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Nikolai Vavilov

November 07, 2023

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Ivanovich and the family name is Vavilov.
For the 1990 biopic, see Nikolai Vavilov (film).

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ForMemRS,[1] HFRSE (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Вави́лов, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ vɐˈvʲiləf] ⓘ; 25 November [O.S. 13 November] 1887 – 26 January 1943) was a Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist who identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants. He devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat, maize and other cereal crops that sustain the global population.[4][5][6][7][8]

Nikolai Vavilov
Vavilov in 1933
Born
Nikolaj Ivanovich Vavilov

(1887-11-25)25 November 1887[2][3]
Moscow, Russian Empire[2][3]
Died26 January 1943(1943-01-26) (aged 55)[2][3]
Saratov, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union[2][3]
NationalityRussian
CitizenshipSoviet Union
Alma materMoscow Agricultural Institute
Known forCenters of origin
RelativesSergei Vavilov (Physicist)
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Author abbrev. (botany)Vavilov

Vavilov's work was criticized by Trofim Lysenko, whose anti-Mendelian concepts of plant biology had won favor with Joseph Stalin. As a result, Vavilov was arrested and subsequently sentenced to death in July 1941. Although his sentence was commuted to twenty years' imprisonment, he died in prison in 1943. In 1955 his death sentence was retroactively pardoned under Nikita Khrushchev. By the 1960s his reputation was publicly rehabilitated and he began to be hailed as a hero of Soviet science.[9]

Early years and education edit

 
Vavilov on a 1987 Soviet stamp

Vavilov was born into a merchant family in Moscow, the older brother of physicist Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov. Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church, he was an atheist.[10]

His father had grown up in poverty due to recurring crop failures and food rationing, and Vavilov became obsessed from an early age with ending famine.[11]

Vavilov entered the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy (now the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy) in 1906. During this time he became known for carrying a pet lizard in his pocket wherever he went.[12] He graduated from the Petrovka in 1910 with a dissertation on snails as pests. From 1911 to 1912, he worked at the Bureau for Applied Botany and at the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology. From 1913 to 1914 he travelled in Europe and studied plant immunity, in collaboration with the British biologist William Bateson, who helped establish the science of genetics.[2]

Academic career edit

From 1917 to 1920, he was a professor at the Faculty of Agronomy, University of Saratov. From 1924 to 1935 he was the director of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences at Leningrad. Impressed with the work of Canadian phytopathologist Margaret Newton on wheat stem rust, in 1930 he attempted to hire her to work at the institute,[13] offering a good salary and perks such as a camel caravan for her travel. She declined, but visited the institute in 1933 for three months to train 50 students in her research.

 
Vavilov (fifth from left to right) alongside geneticist Albert Boerger during his visit to Uruguay in 1937

While developing his theory on the centers of origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov organized a series of botanical-agronomic expeditions and collected seeds from every corner of the globe. In 1927, he presented the centers of origin to the public on the Fifth International Congress of Genetics in Berlin (V. Internationaler Kongress für Vererbungswissenschaft Berlin).[14] In Leningrad, he created the world's largest collection of plant seeds.[15] Vavilov also formulated the law of homologous series in variation.[16] He was a member of the USSR Central Executive Committee, President of All-Union Geographical Society, and a recipient of the Lenin Prize.

Political eclipse and persecution edit

In 1932, during the sixth congress, Vavilov proposed holding the seventh International Congress of Genetics in the USSR. After some initial resistance by the organizing committee, in 1935 it agreed to hold the seventh congress in Moscow in 1937. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to support the idea and asked the Communist Party for its approval, which it gave on 31 July 1935. Vavilov was elected chairman of the International Congress of Genetics.

However, on 14 November 1936 the Politburo decided to cancel the congress. The seventh International Congress of Genetics was postponed until 1939 and took place in Edinburgh instead. The Politburo prohibited Vavilov from travelling abroad; during the Congress's opening ceremony an empty chair was placed on the stage as a symbolic reminder of Vavilov's involuntary absence.[17]

 
Vavilov's mugshot

Vavilov encountered the young Trofim Lysenko and at first encouraged Lysenko's work. However, Vavilov changed his mind and became an outspoken critic of Lysenko, because Lysenko did not believe in genetics and Vavilov feared that Lysenko's ideas could be disastrous for Soviet agriculture. Vavilov publicly criticized Lysenko both at home and while on foreign trips.

However, Stalin believed in Lysenko's theories and, as a result, so did the rest of the Soviet government. The Soviet authorities suspected that Vavilov was trying to sabotage Soviet agriculture with bad science, and their suspicions were aggravated by his associations with other scientists who had been convicted of espionage, some of whom falsely implicated Vavilov in counter-revolutionary activities.

