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Avant-garde

February 13, 2023

For other uses, see Avant-garde (disambiguation).

In the arts and in literature, the term avant-garde (advance guard and vanguard) identifies a genre of art, an experimental work of art, and the experimental artist who created the work of art, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic Establishment of the time.[2] The military metaphor of an advance guard identifies the artists and writers whose innovations in style, form, and subject-matter challenge the artistic and aesthetic validity of the established forms of art and the literary traditions of their time; thus how the artists who created the anti-novel and Surrealism were ahead of their times.[3]

Avant-garde cinema: The Love of Zero (1928), a short film directed by the artist Robert Florey. [1]

As a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists promote progressive and radical politics and advocate for societal reform with and through works of art. In the essay "The Artist, the Scientist, and the Industrialist" (1825) Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues’s political usage of vanguard identified the moral obligation of artists to "serve as [the] avant-garde" of the people, because "the power of the arts is, indeed, the most immediate and fastest way" to realise social, political, and economic reforms.[4]

In the realm of culture, the artistic experiments of the avant-garde push the aesthetic boundaries of societal norms, such as the disruptions of modernism in poetry, fiction, and drama, painting, music, and architecture, the occurred in the late 19th and in the early 20th centuries.[5] In art history the socio-cultural functions of avant-garde art trace from Dada (1915–1920s) through the Situationist International (1957–1972) to the Postmodernism of the American Language poets (1960s–1970s).[6]


History

The French military term avant-garde (advanced guard) identified a reconnaissance unit who scouted the terrain ahead of the main force of the army. In 19th-century French politics, the term avant-garde (vanguard) identified Left-wing political reformists who agitated for radical political change in French society. In the mid-19th century, as a cultural term, avant-garde identified a genre of art that advocated art-as-politics, art as an aesthetic and political means for realising social change in a society. Since the 20th century, the art term avant-garde identifies a stratum of the Intelligentsia that comprises novelists and writers, artists and architects et al. whose creative perspectives, ideas, and experimental artworks challenge the cultural values of contemporary bourgeois society.[7] In the U.S. of the 1960s, the post–WWII changes to American culture and society allowed avant-garde artists to produce works of art that addressed the matters of the day, usually in political and sociologic opposition to the cultural conformity inherent to popular culture and to consumerism as a way of life and as a worldview.[8]

Theories

In The Theory of the Avant-Garde (Teoria dell’arte d’avanguardia, 1962), the academic Renato Poggioli provides an early analysis of the avant-garde as art and as artistic movement.[9] Surveying the historical and social, psychological and philosophical aspects of artistic vanguardism, Poggioli's examples of avant-garde art, poetry, and music, show that avant-garde artists share some values and ideals as contemporary bohemians.[10]

In Theory of the Avant-Garde (Theorie der Avantgarde, 1974), the literary critic Peter Bürger looks at The Establishment’s embrace of socially critical works of art as capitalist co-optation of the artists and the genre of avant-garde art, because “art as an institution neutralizes the political content of the individual work [of art]”.[11]

In Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 (2000), Benjamin H. D. Buchloh argues for a dialectical approach to such political stances by avant-garde artists and the avant-garde genre of art.[12]

Society and the avant-garde

See also: Media culture and Spectacle (critical theory)
 
The cultural provocation of avant-garde art: Fountain (1917) by Marcel Duchamp.
(Alfred Stieglitz)
 
In "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935), Walter Benjamin addresses the artistic and cultural, social, economic, and political functions of art in a capitalist society.
 
Intellectuals of the avant-garde: Max Horkheimer (left) and Theodor Adorno (right) at Heidelberg in 1965.

Sociologically, as a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists, writers, architects, et al. produce artefacts — works of art, books, buildings — that intellectually and ideologically oppose the conformist value system of mainstream society.[13] In the essay “Avant-Garde and Kitsch” (1939), Clement Greenberg said that the artistic vanguard oppose high culture and reject the artifice of mass culture, because the avant-garde functionally oppose the dumbing down of society — be it with low culture or with high culture. That in a capitalist society each medium of mass communication is a factory producing artworks, and is not a legitimate artistic medium; therefore, the products of mass culture are kitsch, simulations and simulacra of Art.[14]

Walter Benjamin in the essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (1939) and Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) said that the artifice of mass culture voids the artistic value (the aura) of a work of art.[15] That the capitalist culture industry (publishing and music, radio and cinema, etc.) continually produces artificial culture for mass consumption,[16] which is facilitated by mechanically produced art-products of mediocre quality displacing art of quality workmanship; thus, the profitability of art-as-commodity determines its artistic value.[16]

