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Automotive industry in India

The automotive industry in India is the fourth-largest by production in the world as per 2022 statistics.[1][2][3] As of 2023, India is the 3rd largest automobile market in the world in terms of sales.[4] In 2022, India became the fourth largest country in the world by the valuation of its automotive industry.

As of April 2022, India's auto industry is worth more than US$100 billion and accounts for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of India's GDP.[5] According to the 2021 National Family Health Survey, barely 8% of Indian households own an automobile.[6][7] According to government statistics, India has barely 22 automobiles per 1,000 people.[8][9]

India's major automobile manufacturing companies includes Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motor India, Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Mahindra & Mahindra, Force Motors, Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited, Eicher Motors, Royal Enfield, Sonalika Tractors, Hindustan Motors, Hradyesh, ICML, Kerala Automobiles Limited, Reva, Pravaig Dynamics, Premier, Tara International and Vehicle Factory Jabalpur.

Brand edit

History edit

 
A pre-Independence car showroom in Secunderabad, showing Fiat Topolino and Fiat 1100
 
Kolkata street traffic in 1945

In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were imports only, and in small numbers.

An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Hindustan Motors was launched in 1942 building Morris products, long-time competitor Premier in 1944, building Chrysler Corporation products such as Dodge and Plymouth, and beginning in the 1960s, Fiat products.[10] Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. In the same years, J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of Tata Group founded TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (now Tata Motors) in Jamshedpur. Following independence in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.[10]

1947–1970 edit

 
The Hindustan Ambassador dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-1980s and was manufactured until 2014.
 
Fiat 1100D, built under license by Premier Automobiles later re-christened 'Premier Padmini' was the Ambassador's only true competitor.

The 1952 Tariff Commission edit

In 1952, the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission, whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry. In 1953, the commission submitted its report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation, General Motors, Ford, and Rootes Group, which had assembly-only plants in Mumbai, decided to move out of India.[11]

The Tariff commission policies, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the Licence Raj, which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles.

Passenger cars
Utility and light commercial vehicles
  • Vehicle Factory Jabalpur – started manufacturing Jonga Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from Nissan of Japan. They were the main troop carriers of the Indian Armed Forces and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class.Also, Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with Willys to manufacture CJ Series Jeep.
  • Bajaj Tempo, Pune, now Force Motors – entered into technical collaboration with Tempo to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India.
  • Standard Motor Products of India – entered into technical collaboration from Standard and had licence to manufacture the Standard Atlas passenger van with panel van and one-tonne pickup variants.
Medium and heavy commercial vehicles
Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles

Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled.

However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the license raj, which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector.

1970 to 1983 edit

The beginning of the 1970s didn't see growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps, now owned by American Motors Corporation, were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new Green Revolution; and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand.

But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles, and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s, price controls were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.[13] However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by Hindustan and Premier, who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.[14] The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the average income of an Indian at the time.[15]

During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene. Of the 30,487 cars built in India in 1980, all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier: Standard had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s, producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active.[15] A new contender was tiny Sipani, which had tried building locally developed three-wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the Reliant Kitten-based Dolphin in 1982. Nonetheless, all eyes were on Maruti, which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry.[15]

The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on Petrol and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.

1984 to 1992 edit

 
Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle (CBRN-RV) manufactured by the AVANI

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models, the country continuing to depend on two decades-old designs. The Sipani Dolphin, which arrived in 1982, was not a serious contender, with its plastic body and without rear doors - essential to Indian car buyers. This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray.

In 1984 AVANI was established in Medak near Hyderabad. It started manufacturing Infantry Combat Vehicles christened as Sarath, the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. AVANI is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi, near Chennai. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the Delhi Auto Expo. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.