As a result, Vavilov was arrested on 6 August 1940 while on an expedition to Ukraine. The warrant for Vavilov's arrest was issued by 1st Lt. Vladimir Ruzin of the NKVD, with the approval of Mikhail Pankratyev, the Deputy Prosecutor of the USSR, and Lavrenty Beria. Ruzin accused Vavilov of foreign espionage and sabotage.[citation needed]

He was sentenced to death in July 1941. In 1942 his sentence was commuted to twenty years imprisonment.

In 1943, he died in prison as a result of the harsh conditions. The prison's medical documentation indicates that he had been admitted into the prison hospital a few days prior to his death and mention the diagnoses of lung inflammation, dystrophy and edema as well as general weakness as a complaint, but as for the immediate cause of death, the death certificate only mentions "decline of cardiac activity".[18][19] Some authors assert that the actual cause of death was starvation.[20][21] According to Lyubov Brezhneva, he was thrown to his death into a pit of lime in the prison yard.[22]

Personal life edit

His son Oleg with his first wife Yekaterina Sakharova was born in 1918.[10] That marriage ended in divorce in 1926, after which he married geneticist Elena Ivanovna Barulina, a specialist on lentils and assistant head of the institute's seed collection. Their son Yuri was born in 1928.[10]

Posthumous rehabilitation edit

In 1955, Vavilov's life sentence was vacated at a hearing of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union, undertaken as part of a de-Stalinization effort to review Stalin-era death sentences.[23] By the 1960s his reputation was publicly rehabilitated and he began to be hailed as a hero of Soviet science.[24]

Legacy edit

The Leningrad seedbank was preserved and protected through the 28-month long Siege of Leningrad. While the Soviets had ordered the evacuation of art from the Hermitage Museum, they had not evacuated the 250,000 samples of seeds, roots, and fruits stored in what was then the world's largest seedbank. A group of scientists at the Vavilov Institute boxed up a cross section of seeds, moved them to the basement, and took shifts protecting them. Those guarding the seedbank refused to eat its contents, even though by the end of the siege in the spring of 1944, a number of them had died of starvation.[25][11]

In 1943, parts of Vavilov's collection, samples stored within the territories occupied by the German armies, mainly in Ukraine and Crimea, were seized by a German unit headed by Heinz Brücher. Many of the samples were transferred to the Schutzstaffel (SS) Institute for Plant Genetics, which had been established at Schloss Lannach [de] near Graz, Austria.[26]

The Royal Society of Edinburgh mentions Vavilov in the list of its former fellows, indicating that he died in a Soviet workcamp in Siberia on 26 January 1943.[27] However, he actually died in a Soviet prison in Saratov.[18]

Namesakes edit

Today a street in downtown Saratov bears Vavilov's name. Vavilov's monument in Saratov near the end of the Vavilov street was unveiled in 1997. The square near the monument is a common place for opposition rallies.[28][29][30][31][32] Another monument to him is located near the entrance to the Resurrection cemetery in Saratov, where Vavilov is buried. The USSR Academy of Sciences established the Vavilov Award (1965) and the Vavilov Medal (1968).

Today, the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry in St. Petersburg still maintains one of the world's largest collections of plant genetic material.[33] The Institute began as the Bureau of Applied Botany in 1894, and was reorganized in 1924 into the All-Union Research Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops, and in 1930 into the Research Institute of Plant Industry. Vavilov was the head of the institute from 1921 to 1940. In 1968 the institute was renamed after Vavilov in time for its 75th anniversary.

A minor planet, 2862 Vavilov, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named after him and his brother Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov.[34] The crater Vavilov on the far side of the Moon is also named after him and his brother.

The standard author abbreviation Vavilov is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[35]

Media edit

The story of the researchers at the Vavilov Institute during the Siege of Leningrad was fictionalized by novelist Elise Blackwell in her 2003 novel Hunger.[36] That novel was the inspiration for the Decemberists' song "When The War Came" in the 2006 album The Crane Wife,[37] which also depicts the Institute during the siege and mentions Vavilov by name.[38]

In 1987, the Shevchenko National Prize was awarded to Anatoliy Borsyuk (film director), Serhiy Dyachenko (script writer), and Oleksandr Frolov (camera) for the film Star of Vavilov (Russian: "Звезда Вавилова") about Vavilov's work.[39]

In 1990, a six part documentary entitled Nikolai Vavilov (Russian: Николай Вавилов) was created as a joint production of the USSR and East Germany.[40]

