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Delhi

January 01, 1970

"National Capital Territory" redirects here. For the generic term, see Capital districts and territories.
Not to be confused with New Delhi, the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi.
For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation).

Delhi,[a] officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Lying on both sides of the Yamuna river, but chiefly to the west, or beyond its right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. Delhi became a union territory on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995.[21] The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi).[5] According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million,[6][22] while the NCT's population was about 16.8 million.[7]

Delhi
City and union territory
National Capital Territory of Delhi
From top, left to right: Humayun's Tomb; Qutub Minar; Jama Masjid; Red Fort's Lahori gate; India Gate; Digambar Jain Mandir with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; St. James' Church; Hyderabad House; Lotus Temple, a Baháʼí House of Worship
Interactive map of Delhi
Coordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E / 28.61000°N 77.23000°E / 28.61000; 77.23000
CountryIndia
RegionNorth India
Union Territory[1][2]1 November 1956
National Capital Territory[3]1 February 1992
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Delhi
 • Lt. GovernorVinai Kumar Saxena[4]
 • Chief MinisterArvind Kejriwal (AAP)
 • LegislatureUnicameral (70 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency
Area
[5]
 • City and union territory1,484 km2 (573 sq mi)
 • Water18 km2 (6.9 sq mi)
Elevation
200–250 m (650–820 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6]
 • City and union territory16,787,941
 • Density11,312/km2 (29,298/sq mi)
 • Urban
[7]
16,349,831 (2nd)
 • Megacity
[6]
11,034,555 (2nd)
 • Metro (includes part of NCR) (2018)
[8]
28,514,000 (1st)
Languages
 • Official
 • Additional official
GDP (2022–23)
[10][11]
 • Nominal₹10.83 lakh crore (US$140 billion)[12]
 • Nominal Per Capita₹444,768 (US$5,600)[13]
 • Metro GDP/PPP (2022)$467.4 billion[14]
Time zoneUTC+5.30 (IST)
PINs[15]
110000–110099
Area code+91 11
ISO 3166 codeIN-DL
Vehicle registrationDL
International AirportIndira Gandhi International Airport
Rapid TransitDelhi Metro
HDI (2018) 0.839[16] (Very High) · 1st
Literacy (2011)86.21%[17]
Sex ratio (2011)868 ♀/1000 ♂[17]
Websitedelhi.gov.in

Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida and YEIDA city located in an area known as the National Capital Region (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo).[8]

The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment. From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which covered large parts of South Asia. All three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city, the Qutub Minar, Humayun's Tomb, and the Red Fort, belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of Sufism and Qawwali music. The names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are prominently associated with it. The Khariboli dialect of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of Urdu and later Modern Standard Hindi. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib. Delhi was a notable centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. In 1911, New Delhi, a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the British Indian Empire. During the Partition of India in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.[23] After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the Dominion of India, and after 1950 of the Republic of India.

Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index,[24] and has the second-highest GDP per capita in India (after Goa).[10] Although a union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a chief minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi, and serves as the capital of the nation as well as the NCT of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is an "interstate regional planning" area created in 1985.[25][26] Delhi hosted the inaugural 1951 Asian Games, the 1982 Asian Games, the 1983 Non-Aligned Movement summit, the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the 2012 BRICS summit, the 2023 G20 summit, and was one of the major host cities of the 2011 and 2023 Cricket World Cups.

Toponym

There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself.[27][28][29] Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved.[29] According to Panjab Notes and Queries, the name of the city at the time of King Prithviraj was dilpat, and that dilpat and dilli are probably derived from the old Hindi word dil meaning "eminence". The former director of the Archaeological Survey of India, Alexander Cunningham, mentioned that dilli later became dihli/dehli.[30] Some suggest the coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal.[31] According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali.[32] Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the original name for the city while others believe the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali—both terms meaning "threshold" or "gateway"—and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.[33][34]

The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas.[35] The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:

  • Abhī Dillī dūr hai (अभी दिल्ली दूर है / ابھی دلی دور ہے) or its Persian version, Hanuz Dehli dur ast (هنوز دهلی دور است), literally meaning "Delhi is still far away", which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion.[36][37]
  • Ās-pās barse, Dillī pānī tarse (आस-पास बरसे, दिल्ली पानी तरसे / آس پاس برسے، دلی پانی ترسے), literally meaning "It pours all around, while Delhi lies parched". An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty.[37]

The form Delhi, spelled in the Latin script with the h following the l, originated under colonial rule and is an alternation of the spelling based on the Urdu name of the city (دہلی, Dehli).[38]

History

Main articles: History of Delhi and Old Delhi

Ancient and early medieval periods

 
The walls of the 16th-century Purana Qila built on a mound matching ancient literary descriptions[39]

Traditionally seven cities have been associated with the region of Delhi. The earliest, Indraprastha, is part of a literary description in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata (composed c. 400 BCE to 300 CE but describing an earlier time[40]) which situates a city on a knoll on the banks of the river Yamuna. According to art historian Catherine B. Asher, the topographical description of the Mahabharata matches the area of Purana Qila, a 14th-century CE fort of the Delhi sultanate, but the analogy does not go much further. Whereas the Mahabharata speaks of a beautifully decorated city with surrounding fortifications, the excavations have yielded "uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE; no signs of a built environment, much fewer fortifications, have been revealed."[39]

The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BCE); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273–235 BCE) was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of several major cities can be found in Delhi. The first of these was in the southern part of present-day Delhi. Tomara Rajput King Anang Pal built the Lal Kot and several temples in 1052 CE. The Chauhan Rajputs under Vigraharaja IV conquered Lal Kot in the mid-12th century and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.

Late medieval period

See also: Delhi Sultanate
 
The Qutub Minar, Delhi

Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India after Ghori returned to his capital, Ghor. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE, Qutb-ud-din assumed control of Ghori's Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (Might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. It was his successor, Iltutmish (1211–1236), who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India.[27][41] At 72.5 m (238 ft), the Qutb Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi,[42] was completed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century. Although its style has some similarities with the Jarkurgan minaret, it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia[43] Razia, daughter of Iltutmish, became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former's death.[citation needed]

For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan, Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.[44] Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period.[45] The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India. However, by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398,[46] who massacred 100,000 captive civilians.[47] Delhi's decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), the sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India. However, the recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.[citation needed]

Early modern period

See also: Mughal Empire
 
Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was the main residence of the Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years.

In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur from the Fergana Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan, invaded India and defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra.[27] The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556.[48] Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[49]

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence.[50] In 1737, Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia. After his invasion, he completely sacked and looted Delhi, carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The Mughals, severely further weakened, could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come, including eventually the British.[51][52][53] Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[54] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi.[55] The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani, although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor. Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals.[56]

Colonial period

See also: British Raj
 
British India stamps, inauguration, New Delhi, February 1931

In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.[57] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab.[27] In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British-held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.[58] This formally transferred on 12 December 1911.[59]

The name "New Delhi" was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947.[60] It has expanded since; the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens' Delhi.[61]

Partition and post-independence

 
Khan Market in New Delhi, now a high-end shopping district, was established in 1951 to help refugees of the Partition of India, especially those from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). It honours Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, chief minister of NWFP during the Partition.[62][63]

During the partition of India, around five hundred thousand Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while around three hundred thousand Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.[64][65] Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus.[66][67][68] Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.[69]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi.[1][2] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[3] The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.[3]

Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984, which resulted in the death of around 2,800 people in the city according to government figures, though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher. The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi—the Prime Minister of India at the time—by her Sikh bodyguards.[70]

In 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel.[71] India suspected Pakistan-based Jihadist militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[72] There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008, resulting in a total of 92 deaths.[73][74] In 2020, Delhi witnessed worst communal violence in decades. The riots, caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims,[75][76] 53 people were killed, two-thirds were Muslims,[77][78][79] and the rest Hindus.[78]

Geography

Main article: Environment of Delhi
 
Aerial view of Delhi in April 2016 with river Yamuna in top-right

Delhi is located in Northern India, at 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23. The city is bordered on its northern, western, and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but, are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast, and northwest parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.[80]

In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna River, Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds (wetlands < 5 ha (12 acres)), that in turn support a considerable number of bird species.[81] Delhi's ponds, despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretisation, support the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world.[82] Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and, quite inadvertently, has led to the city's ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds.[81][82]

The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,483 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country. It has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi).[citation needed] Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes.[83]

Climate

See also: Climate of Delhi

Delhi features a dry winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 °C (102 °F). The hottest day of the year is usually witnessed between 26 and 30 May, with an average high of 42 °C (108 °F) and low of 27 °C (81 °F).[84] The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 °C (68 °F). The coldest day of the year is usually witnessed between 1 and 10 January, with an average low of 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) and high of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F).[84] In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity.[citation needed] The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.[85] Delhi receives an average annual precipitation of 774.4 mm (30.49 in).[86]

Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		40.6
(105.1) 		45.6
(114.1) 		47.2
(117.0) 		46.7
(116.1) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.4
(102.9) 		36.1
(97.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		47.2
(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		41.4
(106.5) 		44.3
(111.7) 		43.7
(110.7) 		40.1
(104.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.1
(97.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		44.8
(112.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.9
(85.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.9
(103.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.1
(93.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		25.3
(77.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		3.1
(37.6)
Record low °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−0.6
(30.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 19.1
(0.75) 		21.3
(0.84) 		17.4
(0.69) 		16.3
(0.64) 		30.7
(1.21) 		74.1
(2.92) 		209.7
(8.26) 		233.1
(9.18) 		123.5
(4.86) 		15.1
(0.59) 		6.0
(0.24) 		8.1
(0.32) 		774.4
(30.5)
Average rainy days 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.0 2.7 4.8 9.7 10.2 5.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 40.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49
Average dew point °C (°F) 8
(46) 		11
(52) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		18
(64) 		14
(57) 		10
(50) 		17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 223.2 248.0 276.0 285.2 219.0 179.8 176.7 219.0 260.4 246.0 220.1 2,773.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.1 7.9 8.0 9.2 9.2 7.3 5.8 5.7 7.3 8.4 8.2 7.1 7.6
Mean daily daylight hours 10.6 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.1 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.3 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63
Average ultraviolet index 3 5 6 7 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 6
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000);[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[101] Revised Rainfall data[102]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);[103] Weather Atlas (UV Index)[104](Daylight)[105]

Air pollution

See also: Environmental issues in Delhi and Air pollution in Delhi
 
A dense toxic smog in Delhi blocking out the sun, November 2017

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Delhi was the most polluted[106] city in the world in 2014. In 2016, WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database.[107] However, as recently as 2022, data from the WHO and IQAir, alongside comprehensive research, ranked Delhi as the fourth most polluted city globally.[108] According to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people every year.[109][110][111] Air quality index is generally moderate (101–200) level between January and September, and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor (301–400), Severe (401–500) or Hazardous (500+) levels in three months between October and December,[112][113] due to various factors including stubble burning (a type of biomass burning), fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather.[114][115][116] During 2013–14, peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states.[109][117][118][119] It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, PM2.5 considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms.[120]

Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women.[121][122] The dense smog and haze during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[123] According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.[124]

India's Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% of PM2.5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust/fire and 18% to industries.[125] The director of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) is lobbying "against the report" because it is "inconvenient" to the automobile industry.[126] Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues.[110] In 2014, an environmental panel appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars, but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry.[127]

Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it.[118][119] In 2020, annual average PM2.5 in the city stood at 107.6 µg/m3, which is almost 21.5 times the WHO's PM2.5 Guideline (5 µg/m3; set in September 2021).[128] These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the life expectancy of an average person living in Delhi by almost 10.1 years.[128]

However, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians, was noticeably increasing.[129] Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution—it has the third-highest quantity of trees among Indian cities;[130] the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.[131] In 1996, the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".[131] The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.[132]

However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been lost, especially due to stubble burning, a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership.[133][134] According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi.[135][136]

Civic administration

See also: List of districts of Delhi, List of neighbourhoods of Delhi, and List of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi
 
Districts of Delhi

Currently, the NCT of Delhi is made up of one division, 11 districts, 33 subdivisions, 59 census towns, and 300 villages.[137] On the other way, the NCT of Delhi is divided into three municipalities. The boundaries of municipali ties may be different from district boundaries:

  1. Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), which occupies an area of 1,397.3 km2 (539.5 sq mi) and is sub-divided into 12 zones, that is, Centre, South, West, Najafgarh, Rohini, Civil Lines, Karol Bagh, SP-City, Keshavpuram, Narela, Shahdara North and Shahdara South.[138] Shelly Oberoi, is the current mayor of the unified Municipal Corporation of Delhi since 2023.[139]
  2. New Delhi Municipality , which occupies an area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi)
  3. Delhi Cantonment, which occupies an area of 42.3 km2 (16.3 sq mi)

Between 13 January 2011 and 22 May 2022, MCD was divided into three municipal corporations:[140]

  1. South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC) had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas, including Mahipalpur, Rajouri Garden, Uttam Nagar, Badarpur, Jaitpur, Janakpuri, Hari Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Dwarka, Jungpura, Greater Kailash, R K Puram, Malviya Nagar, Kalkaji, Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur.
  2. North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli, Rithala, Bawana, Kirari, Mangolpuri, Tri Nagar, Model Town, Sadar Bazar, Chandni Chowk, Matia Mahal, Karol Bagh, Moti Nagar
  3. East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC) had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj, Kondli, Laxmi Nagar, Seemapuri, Gonda, Karawal Nagar, Babarpur and Shahadra.[141]

Delhi is home to the High Court of Delhi. The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court. The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record. Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions. Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex, Karkardooma Court Complex, Patiala House Court Complex, Rohini Court Complex, Dwarka Courts Complex, Saket Court Complex, and Rouse Avenue Court Apart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts, CBI Courts, Labour Courts, Revenue Courts, Army tribunals, electricity tribunals, Railway Tribunals, and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions.[142][143]

For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones. Delhi currently has 180 police stations.[144][145]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Delhi and Government of India
 
Arvind Kejriwal is the seventh and current Chief Minister of Delhi, first elected in February 2015.
 
Delhi Legislative Assembly

As a first-level administrative division, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, the council of ministers, and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), Cabinet Secretariat, and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian Parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[146][147]

The Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana, came to power.[148] In 1998, the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit, who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in 2013, the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress.[149] However, that government was short-lived, collapsing only after 49 days.[150] Delhi was then under President's rule until February 2015,[151] after which AAP returned to power after a landslide victory, winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly.[152] AAP holds power ever since.[153]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Delhi
 
The Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi is one of the oldest and busiest in the city.
 
Connaught Place in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region.

Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have ranged from $370 billion to $400 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India.[154][155] The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016–17 was estimated at ₹6,224 billion (US$78 billion), 13% higher than in 2015–16.[156]

As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005–2006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions, respectively.[157] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[158] Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.[158] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.[158]

In 2018 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 594,000, and the private sector employed 273,000.[159] Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[160] Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are also important to the city's economy. Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries.[161] Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.[162]

Utility services

See also: Bhalswa landfill

Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of June 2005, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.[163] The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.[163] Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.[164]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD.[165] The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.[166] A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.[166]

The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.[167] In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna & BSES Rajdhani since 2002, transmission of power is done by Delhi Transco Limited and Powergrid, while generation of power is by IPGCL and PPCL. The city also imports a significant quantum of power from other states.[citation needed]

The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[168] The state-owned MTNL and private enterprises such as Airtel, Vi, Jio, and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM, 3G, 4G, 4G+ and 5G.[citation needed]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Delhi

Air

 
Indira Gandhi International Airport's immigration counter in Terminal 3[169]

Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the south-west of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2015–16, the airport handled more than 48 million passengers,[170] making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.2 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[171] In 2010, IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[172][173] Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi-NCR Region on 8 March 2019.[174] A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida.[175] The Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government.[176]

The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[177] The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[177][178]

Road

 
Compressed natural gas red- and green buses have low floors; orange has standard.[b]
 
The cycle rickshaw and the auto rickshaw are commonly used in Delhi for travelling short distances.

Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in India.[180] It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. The Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city. The majority of the city's roads which are 60 ft (18 m) wide or above are maintained by the Public Works Department (PWD)[181] which is under the jurisdiction of the Government of Delhi while some are maintained by Delhi Development Authority and New Delhi Municipal Council[182] which are under the jurisdiction of the Government of India. Roads and streets less than 60 ft (18 m) wide are maintained by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Roads and streets in unauthorised colonies are maintained by the local Member of the Legislative Assembly.[183]

Buses are the most popular means of road transport, catering to about 60% of Delhi's total demand.[184] Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) to tackle increasing vehicular pollution.[185] The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider which operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses.[186][187] In addition, cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC.[188][189] In December 2017, the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4.19 million passengers per day.[190] Kashmiri Gate ISBT, Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states. Delhi's rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on the city's transport infrastructure. To meet the transport demand, the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.[191] Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate. As per February 2024, Delhi has around 1,650 electric buses managed by the Delhi Transport Corporation, the highest in India and the third highest in the world after Shenzhen and Santiago.[192][193]

Personal vehicles, especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads. As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[191] Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India.[194] Taxis, auto rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers. As of 2008, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, Delhi NCR, was 11.2 million (11.2 million).[195] In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[196] In 2017, the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10,567,712 until 25 May of the year.[197]

Railway

 
A passenger train at the New Delhi railway station. Freight awaits pick up or transportation to other destinations.

Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The main railway stations are New Delhi, Old Delhi, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Anand Vihar, Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt.[191] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.[198] As of December 2021, the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348.12 km (216.31 mi) and 254 stations, and several other lines are under construction.[199] The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion).[200] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km (80 mi) and was completed by 2010.[201] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[202] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[203]

Metro

 
Delhi Metro is widely used in the NCR.

The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. It is the world's tenth-largest metro system by length of lines. It was India's second modern public transportation system. The network consists of 10 colour-coded lines[204] serving 255 stations[c] with a total length of 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi).[d] The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. All stations have escalators, lifts, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at the Metro stations. In March 2010, DMRC partnered with Google India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi–ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi–ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built for US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion).[200] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km (80 mi) and was completed by 2010.[201] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[202]

Although the Delhi Metro was built and is operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation of the governments of India and Delhi, it is under the administrative control of the Indian government's Ministry of Urban Development. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail, and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad.[citation needed]

Demographics

See also: Ethnic groups in Delhi
 
NCT of Delhi population pyramid in 2011
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 214,115—    
1911 237,944+11.1%
1921 304,420+27.9%
1931 373,789+22.8%
1941 578,813+54.9%
1951 1,119,870+93.5%
1961 2,061,758+84.1%
1971 3,287,883+59.5%
1981 5,099,539+55.1%
1991 7,423,193+45.6%
2001 9,879,172+33.1%
2011 11,034,555+11.7%
Source: Government of India[207]

Population growth

According to the 2011 census of India, the population of the NCT of Delhi is 16,753,235.[208] The corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.[209] In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by 215,000 as a result of natural population growth,[209] which made Delhi one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Dwarka Sub City, Asia's largest planned residential area, is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[210]

Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi's urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana, and Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations to be over 28 million. According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world's second-largest urban area after Tokyo,[8] although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second-largest.[211]

The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population: 16,314,838 within the NCT boundary,[212] and 21,753,486 for the Extended Urban Area.[213] The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) as defined by the 2001 plan,[214] to Central National Capital Region (CNCR).[214][215]

Slums

Around 49% of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorised colonies without any civic amenities.[216] The majority of these slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report, almost 22% of the people do open defecation.[217]

Religions

Hinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of Delhi's population, followed by Islam (12.86%), Sikhism (3.40%), Jainism (0.99%), Christianity (0.87%), and Buddhism (0.11%).[218] Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism, Baháʼísm and Judaism.[219]

Religious groups in Delhi (1881−2011)[e]
Religious
group 		1881[223][220]: 520  1891[224]: 68  1901[225]: 44  1911[221]: 20  1921[226]: 30  1931[227]: 119  1941[222]: 80  2011[218]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism   97,601 55.02% 108,058 56.11% 114,417 54.86% 121,735 52.28% 325,551 66.65% 400,302[f] 62.92% 567,264[f] 61.8% 13,712,100 81.68%
Islam   74,159 41.81% 79,238 41.15% 88,460 42.41% 102,476 44.01% 141,758 29.02% 206,960 32.53% 304,971 33.22% 2,158,684 12.86%
Jainism   2,905 1.64% 3,256 1.69% 3,266 1.57% 3,531 1.52% 4,698 0.96% 5,345 0.84% 11,287 1.23% 166,231 0.99%
Christianity   997[g] 0.56% 1,700 0.88% 2,164 1.04% 3,075 1.32% 13,320 2.73% 16,989 2.67% 17,475 1.9% 146,093 0.87%
Sikhism   869 0.49% 289 0.15% 229 0.11% 1,939 0.83% 2,764 0.57% 6,437 1.01% 16,157 1.76% 570,581 3.4%
Zoroastrianism   — — 31 0.02% 35 0.02% 74 0.03% 72 0.01% 126 0.02% 284 0.03% — —
Judaism   — — 6 0% — — 7 0% 17 0% 11 0% 55 0.01% — —
Buddhism   — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 6 0% 76 0.01% 150 0.02% 18,449 0.11%
Others 861 0.49% 1 0% 4 0% 0 0% 2 0% 0 0% 296 0.03% 15,803 0.09%
Total population 177,392 100% 192,579 100% 208,575 100% 232,837 100% 488,452 100% 636,246 100% 917,939 100% 16,787,941 100%

Religions in Delhi (2011)

  Hinduism (81.68%)
  Islam (12.86%)
  Sikhism (3.40%)
  Jainism (0.99%)
  Christianity (0.87%)
  Buddhism (0.11%)
  Others (0.09%)

Languages in NCT of Delhi (2011)[228]

  Hindi (81.27%)
  Punjabi (5.20%)
  Urdu (5.17%)
  Bhojpuri (1.35%)
  Bengali (1.29%)
  Maithili (0.73%)
  Haryanvi (0.67%)
  Tamil (0.53%)
  Malayalam (0.49%)
  Others (3.30%)

Languages

According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014, Hindi is Delhi's most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi (7.14%), Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of Delhites speak other languages.[229] Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages.[229]

Culture

See also: Culture of India
 
Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat
 
Pragati Maidan hosts the World Book Fair biennially.

Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language, Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city. The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1,200 heritage buildings[230] and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.[231]

In the Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings, such as the Jama Masjid—India's largest mosque[232] built in 1656[233] and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutub Minar and Humayun's Tomb—are located in Delhi.[234] Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar—an 18th-century astronomical observatory—and the Purana Qila—a 16th-century fortress. The Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham temple, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, the Baháʼí Faith's Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City.[235] Lotus Temple is a Baháʼí House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country. Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum.[citation needed]

Chandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[236] Delhi's arts and crafts include, Zardozi[237]—an embroidery done with gold thread[238]—and Meenakari[239]—the art of enamelling.

Festivals

 
More than a quarter of the immigrants in Delhi are from Bihar and neighbouring states. Chhath, a festival of Bihar is now popular in Delhi.[240]
 
On Basant Panchmi eve, qawwali singers wearing yellow headbands gather at the dargah of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya to sing verses from Amir Khusrau.[241]

Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day, Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military strength.[242][243] Over the centuries, Delhi has become known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place in September. Flowers and pankhe—fans embroidered with flowers—are offered to the shrine of the 13th-century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple, both situated in Mehrauli.[244]

Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[243] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop.[245] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,[246] is held in Delhi biennially. The New Delhi World Book Fair, held biennially at the Pragati Maidan, is the second-largest exhibition of books in the world.[247] Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.[248] India International Trade Fair (IITF), organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1.5 million people.[249]

Cuisine

Main article: Indian cuisine
 
Kitchen, Karim's, Old Delhi, a historic restaurant, estab. 1913[250]

As India's national capital and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents.[251] The dearth of food habits among the city's residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The city's classic dishes include butter chicken, dal makhani, shahi paneer, aloo chaat, chaat, dahi bhalla, kachori, gol gappe, samosa, chole bhature, chole kulche, gulab jamun, jalebi and lassi.[251][252]: 40–50, 189–196 

The fast living habits of Delhi's people has motivated the growth of street food outlets.[252]: 41  A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents. High-profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years, among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab Grill and Bukhara.[253] The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once. Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food.[252]: 40–50 [254]

Education

Main articles: Education in Delhi and List of schools in Delhi
 
Lady Hardinge Medical College pharmacy, 1921
 
Indraprastha College for Women, established in 1924
 
Jamia Millia Islamia est. 1920 by M. A. Ansari and Zakir Husain
 
University of Delhi was founded in 1922. Sir Maurice Gwyer served as its first vice-chancellor.
 
Dormitory of Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School, founded 1696, reorganised 1828
 
A Delhi government school student writing down the names of fruits and vegetables

Private schools in Delhi—which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)[255] or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004–05, approximately 1,529,000 students were enrolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools and 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi.[256] Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[256]

Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government or private organisations. In 2006, Delhi had 165 colleges, five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[256] seven major universities and nine deemed universities.[256]

The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies (Delhi) and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India. All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research. National Law University, Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India. The Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia.[257][258]

Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology), Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University, Delhi are the only state universities.[259][260] University of Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities, and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education.[261] As of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.[262]

According to the Directorate of Education and GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three-language formula:[263]

Media

See also: Media of India
 
Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts to Delhi.

As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies, including the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English, and regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city.[264]

Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city's Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu. Amongst the English language newspapers, the Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation of over a million copies, is the single largest daily.[265] Other major English newspapers include The Times of India, The Hindu, The Indian Express, Business Standard, The Pioneer, The Statesman, and The Asian Age. Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran.

Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has gained popularity[266] since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006.[267] A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi.[268][269]

Sports

Main articles: Sport in Delhi, 1951 Asian Games, 1982 Asian Games, and 2010 Commonwealth Games
See also: Culture of India
 
Indian athletes marching into the National Stadium during the opening ceremony of the 1951 Asian Games
 
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on the night of the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony

Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March. A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline. The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi, with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games. National Stadium was the venue for all events.[270] Over 40,000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium.[271]

Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December. This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia. A total of 3,411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which has a capacity of 60,000 people, was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony.[272]

Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010, which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India.[273][274] The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi at 7:00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[275] The ceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours.[276] It is estimated that ₹3.5 billion (US$44 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.[277] Events took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games, including seven venues within Delhi University.[278] The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.[278]

Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi.[279] There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the city. The Arun Jaitley Stadium (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. It is the home ground of Delhi cricket team and the Indian Premier League franchise Delhi Capitals.[280] The Delhi cricket team represents the city in the Indian domestic tournaments.[281] It has produced several world-class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag, Virat Kohli,[282] Gautam Gambhir, Madan Lal, Chetan Chauhan, Shikhar Dhawan, Ishant Sharma, Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The Railways and Services cricket teams of domestic circuit also play their home matches in Delhi, at the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Palam A Stadium, respectively.[283]

Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21,000 people, was the venue for the Indian football team's World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012.[284] Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007[285] and 2009, in both of which India defeated Syria 1–0.[286] Delhi's professional association football club Delhi FC competes in I-League.[287] In the Elite Football League of India, Delhi's first professional American football franchise, the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune.[288] Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix.[289]

City-based clubs

See also

Notes

  1. ^ /ˈdɛli/; Hindi pronunciation: [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī, occasionally [ˈdeɦliː] dehlī; Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī; Urdu pronunciation: [ˈdeɦliː] dêhlī, informally [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī[18][19][20]
  2. ^ The elevated Delhi metro is seen above in Azadpur.[131][179]
  3. ^ Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 286 stations[205][204][206]
  4. ^ The total length of Delhi Metro is 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 390.14 kilometres (242.42 mi).[205][206]
  5. ^ 1881: Data for the town of Delhi and the suburb town of Najafgarh, later amalgamated into the town of Delhi.[220]: 520 
    1891-1911: Data for the entirety of the town of Delhi, which included Delhi Municipality and Delhi Cantonment.[221]: 20 
    1921-1941: Data for the entirety of Delhi Province, which included Delhi Municipality, New Delhi Municipality, New Delhi Cantonment, Delhi Civil Lines, Shahdara, Narela, Mehrauli, Najafgargh, Delhi Cantonment Fort, and rural outlying areas.[222]: 14 
    2011: Data for the entirety of the Delhi Union Territory.
  6. ^ a b 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
  7. ^ Only includes protestant population.[223]: 152 

