Council is Andrey Kropotkin from United Russia The head of the city heads the administration of the city district Elected by the City Council of Deputies from among the candidates presented by the Competition Commission based on the results of the competition for the term of office of the City Council of Deputies Since April 2018 the head of the city is Alexey Silanov 76 The Kaliningrad administration and the Council of Deputies are located in the building of the mayor s office at the Victory Square 77 From 1996 to 2007 the Charter of the City of Kaliningrad dated September 25 1996 was in force in Kaliningrad according to which the local self government bodies were The head of the city mayor the highest official of the city City hall executive and administrative body City Council of Deputies representative body In 2007 due to the reform of local self government the functions of local self government bodies were changed and a new position was introduced the head of the administration In 2008 2012 the local government body carrying out executive and administrative functions was the city district administration headed by the head of the administration city manager The head of the administration was appointed to the post by the decision of the District Council of Deputies following a competition On May 14 2008 Felix Lapin was appointed to this position for a period of 2 years On June 15 2011 deputies of the Kaliningrad District Council approved Svetlana Mukhomor as head of the city administration she is the first deputy head of the city administration 78 In November 2016 the Kaliningrad Regional Duma adopted a law abolishing direct elections for the mayor of Kaliningrad 79 The elections were replaced by the selection procedure of candidates by a competition commission from which the city Council of Deputies selects one by secret ballot In 2018 out of ten people who submitted documents for participation in the competition only three were admitted to the competition 80 Regional government Edit Building of the Government and Administration of the Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast All legislative executive and judicial authorities of Kaliningrad Oblast are located in Kaliningrad The Government of Kaliningrad Oblast and the Governor s Administration are located in the same building on Dmitry Donskoy Street the Kaliningrad Regional Duma on Kirov Street the Kaliningrad Regional Court on Sergeeva Street and the Arbitration Court of Kaliningrad Oblast on Rokossovsky Street Federal government Edit In Kaliningrad there are representative offices of federal authorities in the region Prosecutor s Office of Kaliningrad Oblast Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of Russia Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kaliningrad Oblast Ministry of Emergency Situations Military Commissariat Kaliningrad Regional Customs of the North West Customs Department of the Federal Customs Service of Russia Branch of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation Management of the federal postal service branch of FSUE Russian Post Branch of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian FederationEconomy EditIn 1996 Kaliningrad was designated a Special Economic Zone referred to as FEZ Yantar Manufacturers based there get tax and customs duty breaks on the goods they send to other parts of Russia Although corruption was an early deterrent that policy means the region is now a manufacturing hub One in three televisions in Russia are made in Kaliningrad including Ericsson brand by Telebalt Ltd and Polar by an eponymous firm located in the city of Chernyakhovsk and it is home to Cadillac and BMW related car plants produced by Avtotor Kaliningrad s major industries are manufacturing shipping fishing and amber products In 2006 Moscow declared it would turn the region into the Russian Hong Kong 81 Education Edit Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Kaliningrad State Technical University Baltic Naval Institute Today there are 21 higher educational institutions in Kaliningrad together with branches of universities in other cities of which state owned are The Kaliningrad branch of the St Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia previously the Kaliningrad Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia KYUI even earlier the Kaliningrad Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation which was formed on the basis of the Kaliningrad Special Secondary School of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Until 2011 Russian State University I Kant The name of Kant was given on the eve of the city s 750th anniversary in 2005 Previously Kaliningrad State University KSU Occupies the building of the former German University of Konigsberg Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet BFFSA Until 1991 Kaliningrad Higher Marine Engineering School KVIMU Kaliningrad State Technical University KSTU Previously Kaliningrad Technical Institute of the Fishing Industry and Economy KTIRPiH Kaliningrad Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Previously Kaliningrad Higher Engineering School of Engineering Troops named after A A Zhdanov KVIUIV