Season 1, Episode 4 of the 2020 science documentary series, Cosmos: Possible Worlds starring Neil deGrasse Tyson and based on the original series by Carl Sagan, was titled "Vavilov" and detailed his life.[41]

Works edit

  •  
    Maize diversity in Vavilov's office
    Земледельческий Афганистан. (1929) (Agricultural Afghanistan)
  • Селекция как наука. (1934) (Breeding as science)
  • Закон гомологических рядов в наследственной изменчивости. (1935) (The law of homology series in genetical mutability)
  • Учение о происхождении культурных растений после Дарвина. (1940) (The theory of origins of cultivated plants after Darwin)
  • Географическая локализация генов пшениц на земном шаре. (1929) (The Geographical Localization of Wheat Genes on the Earth)

Works in English edit

  • The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants (translated by K. Starr Chester). 1951. Chronica Botanica 13:1–366, link
  • Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants (translated by Doris Löve). 1987. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Five Continents (translated by Doris Löve). 1997. IPGRI, Rome; VIR, St. Petersburg.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Harland, S. C. (1954). "Nicolai Ivanovitch Vavilov. 1885-1942". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 9 (1): 259–264. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1954.0017. JSTOR 769210. S2CID 86376257.
  2. ^ a b c d e Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov. Encyclopaedia Britannica
  3. ^ a b c d Вавилов Николай Иванович. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  4. ^ Shumnyĭ, V. K. (2007). "Two brilliant generalizations of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (for the 120th anniversary)". Genetika. 43 (11): 1447–1453. PMID 18186182.
  5. ^ Zakharov, I. A. (2005). "Nikolai I Vavilov (1887–1943)". Journal of Biosciences. 30 (3): 299–301. doi:10.1007/BF02703666. PMID 16052067. S2CID 20870892.
  6. ^ Crow, J. F. (2001). "Plant breeding giants. Burbank, the artist; Vavilov, the scientist". Genetics. 158 (4): 1391–1395. doi:10.1093/genetics/158.4.1391. PMC 1461760. PMID 11514434.
  7. ^ Crow, J. F. (1993). "N. I. Vavilov, martyr to genetic truth". Genetics. 134 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1093/genetics/134.1.1. PMC 1205417. PMID 8514123.
  8. ^ Cohen, B. M. (1991). "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: The explorer and plant collector a". Economic Botany. 45: 38–46. doi:10.1007/BF02860048. S2CID 27563223.
  9. ^ Hawkes, J G (1988). "N.I. Vavilov the man and his work" (PDF). Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter. 72: 3–5 – via IBPGR.
  10. ^ a b c Pringle, Peter (2008). The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The Story of Stalin's Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century. Simon and Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-7432-6498-3. "Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church, Vavilov had been an atheist from an early age. If he worshipped anything, it was science".
  11. ^ a b Siebert, Charles (July 2011). "Food Ark". National Geographic. 220 (1): 122–126.
  12. ^ Pringle, Peter (2014). The murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The story of Stalin's persecution of one of the great scientists of the twentieth century. New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-4165-6602-1. OCLC 892938236.
  13. ^ Dale-Burnett, Lisa Lynne; Mlazagar, Brian, eds. (2006). Saskatchewan Agriculture: Lives Past and Present. Trade Books Based in Scholarship. Vol. 17. Canadian Plains Research Center. ISBN 978-0889771697.
  14. ^ Vavilov, Nikolai (1928). Geographische Zentren unserer Kulturpflanzen. In: Verhandlungen des V. Internationalen Kongresses für Vererbungswissenschaft Berlin 1927, Supplementband 1. Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre. pp. 342–369.
  15. ^ The Significance of Vavilov's Scientific Expeditions. PGR Newsletter 124. Bioversity International.
  16. ^ Popov I. Yu (2002). Periodical systems in biology 14 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ Valery N. Soyfer, "Tragic History of the VII International Congress of Genetics", 2003 [1]
  18. ^ a b [2] (in Russian)
  19. ^ [Шайкин В. Г. Николай Вавилов. — М.: Мол. гвардия, 2006. — 256 с.: ил. — (ЖЗЛ).]
  20. ^ Nabhan, Gary Paul. "How Nikolay Vavilov, the seed collector who tried to end famine, died of starvation". NPR. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  21. ^ Graham, Loren R. (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-28789-0.
  22. ^ Brezhneva, Lyubov (1995). The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43911-0.
  23. ^ Pringle, Peter (2008). The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov. Simon & Schuster. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-7432-6498-3.
  24. ^ Atz, James W. and Winter, Robert J. (1968). "Further steps in the rehabilitation of N.I. Vavilov". The Journal of Heredity. 59 (5): 274–275. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107716.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "The Second Siege: Saving Seeds Revisited". 18 August 2010.
  26. ^ Heinz Brücher and the SS botanical collecting command to Russia 1943 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. PGR Newsletter 129. Bioversity International.
  27. ^ (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  28. ^ [3] (in Russian)
  29. ^ [4] (in Russian)
  30. ^ [5] (in Russian)
  31. ^ [6] (in Russian)
  32. ^ [7] (in Russian)
  33. ^ N.I.Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry at www.vir.nw.ru
  34. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 235. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  35. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Vavilov.
  36. ^ HUNGER | Kirkus Reviews.
  37. ^ "The Decemberists". Pitchfork. 30 October 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  38. ^ "When The War Came - The Decemberists". SongLyrics.com. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  39. ^ Фильм Звезда Вавилова (in Russian), retrieved 3 November 2022
  40. ^ Nikolay Vavilov (Biography, Drama), 1 February 1990, retrieved 3 November 2022
  41. ^ Druyan, Ann (16 March 2020), Vavilov, Cosmos: Possible Worlds, retrieved 3 November 2022