In The Society of the Spectacle (1967), Guy Debord said that the financial, commercial, and economic co-optation of the avant-garde into a commodity produced by neoliberal capitalism makes doubtful that avant-garde artists will remain culturally and intellectually relevant to their societies for preferring profit to cultural change and political progress. In The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde (1991), Paul Mann said that the avant-garde are economically integral to the contemporary institutions of the Establishment, specifically as part of the culture industry.[17] Noting the conceptual shift, theoreticians, such as Matei Calinescu, in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (1987),[18] and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (1995),[19] said that Western culture entered a post-modern time when the modernist ways of thought and action and the production of art have become redundant in a capitalist economy.[20]

Parting from the claims of Greenberg in the late 1930s and the insights of Poggioli in the early 1960s, in The De-Definition of Art: Action Art to Pop to Earthworks (1983), the critic Harold Rosenberg said that since the middle of the 1960s the politically progressive avant-garde ceased being adversaries to artistic commercialism and the mediocrity of mass culture, which political disconnection transformed being an artist into “a profession, one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing [the profession of being an artist].”[21][22]

Moreover, the artistically progressive term avant-garde (advance guard) is compared and contrasted to the artistically reactionary term arrière-garde (rear guard) of artists who oppose the avant-garde as art and as culture [23] The art historians Natalie Adamson and Toby Norris said that the arrière-garde is not reducible to a style of kitsch art or to political reaction, but identifies the cohort of self-conscious artists whose art opposes the legacy of the avant-garde, whilst self-aware that their artistic cohort is anachronistic in the world of the arts;[24] nonetheless, the critic Charles Altieri explans their existence as the interdependence of the genres as art, “where there is an avant-garde, there must be an arrière-garde.”[25]

Examples

Music

Main article: Avant-garde music

Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner.[26] The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether.[27] By this definition, some avant-garde composers of the 20th century include Arnold Schoenberg,[28] Richard Strauss (in his earliest work),[29] Charles Ives,[30] Igor Stravinsky,[28] Anton Webern,[31] Edgard Varèse, Alban Berg,[31] George Antheil (in his earliest works only), Henry Cowell (in his earliest works), Harry Partch, John Cage, Iannis Xenakis,[28] Morton Feldman, Karlheinz Stockhausen,[32] Pauline Oliveros,[33] Philip Glass, Meredith Monk,[33] Laurie Anderson,[33] and Diamanda Galás.[33]

There is another definition of "Avant-gardism" that distinguishes it from "modernism": Peter Bürger, for example, says avant-gardism rejects the "institution of art" and challenges social and artistic values, and so necessarily involves political, social, and cultural factors.[27] According to the composer and musicologist Larry Sitsky, modernist composers from the early 20th century who do not qualify as avant-gardists include Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Igor Stravinsky; later modernist composers who do not fall into the category of avant-gardists include Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt, György Ligeti, Witold Lutosławski, and Luciano Berio, since "their modernism was not conceived for the purpose of goading an audience."[34]

The 1960s saw a wave of free and avant-garde music in jazz genre, embodied by artists such as Ornette Coleman, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Archie Shepp, John Coltrane and Miles Davis.[35][36] In the rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive".[37] Post-punk artists from the late 1970s rejected traditional rock sensibilities in favor of an avant-garde aesthetic.

Theatre

Main article: Experimental theatre

Whereas the avant-garde has a significant history in 20th-century music, it is more pronounced in theatre and performance art, and often in conjunction with music and sound design innovations, as well as developments in visual media design. There are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada.