The FF Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute now a branch of the military educational and scientific center of the Russian Navy Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N G Kuznetsov Previously Kaliningrad Higher Naval School KVVMU Also in Kaliningrad there is a branch of the North West Academy of Public Administration and National Economy from secondary educational institutions three gymnasiums six lyceums and forty seven secondary schools There are educational institutions of secondary vocational education Kaliningrad Regional College of Music S V Rachmaninova Kaliningrad State College of Urban Development Kaliningrad Marine Fisheries College and others to the IKBFU I Kant included the Kaliningrad Technical College the Communal Construction College In addition there is one cadet corps KSH Andrew the First Called Cadet Naval Corps APKMK In August 2019 construction began on a branch of the Nakhimov Naval School The opening is scheduled for September 1 2020 the number of students will be over 560 people 82 Transport EditRoads Edit Kaliningrad is a major transport hub The most important roads of the city are Kaliningrad Chernyakhovsk Nesterov to the Lithuania Russia border on to Vilnius Minsk route M1 Belarus It is a part of the branches of the trans European transport corridors No 1 A Riga Kaliningrad Gdansk and No 9 D Kiev Minsk Vilnius Kaliningrad and Kaliningrad Gvardeisk Neman to the Lithuania Russia border on to Siauliai Jelgava Riga The route from the village Talpaki through Bolshakovo to Sovetsk It is a part of the branch of the trans European transport corridor No 1 A Riga Kaliningrad Gdansk Kaliningrad Mamonovo Through Ladushkin to the Poland Russia border to Elblag Gdansk and Kaliningrad Polessk It follows through the village Bolshakovo further to Sovetsk Kaliningrad Zelenogradsk further along the Curonian Spit to Nida and Klaipeda Kaliningrad Baltiysk The road runs through Primorsk Kaliningrad Bagrationovsk Leads to the Polish border further to Olsztyn In December 2007 construction began on the Primorskoye Koltso highway which connects Kaliningrad with Svetlogorsk Pionersky Zelenogradsk and Khrabrovo Airport It is planned to continue construction at Baltiysk Svetly Around the city from the village of A Kosmodemyansky to the traffic intersection with Moskovsky Prospekt passes the route of the northern and southern bypasses of Kaliningrad Until now on the western side of the city of Kaliningrad the ring of the road has not been closed due to the absence of a 7 kilometer 5 mile crossing through the Vistula Lagoon Water Edit Kaliningrad is home to the westernmost and the only non freezing port of Russia and the Baltic states on the Baltic Sea Freight and passenger ferry crossings connect the Port of Kaliningrad and its outport the Port of Baltiysk with Saint Petersburg and the ports of Germany and Sweden As of April 2019 only a freight ferry operates on the Baltiysk Ust Luga route and the passenger ferry has been cancelled 83 84 Air Edit Khrabrovo Airport The Kaliningrad Devau Airport which opened in 1919 was one of the first civilian airports in the world and the first in Germany In 1922 the first planes of the Moscow Riga Konigsberg the first international airline of the Soviet Union arrived in here for the first time After World War II the airport was used for local flights until the 1970s In the fifties a new airport the Khrabrovo Airport was built on the base of a military airfield 24 kilometres 15 miles from the city Now it has international status The Kaliningrad airline KD Aviation was based on Khrabrovo which ceased operations in September 2009 The reconstruction of the airport has been completed in 2018 citation needed On 1 October 2022 the airport began allowing more flights from international destinations including through operation by foreign airlines 85 Railway Edit Main article Kaliningrad Railway Kaliningrad South railway station Railway network in Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad is the most important hub of the railway network of the Kaliningrad Oblast It is the site of the Kaliningrad Railway The main passenger railway station of the city is the Kaliningrad South railway station which includes the main railway station of the city and the Oblast Yuzhny station it serves both commuter and long distance trains following from Kaliningrad No 30 Moscow Yantar No 80 St Petersburg No 148 Moscow summer No 360 Adler No 426 Chelyabinsk summer The Berlin Kaliningrad direct train via Poland operated from 1993 to 2000 then was replaced by a non stop carriage which was part of the Kaliningrad Gdynia train from December 2003 to December 2009 and in 2010 2013 in the summer with a re trailer in the Polish city of Tczew A platform with a European Standard Gauge track was specially equipped to receive these trains allowing trains to run on this message without the interruption of a bogie exchange at some point on the journey Kaliningrad North railway station Kaliningrad North railway station serves trains connecting Kaliningrad with the seaside resorts of the city Svetlogorsk and Pionersky as well as the city of Sovetsk It is a major transport hub in the public