Further reading edit

  • Where Our Food Comes From: Retracing Nikolay Vavilov's Quest to End Famine by Gary Paul Nabhan 2008 ISBN 978-1-59726-399-3
  • Delone, N. L. (1988). "Significance of the scientific heritage of N.I. Vavilov in the development of space biology (on the centenary of his birth)". Kosmicheskaia Biologiia I Aviakosmicheskaia Meditsina. 22 (6): 79–83. PMID 3066990.
  • Vasina-Popova, E. T. (1987). "The role of N. I. Vavilov in the development of Soviet genetics and animal selection". Genetika. 23 (11): 2002–2006. PMID 3322935.
  • Levina, E. S. (1987). "Not Available". Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia I Tekhniki (Institut Istorii Estestvoznaniia I Tekhniki (Akademiia Nauk SSSR)) (4): 34–43. PMID 11636235.
  • Alekseev, V. P. (1987). "Not Available". Sovetskaia Etnografiia / Akademiia Nauk SSSR I Narodnyi Komissariat Prosveshcheniia RSFSR (6): 72–80. PMID 11636003.
  • Raipulis, J. (1987). "Not Available". Vestis. Izvestiia. Latvijas PSR Zinatnu Akademija (9): 71–76. PMID 11635329.
  • "Correspondence legacy of N. I. Vavilov". Genetika. 15 (8): 1525–1526. 1979. PMID 383572.
  • Berdyshev, G. D.; Savchenko, N. I.; Pomogaĭbo, V. M.; Shcherbina, D. M.; Samorodov, V. N. (1978). "Celebration of the 90th anniversary of the birth of N. I. Vavilov in the Ukraine". TSitologiia I Genetika. 12 (2): 177–179. PMID 356364.
  • Khuchua, K. N. (1978). "Life and career of Academician N. I. Vavilov. On the 90th anniversary of his birth". TSitologiia I Genetika. 12 (2): 174–177. PMID 356363.
  • Kondrashov, V. (1978). "On the 90th birthday of N. I. Vavilov". Genetika. 14 (12): 2225. PMID 369949.
  • Kurlovich, B.S. WHAT IS A SPECIES? https://sites.google.com/site/biodiversityoflupins/15-objective-regularities-in-the-variability-of-chatacters/what-is-a-species
  • Reznik, S. and Y. Vavilov 1997 "The Russian Scientist Nikolay Vavilov" (preface to English translation of:) Vavilov, N. I. Five Continents. IPGRI: Rome, Italy.
  • Cohen, Barry Mendel 1980 Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: His Life and Work. Ph.D.: University of Texas at Austin.
  • Bakhteev, F. K.; Dickson, J. G. (1960). "To the History of Russian Science: Academician Nicholas IV an Vavilov on His 70th Anniversary (November 26, 1887 – August 2, 1942)". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 35 (2): 115–9. doi:10.1086/403015. PMID 13686142. S2CID 225068057.
  • Vavilov and his Institute. A history of the world collection of plant genetic resources in Russia, Loskutov, Igor G. 1999. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. ISBN 92-9043-412-0
  • Louise O. Fresco wrote "De Plantenjager" (2021, The Planthunter, in Dutch), a novel about the research, work and life of professor Vavilov to increase the productivity of the Russian agriculture in the period 1900-1940.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikolai Vavilov.
  • Vavilov, Centers of Origin, Spread of Crops
  • Vavilov Center for Plant Industry
  • Genetic Resources of Leguminous Plants in the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
  • N. I. Vavilov, The Problem of the Origin of the World's Agriculture in the Light of the Latest Investigations
  • Speech at the 1939 Conference on Genetics and Selection
  • Theoretical base of our researches