Art movements

See also

References

  1. ^ The Love of Zero on YouTube
  2. ^ Avant-garde, Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third Edition (1991) J.A. Cuddon Ed. p. 74.
  3. ^ Avant-garde, A Handbook to Literature (1980) Fourth Ed. (1980) C. Hugh Holman, Editor. pp. 41–42.
  4. ^ Calinescu, Matei. The Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism 14 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Durham: Duke University Press, 1987) pp. 00-00.
  5. ^ Modernism, Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third Edition (1991) J.A. Cuddon Ed. p.p.550–551.
  6. ^ Avant-garde, Williams, Raymond. "The Politics of the Avant-Garde", The Politics of Modernism (Verso 1989) p. 000.
  7. ^ Porter, Tom (2004). Archispeak : An Illustrated Guide to Architectural Terms. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-30011-8. OCLC 53144738.
  8. ^ Banes, Sally (1993). Greenwich Village 1963: Avant-Garde Performance and the Effervescent Body. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11smn4s. ISBN 978-0-8223-1357-1. JSTOR j.ctv11smn4s. from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  9. ^ Sascha Bru and Gunther Martens, The Invention of Politics in the European Avant-Garde (1906–1940) (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006), p. 21. ISBN 90-420-1909-3.
  10. ^ Renato Poggioli (1968). The Theory of the Avant-Garde. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-674-88216-4., translator Gerald Fitzgerald
  11. ^ Peter Bürger (1974). Theorie der Avantgarde. Suhrkamp Verlag. English translation (University of Minnesota Press) 1984: 90.
  12. ^ Benjamin Buchloh, Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001) ISBN 0-262-02454-3.
  13. ^ “avant-garde”, Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third Edition (1991) J.A. Cuddon, Ed. p.74.
  14. ^ Greenberg, Clement (Fall 1939). . The Partisan Review. Vol. 6, no. 5. pp. 34–49. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  15. ^ Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine[full citation needed]
  16. ^ a b Theodor W. Adorno (1963) 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, "Culture Industry Reconsidered: Selected Essays on Mass Culture", London: Routledge, 1991
  17. ^ Richard Schechner, "The Conservative Avant-Garde." New Literary History 41.4 (Autumn 2010): 895–913.
  18. ^ Wang, Veria. "Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism Avant-Garde Decadence Kitsch". from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ "The Idea of the Postmodern: A History". Routledge & CRC Press. from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  20. ^ Calinescu 1987,[page needed]; Bertens 1995.[page needed]
  21. ^ Rosenber, Harold. The De-Definition of Art: Action Art to Pop to Earthworks (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), p. 219. ISBN 0-226-72673-8
  22. ^ Dickie, George. ""Symposium on Marxist Aesthetic Thought: Commentary on the Papers by Rudich, San Juan, and Morawski 30 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine", Arts in Society: Art and Social Experience: Our Changing Outlook on Culture 12, no. 2 (Summer–Fall 1975): p. 232.
  23. ^ Adamson, Natalie; Norris, Toby (2009). "Introduction". In Adamson, Natalie; Norris, Toby (eds.). Academics, Pompiers, Official Artists and the Arrière-Garde: Defining Modern and Transitional in France. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 18.
  24. ^ Adamson & Norris 2009, pp. 18–19, 20.
  25. ^ Altieri, Charles (1999). "Avant-Garde or Arrière-Garde in Recent American Poetry". Poetics Today. 20 (4): 633. JSTOR 1773194.
  26. ^ David Nicholls (ed.), The Cambridge History of American Music (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 122–24. ISBN 0-521-45429-8 ISBN 978-0-521-54554-9
  27. ^ a b Jim Samson, "Avant garde", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
  28. ^ a b c Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xiv. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
  29. ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xiii–xiv. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
  30. ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), 222. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
  31. ^ a b Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), 50. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
  32. ^ Elliot Schwartz, Barney Childs, and James Fox (eds.), Contemporary Composers on Contemporary Music (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 379. ISBN 0-306-80819-6
  33. ^ a b c d Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xvii. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
  34. ^ Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002), xv. ISBN 0-313-29689-8.
  35. ^ Anon. Avant-Garde Jazz 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. AllMusic.com, n.d.
  36. ^ Michael West. "In the year jazz went avant-garde, Ramsey Lewis went pop with a bang". The Washington Post. from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  37. ^ Murray, Noel (28 May 2015). "60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire". The A.V. Club. from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2020.