transport system of Kaliningrad Other railway stations located in the city Kutuzovo Novoye Alexander Nevsky Street District Chkalovsk Western Mck Chkalovsk West New Wagon Street District Forest Novoya Mcn named after Alexander Kosmodemyansky Dzerzhinskaya Novaya Dzerzhinsky Street district there is a European standard gauge track Aivazovsky stop in the area of Aivazovsky and Yamskaya streets Kiev stop Kievskaya Street district near the Baltic market Selma stop General Chelnokov Street and Selma Market Stop point 4 kilometer Muromskaya Street District Southern Brusnichny Stop Brusny street district Inter city and international bus service Edit Regular bus routes connect Kaliningrad with Belarus Ukraine Lithuania Latvia Estonia Poland the Czech Republic and Germany There are two bus stations in the city The old bus station is located on Kalinin Square next to the Kaliningrad Passazhirskiy railway station and is used primarily for intra regional transportation Due to the conflict with the station directorate the Konigavto road carrier stopped using this bus station and set up its own international bus station at the end of Moskovsky Prospekt More than 90 of regular international bus services depart from it Urban public transport Edit Public transport in Kaliningrad is represented by a bus a trolleybus a tram a taxi and the city s railway lines On 21 March 2010 a new public transport scheme came into effect 86 The tram network in Kaliningrad has been in existence since 1895 and is the oldest tram system in Russia It has a track width of 1000 mm 3 3 Until 2000 at least ten city tram routes operated in Kaliningrad however over the past twenty years the route network has been significantly reduced 87 By the beginning of 2013 only two routes were operating in the city In 2015 after changing the traffic pattern at the Kaliningrad South railway station the last tram route No 5 remained In accordance with the newly adopted General Plan of Kaliningrad until 2035 the construction of a tram line with a separate traffic section in the Moskovsky District is envisaged The first trolleybuses appeared in Konigsberg in 1943 but after the war they decided not to restore the trolleybus system The modern trolleybus system of the city has been operating since 5 November 1975 88 During this time the route network in Kaliningrad has repeatedly changed After the repair of the overpass on Pobedy Avenue carried out in the summer of 2018 route No 6 was discontinued As a result three operating trolleybus lines remained in the city although the new route scheme for public transport adopted on 1 August 2016 provided for six routes 89 The general plan of the city until 2035 also provides for the development of the trolleybus network in Kaliningrad Railbus Edit A Tatra T4 Tram passing through the Brandenburg Gate On 26 March 2014 the first line of the city rail bus was launched in Kaliningrad serving the route from the Kievskaya platform in the Moskovsky district to the Kaliningrad North railway station At the same time a bus line was organised connecting Oleg Koshevoy Street with the Kievskaya platform The opening of several more lines of the city railway has been announced which should connect the center of Kaliningrad with the peripheral districts of the city 90 91 In December 2016 the mayor of Kaliningrad Alexander Yaroshuk announced that from 1 January 2017 the city rail bus would be canceled due to its unprofitability 92 After that Governor Anton Alikhanov made an operational decision to subsidize the rail bus from the regional budget 93 In early January 2017 the press service of the Kaliningrad Railway announced that it was planned to extend the rail bus line to Chkalovsk 94 On 9 January 2017 city trains were launched on the Kaliningrad Guryevsk route and on the Kaliningrad Lesnoye Novoe route from 3 September 2018 As of the end of 2018 rail buses serve four intra city lines connecting peripheral sleeping areas and the satellite city of Guryevsk with the center of Kaliningrad Kaliningrad North railway station is a major transport and interchange hub where many public transport routes converge Passengers are transported by rail buses of the RA1 and RA2 models manufactured by Metrovagonmash City trains run on weekdays during the morning and evening rush hours Bridges Edit The Two tiered Bridge The Wooden Bridge Second Overpass Bridge The branches of the Pregolya River divide the city into four parts Majority of the city Tsentralny Administrative District and Leningradsky Administrive District is located north of the river Moskovsky Administrative District is south of the river Kant Island Kneiphof and Oktyabrsky Administrative District Lomse are located between the branches of the river There are eight active bridges across the Pregolya and one dismantled in Kaliningrad The Two tiered bridge is a drawbridge that connects General Butkov northern bank and Zheleznodorozhnaya southern bank streets Divorced by raising the middle span The upper tier of the bridge is occupied by a railway the lower by the carriageway and pedestrian sidewalks The double deck bridge is the only existing railway bridge across the Pregolya in Kaliningrad Trestle bridge thrown