November 07, 2023
nikolai, vavilov, this, name, that, follows, eastern, slavic, naming, conventions, patronymic, ivanovich, family, name, vavilov, 1990, biopic, film, nikolai, ivanovich, vavilov, formemrs, hfrse, russian, Никола, Ива, нович, Вави, лов, nʲɪkɐˈlaj, ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ, v. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions the patronymic is Ivanovich and the family name is Vavilov For the 1990 biopic see Nikolai Vavilov film Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ForMemRS 1 HFRSE Russian Nikola j Iva novich Vavi lov IPA nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanevʲɪtɕ vɐˈvʲilef 25 November O S 13 November 1887 26 January 1943 was a Russian and Soviet agronomist botanist and geneticist who identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants He devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat maize and other cereal crops that sustain the global population 4 5 6 7 8 Nikolai VavilovVavilov in 1933BornNikolaj Ivanovich Vavilov 1887 11 25 25 November 1887 2 3 Moscow Russian Empire 2 3 Died26 January 1943 1943 01 26 aged 55 2 3 Saratov Russian SFSR Soviet Union 2 3 NationalityRussianCitizenshipSoviet UnionAlma materMoscow Agricultural InstituteKnown forCenters of originRelativesSergei Vavilov Physicist AwardsLenin PrizeFellow of the Royal Society 1 Scientific careerFieldsAgronomyBotanyGeneticsInstitutionsSaratov Agricultural InstituteLenin All Union Academy of Agricultural SciencesAuthor abbrev botany VavilovVavilov s work was criticized by Trofim Lysenko whose anti Mendelian concepts of plant biology had won favor with Joseph Stalin As a result Vavilov was arrested and subsequently sentenced to death in July 1941 Although his sentence was commuted to twenty years imprisonment he died in prison in 1943 In 1955 his death sentence was retroactively pardoned under Nikita Khrushchev By the 1960s his reputation was publicly rehabilitated and he began to be hailed as a hero of Soviet science 9 Contents 1 Early years and education 2 Academic career 3 Political eclipse and persecution 4 Personal life 5 Posthumous rehabilitation 6 Legacy 6 1 Namesakes 6 2 Media 7 Works 7 1 Works in English 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksEarly years and education edit nbsp Vavilov on a 1987 Soviet stampVavilov was born into a merchant family in Moscow the older brother of physicist Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church he was an atheist 10 His father had grown up in poverty due to recurring crop failures and food rationing and Vavilov became obsessed from an early age with ending famine 11 Vavilov entered the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy now the Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 1906 During this time he became known for carrying a pet lizard in his pocket wherever he went 12 He graduated from the Petrovka in 1910 with a dissertation on snails as pests From 1911 to 1912 he worked at the Bureau for Applied Botany and at the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology From 1913 to 1914 he travelled in Europe and studied plant immunity in collaboration with the British biologist William Bateson who helped establish the science of genetics 2 Academic career editFrom 1917 to 1920 he was a professor at the Faculty of Agronomy University of Saratov From 1924 to 1935 he was the director of the Lenin All Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences at Leningrad Impressed with the work of Canadian phytopathologist Margaret Newton on wheat stem rust in 1930 he attempted to hire her to work at the institute 13 offering a good salary and perks such as a camel caravan for her travel She declined but visited the institute in 1933 for three months to train 50 students in her research nbsp Vavilov fifth from left to right alongside geneticist Albert Boerger during his visit to Uruguay in 1937While developing his theory on the centers of origin of cultivated plants Vavilov organized a series of botanical agronomic expeditions and collected seeds from every corner of the globe In 1927 he presented the centers of origin to the public on the Fifth International Congress of Genetics in Berlin V Internationaler Kongress fur Vererbungswissenschaft Berlin 14 In Leningrad he created the world s largest collection of plant seeds 15 Vavilov also formulated the law of homologous series in variation 16 He was a member of the USSR Central Executive Committee President of All Union Geographical Society and a recipient of the Lenin Prize Political eclipse and persecution editIn 1932 during the sixth congress Vavilov proposed holding the seventh International Congress of Genetics in the USSR After some initial resistance by the organizing committee in 1935 it agreed to hold the seventh congress in Moscow in 1937 The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to support the idea and asked the Communist Party for its approval which it gave on 31 July 1935 Vavilov was elected chairman of the International