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The story follows the life of Pavel Korchagin, including his fighting in and aftermath of the Russian Civil War when he fought for the Bolsheviks during the war and was injured. The novel examines how Korchagin heals from his wounds and thus becomes as strong as steel.
The novel begins when Korchagin is 12, living in the town of Shepetovka in Ukraine. He gets kicked out of school for putting tobacco in some bread dough and must go to work as a dishwasher. As a dishwasher he is beaten by a coworker, but his brother Artyom defends him. The novel jumps forward to age 16 when he is working in a power plant. He meets a Bolshevik named Zhukhrai after a run-in with the Tsarist secret police. Zhukrai tells him about the Bolsheviks and Lenin. He also meets Tonia Toumanova, his first of many love interests. Again the novel jumps, to 1917 as the German army invades Shepetovka. Korchagin witnesses the town change hands several times in the chaos of the following months, with a pogrom against the town's Jewish population occurring during its occupation by soldiers loyal to Symon Petliura. Korchagin eventually joins the Bolsheviks and fights in the Civil War and Polish-Soviet War. He receives an injury in his spine, which slowly saps his strength for the remainder of the novel. After the war he works as a railway mechanic and advances as a Komsomol member in Kyiv. He develops many social connections there but loses touch with many of his friends after he is presumed dead during work to build an emergency railway line to provide Shepetovka with firewood. As his health worsens due to his life of hardship and wartime injuries, he spends time in Sanatoria on the Black Sea coast, where he eventually meets and marries the young daughter of a friend of his mother's. Eventually, having lost his eyesight and almost totally paralyzed, Pavel moves to Moscow to consult medical specialists, but his condition is hopeless and he ends up staying there to write a novel about his cavalry division from the Civil War.
Analysisedit
The story is a fictionalized autobiography of its author, Nikolai Ostrovsky. In real life, Ostrovsky's father died, and his mother worked as a cook. As he joined the war with the Red Army, he lost his right eye from artillery fire during the war.
In 2016, Russia's newspaper Russia Beyond The Headlines analyzed the story as part of the Soviet narrative of Communism forging uncivilized men into ideal men, like iron into steel. The protagonist fits the mold of pre-Khrushchev literature: an immaculate, ideally communistic individual.[2][3][unbalanced opinion?]
Charactersedit
Irina Fedotova as Tonia in the 1942 film
Pavel Korchagin – The novel's protagonist. He is fighting on the Bolsheviks' side in the Civil War (1917–1922). He is a quintessential positive hero of socialist realism.
Tonia Toumanova – Pavel's teenage love. Tonia and Pavel became good friends after their first encounter, which later develops into an intimate relationship. Though born of a wealthy and influential family, Tonia treated everyone equally unlike her friends, who only interact with other children of well-reputed families. However, this changed as she grew up, as she became more aware of her appearance and social status of others.
Publication historyedit
The first part of How the Steel was Tempered was published serially in 1932 in the magazine Young Guard. The second part of the novel appeared in the same magazine from January to May, 1934. The novel was published in 1936 in book form in a heavily edited version that conformed to the rules of socialist realism. In the serial version Ostrovsky had described the tense atmosphere of Pavel's home, his suffering when he became an invalid, the deterioration of his relationship with his wife, and their separation. All of this disappeared in the 1936 publication and in later editions of the novel.[4]
German translation by Nelly Drechsler
A Japanese translation of the novel was made by Ryokichi Sugimoto [ja].
Adaptationsedit
In the Soviet Union, three films were produced based on this novel:
How the Steel Was Tempered, 1973 (TV series of 6 episodes; Korchagin was played by Vladimir Konkin)[5]
In China, the novel was adapted into a television series of the same title in 2000; all the members of the cast were from Ukraine.
In other mediaedit
The third studio album of Russian experimental group Shortparis is titled Tak zakalyalas stal (Russian: Так закалялась сталь, lit. 'Thus the Steel Was Tempered') (2019).