over both branches of the Pregolya and passes over Kneiphof is part of the Leninsky Prospekt built in 1972 95 to replace two of the seven Konigsberg bridges Lavochny and Zeleny There is a pedestrian descent from the bridge to the island an automobile exit to Moskovsky Prospekt There is no road exit to the island The bridge is crossed by routes of all types of public transport The Wooden Bridge is a drawbridge one of the seven bridges in Konigsberg Connects Moskovsky Prospekt with Oktyabrsky Island Oktyabrskaya st There are two tram routes across the bridge The Honey Bridge is a drawbridge one of the seven bridges of Konigsberg Connects Oktyabrsky Island and Kneiphof Since the Kneiphof is a pedestrian zone the de facto bridge is also exclusively pedestrian From time to time the bridge is used by official vehicles delivery of materials for the restoration of the Konigsberg Cathedral as well as for the passage of wedding corteges Jubilee Bridge drawbridge pedestrian connects Oktyabrsky Island Rybnaya village area with St Epronovskaya Built in 2005 on the pillars of the old Imperial Bridge destroyed during World War II The High Bridge is one of the seven bridges in Konigsberg Connects st Oktyabrskaya Oktyabrsky Island from st Dzerzhinsky A tram line runs across the bridge Berlin Palmburg Bridge is part of the Kaliningrad ring road it is thrown across both channels of the Pregolya Farthest from the city center After the war it was only partially restored one strip A three lane bridge was built in its place reconstructed in 2014 The old railway bridge is a drawbridge located in the area of the Museum of the World Ocean Divorced by raising the middle span The middle span is dismantled the bridge is not used in any way An abandoned railway line crosses the bridge The Second Overpass Bridge was commissioned in December 2011 The bridge crosses both channels of the Pregolya and passes over Oktyabrsky Island connecting April 9 Street in the right bank part of the city with Dzerzhinsky Street in the left bank part The total length is 1883 metres 2060 yards The bridge has three lanes in each direction The design speed of vehicles is not less than 80 km h 50 mph Seven bridges existed in Konigsberg in the 16th 20th centuries The relative position of the bridges led to the mathematical problem of Seven Bridges of Konigsberg and prompted the mathematician Leonard Euler to speculate which led to the emergence of graph theory Media EditSee also Media of Russia Television Edit See also Television in Russia The Kaliningrad television studio has existed since 1958 with its own frequency channel and daily 6 7 hour broadcasting then it was called the Yantar TV and Radio Company It has lost its channel and most of its airtime it is a branch of the All Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Kaliningrad television networks Channel One Russia 24 5TV Russia 1 Zvezda TNT Russia K Yu STS NTV TV Center Match TV Public Television of Russia Carousel Mir REN TV Domashny TV 3 Friday Muz TV SpasRadio Edit Kaliningrad radio stations Europa Plus Radio Chanson Radio 7 On Seven Hills Humor FM Vesti FM RMF FM Poland Retro FM Russkoye Radio Silver Rain Radio NRJ Russia Radio Zvezda AvtoRadio Radio Edge Radio Monte Carlo Nashe Radio Business FM Radio Mayak Studio 21 Radio Rossii Road Radio Radio Maximum Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda Notable people EditSee also List of people from Konigsberg Immanuel Kant 1724 1804 philosopher E T A Hoffmann 1776 1822 author playwright composer David Hilbert 1862 1943 mathematician Sergey Snegov 1910 1994 science fiction writer Viktor Patsayev 1933 1971 Alexei Leonov 1934 2019 first person to walk in space Yury Romanenko born 1944 Alexander Viktorenko born 1947 Oleg Gazmanov born 1951 singer Sergei Beloglazov born 1956 Olympic wrestler Lyudmila Putina born 1958 ex wife of Vladimir Putin First Lady of Russia Alexander Volkov born 1967 tennis player Andrei Voronkov born 1967 volleyball player and coach Dmitry Lapikov born 1982 Olympic weightlifter Tvangeste symphonic black metal band Maksim Zuyev journalist and activist Anastasia Nazarenko born 1993 rhythmic gymnast Costa Ronin born 1979 actor Irina Zahharenkova born 1976 concert pianistInternational relations EditDiplomatic missions Edit In 2004 Germany opened a consulate general in Kaliningrad 96 This consulate allows Kaliningrad residents to get Schengen visas without having to travel to Moscow An agreement between Gerhard Schroder Chancellor of Germany and President of Russia Vladimir Putin established the consulate in light of Lithuania and Poland which surround Kaliningrad joining the EU Russian concerns with Germany wanting the former Konigsberg back had stifled earlier plans for a German consulate 97 98 99 Small border traffic law Edit Poland and the Russian Federation have an agreement whereby residents of Kaliningrad and the Polish cities of Olsztyn Elblag and Gdansk may obtain special cards permitting repeated travel between the two countries crossing the Polish Russian border As of July 2013 Poland had issued 100 000 of the cards That year the influx of Russians visiting Poland to shop at the Biedronka and Lidl supermarkets was novel