Post-1992 liberalisation edit

 
Tata Indica, launched in 1998

Eventually multinational automakers such as Suzuki and Toyota of Japan and Hyundai of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. Maruti Suzuki was the first and the most successful of these new entries, in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.[14] As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.[16]

Slow export growth edit

Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.[17] This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as Proton Holdings, PSA Group, Kia, Mazda, Chrysler, Dodge and Geely Holding Group were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.[18]

Emission norms edit

In 2000, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as Bharat Stage emission standards. These standards are quite similar to the stringent European emission standards and have been implemented in a phased manner.

Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) was first implemented in 13 cities — Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi (NCR), Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Solapur — in April 2010, and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017.

In 2019, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government of India announced the introduction of BS-VI norms to control air pollution, taking effect from 1 April 2020.[19]

Local manufacture encouraged edit

 
Auto Expo 2014, Noida

India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles is 10%. The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be assembled in India rather than be imported as completely built units.[20]

Sub-4-metre rule edit

In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than 4.0 metres (157.5 in) to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.[21] Tata Motors was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the Indigo sedan, dropping its length to 3,988 mm (157.0 in) and renamed it as the Indigo CS.[22] The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country.[23] Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter Suzuki Swift Dzire, the new Honda Brio Amaze, and others.[24]

Manufacturing facilities edit

 
Isuzu's manufacturing plant at Sri City, Andhra Pradesh

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". Around Chennai is the largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of Heavy Vehicles Factory, Engine Factory Avadi, Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo, Mini, Citroën and Datsun.[25][26]

Near Mumbai, Maharashtra, along the Chakan corridor near Pune, is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. Audi, Volkswagen, and Škoda are located in Aurangabad. Mahindra and Mahindra has an SUV and engine assembly plant at Nashik. General Motors, Tata Motors, Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar, Fiat, and Force Motors have assembly plants in the area.[27][28]

The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region, and contributes 30%. Gurgaon, Manesar and Kharkhoda in Haryana, are where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki, is based.

An emerging cluster is the state of Gujarat, with a manufacturing facility of MG Motors in Halol, Atul Auto in Rajkot, Ford, Oculus Auto in Sabarkantha,[29] Maruti Suzuki, and Peugeot-Citroën plants are also planned for Gujarat.[30]

Uttarakhand with Tata Motors, Telangana with Hyundai, Ordnance Factory Medak, Hyderabad Allwyn and Mahindra & Mahindra, Noida with Honda, and Bengaluru - Karnataka region with Toyota, Volvo and Scania, Andhra with Isuzu and Kia and Kolkata - Jamshedpur belt also known as East India belt with companies such as Hindustan Motors, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, TIL Tractos, Tata Daewoo and Tata Motors are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.[31][32][33]

Andhra Pradesh edit

Commercial and passenger vehicles
Two wheelers
Off-highway vehicles

Gujarat edit

Haryana edit

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles
Agricultural Vehicles

Himachal Pradesh edit

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Jharkhand edit

Commercial vehicles

Karnataka edit

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Kerala edit

Commercial vehicles

Madhya Pradesh edit

Two wheelers
Commercial vehicles

Maharashtra edit

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Punjab edit

Commercial vehicles

Rajasthan edit

Two Wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Tamil Nadu edit

Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Telangana edit

Defence
Commercial vehicles

Uttar Pradesh edit

Two wheelers
Commercial vehicles

Uttarakhand edit

Commercial vehicles
Two wheelers

West Bengal edit

Commercial vehicles

Exports edit

 
2007 Mahindra Scorpio in service with Italy's CNSAS

India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the United Kingdom being India's largest export market, followed by Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and South Africa.[128]

According to The New York Times, India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Maruti Suzuki.[129]

In 2008, South Korean multinational Hyundai Motors alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan Motors planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.[130] Similarly, US automobile company, General Motors had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.[131]

In September 2009, Ford Motors announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.[132] The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.[133] Fiat Motors had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.[134]

 
A Tata Safari on display in Poznań, Poland

In 2009, India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m).[135]

In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that PSA Peugeot Citroën was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.[136] PSA's intention to utilise this production facility for export purposes however remains unclear as of December 2010.