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January 01, 1970
delhi, national, capital, territory, redirects, here, generic, term, capital, districts, territories, confused, with, capital, india, entirely, within, limits, other, uses, disambiguation, officially, national, capital, territory, city, union, territory, india. National Capital Territory redirects here For the generic term see Capital districts and territories Not to be confused with New Delhi the capital of India entirely within the limits of Delhi For other uses see Delhi disambiguation Delhi a officially the National Capital Territory NCT of Delhi is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi the capital of India Lying on both sides of the Yamuna river but chiefly to the west or beyond its right bank Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions Delhi became a union territory on 1 November 1956 and the NCT in 1995 21 The NCT covers an area of 1 484 square kilometres 573 sq mi 5 According to the 2011 census Delhi s city proper population was over 11 million 6 22 while the NCT s population was about 16 8 million 7 DelhiCity and union territoryNational Capital Territory of DelhiFrom top left to right Humayun s Tomb Qutub Minar Jama Masjid Red Fort s Lahori gate India Gate Digambar Jain Mandir with Gauri Shankar temple in the background St James Church Hyderabad House Lotus Temple a Bahaʼi House of WorshipInteractive map of DelhiCoordinates 28 36 36 N 77 13 48 E 28 61000 N 77 23000 E 28 61000 77 23000CountryIndiaRegionNorth IndiaUnion Territory 1 2 1 November 1956National Capital Territory 3 1 February 1992Government BodyGovernment of Delhi Lt GovernorVinai Kumar Saxena 4 Chief MinisterArvind Kejriwal AAP LegislatureUnicameral 70 seats Parliamentary constituencyLok Sabha 7 seats Rajya Sabha 3 seats Area 5 City and union territory1 484 km2 573 sq mi Water18 km2 6 9 sq mi Elevation200 250 m 650 820 ft Population 2011 6 City and union territory16 787 941 Density11 312 km2 29 298 sq mi Urban 7 16 349 831 2nd Megacity 6 11 034 555 2nd Metro includes part of NCR 2018 8 28 514 000 1st Languages OfficialHindiEnglish 9 Additional officialPunjabiUrdu 9 GDP 2022 23 10 11 Nominal 10 83 lakh crore US 140 billion 12 Nominal Per Capita 444 768 US 5 600 13 Metro GDP PPP 2022 467 4 billion 14 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST PINs 15 110000 110099Area code 91 11ISO 3166 codeIN DLVehicle registrationDLInternational AirportIndira Gandhi International AirportRapid TransitDelhi MetroHDI 2018 0 839 16 Very High 1stLiteracy 2011 86 21 17 Sex ratio 2011 868 1000 17 Websitedelhi wbr gov wbr in Delhi s urban agglomeration which includes the satellite cities Ghaziabad Faridabad Gurgaon Noida Greater Noida and YEIDA city located in an area known as the National Capital Region NCR has an estimated population of over 28 million making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second largest in the world after Tokyo 8 The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata however excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment From the early 13th century until the mid 19th century Delhi was the capital of two major empires the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire which covered large parts of South Asia All three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city the Qutub Minar Humayun s Tomb and the Red Fort belong to this period Delhi was the early centre of Sufism and Qawwali music The names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are prominently associated with it The Khariboli dialect of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of Urdu and later Modern Standard Hindi Major Urdu poets from Delhi include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib Delhi was a notable centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 In 1911 New Delhi a southern region within Delhi became the capital of the British Indian Empire During the Partition of India in 1947 Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one losing two thirds of its Muslim residents in part due to the pressure brought to bear by arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab 23 After independence in 1947 New Delhi continued as the capital of the Dominion of India and after 1950 of the Republic of India Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index 24 and has the second highest GDP per capita in India after Goa 10 Although a union territory the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India with its own legislature high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a chief minister New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi and serves as the capital of the nation as well as the NCT of Delhi Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region which is an interstate regional planning area created in 1985 25 26 Delhi hosted the inaugural 1951 Asian Games the 1982 Asian Games the 1983 Non Aligned Movement summit the 2010 Men s Hockey World Cup the 2010 Commonwealth Games the 2012 BRICS summit the 2023 G20 summit and was one of the major host cities of the 2011 and 2023 Cricket World Cups Contents 1 Toponym 2 History 2 1 Ancient and early medieval periods 2 2 Late medieval period 2 3 Early modern period 2 4 Colonial period 2 5 Partition and post independence 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Air pollution 4 Civic administration 5 Government and politics 6 Economy 7 Utility services 8 Transport 8 1 Air 8 2 Road 8 3 Railway 8 4 Metro 9 Demographics 9 1 Population growth 9 2 Slums 9 3 Religions 9 4 Languages 10 Culture 10 1 Festivals 10 2 Cuisine 11 Education 12 Media 13 Sports 13 1 City based clubs 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksToponymThere are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself 27 28 29 Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Prakrit word dhili loose and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved 29 According to Panjab Notes and Queries the name of the city at the time of King Prithviraj was dilpat and that dilpat and dilli are probably derived from the old Hindi word dil meaning eminence The former director of the Archaeological Survey of India Alexander Cunningham mentioned that dilli later became dihli dehli 30 Some suggest the coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal 31 According to the Bhavishya Purana King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali 32 Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the original name for the city while others believe the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali both terms meaning threshold or gateway and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain 33 34 The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas 35 The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo Aryan languages Examples include Abhi Dilli dur hai अभ द ल ल द र ह ابھی دلی دور ہے or its Persian version Hanuz Dehli dur ast هنوز دهلی دور است literally meaning Delhi is still far away which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion 36 37 As pas barse Dilli pani tarse आस प स बरस द ल ल प न तरस آس پاس برسے دلی پانی ترسے literally meaning It pours all around while Delhi lies parched An allusion to the sometimes semi arid climate of Delhi it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty 37 The form Delhi spelled in the Latin script with the h following the l originated under colonial rule and is an alternation of the spelling based on the Urdu name of the city دہلی Dehli 38 HistoryMain articles History of Delhi and Old Delhi Ancient and early medieval periods nbsp The walls of the 16th century Purana Qila built on a mound matching ancient literary descriptions 39 Traditionally seven cities have been associated with the region of Delhi The earliest Indraprastha is part of a literary description in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata composed c 400 BCE to 300 CE but describing an earlier time 40 which situates a city on a knoll on the banks of the river Yamuna According to art historian Catherine B Asher the topographical description of the Mahabharata matches the area of Purana Qila a 14th century CE fort of the Delhi sultanate but the analogy does not go much further Whereas the Mahabharata speaks of a beautifully decorated city with surrounding fortifications the excavations have yielded uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE no signs of a built environment much fewer fortifications have been revealed 39 The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period c 300 BCE in 1966 an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka 273 235 BCE was discovered near Srinivaspuri Remains of several major cities can be found in Delhi The first of these was in the southern part of present day Delhi Tomara Rajput King Anang Pal built the Lal Kot and several temples in 1052 CE The Chauhan Rajputs under Vigraharaja IV conquered Lal Kot in the mid 12th century and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora Late medieval period See also Delhi Sultanate nbsp The Qutub Minar Delhi Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain Qutb ud din Aibak was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India after Ghori returned to his capital Ghor When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE Qutb ud din assumed control of Ghori s Indian possessions and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat al Islam Might of Islam mosque the earliest extant mosque in India It was his successor Iltutmish 1211 1236 who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India 27 41 At 72 5 m 238 ft the Qutb Minar a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi 42 was completed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century Although its style has some similarities with the Jarkurgan minaret it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia 43 Razia daughter of Iltutmish became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former s death citation needed For the next three hundred years Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan Lodi dynasty They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi 44 Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period 45 The Mamluk Sultanate Delhi was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji 1290 1320 Under the second Khalji ruler Ala ud din Khalji the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325 1351 In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control he moved his capital to Daulatabad Maharashtra in central India However by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order The southern provinces then broke away In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351 1388 the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398 46 who massacred 100 000 captive civilians 47 Delhi s decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty 1414 1451 until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty 1451 1526 the sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India However the recovery was short lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur founder of the Mughal dynasty citation needed Early modern period See also Mughal Empire nbsp Red Fort a UNESCO World Heritage Site was the main residence of the Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years In 1526 Babur a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur from the Fergana Valley in modern day Uzbekistan invaded India and defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra 27 The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries with a sixteen year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556 48 Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi 49 After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 the Mughal Empire s influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence 50 In 1737 Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi In 1739 the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia After his invasion he completely sacked and looted Delhi carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne the Daria i Noor and Koh i Noor The Mughals severely further weakened could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come including eventually the British 51 52 53 Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury 54 A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi 55 The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals 56 Colonial period See also British Raj nbsp British India stamps inauguration New Delhi February 1931 In 1803 during the Second Anglo Maratha War the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi 57 During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858 It was made a district province of the Punjab 27 In 1911 it was announced that the capital of British held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi 58 This formally transferred on 12 December 1911 59 The name New Delhi was given in 1927 and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931 New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947 60 It has expanded since the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens Delhi 61 Partition and post independence nbsp Khan Market in New Delhi now a high end shopping district was established in 1951 to help refugees of the Partition of India especially those from the North West Frontier Province NWFP It honours Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan chief minister of NWFP during the Partition 62 63 During the partition of India around five hundred thousand Hindu and Sikh refugees mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi while around three hundred thousand Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan 64 65 Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40 of Delhi s total population and are predominantly Hindi speaking Punjabi Hindus 66 67 68 Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues as of 2013 update contributing more to the rise of Delhi s population than the birth rate which is declining 69 The States Reorganisation Act 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor the Chief Commissioner s Province of Delhi 1 2 The Constitution Sixty ninth Amendment Act 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi 3 The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines though with limited powers 3 Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti Sikh pogroms of 1984 which resulted in the death of around 2 800 people in the city according to government figures though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi the Prime Minister of India at the time by her Sikh bodyguards 70 In 2001 the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants killing six security personnel 71 India suspected Pakistan based Jihadist militant groups were behind the attack which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries 72 There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008 resulting in a total of 92 deaths 73 74 In 2020 Delhi witnessed worst communal violence in decades The riots caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims 75 76 53 people were killed two thirds were Muslims 77 78 79 and the rest Hindus 78 GeographyMain article Environment of Delhi nbsp Aerial view of Delhi in April 2016 with river Yamuna in top right Delhi is located in Northern India at 28 37 N 77 14 E 28 61 N 77 23 E 28 61 77 23 The city is bordered on its northern western and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh UP Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods The Yamuna a sacred river in Hinduism is the only major river flowing through Delhi The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west northeast and northwest parts of the city It reaches a height of 318 m 1 043 ft and is a dominant feature of the region 80 In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna River Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds wetlands lt 5 ha 12 acres that in turn support a considerable number of bird species 81 Delhi s ponds despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretisation support the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world 82 Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and quite inadvertently has led to the city s ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds 81 82 The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1 483 km2 573 sq mi of which 783 km2 302 sq mi is designated rural and 700 km2 270 sq mi urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country It has a length of 51 9 km 32 mi and a width of 48 48 km 30 mi citation needed Delhi is included in India s seismic zone IV indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes 83 Climate See also Climate of Delhi Delhi features a dry winter humid subtropical climate Koppen Cwa bordering a hot semi arid climate Koppen BSh The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 C 102 F The hottest day of the year is usually witnessed between 26 and 30 May with an average high of 42 C 108 F and low of 27 C 81 F 84 The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 C 68 F The coldest day of the year is usually witnessed between 1 and 10 January with an average low of 6 9 C 44 4 F and high of 19 3 C 66 7 F 84 In early March the wind direction changes from north westerly to south westerly From April to October the weather is hot The monsoon arrives at the end of June along with an increase in humidity citation needed The brief mild winter starts in late November peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs 85 Delhi receives an average annual precipitation of 774 4 mm 30 49 in 86 vteClimate data for New Delhi Safdarjung 1991 2020 extremes 1901 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C F 32 5 90 5 34 1 93 4 40 6 105 1 45 6 114 1 47 2 117 0 46 7 116 1 45 0 113 0 42 0 107 6 40 6 105 1 39 4 102 9 36 1 97 0 30 0 86 0 47 2 117 0 Mean maximum C F 25 8 78 4 29 5 85 1 35 8 96 4 41 4 106 5 44 3 111 7 43 7 110 7 40 1 104 2 37 4 99 3 37 1 98 8 36 1 97 0 32 2 90 0 27 3 81 1 44 8 112 6 Mean daily maximum C F 20 1 68 2 24 2 75 6 29 9 85 8 36 5 97 7 39 9 103 8 39 0 102 2 35 6 96 1 34 2 93 6 34 1 93 4 33 0 91 4 28 4 83 1 22 8 73 0 31 4 88 5 Daily mean C F 13 9 57 0 17 6 63 7 22 9 73 2 29 1 84 4 32 7 90 9 33 3 91 9 31 5 88 7 30 4 86 7 29 6 85 3 26 2 79 2 20 5 68 9 15 6 60 1 25 3 77 5 Mean daily minimum C F 7 5 45 5 10 6 51 1 15 6 60 1 21 3 70 3 25 8 78 4 27 7 81 9 27 5 81 5 26 7 80 1 25 0 77 0 19 5 67 1 13 0 55 4 8 4 47 1 18 9 66 0 Mean minimum C F 3 5 38 3 6 0 42 8 10 7 51 3 16 3 61 3 20 5 68 9 22 2 72 0 24 3 75 7 23 7 74 7 21 9 71 4 15 0 59 0 8 8 47 8 4 5 40 1 3 1 37 6 Record low C F 0 6 30 9 1 6 34 9 4 4 39 9 10 7 51 3 15 1 59 2 17 6 63 7 20 3 68 5 20 7 69 3 16 1 61 0 9 4 48 9 3 9 39 0 0 0 32 0 0 6 30 9 Average rainfall mm inches 19 1 0 75 21 3 0 84 17 4 0 69 16 3 0 64 30 7 1 21 74 1 2 92 209 7 8 26 233 1 9 18 123 5 4 86 15 1 0 59 6 0 0 24 8 1 0 32 774 4 30 5 Average rainy days 1 7 1 5 1 7 1 0 2 7 4 8 9 7 10 2 5 5 0 8 0 4 0 6 40 6 Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49 Average dew point C F 8 46 11 52 14 57 14 57 18 64 22 72 26 79 25 77 23 73 18 64 14 57 10 50 17 62 Mean monthly sunshine hours 220 1 223 2 248 0 276 0 285 2 219 0 179 8 176 7 219 0 260 4 246 0 220 1 2 773 5 Mean daily sunshine hours 7 1 7 9 8 0 9 2 9 2 7 3 5 8 5 7 7 3 8 4 8 2 7 1 7 6 Mean daily daylight hours 10 6 11 2 12 0 12 9 13 6 13 9 13 8 13 1 12 3 11 5 10 7 10 3 12 2 Percent possible sunshine 67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63 Average ultraviolet index 3 5 6 7 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 6 Source 1 India Meteorological Department sun 1971 2000 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 101 Revised Rainfall data 102 Source 2 Tokyo Climate Center mean temperatures 1991 2020 103 Weather Atlas UV Index 104 Daylight 105 Air pollution See also Environmental issues in Delhi and Air pollution in Delhi nbsp A dense toxic smog in Delhi blocking out the sun November 2017 According to the World Health Organization WHO Delhi was the most polluted 106 city in the world in 2014 In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh worst in the urban air quality database 107 However as recently as 2022 data from the WHO and IQAir alongside comprehensive research ranked Delhi as the fourth most polluted city globally 108 According to one estimate air pollution causes the death of about 10 500 people every year 109 110 111 Air quality index is generally moderate 101 200 level between January and September and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor 301 400 Severe 401 500 or Hazardous 500 levels in three months between October and December 112 113 due to various factors including stubble burning a type of biomass burning fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather 114 115 116 During 2013 14 peak levels of fine particulate matter PM increased by about 44 primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions construction work and crop burning in adjoining states 109 117 118 119 It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter PM2 5 considered most harmful to health with 153 micrograms 120 Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung related ailments especially asthma and lung cancer among Delhi s children and women 121 122 The dense smog and haze during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year 123 According to Indian meteorologists the average maximum temperature during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution 124 India s Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41 of PM2 5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions 21 5 to dust fire and 18 to industries 125 The director of Centre for Science and Environment CSE alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers SIAM is lobbying against the report because it is inconvenient to the automobile industry 126 Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues 110 In 2014 an environmental panel appealed to India s Supreme Court to impose a 30 cess on diesel cars but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry 127 Most of Delhi s residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it 118 119 In 2020 annual average PM2 5 in the city stood at 107 6 µg m3 which is almost 21 5 times the WHO s PM2 5 Guideline 5 µg m3 set in September 2021 128 These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the life expectancy of an average person living in Delhi by almost 10 1 years 128 However as of 2015 update awareness particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high income Indians was noticeably increasing 129 Since the mid 1990s Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution it has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities 130 the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world s largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas CNG buses 131 In 1996 the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi s fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998 In 2003 Delhi won the United States Department of Energy s first Clean Cities International Partner of the Year award for its bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives 131 The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city 132 However according to several authors most of these gains have been lost especially due to stubble burning a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership 133 134 According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research SAFAR burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi 135 136 Civic administrationSee also List of districts of Delhi List of neighbourhoods of Delhi and List of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi nbsp Districts of Delhi Currently the NCT of Delhi is made up of one division 11 districts 33 subdivisions 59 census towns and 300 villages 137 On the other way the NCT of Delhi is divided into three municipalities The boundaries of municipali ties may be different from district boundaries Municipal Corporation of Delhi MCD which occupies an area of 1 397 3 km2 539 5 sq mi and is sub divided into 12 zones that is Centre South West Najafgarh Rohini Civil Lines Karol Bagh SP City Keshavpuram Narela Shahdara North and Shahdara South 138 Shelly Oberoi is the current mayor of the unified Municipal Corporation of Delhi since 2023 139 New Delhi Municipality which occupies an area of 42 7 km2 16 5 sq mi Delhi Cantonment which occupies an area of 42 3 km2 16 3 sq mi Between 13 January 2011 and 22 May 2022 MCD was divided into three municipal corporations 140 South Delhi Municipal Corporation SDMC had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas including Mahipalpur Rajouri Garden Uttam Nagar Badarpur Jaitpur Janakpuri Hari Nagar Tilak Nagar Dwarka Jungpura Greater Kailash R K Puram Malviya Nagar Kalkaji Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur North Delhi Municipal Corporation NDMC had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli Rithala Bawana Kirari Mangolpuri Tri Nagar Model Town Sadar Bazar Chandni Chowk Matia Mahal Karol Bagh Moti Nagar East Delhi Municipal Corporation EDMC had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj Kondli Laxmi Nagar Seemapuri Gonda Karawal Nagar Babarpur and Shahadra 141 Delhi is home to the High Court of Delhi The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex Karkardooma Court Complex Patiala House Court Complex Rohini Court Complex Dwarka Courts Complex Saket Court Complex and Rouse Avenue Court Apart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts CBI Courts Labour Courts Revenue Courts Army tribunals electricity tribunals Railway Tribunals and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions 142 143 For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones Delhi currently has 180 police stations 144 145 Government and politicsMain articles Government of Delhi and Government of India nbsp Arvind Kejriwal is the seventh and current Chief Minister of Delhi first elected in February 2015 nbsp Delhi Legislative Assembly As a first level administrative division the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly Lieutenant Governor the council of ministers and Chief Minister Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956 after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re established in 1993 The municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi where both bodies are located The Parliament of India the Rashtrapati Bhavan Presidential Palace Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha Indian Parliament s lower house constituencies in Delhi 146 147 The Indian National Congress Congress formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s when the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP led by Madan Lal Khurana came to power 148 In 1998 the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit who was subsequently re elected for 3 consecutive terms But in 2013 the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party AAP led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress 149 However that government was short lived collapsing only after 49 days 150 Delhi was then under President s rule until February 2015 151 after which AAP returned to power after a landslide victory winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly 152 AAP holds power ever since 153 EconomyMain article Economy of Delhi nbsp The Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi is one of the oldest and busiest in the city nbsp Connaught Place in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India As of 2016 update recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have ranged from 370 billion to 400 billion PPP metro GDP ranking it either the most or second most productive metro area of India 154 155 The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016 17 was estimated at 6 224 billion US 78 billion 13 higher than in 2015 16 156 As per the Economic survey of Delhi 2005 2006 the tertiary sector contributes 70 95 of Delhi s gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25 20 and 3 85 contributions respectively 157 Delhi s workforce constitutes 32 82 of the population and