enough to be featured in songs by musical group Parovoz 100 Twin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia Kaliningrad is twinned with 101 Baranavichy Belarus Bremerhaven Germany Brest Belarus Cagliari Italy Catania Italy Forli Italy Gomel Belarus Groningen Netherlands Kalmar Sweden Kaunas Lithuania Ketrzyn County Poland Kiel Germany Klaipeda Lithuania Siauliai Lithuania Zeitz Germany Former twin towns Edit Bialystok Poland Elblag Poland Gdansk Poland Gdynia Poland Lodz Poland Olsztyn Poland Norfolk United States Panevezys Lithuania Raciborz Poland Torun Poland Zwolle The Netherlands In February and March 2022 Norfolk Virginia suspended while Lithuanian Polish and Dutch cities of Panevezys Bialystok Elblag Lodz Gdansk Gdynia Olsztyn Raciborz Torun and Zwolle terminated their cooperation with Kaliningrad as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Partner cities Edit Kaliningrad is also partnered with Yerevan Armenia 2009 112 See also EditBattle of Konigsberg Heart of the City Kaliningrad Kaliningrad Konigsberg dispute Radio Konigsberg Seven Bridges of Konigsberg Suwalki GapReferences EditNotes Edit a b c d e Resolution 640 Article 6 of the Charter of Kaliningrad states that the city may have an anthem providing one is officially adopted As of 2015 update an anthem is not listed among the symbols of the city shown on the official website of Kaliningrad a b Official website of Kaliningrad Passport of Kaliningrad Urban Okrug in Russian a b Charter of Kaliningrad Article 25 Official website of Kaliningrad Head of the City Alexander Georgiyevich Yaroshuk in Russian a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service 2011 Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2010 goda Tom 1 2010 All Russian Population Census vol 1 Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2010 goda 2010 All Russia Population Census in Russian Federal State Statistics Service 26 Chislennost postoyannogo naseleniya Rossijskoj Federacii po municipalnym obrazovaniyam na 1 yanvarya 2018 goda Federal State Statistics Service Retrieved January 23 2019 a b Law 463 a b c Law 397 Ob ischislenii vremeni Oficialnyj internet portal pravovoj informacii in Russian June 3 2011 Retrieved January 19 2019 Pochta Rossii Informacionno vychislitelnyj centr OASU RPO Russian Post Poisk obektov pochtovoj svyazi Postal Objects Search in Russian Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service Ocenka chislennosti naseleniya Kaliningradskoj oblasti po sostoyaniyu na 1 yanvarya 2018 goda permanent dead link in Russian Russia Severo Zapadnyj Federal nyj Okrug Northwestern Federal District City Population de August 8 2020 Retrieved August 28 2020 Sistema rasseleniya Rossii tendencii k peremenam Demoskop Weekly August 1 19 2012 Retrieved August 4 2020 Bipolyarnaya model mezhregionalnogo sotrudnichestva Trehgrade Polsha Kaliningrad Rossiya Bipolar model of interregional cooperation Tricity Poland Kaliningrad Russia PDF V I Kulakov D A Pulyaeva Kaliningrad Bolshaya rossijskaya enciklopediya Retrieved August 4 2020 Alexander Akishin December 16 2013 250 krupnejshih promyshlennyh centrov Rossii Urbanica Retrieved July 30 2020 100 luchshih gorodov Rossii Kommersant Secret Firmy April 2 2013 Retrieved July 31 2020 30 luchshih gorodov dlya biznesa 2013 Forbes Retrieved July 31 2020 Kirill Alekseev November 5 2019 Rejting komfortnosti gorodov Rossii Pionerskij na pervom meste Kaliningrad na pyatom Komsomolskaya Pravda Retrieved August 4 2020 Kaliningrad vklyuchili v spisok krupnejshih centrov migracionnogo prityazheniya Klops June 27 2014 Retrieved August 4 2020 The Monthly Review p 609 at Google Books a b Roqueplo O La Russie amp son miroir d Extreme Occident HAL 2018 a b Roqueplo O La Russie et son miroir d Extreme Occident HAL 2018 The Potsdam Declaration Retrieved April 2 2009 Kyonigsberg mog stat Baltijskom Archived 2022 02 01 at the Wayback Machine klgd ru Kyonigsberg Kaliningrad Poisk samoidentifikacii Archived 2018 11 06 at the Wayback Machine klgd ru a b Milan Bufon April 11 2014 The New European Frontiers Social and Spatial Re Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 98 ISBN 978 1443859363 Socialno ekonomicheskaya geografiya Baltijskogo regiona window edu ru Kaliningrad Ot relikta Rossii do procvetayushego goroda Pribaltiki The Independent Velikobritaniya Archived 2016 08 27 at the Wayback Machine newkaliningrad ru a b Ryabushev Alexander November 11 2008 Kaliningradskie ruiny eshe nemnogo podozhdut ng ru in Russian Retrieved March 19 2020 Artamonova Alexandra June 7 2018 Raze and rebuild Kaliningrad s battle to preserve its complex post war cityscape The Calvert Journal Retrieved January 5 2021 Kaliningradskaya arhitektura a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link archikld ru O vosstanovlenii poslevoennogo Kaliningrada 1946 1953 gg Archived 2020 09 25 at the Wayback Machine klgd ru Klemeshev A P Kaliningradskij gosudarstvennyj universitet 2004 Na perekryostke kultur russkie v Baltijskom regione Vypusk 7 Chast 2 KGU pp 206 207 Roqueplo O La Russie et son Miroir d Extreme Occident Langues O HAL 2018 a b Roqueplo O La Russie et son miroir d Extreme Occident 2018 Russia USSR Poland Treaty