Congress of Genetics However on 14 November 1936 the Politburo decided to cancel the congress The seventh International Congress of Genetics was postponed until 1939 and took place in Edinburgh instead The Politburo prohibited Vavilov from travelling abroad during the Congress s opening ceremony an empty chair was placed on the stage as a symbolic reminder of Vavilov s involuntary absence 17 nbsp Vavilov s mugshotVavilov encountered the young Trofim Lysenko and at first encouraged Lysenko s work However Vavilov changed his mind and became an outspoken critic of Lysenko because Lysenko did not believe in genetics and Vavilov feared that Lysenko s ideas could be disastrous for Soviet agriculture Vavilov publicly criticized Lysenko both at home and while on foreign trips However Stalin believed in Lysenko s theories and as a result so did the rest of the Soviet government The Soviet authorities suspected that Vavilov was trying to sabotage Soviet agriculture with bad science and their suspicions were aggravated by his associations with other scientists who had been convicted of espionage some of whom falsely implicated Vavilov in counter revolutionary activities As a result Vavilov was arrested on 6 August 1940 while on an expedition to Ukraine The warrant for Vavilov s arrest was issued by 1st Lt Vladimir Ruzin of the NKVD with the approval of Mikhail Pankratyev the Deputy Prosecutor of the USSR and Lavrenty Beria Ruzin accused Vavilov of foreign espionage and sabotage citation needed He was sentenced to death in July 1941 In 1942 his sentence was commuted to twenty years imprisonment In 1943 he died in prison as a result of the harsh conditions The prison s medical documentation indicates that he had been admitted into the prison hospital a few days prior to his death and mention the diagnoses of lung inflammation dystrophy and edema as well as general weakness as a complaint but as for the immediate cause of death the death certificate only mentions decline of cardiac activity 18 19 Some authors assert that the actual cause of death was starvation 20 21 According to Lyubov Brezhneva he was thrown to his death into a pit of lime in the prison yard 22 Personal life editHis son Oleg with his first wife Yekaterina Sakharova was born in 1918 10 That marriage ended in divorce in 1926 after which he married geneticist Elena Ivanovna Barulina a specialist on lentils and assistant head of the institute s seed collection Their son Yuri was born in 1928 10 Posthumous rehabilitation editIn 1955 Vavilov s life sentence was vacated at a hearing of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union undertaken as part of a de Stalinization effort to review Stalin era death sentences 23 By the 1960s his reputation was publicly rehabilitated and he began to be hailed as a hero of Soviet science 24 Legacy editThe Leningrad seedbank was preserved and protected through the 28 month long Siege of Leningrad While the Soviets had ordered the evacuation of art from the Hermitage Museum they had not evacuated the 250 000 samples of seeds roots and fruits stored in what was then the world s largest seedbank A group of scientists at the Vavilov Institute boxed up a cross section of seeds moved them to the basement and took shifts protecting them Those guarding the seedbank refused to eat its contents even though by the end of the siege in the spring of 1944 a number of them had died of starvation 25 11 In 1943 parts of Vavilov s collection samples stored within the territories occupied by the German armies mainly in Ukraine and Crimea were seized by a German unit headed by Heinz Brucher Many of the samples were transferred to the Schutzstaffel SS Institute for Plant Genetics which had been established at Schloss Lannach de near Graz Austria 26 The Royal Society of Edinburgh mentions Vavilov in the list of its former fellows indicating that he died in a Soviet workcamp in Siberia on 26 January 1943 27 However he actually died in a Soviet prison in Saratov 18 Namesakes edit Today a street in downtown Saratov bears Vavilov s name Vavilov s monument in Saratov near the end of the Vavilov street was unveiled in 1997 The square near the monument is a common place for opposition rallies 28 29 30 31 32 Another monument to him is located near the entrance to the Resurrection cemetery in Saratov where Vavilov is buried The USSR Academy of Sciences established the Vavilov Award 1965 and the Vavilov Medal 1968 Today the N I Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry in St Petersburg still maintains one of the world s largest collections of plant genetic material 33 The Institute began as the Bureau of Applied Botany in 1894 and was reorganized in 1924 into the All Union Research Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops and in 1930 into the Research Institute of Plant Industry Vavilov was the head of the institute from 1921 to 1940 In 1968 the institute was renamed after Vavilov in time for its 75th anniversary A minor planet 2862 Vavilov discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named after him and his brother Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov 34 The crater Vavilov on the far side of the Moon is also named after him and his brother The standard author abbreviation Vavilov is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name 35 Media edit The story of the researchers at the Vavilov Institute during the Siege of Leningrad was fictionalized by novelist Elise Blackwell in her 2003 novel Hunger 36 That novel was the inspiration for the Decemberists song When The War Came in the 2006 album The Crane Wife 37 which also depicts the Institute during the siege and mentions Vavilov by name 38 In 1987 the Shevchenko National Prize was awarded to Anatoliy Borsyuk film director Serhiy Dyachenko script writer and Oleksandr Frolov camera for the film Star of Vavilov Russian Zvezda Vavilova about Vavilov s work 39 In 1990 a six part documentary entitled Nikolai Vavilov Russian Nikolaj Vavilov was created as a joint production of the USSR and East Germany 40 Season 1 Episode 4 of the 2020 science documentary series Cosmos Possible Worlds starring Neil deGrasse Tyson and based on the original series by Carl Sagan was titled Vavilov and detailed his life 41 Works edit nbsp Maize diversity in Vavilov s officeZemledelcheskij Afganistan 1929 Agricultural Afghanistan Selekciya kak nauka 1934 Breeding as science Zakon gomologicheskih ryadov v nasledstvennoj izmenchivosti 1935 The law of homology series in genetical mutability Uchenie o proishozhdenii kulturnyh rastenij posle Darvina 1940 The theory of origins of cultivated plants after Darwin Geograficheskaya lokalizaciya genov pshenic na zemnom share 1929 The Geographical Localization of Wheat Genes on the Earth Works in English edit The Origin Variation Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants translated by K Starr Chester 1951 Chronica Botanica 13 1 366 link Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants translated by Doris Love 1987 Cambridge University Press Cambridge Five Continents translated by Doris Love 1997 IPGRI Rome VIR St Petersburg See also editVASKhNIL the All Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union All Russian Institute of Plant Industry Vavilovian mimicry Vavilov Center Lysenkoism Huerga Melcon Pablo 2023 Vavilov en Espana Una Odisea en busca de la escanda ISBN 978 8 41265 270 3References edit a b Harland S C 1954 Nicolai Ivanovitch Vavilov 1885 1942 Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 9 1 259 264 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1954 0017 JSTOR 769210 S2CID 86376257 a b c d e Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov Encyclopaedia Britannica a b c d Vavilov Nikolaj Ivanovich Great Soviet Encyclopedia Shumnyĭ V K 2007 Two brilliant generalizations of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov for the 120th anniversary Genetika 43 11 1447 1453 PMID 18186182 Zakharov I A 2005 Nikolai I Vavilov 1887 1943 Journal of Biosciences 30 3 299 301 doi 10 1007 BF02703666 PMID 16052067 S2CID 20870892 Crow J F 2001 Plant breeding giants Burbank the artist Vavilov the scientist Genetics 158 4 1391 1395 doi 10 1093 genetics 158 4 1391 PMC 1461760 PMID 11514434 Crow J F 1993 N I Vavilov martyr to genetic truth Genetics 134 1 1 4 doi 10 1093 genetics 134 1 1 PMC 1205417 PMID 8514123 Cohen B M 1991 Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov The explorer and plant collector a Economic Botany 45 38 46 doi 10 1007 BF02860048 S2CID 27563223 Hawkes J G 1988 N I Vavilov the man and his work PDF Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 72 3 5 via IBPGR a b c Pringle Peter 2008 The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov The Story of Stalin s Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century Simon and Schuster p 137 ISBN 978 0 7432 6498 3 Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church Vavilov had been an atheist from an early age If he worshipped anything it was science a b Siebert Charles July 2011 Food Ark National Geographic 220 1 122 126 Pringle Peter 2014 The murder of Nikolai Vavilov The story of Stalin s persecution of one of the great scientists of the twentieth century New York City Simon amp Schuster pp 22 23 ISBN 978 1 4165 6602 1 OCLC 892938236 Dale Burnett Lisa Lynne Mlazagar Brian eds 2006 Saskatchewan Agriculture Lives Past and Present Trade Books Based in Scholarship Vol 17 Canadian Plains Research Center ISBN 978 0889771697 Vavilov Nikolai 1928 Geographische Zentren unserer Kulturpflanzen In Verhandlungen des V Internationalen Kongresses fur Vererbungswissenschaft Berlin 1927 Supplementband 1 Zeitschrift fur induktive Abstammungs und Vererbungslehre pp 342 369 The Significance of Vavilov s Scientific Expeditions PGR Newsletter 124 Bioversity International Popov I Yu 2002 Periodical systems in biology Archived 14 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Valery N Soyfer Tragic History of the VII International Congress of Genetics 2003 1 a b 2 in Russian Shajkin V G