Referencesedit
^Евгений Немировский (2000-01-03). "Журнал "КомпьюАрт" | Подводя итоги XX столетия: книгоиздание. Бестселлер – детище рекламы". Compuart.ru. from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
^Viesel, Mikhail; RBTH, special to (2016-12-22). "How literature was used to 'temper' Soviet people". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^"Nikolay Ostrovsky how steel was tempered summary. Nikolay Ostrovsky "how the steel was tempered". The history of writing the novel "How the Steel Was Tempered"". voilokmaikop.ru. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^A History of Soviet Literature, pgs 43–44, Vera Alexandrova, Doubleday, 1963.
How the Steel Was Tempered, English translation: Part 1, Part 2 2019-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
Елена Толстая-Сегал, К литературному фону книги : 'Как закалялась сталь', Cahiers du Monde Russe Année 1981 22-4 pp. 375-399
Лев Аннинский, Обрученные с идеей (О повести 'Как закалялась сталь' Николая Островского),
Раиса Островская, Николай Островский, серия ЖЗЛ, Молодая гвардия, 1984
Евгений Бузни, Литературное досье Николая Островского
Тамара Андронова, Слишком мало осталось жить... Николай Островский. Биография. – М.: Государственный музей – Гуманитарный центр «Преодоление» имени Н.А. Островского, 2014.
January 01, 1970
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For the 1942 film adaptation see How the Steel Was Tempered film You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian and Chinese Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Russian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 216 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Kak zakalyalas stal see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated ru Kak zakalyalas stal to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints Please improve the article or discuss the issue January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message How the Steel Was Tempered Russian Kak zakalyalas stal romanized Kak zakalyalas stal or The Making of a Hero is a socialist realist novel written by Nikolai Ostrovsky 1904 1936 With 36 4 million copies sold it is one of the best selling books of all time 1 and the best selling book in the Russian language How the Steel Was TemperedRussian coverAuthorNikolai OstrovskyOriginal titleKak zakalyalas stalCountrySoviet UnionLanguageRussianGenreSocialist realismPublisherYoung Guard serial Publication date1932 1934 serial 1936 book Media typePrint hardback amp paperback 1964 stamp depicting Ostrovsky and an illustration for How the Steel Was Tempered Contents 1 Summary 2 Analysis 3 Characters 4 Publication history 5 Adaptations 6 In other media 7 References 8 External linksSummary editThe story follows the life of Pavel Korchagin including his fighting in and aftermath of the Russian Civil War when he fought for the Bolsheviks during the war and was injured The novel examines how Korchagin heals from his wounds and thus becomes as strong as steel The novel begins when Korchagin is 12 living in the town of Shepetovka in Ukraine He gets kicked out of school for putting tobacco in some bread dough and must go to work as a dishwasher As a dishwasher he is beaten by a coworker but his brother Artyom defends him The novel jumps forward to age 16 when he is working in a power plant He meets a Bolshevik named Zhukhrai after a run in with the Tsarist secret police Zhukrai tells him about the Bolsheviks and Lenin He also meets Tonia Toumanova his first of many love interests Again the novel jumps to 1917 as the German army invades Shepetovka Korchagin witnesses the town change hands several times in the chaos of the following months with a pogrom against the town s Jewish population occurring during its occupation by soldiers loyal to Symon Petliura Korchagin eventually joins the Bolsheviks and fights in the Civil War and Polish Soviet War He receives an injury in his spine which slowly saps his strength for the remainder of the novel After the war he works as a railway mechanic and advances as a Komsomol member in Kyiv He develops many social connections there but loses touch with many of his friends after he is presumed dead during work to build an emergency railway line to provide Shepetovka with firewood As his health worsens due to his life of hardship and wartime injuries he