Further reading

  • Robert Archambeau. "The Avant-Garde in Babel. Two or Three Notes on Four or Five Words", Action-Yes vol. 1, issue 8, Autumn 2008.
  • Bäckström, Per (ed.), Centre-Periphery. The Avant-Garde and the Other, Nordlit. University of Tromsø, no. 21, 2007.
  • Bäckström, Per. "One Earth, Four or Five Words. The Peripheral Concept of 'Avant-Garde'", Action-Yes vol. 1, issue 12, Winter 2010.
  • Bäckström, Per & Bodil Børset (eds.), Norsk avantgarde (Norwegian Avant-Garde), Oslo: Novus, 2011.
  • Bäckström, Per & Benedikt Hjartarson (eds.), Decentring the Avant-Garde, Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi, Avantgarde Critical Studies, 2014.
  • Bäckström, Per and Benedikt Hjartarson. “Rethinking the Topography of the International Avant-Garde”, in Decentring the Avant-Garde, Per Bäckström & Benedikt Hjartarson (eds.), Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi, Avantgarde Critical Studies, 2014.
  • Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. 1980. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930: New Perspectives: Los Angeles County Museum of Art [and] Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3 (pbk.); Cambridge, MA: Distributed by the MIT Press ISBN 0-262-20040-6 (pbk.)
  • Bazin, Germain. 1969. The Avant-garde in Painting. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20422-X
  • Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders (eds.). 2009. Metzler Lexikon Avantgarde. Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01866-0 (in German)
  • Crane, Diana. 1987. The Transformation of the Avant-garde: The New York Art World, 1940–1985. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11789-8
  • Daly, Selina, and Monica Insinga (eds.). 2013. The European Avant-garde: Text and Image. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-4054-5.
  • Fernández-Medina, Nicolás, and Maria Truglio (eds.). Modernism and the Avant-garde Body in Spain and Italy. Routledge, 2016.
  • Harding, James M., and John Rouse, eds. Not the Other Avant-Garde: The Transnational Foundations of Avant-Garde Performance. University of Michigan, 2006.
  • Hjartarson, Benedikt. 2013. Visionen des Neuen. Eine diskurshistorische Analyse des frühen avantgardistischen Manifests. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Kostelanetz, Richard, and H. R. Brittain. 2000. A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes, second edition. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-865379-3. Paperback edition 2001, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93764-7 (pbk.)
  • Kramer, Hilton. 1973. The Age of the Avant-garde; An Art Chronicle of 1956−1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-10238-4
  • Léger, Marc James (ed.). 2014. The Idea of the Avant Garde—And What It Means Today. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press; Oakland: Left Curve. ISBN 978-0-7190-9691-4.
  • Maerhofer, John W. 2009. Rethinking the Vanguard: Aesthetic and Political Positions in the Modernist Debate, 1917–1962. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press. ISBN 1-4438-1135-1
  • Mann, Paul. The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde. Indiana University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-253-33672-9
  • Novero, Cecilia. 2010. Antidiets of the Avant-Garde: From Futurist Cooking to Eat Art. (University of Minnesota Press) ISBN 978-0-8166-4601-2
  • Pronko, Leonard Cabell. 1962. Avant-garde: The Experimental Theater in France. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Roberts, John. 2015. Revolutionary Time and the Avant-Garde. London and New York: Verso. ISBN 978-1-78168-912-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-78168-913-4 (pbk).
  • Schechner, Richard. "The Five Avant-Gardes or ... [and] ... or None?" The Twentieth-Century Performance Reader, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Huxley and Noel Witts (New York and London: Routledge, 2002).
  • Schmidt-Burkhardt, Astrit. 2005. Stammbäume der Kunst: Zur Genealogie der Avantgarde. Berlin Akademie Verlag. ISBN 3-05-004066-1 [online version is available]
  • Sell, Mike. The Avant-Garde: Race, Religion, War. Seagull Books, 2011.
  • Shishanov, V. A. 2007. Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva: istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii (1918–1941). Minsk: Medisont. ISBN 978-985-6530-68-8 Online edition (in Russian)

External links

  • Historic Avant-Garde Periodicals for Digital Research, The Blue Mountain Project, Princeton University Library
  • Avant-garde and Modernist Magazines (Monoskop)
  • Magazines in Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou, Paris
  • Digital Dada Library of International Dada Archive, University of Iowa Libraries
  • Magazines in Digital Collections of Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
  • Avant-Garde Periodicals Meet Digital Archives, New York Public Library
  • Dada, Surrealism, and De Stijl Magazines on UbuWeb Historical
  • Index of Modernist Magazines, Davidson College 30 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • Modernist Journal Project, Brown University and University of Tulsa
  • Spanish and Italian Modernist Studies Forum, Pennsylvania State University 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • Collection: "Spanish Avant-Garde" from the University of Michigan Museum of Art