In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Hyundai, the biggest exporter from the country, now ships more than 250,000 cars annually from India. Apart from Maruti Exports' shipments to Suzuki's other markets, Maruti Suzuki also manufactures small cars for Nissan, which sells them in Europe. Nissan will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets, and is preparing to sell electric cars in Europe in 2010. The firm is planning to sell an electric version of its affordable car the Tata Nano in Europe and in the U.S. In the 2000s, Mahindra & Mahindra prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle (Mahindra Roxor; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S.[137] It is also sold in Canada. Bajaj Auto is designing a low-cost car for Renault Nissan Automotive India, which will market the product worldwide. Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland in another small car project.[138] While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.[138]

Top 10 export destinations edit

India exported $14.5 billion worth of automobiles in 2014. The 10 countries below imported 47.8% of that total.[139]

Rank Country Value (US$) Share
1 United States 1.2 billion 8.4%
2 Mexico $1 billion 6.9%
3 South Africa $888.8 million 6.1%
4 United Kingdom $637.4 million 4.4%
5 Sri Lanka $596.9 million 4.1%
6 Bangladesh $592.1 million 4.1%
7 Turkey $580.4 million 4%
8 Nigeria $546.8 million 3.8%
9 United Arab Emirates $433.6 million 3%
10 Colombia $428.9 million 3%

Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US$1478.68 Million in 2020 from US$11332.49 Million in 2019.

India Exports by Country Last Previous
United States 485.03 469.28 INR Billion Nov/22
United Arab Emirates 211.45 179.69 INR Billion Nov/22
Netherlands 146.98 118.23 INR Billion Nov/22
Israel 122.55 44.07 INR Billion Nov/22
Brazil 91.30 72.88 INR Billion Nov/22
China 86.57 83.21 INR Billion Nov/22
Germany 66.84 63.42 INR Billion Nov/22
Saudi Arabia 60.38 66.42 INR Billion Nov/22
Indonesia 58.89 51.32 INR Billion Nov/22
Singapore 55.63 63.31 INR Billion Nov/22
Hong Kong 51.40 62.34 INR Billion Nov/22
Belgium 51.05 53.36 INR Billion Nov/22
Nepal 50.69 36.95 INR Billion Nov/22
Italy 49.29 45.34 INR Billion Nov/22
France 45.78 41.27 INR Billion Nov/22
South Africa 43.83 47.85 INR Billion Nov/22
Malaysia 40.15 42.70 INR Billion Nov/22
Japan 37.21 33.27 INR Billion Nov/22
Australia 34.64 44.76 INR Billion Nov/22
Nigeria 33.16 38.53 INR Billion Nov/22
Thailand 32.57 37.15 INR Billion Nov/22
Sri Lanka 27.95 35.21 INR Billion Nov/22
Canada 26.50 22.95 INR Billion Nov/22
Spain 25.97 30.04 INR Billion Nov/22
Russia 24.72 23.06 INR Billion Nov/22
Egypt 22.94 20.94 INR Billion Nov/22
Kenya 20.10 11.64 INR Billion Nov/22
Iraq 16.64 15.62 INR Billion Nov/22
Taiwan 13.58 15.32 INR Billion Nov/22
Philippines 12.80 13.78 INR Billion Nov/22
Portugal 9.58 4.35 INR Billion Nov/22
Switzerland 8.82 12.34 INR Billion Nov/22
Iran 8.33 6.05 INR Billion Nov/22
Denmark 6.03 4.59 INR Billion Nov/22
Sweden 5.60 5.49 INR Billion Nov/22
Ireland 4.26 3.12 INR Billion Nov/22
Greece 3.91 3.65 INR Billion Nov/22
Pakistan 3.70 3.20 INR Billion Nov/22
New Zealand 2.81 2.85 INR Billion Nov/22
Finland 2.78 2.45 INR Billion Nov/22
Luxembourg 0.24 0.25 INR Billion Nov/22

Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India edit

India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2018–19, it produced 4.06 million cars.[140] Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India.[141]

This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India.