increased by 52 52 between 1991 and 2001 158 Delhi s unemployment rate decreased from 12 57 in 1999 2000 to 4 63 in 2003 158 In December 2004 636 000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi 158 In 2018 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi government sector was 594 000 and the private sector employed 273 000 159 Key service industries are information technology telecommunications hotels banking media and tourism 160 Construction power health and community services and real estate are also important to the city s economy Delhi has one of India s largest and fastest growing retail industries 161 Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city Delhi s large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment In 2001 the manufacturing sector employed 1 440 000 workers and the city had 129 000 industrial units 162 Utility servicesSee also Bhalswa landfill Delhi s municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board DJB As of June 2005 update it supplied 650 million gallons per day MGD whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD 163 The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps At 240 MGD the Bhakra storage is DJB s largest water source followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers Delhi s groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing so residents often encounter acute water shortage 163 Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city s water use is unofficial groundwater 164 In Delhi daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD 165 The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD 166 A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river 166 The city s electricity consumption is about 1 265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher 167 In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna amp BSES Rajdhani since 2002 transmission of power is done by Delhi Transco Limited and Powergrid while generation of power is by IPGCL and PPCL The city also imports a significant quantum of power from other states citation needed The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15 000 fire and rescue calls per year 168 The state owned MTNL and private enterprises such as Airtel Vi Jio and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city Cellular coverage is available in GSM 3G 4G 4G and 5G citation needed TransportMain article Transport in Delhi Air nbsp Indira Gandhi International Airport s immigration counter in Terminal 3 169 Indira Gandhi International Airport situated to the south west of Delhi is the main gateway for the city s domestic and international civilian air traffic In 2015 16 the airport handled more than 48 million passengers 170 making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia Terminal 3 which cost 96 8 billion US 1 2 billion to construct between 2007 and 2010 handles an additional 37 million passengers annually 171 In 2010 IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15 25 million category by Airports Council International The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25 40 million passengers category in 2015 by Airports Council International Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015 172 173 Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi NCR Region on 8 March 2019 174 A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida 175 The Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government 176 The Delhi Flying Club established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929 when it was the Delhi s only airport and the second in India 177 The airport functioned until 2001 however in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001 Since then the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister 177 178 Road nbsp Compressed natural gas red and green buses have low floors orange has standard b nbsp The cycle rickshaw and the auto rickshaw are commonly used in Delhi for travelling short distances Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km 100 km2 in India 180 It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways NH 1 NH 2 NH 8 NH 10 and NH 24 The Delhi Mumbai and Delhi Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city The majority of the city s roads which are 60 ft 18 m wide or above are maintained by the Public Works Department PWD 181 which is under the jurisdiction of the Government of Delhi while some are maintained by Delhi Development Authority and New Delhi Municipal Council 182 which are under the jurisdiction of the Government of India Roads and streets less than 60 ft 18 m wide are maintained by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi Roads and streets in unauthorised colonies are maintained by the local Member of the Legislative Assembly 183 Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60 of Delhi s total demand 184 Delhi has one of India s largest bus transport systems In 1998 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas CNG to tackle increasing vehicular pollution 185 The state owned Delhi Transport Corporation DTC is a major bus service provider which operates the world s largest fleet of CNG fuelled buses 186 187 In addition cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System DIMTS with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC 188 189 In December 2017 the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4 19 million passengers per day 190 Kashmiri Gate ISBT Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states Delhi s rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport creating excessive pressure on the city s transport infrastructure To meet the transport demand the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system including the Delhi Metro 191 Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate As per February 2024 Delhi has around 1 650 electric buses managed by the Delhi Transport Corporation the highest in India and the third highest in the world after Shenzhen and Santiago 192 193 Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads As of 2007 update private vehicles account for 30 of the total demand for transport 191 Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India 194 Taxis auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers As of 2008 update the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region Delhi NCR was 11 2 million 11 2 million 195 In 2008 there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1 000 of its residents 196 In 2017 the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10 567 712 until 25 May of the year 197 Railway nbsp A passenger train at the New Delhi railway station Freight awaits pick up or transportation to other destinations Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway The main railway stations are New Delhi Old Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin Anand Vihar Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt 191 The Delhi Metro a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation DMRC serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad Faridabad Gurgaon and Noida 198 As of December 2021 update the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348 12 km 216 31 mi and 254 stations and several other lines are under construction 199 The Phase I was built at a cost of US 2 3 billion and the Phase II was expected to cost an additional 216 billion US 2 7 billion 200 Phase II has a total length of 128 km 80 mi and was completed by 2010 201 Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012 It carries millions of passengers every day 202 In addition to the Delhi Metro a suburban railway the Delhi Suburban Railway exists 203 Metro nbsp Delhi Metro is widely used in the NCR The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi Ghaziabad Faridabad Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India It is the world s tenth largest metro system by length of lines It was India s second modern public transportation system The network consists of 10 colour coded lines 204 serving 255 stations c with a total length of 348 12 kilometres 216 31 mi d The system has a mix of underground at grade and elevated stations using both broad gauge and standard gauge All stations have escalators lifts and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains There are 18 designated parking sites at the Metro stations In March 2010 DMRC partnered with Google India through Google Transit to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps It has a combination of elevated at grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock Four types of rolling stock are used Mitsubishi ROTEM Broad gauge Bombardier MOVIA Mitsubishi ROTEM Standard gauge and CAF Beasain Standard gauge The Phase I of Delhi Metro was built for US 2 3 billion and the Phase II was expected to cost an additional 216 billion US 2 7 billion 200 Phase II has a total length of 128 km 80 mi and was completed by 2010 201 Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012 It carries millions of passengers every day 202 Although the Delhi Metro was built and is operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited DMRC a state owned company with equal equity participation of the governments of India and Delhi it is under the administrative control of the Indian government s Ministry of Urban Development Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail monorail and high speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad citation needed DemographicsSee also Ethnic groups in Delhi nbsp NCT of Delhi population pyramid in 2011 Historical populationYearPop 1901214 115 1911237 944 11 1 1921304 420 27 9 1931373 789 22 8 1941578 813 54 9 19511 119 870 93 5 19612 061 758 84 1 19713 287 883 59 5 19815 099 539 55 1 19917 423 193 45 6 20019 879 172 33 1 201111 034 555 11 7 Source Government of India 207 Population growth According to the 2011 census of India the population of the NCT of Delhi is 16 753 235 208 The corresponding population density was 11 297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men and a literacy rate of 86 34 In 2004 the birth rate death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20 03 5 59 and 13 08 respectively 209 In 2001 the population of Delhi increased by 285 000 as a result of migration and by 215 000 as a result of natural population growth 209 which made Delhi one of the fastest growing cities in the world Dwarka Sub City Asia s largest planned residential area is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi 210 Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi s urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana and Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations to be over 28 million According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world s second largest urban area after Tokyo 8 although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second largest 211 The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population 16 314 838 within the NCT boundary 212 and 21 753 486 for the Extended Urban Area 213 The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area DMA as defined by the 2001 plan 214 to Central National Capital Region CNCR 214 215 Slums Around 49 of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorised colonies without any civic amenities 216 The majority of these slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report almost 22 of the people do open defecation 217 Religions Hinduism is Delhi s predominant religious faith with 81 68 of Delhi s population followed by Islam 12 86 Sikhism 3 40 Jainism 0 99 Christianity 0 87 and Buddhism 0 11 218 Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism Bahaʼism and Judaism 219 Religious groups in Delhi 1881 2011 e Religiousgroup 1881 223 220 520 1891 224 68 1901 225 44 1911 221 20 1921 226 30 1931 227 119 1941 222 80 2011 218 Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Pop Hinduism nbsp 97 601 55 02 108 058 56 11 114 417 54 86 121 735 52 28 325 551 66 65 400 302 f 62 92 567 264 f 61 8 13 712 100 81 68 Islam nbsp 74 159 41 81 79 238 41 15 88 460 42 41 102 476 44 01 141 758 29 02 206 960 32 53 304 971 33 22 2 158 684 12 86 Jainism nbsp 2 905 1 64 3 256 1 69 3 266 1 57 3 531 1 52 4 698 0 96 5 345 0 84 11 287 1 23 166 231 0 99 Christianity nbsp 997 g 0 56 1 700 0 88 2 164 1 04 3 075 1 32 13 320 2 73 16 989 2 67 17 475 1 9 146 093 0 87 Sikhism nbsp 869 0 49 289 0 15 229 0 11 1 939 0 83 2 764 0 57 6 437 1 01 16 157 1 76 570 581 3 4 Zoroastrianism nbsp 31 0 02 35 0 02 74 0 03 72 0 01 126 0 02 284 0 03 Judaism nbsp 6 0 7 0 17 0 11 0 55 0 01 Buddhism nbsp 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 76 0 01 150 0 02 18 449 0 11 Others 861 0 49 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 296 0 03 15 803 0 09 Total population 177 392 100 192 579 100 208 575 100 232 837 100 488 452 100 636 246 100 917 939 100 16 787 941 100 Religions in Delhi 2011 Hinduism 81 68 Islam 12 86 Sikhism 3 40 Jainism 0 99 Christianity 0 87 Buddhism 0 11 Others 0 09 This article contains too many pictures for its overall length Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please improve this article by removing indiscriminate collections of images or adjusting images that are sandwiching text in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images April 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message Languages in NCT of Delhi 2011 228 Hindi 81 27 Punjabi 5 20 Urdu 5 17 Bhojpuri 1 35 Bengali 1 29 Maithili 0 73 Haryanvi 0 67 Tamil 0 53 Malayalam 0 49 Others 3 30 Languages According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India which was submitted in 2014 Hindi is Delhi s most spoken language with 80 94 speakers followed by Punjabi 7 14 Urdu 6 31 and Bengali 1 50 4 11 of Delhites speak other languages 229 Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages 229 CultureSee also Culture of India nbsp Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat nbsp Pragati Maidan hosts the World Book Fair biennially Delhi s culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1 200 heritage buildings 230 and 175 monuments as national heritage sites 231 In the Old