February 13, 2023
avant, garde, other, uses, disambiguation, arts, literature, term, avant, garde, advance, guard, vanguard, identifies, genre, experimental, work, experimental, artist, created, work, which, usually, aesthetically, innovative, whilst, initially, being, ideologi. For other uses see Avant garde disambiguation In the arts and in literature the term avant garde advance guard and vanguard identifies a genre of art an experimental work of art and the experimental artist who created the work of art which usually is aesthetically innovative whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic Establishment of the time 2 The military metaphor of an advance guard identifies the artists and writers whose innovations in style form and subject matter challenge the artistic and aesthetic validity of the established forms of art and the literary traditions of their time thus how the artists who created the anti novel and Surrealism were ahead of their times 3 Avant garde cinema The Love of Zero 1928 a short film directed by the artist Robert Florey 1 As a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society avant garde artists promote progressive and radical politics and advocate for societal reform with and through works of art In the essay The Artist the Scientist and the Industrialist 1825 Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues s political usage of vanguard identified the moral obligation of artists to serve as the avant garde of the people because the power of the arts is indeed the most immediate and fastest way to realise social political and economic reforms 4 In the realm of culture the artistic experiments of the avant garde push the aesthetic boundaries of societal norms such as the disruptions of modernism in poetry fiction and drama painting music and architecture the occurred in the late 19th and in the early 20th centuries 5 In art history the socio cultural functions of avant garde art trace from Dada 1915 1920s through the Situationist International 1957 1972 to the Postmodernism of the American Language poets 1960s 1970s 6 Contents 1 History 2 Theories 3 Society and the avant garde 4 Examples 4 1 Music 4 2 Theatre 5 Art movements 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory EditThe French military term avant garde advanced guard identified a reconnaissance unit who scouted the terrain ahead of the main force of the army In 19th century French politics the term avant garde vanguard identified Left wing political reformists who agitated for radical political change in French society In the mid 19th century as a cultural term avant garde identified a genre of art that advocated art as politics art as an aesthetic and political means for realising social change in a society Since the 20th century the art term avant garde identifies a stratum of the Intelligentsia that comprises novelists and writers artists and architects et al whose creative perspectives ideas and experimental artworks challenge the cultural values of contemporary bourgeois society 7 In the U S of the 1960s the post WWII changes to American culture and society allowed avant garde artists to produce works of art that addressed the matters of the day usually in political and sociologic opposition to the cultural conformity inherent to popular culture and to consumerism as a way of life and as a worldview 8 Theories EditIn The Theory of the Avant Garde Teoria dell arte d avanguardia 1962 the academic Renato Poggioli provides an early analysis of the avant garde as art and as artistic movement 9 Surveying the historical and social psychological and philosophical aspects of artistic vanguardism Poggioli s examples of avant garde art poetry and music show that avant garde artists share some values and ideals as contemporary bohemians 10 In Theory of the Avant Garde Theorie der Avantgarde 1974 the literary critic Peter Burger looks at The Establishment s embrace of socially critical works of art as capitalist co optation of the artists and the genre of avant garde art because art as an institution neutralizes the political content of the individual work of art 11 In Neo avantgarde and Culture Industry Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 2000 Benjamin H D Buchloh argues for a dialectical approach to such political stances by avant garde artists and the avant garde genre of art 12 Society and the avant garde EditSee also Media culture and Spectacle critical theory The cultural provocation of avant garde art Fountain 1917 by Marcel Duchamp Alfred Stieglitz In The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 1935 Walter Benjamin addresses the artistic and cultural social economic and political functions of art in a capitalist society Intellectuals of the avant garde Max Horkheimer left and Theodor Adorno right at Heidelberg in 1965 Sociologically as a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society avant garde artists writers architects et al produce artefacts works of art books buildings that intellectually and ideologically oppose the conformist value system of mainstream society 13 In the essay Avant Garde and Kitsch 1939 Clement Greenberg said that the artistic vanguard oppose high culture and reject the artifice of mass culture because the avant garde functionally oppose the dumbing down of society be it with low culture or with high culture That in