with annexed maps concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957 PDF Retrieved April 2 2009 For other issues of the frontier delimitation see Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other material Retrieved April 2 2009 Weinberg Gerhard L 2005 Visions of Victory The hopes of eight World War II leaders Cambridge University Press p 114 ISBN 978 0 521 85254 8 Krickus Richard J 2002 2 Kaliningrad under Soviet and Russian Rule The Kaliningrad Question Lanham Maryland United States Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 39 ISBN 9780742517059 via Google Books Wiegrefe Klaus May 22 2010 Muller von Blumencron Mathias Mascolo Georg eds Zeitgeschichte Historischer Ballast Contemporary History Historical Ballast Der Spiegel in German Hamburg Germany Spiegel Berlag ISSN 2195 1349 Archived from the original on October 14 2017 Berger Stefan July 31 2010 Rusbridger Alan ed Should Kant s home once again be German The Guardian London England United Kingdom ISSN 1756 3224 OCLC 60623878 Archived from the original on February 6 2021 Weir Fred July 26 2015 Living on Prussia s ruins Kaliningraders embrace Germanic past Christian Science Monitor Retrieved July 25 2017 Facilitated transit document FTD and facilitated rail transit document FRTD EUR lex January 7 2020 Retrieved July 5 2020 Karl W Ryavec 2003 Russian bureaucracy power and pathology Lanham Md Rowman amp Littlefield Pub ISBN 978 0 8476 9503 4 Kaliningraders want old name Koenigsberg back The Baltic Times July 18 2002 Kaliningrad ili Kenigsberg Interfax May 14 2009 Vopros o pereimenovanii Kaliningrada mozhet byt reshen na referendume Rosbalt September 21 2011 Cukanov zayavil chto on protiv pereimenovaniya Kaliningrada newkaliningrad ru September 21 2011 V Kaliningrade sochli neumestnoj ideyu pereimenovat gorod vo Vladibaltijsk Weir Fred July 26 2015 Living on Prussia s ruins Kaliningraders embrace Germanic past Christian Science Monitor Retrieved July 25 2017 Kaliningrad s 750th anniversary New York Times July 3 2005 Retrieved December 29 2014 Gutterman Steve Isachenkov Vladimir November 6 2008 Medvedev Says Russia to Deploy Missiles Near Poland Associated Press via Fox News Harding Luke January 28 2009 Russia scraps plans to deploy nuclear capable missiles in Kaliningrad The Guardian Retrieved December 21 2013 Sudakov Dmitry November 28 2011 Russia s new radar to monitor all Europe including Britain Pravda ru Retrieved December 21 2013 World Cup 2018 Kaliningrad the venue next door to the West BBC News June 12 2018 Weather and Climate The Climate of Kaliningrad in Russian Pogoda i klimat Retrieved November 8 2021 Kaliningrad Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved November 3 2021 a b Malinkin Mary Elizabeth February 8 2016 Building a Soviet City the Transformation of Konigsberg Wilson Center Archived from the original on July 7 2017 Retrieved May 2 2018 Berger Stefan May 13 2010 How to be Russian with a Difference Kaliningrad and its German Past Geopolitics 15 2 345 366 doi 10 1080 14650040903486967 S2CID 143378878 Pamyatnik M I Kalininu Kaliningrad Russia Kaliningrad region unique Russian exclave in the heart of Europe The Tribune June 16 2022 Novosti Anonsy Akcii Park Yunost g Kaliningrad www park unost ru Retrieved August 18 2017 Muzej zanimatelnyh nauk Ejnshtejna KDGid ru June 11 2016 Archived from the original on January 19 2019 Retrieved August 21 2020 a b Ekaterina Apanova May 29 2015 Mashiny vrachi i prestupnost polskaya sluzhba statistiki sravnila Kaliningrad i Gdansk KGD ru Retrieved August 23 2020 Koncepciya sozdaniya muzeya peremeshyonnyh cennostej na territorii Kaliningradskoj oblasti PDF Denis Kostoglodov March 3 2015 Appolonova Kazhdyj chetvyortyj zhitel Kaliningrada poseshaet gorodskie biblioteki KGD ru Retrieved August 23 2020 Russia s Daily Online Kommersant Archived from the original on August 31 2009 Retrieved June 27 2009 Shostakovich amp Schnittke Concertos Classicstoday com Retrieved January 31 2014 Svoj sredi chuzhih Futbolnye kluby igrayushie v chempionate drugoj strany iSport ua October 18 2013 Retrieved September 1 2020 Where s My Country RSSSF Archived from the original on March 6 2019 Radoslaw Golab October 15 2015 osemkowa kulminacja PLFA pl Retrieved September 1 2020 Evgenij Shuvaev September 11 2016 VLAF Rysi obygrali Yantarnyh Yastrebov i vzyali titul first amp goal ru Retrieved September 1 2020 Russian Federal State Statistics Service May 21 2004 Chislennost naseleniya Rossii subektov Rossijskoj Federacii v sostave federalnyh okrugov rajonov gorodskih poselenij selskih naselyonnyh punktov rajonnyh centrov i selskih naselyonnyh punktov s naseleniem 3 tysyachi i bolee chelovek Population of Russia Its Federal Districts Federal Subjects Districts Urban Localities Rural Localities Administrative Centers and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3 000 XLS Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2002 goda All Russia Population Census of 2002 in Russian Aleksej Silanov stal novym merom Kaliningrada RIA Novosti April 18 2018 Retrieved September 1 2020 Razdel lichnogo priyoma grazhdan na oficialnom sajte Administracii Kaliningrada KLGD ru Retrieved September 1 2020 Svetlana