City the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings such as the Jama Masjid India s largest mosque 232 built in 1656 233 and the Red Fort Three World Heritage Sites the Red Fort Qutub Minar and Humayun s Tomb are located in Delhi 234 Other monuments include the India Gate the Jantar Mantar an 18th century astronomical observatory and the Purana Qila a 16th century fortress The Laxminarayan Temple Akshardham temple Gurudwara Bangla Sahib the Bahaʼi Faith s Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture including the Rashtrapati Bhavan the Secretariat Rajpath the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk Safdarjung s Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style Some regal havelis palatial residences are in the Old City 235 Lotus Temple is a Bahaʼi House of Worship completed in 1986 Notable for its flowerlike shape it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum citation needed Chandni Chowk a 17th century market is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris 236 Delhi s arts and crafts include Zardozi 237 an embroidery done with gold thread 238 and Meenakari 239 the art of enamelling nbsp The Hindu Laxminarayan Mandir was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1933 nbsp The Jama Masjid was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656 nbsp The prayer hall of Sikh Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk Old Delhi which dates to 1783 Festivals nbsp More than a quarter of the immigrants in Delhi are from Bihar and neighbouring states Chhath a festival of Bihar is now popular in Delhi 240 nbsp On Basant Panchmi eve qawwali singers wearing yellow headbands gather at the dargah of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya to sing verses from Amir Khusrau 241 Delhi s association and geographic proximity to the capital New Delhi has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day Independence Day 15 August and Gandhi Jayanti On Independence Day the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India s cultural diversity and military strength 242 243 Over the centuries Delhi has become known for its composite culture and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair which takes place in September Flowers and pankhe fans embroidered with flowers are offered to the shrine of the 13th century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple both situated in Mehrauli 244 Religious festivals include Diwali the festival of lights Mahavir Jayanti Guru Nanak s Birthday Raksha Bandhan Durga Puja Holi Lohri Chauth Krishna Janmastami Maha Shivratri Eid ul Fitr Moharram and Buddha Jayanti 243 The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop 245 Other events such as Kite Flying Festival International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami the Spring Festival are held every year in Delhi The Auto Expo Asia s largest auto show 246 is held in Delhi biennially The New Delhi World Book Fair held biennially at the Pragati Maidan is the second largest exhibition of books in the world 247 Delhi is often regarded as the Book Capital of India because of high readership 248 India International Trade Fair IITF organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1 5 million people 249 Cuisine Main article Indian cuisine nbsp Kitchen Karim s Old Delhi a historic restaurant estab 1913 250 As India s national capital and centuries old Mughal capital Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated Along with Indian cuisine a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents 251 The dearth of food habits among the city s residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world with dishes such as Kebab biryani tandoori The city s classic dishes include butter chicken dal makhani shahi paneer aloo chaat chaat dahi bhalla kachori gol gappe samosa chole bhature chole kulche gulab jamun jalebi and lassi 251 252 40 50 189 196 The fast living habits of Delhi s people has motivated the growth of street food outlets 252 41 A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents High profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel the Punjab Grill and Bukhara 253 The Gali Paranthe Wali the street of fried bread is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food 252 40 50 254 EducationMain articles Education in Delhi and List of schools in Delhi nbsp Lady Hardinge Medical College pharmacy 1921 nbsp Indraprastha College for Women established in 1924 nbsp Jamia Millia Islamia est 1920 by M A Ansari and Zakir Husain nbsp University of Delhi was founded in 1922 Sir Maurice Gwyer served as its first vice chancellor nbsp Dormitory of Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School founded 1696 reorganised 1828 nbsp A Delhi government school student writing down the names of fruits and vegetables Private schools in Delhi which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction are affiliated to one of three administering bodies the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations CISCE the Central Board for Secondary Education CBSE 255 or the National Institute of Open Schooling NIOS In 2004 05 approximately 1 529 000 students were enrolled in primary schools 822 000 in middle schools and 669 000 in secondary schools across Delhi 256 Female students represented 49 of the total enrolment The same year the Delhi government spent between 1 58 and 1 95 of its gross state domestic product on education 256 Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education the NCT government or private organisations In 2006 Delhi had 165 colleges five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges 256 seven major universities and nine deemed universities 256 The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies Delhi and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research National Law University Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia 257 258 Delhi Technological University formerly Delhi College of Engineering Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Netaji Subhas University of Technology formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University Delhi are the only state universities 259 260 University of Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education 261 As of 2008 update about 16 of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree 262 According to the Directorate of Education and GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three language formula 263 First language Hindi Urdu English Second language English Third language Urdu Punjabi Bengali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Malayalam Kannada Gujarati Marathi Sanskrit Persian ArabicMediaSee also Media of India nbsp Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts to Delhi As the capital of India Delhi is the focus of political reportage including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions Many national media agencies including the state owned Press Trust of India Media Trust of India and Doordarshan are based in the city Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan and several Hindi English and regional language cable channels offered by multi system operators Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city 264 Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi The city s Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times Hindustan Dainik Punjab Kesari Pavitra Bharat Dainik Jagran Dainik Bhaskar Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu Amongst the English language newspapers the Hindustan Times with a daily circulation of over a million copies is the single largest daily 265 Other major English newspapers include The Times of India The Hindu The Indian Express Business Standard The Pioneer The Statesman and The Asian Age Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi although FM radio has gained popularity 266 since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006 267 A number of state owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi 268 269 SportsMain articles Sport in Delhi 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games and 2010 Commonwealth Games See also Culture of India nbsp Indian athletes marching into the National Stadium during the opening ceremony of the 1951 Asian Games nbsp Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on the night of the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games On 13 February 1949 the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games National Stadium was the venue for all events 270 Over 40 000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium 271 Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia A total of 3 411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which has a capacity of 60 000 people was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony 272 Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010 which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India 273 274 The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium the main stadium of the event in New Delhi at 7 00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010 275 The ceremony featured over 8 000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours 276 It is estimated that 3 5 billion US 44 million were spent to produce the ceremony 277 Events took place at 12 competition venues 20 training venues were used in the Games including seven venues within Delhi University 278 The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games 278 Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi 279 There are several cricket grounds or maidans located across the city The Arun Jaitley Stadium known commonly as the Kotla is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches It is the home ground of Delhi cricket team and the Indian Premier League franchise Delhi Capitals 280 The Delhi cricket team represents the city in the Indian domestic tournaments 281 It has produced several world class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag Virat Kohli 282 Gautam Gambhir Madan Lal Chetan Chauhan Shikhar Dhawan Ishant Sharma Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few The Railways and Services cricket teams of domestic circuit also play their home matches in Delhi at the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Palam A Stadium respectively 283 Ambedkar Stadium a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21 000 people was the venue for the Indian football team s World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012 284 Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007 285 and 2009 in both of which India defeated Syria 1 0 286 Delhi s professional association football club Delhi FC competes in I League 287 In the Elite Football League of India Delhi s first professional American football franchise the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune 288 Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida a suburb of Delhi formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix 289 City based clubs Club Sport League Championship Homeground Founded Dabang Delhi Kabaddi Pro Kabaddi League Thyagaraj Sports Complex 2014 Delhi Dashers Badminton Premier Badminton League Siri Fort Sports Complex 2016 Delhi Defenders American Football Elite Football League of India Defenders Stadium 2011 Delhi Hurricanes Rugby Football Club Rugby All India amp South Asia Rugby Tournament Vasant Kunj Sports Complex 2004 Delhi Waveriders Hockey Hockey India League Shivaji Hockey Stadium 2011 Delhi Capitals Cricket Indian Premier League Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium 2008 Delhi FC Football I League Ambedkar Stadium 1994 presentSee also nbsp India portal Delhi metropolitan area List of people from Delhi List of twin towns and sister cities in India Smog towerNotes ˈ d ɛ l i Hindi pronunciation ˈdɪlːiː dilli occasionally ˈdeɦliː dehli Punjabi pronunciation ˈdɪlːiː dilli Urdu pronunciation ˈdeɦliː dehli informally ˈdɪlːiː dilli 18 19 20 The elevated Delhi metro is seen above in Azadpur 131 179 Transfer stations are counted more than once There are 24 transfer stations If transfer stations are counted only once the result will be 230 stations Ashok Park Main station where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks platforms is anyway counted as a single station Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted the result will be 286 stations 205 204 206 The total length of Delhi Metro is 348 12 kilometres 216 31 mi The operations amp maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC so the total length operated by DMRC is 390 14 kilometres 242 42 mi 205 206 1881 Data for the town of Delhi and the suburb town of Najafgarh later amalgamated into the town of Delhi 220 520 1891 1911 Data for the entirety of the town of Delhi which included Delhi Municipality and Delhi Cantonment 221 20 1921 1941 Data for the entirety of Delhi Province which included Delhi Municipality New Delhi Municipality New Delhi Cantonment Delhi Civil Lines Shahdara Narela Mehrauli Najafgargh Delhi Cantonment Fort and rural outlying areas 222 14 2011 Data for the entirety of the Delhi Union Territory a b 1931 1941 Including Ad Dharmis Only includes protestant population 223 152 References a b The Constitution Seventh Amendment Act 1956 Ministry of Law and Justice India 1956 Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 Retrieved 16 March 2017 a b The States Reorganisation Act 1956 PDF Ministry of Law and Justice India 1956 Archived from the original PDF on 17 March 2017 Retrieved 16 March 2017 a b c The Constitution Sixty Ninth Amendment Act 1991 Government of India National Informatics Centre Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Government of India Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2007 Vinai Kumar Saxena appointed Delhi Lieutenant Governor after Anil Bajial s exit Hindustan Times 23 May 2022 Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 Retrieved 23 May 2022 a b Delhi Info unccdcop14india gov in Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 Retrieved 24 November 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