Indian brands edit

Models currently manufactured by Indian brands edit

 
Suzuki Swift

Defunct Indian brands edit

Joint-venture (JV) brands edit

Foreign-owned brands edit

MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, KIA, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and MINI are the foreign automotive companies that manufacture and market their products in India.

Vehicles currently manufactured in India edit

Peugeot stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997.

Daewoo Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003.

Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.

General Motors India stopped producing Chevrolet passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017.

Fiat left the Indian market in 2018.

Mitsubishi Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s.

Ford India stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021.

Nissan stopped selling Datsun passenger cars in India in 2022.

Statistics edit

Top 10 best-selling automobile models in India (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1985–2021
Source:[147][148][149]
Year Models and Ranking
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
1985 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Hindustan Ambassador Mahindra Jeep Maruti Van Mahindra FJ/XJ Force Matador Force Trax Hindustan Contessa Hindustan Trekker
1986 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Van Mahindra Jeep Mahindra FJ/XJ Force Matador Maruti Gypsy Tata 407/608/609 Force Trax
1987 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Van Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Force Matador Tata 407/608/609 Mahindra FJ/XJ Premier NE118 Maruti Gypsy
1988 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407/608/609 Force Matador Mahindra FJ/XJ Maruti Gypsy Premier NE118
1989 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Gypsy Force Matador Premier NE118 Mahindra FJ/XJ
1990 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Gypsy Force Matador Premier NE118 Mahindra FJ/XJ
1991 Maruti 800 Maruti Omni Premier Padmini Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier NE118 Force Matador Maruti Gypsy Force Trax
1992 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Premier NE118 Force Trax Maruti Gypsy
1993 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Maruti 1000 Premier NE118 Force Trax
1994 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Maruti 1000 Force Trax Premier NE118
1995 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Esteem Maruti Omni Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Zen Premier Padmini Tata Sumo Force Matador
1996 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Omni Maruti Zen Tata Sumo Maruti Esteem Hindustan Ambassador Daewoo Cielo Force Trax
1997 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Tata Sumo Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Esteem Daewoo Cielo Opel Astra
1998 Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Tata Sumo Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Esteem Hyundai Santro Honda City
1999 Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Mahindra Jeep Tata Indica Tata 407/608/609 Daewoo Matiz Tata Sumo Maruti Esteem
2000 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Tata Indica Daewoo Matiz Tata 407/608/609 Tata Sumo Toyota Qualis
2001 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Tata Indica Mahindra Jeep Maruti Alto Toyota Qualis Tata 407/608/609 Tata Sumo
2002 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Maruti Wagon R Tata 407/608/609 Fiat Palio Maruti Alto
2003 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Maruti Wagon R Maruti Alto Mahindra Jeep Toyota Qualis Tata 407/608/609
2004 Maruti 800 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Toyota Qualis Tata Indigo
2005 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti 800 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Omni Maruti Zen Mahindra Jeep Maruti Swift Tata Indigo
2006 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Maruti 800 Maruti Omni Maruti Swift Tata Ace Honda City Mahindra Jeep
FY07-08 Maruti Alto Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Hyundai Santro Maruti Swift Maruti Omni Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Estilo Hyundai i10 Toyota Innova