Muhomor stala glavoj administracii Kaliningrada KLGD ru June 15 2011 Retrieved September 1 2020 V Kaliningrade otmenili pryamye vybory mera Kommersant November 24 2016 Retrieved September 1 2020 K konkursu na dolzhnost glavy Kaliningrada byli dopusheny tri kandidata Interfax April 16 2018 Retrieved September 1 2020 Sheeter Laura October 16 2006 Kaliningrad erases stains of past 16 October 2006 BBC News Retrieved December 21 2013 Ministr oborony RF prinyal uchastie v ceremonii zakladki kamnya pod stroitelstvo filiala Nahimovskogo voenno morskogo uchilisha v Kaliningrade Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation August 13 2019 Retrieved August 7 2020 Parom Kaliningrad Sankt Peterburg Paromnaya liniya Baltijsk Ust Luga TBK Kaliningrad transbc ru Retrieved August 4 2020 Parom Sankt Peterburg Kaliningrad Paromnaya liniya Ust Luga Baltijsk Trans Exim Retrieved August 4 2020 Claudia Ciobanu November 2 2022 Fearing New Hybrid War Front Poland to Build Wall on Kaliningrad Border Balkan Insight Retrieved November 21 2022 Konstantin Kivrin March 15 2010 Transportnyj tupik novaya marshrutnaya set Kaliningrada KGB ru Retrieved August 4 2020 V Kaliningrade otmenyayut dva marshruta tramvaya i trollejbusa newkaliningrad ru January 10 2010 Retrieved August 4 2020 Yurij Grozmani December 9 2004 Iz istorii rogatyh Sovetskij trollejbus v Kyonigsberge data9 gallery ru Retrieved August 4 2020 Yuliya Lunskaya July 14 2016 Novaya marshrutnaya set v Kaliningrade nachnyot dejstvovat s avgusta TR ru Retrieved August 4 2020 V Kaliningrade otkrylas pervaya vetka nazemnogo metro Klops ru March 26 2014 Retrieved August 4 2020 S 26 marta v Kaliningrade nachnyot hodit relsobus s ul Kievskoj do Severnogo vokzala KGD ru March 24 2014 Retrieved August 4 2020 Denis Kostoglodov December 20 2016 Vlasti Kaliningrada reshili otmenit relsobus s Severnogo vokzala na ulicu Kievskuyu KGD ru Retrieved August 4 2020 Elena Kalugina December 23 2016 Oblastnoe pravitelstvo reshilo zabrat u Kaliningrada marshrut relsobusa KGD ru Retrieved August 4 2020 Marshrut relsobusa ot ulicy Kievskoj prodlyat do posyolka Chkalovsk KGD ru January 8 2017 Retrieved August 4 2020 Istoricheskij kalendar Kaliningrada Zhurnal Zapad Rossii 1 18 1997 god str 40 Consulate General of Germany in Kaliningrad Russia Embassypages com Retrieved on Feb 5 2019 Fischer Establishes German Outpost in Kaliningrad Deutsche Welle 12 February 2004 Retrieved on 16 May 2016 Kovalev Vladimir No Building for German Consulate The Moscow Times August 30 2004 Retrieved on Feb 5 2019 DW Staff dsl Fischer Establishes German Outpost in Kaliningrad Deutsche Welle February 12 2004 Retrieved on Feb 5 2019 A C October 8 2013 Poland and Kaliningrad Small Border Traffic Economist blog Archived from the original on October 8 2013 Retrieved December 29 2014 Goroda partnery klgd ru in Russian Kaliningrad Retrieved February 1 2020 Norfolk City Council votes to suspend ties with Russian sister city March 9 2022 Retrieved March 10 2022 Panevezys nutrauke bendradarbiavima su Rusijos ir Baltarusijos miestais partneriais Retrieved March 3 2022 Trojmiasto zrywa wspolprace z rosyjskimi miastami Retrieved March 3 2022 Miasto Elblag zrywa wspolprace z rosyjskimi miastami partnerskimi in Polish Retrieved March 5 2022 Bialystok zrywa wspolprace z miastami partnerskimi w Rosji in Polish Retrieved March 6 2022 Gdynia Do Przegladu Umowy partnerskie do kasacji raz dwa Felieton Zygmunta Zmudy Trzebiatowskiego in Polish March 6 2022 Retrieved March 6 2022 Precz z bandyta Putinem Lodz zrywa umowy partnerskie z rosyjskimi miastami in Polish Retrieved March 6 2022 Olsztyn zrywa wspolprace z Kaliningradem Radni przemowili jednym glosem in Polish Retrieved March 6 2022 Radni Torunia zerwali wspolprace z rosyjskim miastem choc prezydent byl przeciwny in Polish Retrieved March 6 2022 Raciborz zrywa umowe o wspolpracy z Kaliningradem Radni przeglosowali uchwale choc prezydent twierdzil ze wspolpracy nie ma in Polish March 6 2022 Retrieved March 6 2022 Yerevan Partner Cities Yerevan Municipality Official Website c 2005 2013 www yerevan am Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved November 4 2013 Sources Edit Gorodskoj Sovet deputatov Kaliningrada Reshenie 257 ot 12 iyulya 2007 g O prinyatii Ustava gorodskogo okruga Gorod Kaliningrad v red Resheniya 20 ot 17 fevralya 2017 g O vnesenii izmenenij i dopolnenij v Ustav gorodskogo okruga Gorod Kaliningrad utverzhdyonnyj Resheniem gorodskogo Soveta deputatov Kaliningrada ot 12 iyulya 2007 g 257 Vstupil v silu 22 iyulya 2007 g za isklyucheniem otdelnyh polozhenij Opublikovan Grazhdanin specialnyj vypusk 12 21 iyulya 2007 g City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad Decision 257 of July 12 2007 On Adopting the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the City of Kaliningrad as amended by the Decision 20 of February 17 2017 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the City of Kaliningrad Adopted by Decision 257 by the City Council of Deputies of Kaliningrad Decision on July 12 2007 Effective as of July 22 2007 with the exception of certain clauses Kaliningradskaya oblastnaya Duma Zakon 463 ot 27 maya 2010 g Ob administrativno territorialnom