Nikolaj Vavilov M Mol gvardiya 2006 256 s il ZhZL Nabhan Gary Paul How Nikolay Vavilov the seed collector who tried to end famine died of starvation NPR Retrieved 22 February 2014 Graham Loren R 1993 Science in Russia and the Soviet Union A Short History Cambridge University Press p 130 ISBN 978 0 521 28789 0 Brezhneva Lyubov 1995 The World I Left Behind Pieces of a Past Random House ISBN 0 679 43911 0 Pringle Peter 2008 The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov Simon amp Schuster p 300 ISBN 978 0 7432 6498 3 Atz James W and Winter Robert J 1968 Further steps in the rehabilitation of N I Vavilov The Journal of Heredity 59 5 274 275 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a107716 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The Second Siege Saving Seeds Revisited 18 August 2010 Heinz Brucher and the SS botanical collecting command to Russia 1943 Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine PGR Newsletter 129 Bioversity International Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 2002 PDF The Royal Society of Edinburgh July 2006 ISBN 0 902 198 84 X Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 4 January 2019 3 in Russian 4 in Russian 5 in Russian 6 in Russian 7 in Russian N I Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry at www vir nw ru Schmadel Lutz D 2003 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 5th ed New York Springer Verlag p 235 ISBN 978 3 540 00238 3 International Plant Names Index Vavilov HUNGER Kirkus Reviews The Decemberists Pitchfork 30 October 2006 Retrieved 3 November 2022 When The War Came The Decemberists SongLyrics com Retrieved 3 November 2022 Film Zvezda Vavilova in Russian retrieved 3 November 2022 Nikolay Vavilov Biography Drama 1 February 1990 retrieved 3 November 2022 Druyan Ann 16 March 2020 Vavilov Cosmos Possible Worlds retrieved 3 November 2022Further reading editWhere Our Food Comes From Retracing Nikolay Vavilov s Quest to End Famine by Gary Paul Nabhan 2008 ISBN 978 1 59726 399 3 Delone N L 1988 Significance of the scientific heritage of N I Vavilov in the development of space biology on the centenary of his birth Kosmicheskaia Biologiia I Aviakosmicheskaia Meditsina 22 6 79 83 PMID 3066990 Vasina Popova E T 1987 The role of N I Vavilov in the development of Soviet genetics and animal selection Genetika 23 11 2002 2006 PMID 3322935 Levina E S 1987 Not Available Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia I Tekhniki Institut Istorii Estestvoznaniia I Tekhniki Akademiia Nauk SSSR 4 34 43 PMID 11636235 Alekseev V P 1987 Not Available Sovetskaia Etnografiia Akademiia Nauk SSSR I Narodnyi Komissariat Prosveshcheniia RSFSR 6 72 80 PMID 11636003 Raipulis J 1987 Not Available Vestis Izvestiia Latvijas PSR Zinatnu Akademija 9 71 76 PMID 11635329 Correspondence legacy of N I Vavilov Genetika 15 8 1525 1526 1979 PMID 383572 Berdyshev G D Savchenko N I Pomogaĭbo V M Shcherbina D M Samorodov V N 1978 Celebration of the 90th anniversary of the birth of N I Vavilov in the Ukraine TSitologiia I Genetika 12 2 177 179 PMID 356364 Khuchua K N 1978 Life and career of Academician N I Vavilov On the 90th anniversary of his birth TSitologiia I Genetika 12 2 174 177 PMID 356363 Kondrashov V 1978 On the 90th birthday of N I Vavilov Genetika 14 12 2225 PMID 369949 Kurlovich B S WHAT IS A SPECIES https sites google com site biodiversityoflupins 15 objective regularities in the variability of chatacters what is a species Reznik S and Y Vavilov 1997 The Russian Scientist Nikolay Vavilov preface to English translation of Vavilov N I Five Continents IPGRI Rome Italy Cohen Barry Mendel 1980 Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov His Life and Work Ph D University of Texas at Austin Bakhteev F K Dickson J G 1960 To the History of Russian Science Academician Nicholas IV an Vavilov on His 70th Anniversary November 26 1887 August 2 1942 The Quarterly Review of Biology 35 2 115 9 doi 10 1086 403015 PMID 13686142 S2CID 225068057 Vavilov and his Institute A history of the world collection of plant genetic resources in Russia Loskutov Igor G 1999 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Rome Italy ISBN 92 9043 412 0 Louise O Fresco wrote De Plantenjager 2021 The Planthunter in Dutch a novel about the research work and life of professor Vavilov to increase the productivity of the Russian agriculture in the period 1900 1940 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikolai Vavilov Vavilov Centers of Origin Spread of Crops Vavilov Center for Plant Industry Genetic Resources of Leguminous Plants in the N I Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry N I Vavilov The Problem of the Origin of the World s Agriculture in the Light of the Latest Investigations Speech at the 1939 Conference on Genetics and Selection Theoretical base of our researches Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nikolai Vavilov amp oldid 1182654378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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