a capitalist society each medium of mass communication is a factory producing artworks and is not a legitimate artistic medium therefore the products of mass culture are kitsch simulations and simulacra of Art 14 Walter Benjamin in the essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 1939 and Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in the Dialectic of Enlightenment 1947 said that the artifice of mass culture voids the artistic value the aura of a work of art 15 That the capitalist culture industry publishing and music radio and cinema etc continually produces artificial culture for mass consumption 16 which is facilitated by mechanically produced art products of mediocre quality displacing art of quality workmanship thus the profitability of art as commodity determines its artistic value 16 In The Society of the Spectacle 1967 Guy Debord said that the financial commercial and economic co optation of the avant garde into a commodity produced by neoliberal capitalism makes doubtful that avant garde artists will remain culturally and intellectually relevant to their societies for preferring profit to cultural change and political progress In The Theory Death of the Avant Garde 1991 Paul Mann said that the avant garde are economically integral to the contemporary institutions of the Establishment specifically as part of the culture industry 17 Noting the conceptual shift theoreticians such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity Modernism Avant garde Decadence Kitsch Postmodernism 1987 18 and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern A History 1995 19 said that Western culture entered a post modern time when the modernist ways of thought and action and the production of art have become redundant in a capitalist economy 20 Parting from the claims of Greenberg in the late 1930s and the insights of Poggioli in the early 1960s in The De Definition of Art Action Art to Pop to Earthworks 1983 the critic Harold Rosenberg said that since the middle of the 1960s the politically progressive avant garde ceased being adversaries to artistic commercialism and the mediocrity of mass culture which political disconnection transformed being an artist into a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing the profession of being an artist 21 22 Moreover the artistically progressive term avant garde advance guard is compared and contrasted to the artistically reactionary term arriere garde rear guard of artists who oppose the avant garde as art and as culture 23 The art historians Natalie Adamson and Toby Norris said that the arriere garde is not reducible to a style of kitsch art or to political reaction but identifies the cohort of self conscious artists whose art opposes the legacy of the avant garde whilst self aware that their artistic cohort is anachronistic in the world of the arts 24 nonetheless the critic Charles Altieri explans their existence as the interdependence of the genres as art where there is an avant garde there must be an arriere garde 25 Examples EditMusic Edit Main article Avant garde music Avant garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner 26 The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether 27 By this definition some avant garde composers of the 20th century include Arnold Schoenberg 28 Richard Strauss in his earliest work 29 Charles Ives 30 Igor Stravinsky 28 Anton Webern 31 Edgard Varese Alban Berg 31 George Antheil in his earliest works only Henry Cowell in his earliest works Harry Partch John Cage Iannis Xenakis 28 Morton Feldman Karlheinz Stockhausen 32 Pauline Oliveros 33 Philip Glass Meredith Monk 33 Laurie Anderson 33 and Diamanda Galas 33 There is another definition of Avant gardism that distinguishes it from modernism Peter Burger for example says avant gardism rejects the institution of art and challenges social and artistic values and so necessarily involves political social and cultural factors 27 According to the composer and musicologist Larry Sitsky modernist composers from the early 20th century who do not qualify as avant gardists include Arnold Schoenberg Anton Webern and Igor Stravinsky later modernist composers who do not fall into the category of avant gardists include Elliott Carter Milton Babbitt Gyorgy Ligeti Witold Lutoslawski and Luciano Berio since their modernism was not conceived for the purpose of goading an audience 34 The 1960s saw a wave of free and avant garde music in jazz genre embodied by artists such as Ornette Coleman Sun Ra Albert Ayler Archie Shepp John Coltrane and Miles Davis 35 36 In the rock music of the 1970s the art descriptor was generally understood to mean aggressively avant garde or pretentiously progressive 37 Post punk artists from the late 1970s rejected traditional rock sensibilities in favor of an avant garde aesthetic Theatre Edit Main article Experimental theatre Whereas the avant garde has a significant history in 20th century music it is more pronounced in theatre and performance art and often in conjunction with music and sound design innovations as well as developments in visual media design There are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant garde traditions in both the United States and Europe Among these are Fluxus Happenings and Neo Dada Art movements EditAbstract expressionism Artivism COBRA Conceptual art Constructivism Cubism Dadaism De