ustrojstve Kaliningradskoj oblasti v red Zakona 450 ot 3 iyulya 2015 g O vnesenii izmenenij v Zakon Kaliningradskoj oblasti Ob administrativno territorialnom ustrojstve Kaliningradskoj oblasti Vstupil v silu so dnya oficialnogo opublikovaniya Opublikovan Kaliningradskaya pravda vkladysh Vedomosti Pravitelstva Kaliningradskoj oblasti 112 26 iyunya 2010 g Kaliningrad Oblast Duma Law 463 of May 27 2010 On the Administrative Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast as amended by the Law 450 of July 3 2015 On Amending the Law of Kaliningrad Oblast On the Administrative Territorial Structure of Kaliningrad Oblast Effective as of the day of the official publication Pravitelstvo Kaliningradskoj oblasti Postanovlenie 640 ot 30 avgusta 2011 g Ob utverzhdenii reestra obektov administrativno territorialnogo deleniya Kaliningradskoj oblasti v red Postanovleniya 877 ot 21 noyabrya 2011 g O vnesenii izmeneniya v Postanovlenie Pravitelstva Kaliningradskoj oblasti ot 30 avgusta 2011 g 640 Vstupil v silu so dnya oficialnogo opublikovaniya Opublikovan Kaliningradskaya pravda vkladysh Oficialno 170 15 sentyabrya 2011 g Government of Kaliningrad Oblast Resolution 640 of August 30 2011 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast as amended by the Resolution 877 of November 21 2011 On Amending the Resolution of the Government of Kaliningrad Oblast 640 of August 30 2011 Effective as of the day of the official publication Kaliningradskaya oblastnaya Duma Zakon 397 ot 15 maya 2004 g O nadelenii municipalnogo obrazovaniya Gorod Kaliningrad statusom gorodskogo okruga v red Zakona 370 ot 1 iyulya 2009 g O sostave territorij municipalnyh obrazovanij Kaliningradskoj oblasti Vstupil v silu so dnya oficialnogo opublikovaniya Opublikovan Rossijskaya gazeta Zapad Rossii 115 3 iyunya 2004 g Kaliningrad Oblast Duma Law 397 of May 15 2004 On Granting the Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Kaliningrad as amended by the Law 370 of July 1 2009 On the Composition of the Territories of the Municipal Formations of Kaliningrad Oblast Effective as of the day of the official publication Vesilind Priit J Kaliningrad Coping with a German Past and a Russian Future National Geographic March 1997 Berger Stefan A City and Its Past Popular Histories in Kaliningrad between Regionalization and Nationalization in Popularizing National Past 1800 to Present Edited by Stefan Berger Chris Lorenz and Billie Melman Routledge 2012 pp 288 307 Kaliningrad Region General Information Kommersant Russia s daily On line Prezidium Verhovnogo Soveta SSSR Ukaz ot 4 iyulya 1946 g O pereimenovanii goroda Kyonigsberga v gorod Kaliningrad i Kyonigsbergskoj oblasti v Kaliningradskuyu oblast Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Decree of July 4 1946 On Changing the Name of the City of Kyonigsberg to the City of Kaliningrad and the Name of Kyonigsberg Oblast to Kaliningrad Oblast Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Kaliningrad Barros George Belarus Warning Update Moscow and Minsk Hold Simultaneous Combat Readiness Exercises in Kaliningrad Mainland Russia and Belarus Institute for the Study of War 2021 online Diener Alexander and Joshua Hagen Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad exclave and enclave Russian and EU perspectives Eurasian Geography and Economics 52 4 2011 567 592 online Krickus Richard J The Kaliningrad Question Rowman amp Littlefield 2002 Lachowski Zdzislaw Kaliningrad as a security issue an expert view from Poland in Kaliningrad the European amber region Routledge 2018 pp 130 148 Mordovets Vitaly et al Socio economic development of the Kaliningrad region E3S Web of Conferences Vol 291 EDP Sciences 2021 online Oldberg Ingmar The Kaliningrad Region an Exclave with Internal and External Problems in The Kaliningrad Region Brill Schoningh 2021 pp 241 261 Oldberg Ingmar The emergence of a regional identity in the Kaliningrad oblast Cooperation and Conflict 35 3 2000 269 288 Sebentsov Alexander B and Maria V Zotova The Kaliningrad Region Challenges of the Exclave Position and the Ways to Offset Them Baltic Region 10 1 2018 89 106 online Veebel Viljar Why it would be strategically rational for Russia to escalate in Kaliningrad and the Suwalki corridor Comparative Strategy 38 3 2019 182 197 online Liuhto Kari editor Its future competitiveness and role in the Baltic Sea economic region Archived October 23 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Turku Rogoza Jadwiga Agata Wierzbowska Miazga and Iwona Wisniewska A captive island Kaliningrad between Moscow and the EU OSW Studies No 41 July 2012 Roqueplo Olivier Home TEL Theses en ligne tel 02080112 La Russie et son miroir d Extreme Occident Sorbonne HAL 2018 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaliningrad Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kaliningrad Official website of Kaliningrad in Russian Kaliningrad Business Directory in Russian Kaliningrad travel guide All roads lead to Kaliningrad Portals Geography Russia Europe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaliningrad amp oldid 1145943438, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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