spends time in Sanatoria on the Black Sea coast where he eventually meets and marries the young daughter of a friend of his mother s Eventually having lost his eyesight and almost totally paralyzed Pavel moves to Moscow to consult medical specialists but his condition is hopeless and he ends up staying there to write a novel about his cavalry division from the Civil War Analysis editThe story is a fictionalized autobiography of its author Nikolai Ostrovsky In real life Ostrovsky s father died and his mother worked as a cook As he joined the war with the Red Army he lost his right eye from artillery fire during the war In 2016 Russia s newspaper Russia Beyond The Headlines analyzed the story as part of the Soviet narrative of Communism forging uncivilized men into ideal men like iron into steel The protagonist fits the mold of pre Khrushchev literature an immaculate ideally communistic individual 2 3 unbalanced opinion Characters edit nbsp Irina Fedotova as Tonia in the 1942 film Pavel Korchagin The novel s protagonist He is fighting on the Bolsheviks side in the Civil War 1917 1922 He is a quintessential positive hero of socialist realism Tonia Toumanova Pavel s teenage love Tonia and Pavel became good friends after their first encounter which later develops into an intimate relationship Though born of a wealthy and influential family Tonia treated everyone equally unlike her friends who only interact with other children of well reputed families However this changed as she grew up as she became more aware of her appearance and social status of others Publication history editThe first part of How the Steel was Tempered was published serially in 1932 in the magazine Young Guard The second part of the novel appeared in the same magazine from January to May 1934 The novel was published in 1936 in book form in a heavily edited version that conformed to the rules of socialist realism In the serial version Ostrovsky had described the tense atmosphere of Pavel s home his suffering when he became an invalid the deterioration of his relationship with his wife and their separation All of this disappeared in the 1936 publication and in later editions of the novel 4 nbsp German translation by Nelly Drechsler A Japanese translation of the novel was made by Ryokichi Sugimoto ja Adaptations editIn the Soviet Union three films were produced based on this novel How the Steel Was Tempered 1942 Pavel Korchagin 1956 Korchagin was played by Vasily Lanovoy How the Steel Was Tempered 1973 TV series of 6 episodes Korchagin was played by Vladimir Konkin 5 In China the novel was adapted into a television series of the same title in 2000 all the members of the cast were from Ukraine In other media editThe third studio album of Russian experimental group Shortparis is titled Tak zakalyalas stal Russian Tak zakalyalas stal lit Thus the Steel Was Tempered 2019 References edit Evgenij Nemirovskij 2000 01 03 Zhurnal KompyuArt Podvodya itogi XX stoletiya knigoizdanie Bestseller detishe reklamy Compuart ru Archived from the original on 2012 02 22 Retrieved 2009 08 31 Viesel Mikhail RBTH special to 2016 12 22 How literature was used to temper Soviet people www rbth com Retrieved 2021 05 11 Nikolay Ostrovsky how steel was tempered summary Nikolay Ostrovsky how the steel was tempered The history of writing the novel How the Steel Was Tempered voilokmaikop ru Retrieved 2021 05 11 A History of Soviet Literature pgs 43 44 Vera Alexandrova Doubleday 1963 IMDb Kak zakalyalas stal retrieved 2018 12 20External links edit nbsp Media related to How the Steel Was Tempered at Wikimedia Commons ISBN 0 7147 0585 3 How the Steel Was Tempered English translation Part 1 Part 2 Archived 2019 10 25 at the Wayback Machine Elena Tolstaya Segal K literaturnomu fonu knigi Kak zakalyalas stal Cahiers du Monde Russe Annee 1981 22 4 pp 375 399 Lev Anninskij Obruchennye s ideej O povesti Kak zakalyalas stal Nikolaya Ostrovskogo Raisa Ostrovskaya Nikolaj Ostrovskij seriya ZhZL Molodaya gvardiya 1984 Evgenij Buzni Literaturnoe dose Nikolaya Ostrovskogo Tamara Andronova Slishkom malo ostalos zhit Nikolaj Ostrovskij Biografiya M Gosudarstvennyj muzej Gumanitarnyj centr Preodolenie imeni N A Ostrovskogo 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title How the Steel Was Tempered amp oldid 1220132044, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