Stijl Expressionism Fauvism Fluxus Futurism Happening Imaginism Imagism Impressionism Incoherents Land art Les Nabis Lyrical Abstraction Minimal art Neo Dada Orphism Pop art Precisionism Primitivism Rayonism Situationism Suprematism Surrealism Symbolism Tachisme Universal Constructivism Viennese Actionism Vorticism Creationism Nadaism Stridentism UltraistSee also EditAnti art Bauhaus Experimental film Experimental literature Experimental music Experimental theatre L enfant terrible List of avant garde artists Outsider art Relationship between avant garde art and American pop culture Russian avant gardeReferences Edit The Love of Zero on YouTube Avant garde Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third Edition 1991 J A Cuddon Ed p 74 Avant garde A Handbook to Literature 1980 Fourth Ed 1980 C Hugh Holman Editor pp 41 42 Calinescu Matei The Five Faces of Modernity Modernism Avant Garde Decadence Kitsch Postmodernism Archived 14 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Durham Duke University Press 1987 pp 00 00 Modernism Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third Edition 1991 J A Cuddon Ed p p 550 551 Avant garde Williams Raymond The Politics of the Avant Garde The Politics of Modernism Verso 1989 p 000 Porter Tom 2004 Archispeak An Illustrated Guide to Architectural Terms London Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 415 30011 8 OCLC 53144738 Banes Sally 1993 Greenwich Village 1963 Avant Garde Performance and the Effervescent Body Duke University Press doi 10 2307 j ctv11smn4s ISBN 978 0 8223 1357 1 JSTOR j ctv11smn4s Archived from the original on 11 October 2022 Retrieved 11 October 2022 Sascha Bru and Gunther Martens The Invention of Politics in the European Avant Garde 1906 1940 Amsterdam Rodopi 2006 p 21 ISBN 90 420 1909 3 Renato Poggioli 1968 The Theory of the Avant Garde Belknap Press of Harvard University Press p 11 ISBN 0 674 88216 4 translator Gerald Fitzgerald Peter Burger 1974 Theorie der Avantgarde Suhrkamp Verlag English translation University of Minnesota Press 1984 90 Benjamin Buchloh Neo avantgarde and Culture Industry Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 Cambridge MIT Press 2001 ISBN 0 262 02454 3 avant garde Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory Third Edition 1991 J A Cuddon Ed p 74 Greenberg Clement Fall 1939 Avant Garde and Kitsch The Partisan Review Vol 6 no 5 pp 34 49 Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Walter Benjamin The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine full citation needed a b Theodor W Adorno 1963 Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Culture Industry Reconsidered Selected Essays on Mass Culture London Routledge 1991 Richard Schechner The Conservative Avant Garde New Literary History 41 4 Autumn 2010 895 913 Wang Veria Five Faces of Modernity Modernism Avant Garde Decadence Kitsch Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 14 September 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help The Idea of the Postmodern A History Routledge amp CRC Press Archived from the original on 7 June 2022 Retrieved 14 September 2022 Calinescu 1987 page needed Bertens 1995 page needed Rosenber Harold The De Definition of Art Action Art to Pop to Earthworks Chicago University of Chicago Press 1983 p 219 ISBN 0 226 72673 8 Dickie George Symposium on Marxist Aesthetic Thought Commentary on the Papers by Rudich San Juan and Morawski Archived 30 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Arts in Society Art and Social Experience Our Changing Outlook on Culture 12 no 2 Summer Fall 1975 p 232 Adamson Natalie Norris Toby 2009 Introduction In Adamson Natalie Norris Toby eds Academics Pompiers Official Artists and the Arriere Garde Defining Modern and Transitional in France Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 18 Adamson amp Norris 2009 pp 18 19 20 Altieri Charles 1999 Avant Garde or Arriere Garde in Recent American Poetry Poetics Today 20 4 633 JSTOR 1773194 David Nicholls ed The Cambridge History of American Music Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press 1998 122 24 ISBN 0 521 45429 8 ISBN 978 0 521 54554 9 a b Jim Samson Avant garde The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians second edition edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell London Macmillan Publishers 2001 a b c Larry Sitsky Music of the Twentieth Century Avant Garde A Biocritical Sourcebook Westport Conn Greenwood Press 2002 xiv ISBN 0 313 29689 8 Larry Sitsky Music of the Twentieth Century Avant Garde A Biocritical Sourcebook Westport Conn Greenwood Press 2002 xiii xiv ISBN 0 313 29689 8 Larry Sitsky Music of the Twentieth Century Avant Garde A Biocritical Sourcebook Westport Conn Greenwood Press 2002 222 ISBN 0 313 29689 8 a b Larry Sitsky Music of the Twentieth Century Avant Garde A Biocritical Sourcebook Westport Conn Greenwood Press 2002 50 ISBN 0 313 29689 8 Elliot Schwartz Barney Childs and James Fox eds Contemporary Composers on Contemporary Music New York Da Capo Press 1998 379 ISBN 0 306 80819 6 a b c d Larry Sitsky Music of the Twentieth Century Avant Garde A Biocritical Sourcebook Westport Conn Greenwood Press 2002 xvii ISBN 0 313 29689 8 Larry Sitsky Music of the Twentieth Century Avant Garde A Biocritical Sourcebook Westport Conn Greenwood Press 2002 xv ISBN 0 313 29689 8 Anon Avant Garde Jazz Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine AllMusic com n d Michael West In the year jazz went avant garde Ramsey Lewis went pop with a bang The Washington Post Archived from the original on 6 September 2020 Retrieved 30 May 2020 Murray Noel 28 May 2015 60 minutes of music that sum up art punk pioneers Wire The A V Club Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 Retrieved 30 May 2020 Further reading EditRobert Archambeau The Avant Garde in Babel Two or Three Notes on Four or Five Words Action Yes vol 1 issue 8 Autumn 2008 Backstrom Per ed Centre Periphery The Avant Garde and the Other Nordlit University of Tromso no 21 2007 Backstrom Per One Earth Four or Five Words The Peripheral Concept of Avant Garde Action Yes vol 1 issue 12 Winter 2010 Backstrom Per amp Bodil Borset eds Norsk avantgarde Norwegian Avant Garde Oslo Novus 2011 Backstrom Per amp Benedikt Hjartarson eds Decentring the Avant Garde Amsterdam amp New York Rodopi Avantgarde Critical Studies 2014 Backstrom Per and Benedikt Hjartarson Rethinking the Topography of the International Avant Garde in Decentring the Avant Garde Per Backstrom amp Benedikt Hjartarson eds Amsterdam amp New York Rodopi Avantgarde Critical Studies 2014 Barron Stephanie and Maurice Tuchman 1980 The Avant garde in Russia 1910 1930 New Perspectives Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Smithsonian Institution Washington D C Los Angeles Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0 87587 095 3 pbk Cambridge MA Distributed by the MIT Press ISBN 0 262 20040 6 pbk Bazin Germain 1969 The Avant garde in Painting New York Simon and Schuster ISBN 0 671 20422 X Berg Hubert van den and Walter Fahnders eds 2009 Metzler Lexikon Avantgarde Stuttgart Metzler ISBN 3 476 01866 0 in German Crane Diana 1987 The Transformation of the Avant garde The New York Art World 1940 1985 Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 11789 8 Daly Selina and Monica Insinga eds 2013 The European Avant garde Text and Image Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars ISBN 978 1 4438 4054 5 Fernandez Medina Nicolas and Maria Truglio eds Modernism and the Avant garde Body in Spain and Italy Routledge 2016 Harding James M and John Rouse eds Not the Other Avant Garde The Transnational Foundations of Avant Garde Performance University of Michigan 2006 Hjartarson Benedikt 2013 Visionen des Neuen Eine diskurshistorische Analyse des fruhen avantgardistischen Manifests Heidelberg Winter Kostelanetz Richard and H R Brittain 2000 A Dictionary of the Avant Gardes second edition New York Schirmer Books ISBN 0 02 865379 3 Paperback edition 2001 New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 93764 7 pbk Kramer Hilton 1973 The Age of the Avant garde An Art Chronicle of 1956 1972 New York Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 0 374 10238 4 Leger Marc James ed 2014 The Idea of the Avant Garde And What It Means Today Manchester and New York Manchester University Press Oakland Left Curve ISBN 978 0 7190 9691 4 Maerhofer John W 2009 Rethinking the Vanguard Aesthetic and Political Positions in the Modernist Debate 1917 1962 Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Press ISBN 1 4438 1135 1 Mann Paul The Theory Death of the Avant Garde Indiana University Press 1991 ISBN 978 0 253 33672 9 Novero Cecilia 2010 Antidiets of the Avant Garde From Futurist Cooking to Eat Art University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 4601 2 Pronko Leonard Cabell 1962 Avant garde The Experimental Theater in France Berkeley University of California Press Roberts John 2015 Revolutionary Time and the Avant Garde London and New York Verso ISBN 978 1 78168 912 7 cloth ISBN 978 1 78168 913 4 pbk Schechner Richard The Five Avant Gardes or and or None The Twentieth Century Performance Reader 2nd ed ed Michael Huxley and Noel Witts New York and London Routledge 2002 Schmidt Burkhardt Astrit 2005 Stammbaume der Kunst Zur Genealogie der Avantgarde Berlin Akademie Verlag ISBN 3 05 004066 1 online version is available Sell Mike The Avant Garde Race Religion War Seagull Books 2011 Shishanov V A 2007 Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii 1918 1941 Minsk Medisont ISBN 978 985 6530 68 8 Online edition in Russian External links EditHistoric Avant Garde Periodicals for Digital Research The Blue Mountain Project Princeton University Library Avant garde and Modernist Magazines Monoskop Magazines in Bibliotheque Kandinsky Centre Pompidou Paris Periodicals in Iowa Digital Library University of Iowa Libraries Digital Dada Library of International Dada Archive University of Iowa Libraries Magazines in Digital Collections of Beinecke Rare Book amp Manuscript Library Avant Garde Periodicals Meet Digital Archives New York Public Library Dada Surrealism and De Stijl Magazines on UbuWeb Historical Index of Modernist Magazines Davidson College Archived 30 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Modernist Journal Project Brown University and University of Tulsa Spanish and Italian Modernist Studies Forum Pennsylvania State University Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Collection Spanish Avant Garde from the University of Michigan Museum of Art Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Avant garde amp oldid 1138498891, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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