2008 data unavailable
2009 Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Tata Indica Maruti Swift Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Maruti Swift Dzire Mahindra Bolero Honda City
2010 Maruti Alto Hyundai i10 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Tata Indica Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Tata Indigo Mahindra Bolero
2011 Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Maruti Swift Tata Indica/Vista Maruti Swift Dzire Mahindra Bolero Maruti Omni Hyundai i20 Tata Indigo/Manza
2012 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Mahindra Bolero Hyundai i10 Tata Indica/Vista Hyundai Eon Hyundai i20 Tata Nano
2013 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Mahindra Bolero Hyundai Eon Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Toyota Innova Maruti Ertiga
2014 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Mahindra Bolero Hyundai Eon Honda City Maruti Omni Hyundai i20
2015 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i20 Hyundai i10 Mahindra Bolero Maruti Celerio Honda City Hyundai Eon
2016 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Maruti Baleno Renault Kwid Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio
2017 Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Maruti Baleno Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Maruti Vitara Brezza Hyundai i20 Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio
2018 Maruti Dzire Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Vitara Brezza Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i20 Hyundai i10 Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio
2019 Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Wagon R Maruti Vitara Brezza Hyundai i20 Maruti Eeco Hyundai i10 Hyundai Creta
2020 Maruti Swift Maruti Alto Maruti Baleno Maruti Wagon R Maruti Dzire Maruti Eeco Hyundai Creta Kia Seltos Hyundai i10 Maruti Vitara Brezza
2021 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Alto Hyundai Creta Maruti Dzire Maruti Vitara Brezza Maruti Eeco Maruti Ertiga Tata Nexon
2022 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Baleno Maruti Swift Tata Nexon Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Hyundai Creta Maruti Ertiga Maruti Brezza Tata Punch
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
  Indigenous manufacturer     Local-foreign joint venture manufacturer     Foreign manufacturer
See also : Best-selling models in
2022 passenger car sales data[150]
Rank OEM 2022 sales Share 2021 sales Share
1 Maruti Suzuki   1,576,026   41.6% 1,364,788 44.4%
2 Hyundai   552,511   14.6% 505,033 16.4%
3 Tata Motors   526,821   13.9% 331,182 10.8%
4 Mahindra   333,054   8.8% 201,454 6.5%
5 Kia   254,556   6.7% 181,543 5.9%
6 Toyota   160,375   4.2% 130,749 4.2%
7 Honda   95,022   2.5% 89,153 2.9%
8 Renault   87,118   2.3% 95,878 3.1%
9 Škoda   53,721   1.4% 23,849 0.8%
10 MG Motor   48,063   1.3% 40,273 1.3%
11 Volkswagen   42,452   1.1% 26,930 0.9%
12 Nissan   34,565   1.2% 35,956 0.9%
13 Jeep   13,499   0.4% 11,863 0.4%
14 Citroën   6,066   0.2% 624 0.0%
15 Datsun   512   0.0% 4,296 0.1%
2022 best-selling cars in India[149]
Rank Model 2022 sales 2021 sales
1 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R 217,317 183,851
2 Maruti Suzuki Baleno 185,665 172,237
3 Maruti Suzuki Swift 176,424 175,052
4 Tata Nexon 168,278 108,577
5 Maruti Suzuki Alto 162,548 166,233
6 Maruti Suzuki Dzire 159,919 116,222
7 Hyundai Creta 140,895 125,437
8 Maruti Suzuki Ertiga 133,814 114,408
9 Maruti Suzuki Brezza 130,563 115,962
10 Tata Punch 129,895 22,571
11 Maruti Suzuki Eeco 125,074 114,524
12 Hyundai Venue 120,703 108,007
13 Hyundai Grand i10 Nios 106,222 95,515
14 Kia Seltos 101,569 98,147
15 Mahindra Bolero 94,332 65,313
16 Kia Sonet 86,251 79,289
17 Hyundai i20 75,572 72,292
18 Maruti Suzuki Celerio 72,729 32,853
19 Tata Tiago 67,259 64,994
20 Mahindra XUV700 65,371 11,964
21 Maruti Suzuki S-Presso 65,276 65,478
22 Mahindra Scorpio 64,179 36,945
23 Kia Carens 62,756 0
24 Mahindra XUV300 60,260 47,432
25 Tata Altroz 58,590 69,744
26 Maruti Suzuki Ignis 56,986 32,735
27 Toyota Innova 56,569 55,250
28 Tata Tigor 48,349 18,900
29 Hyundai Aura 47,076 37,584
30 Honda Amaze 46,528 39,697

Auto companies edit

Indian brands edit

Joint-venture (JV) brands edit

Foreign-owned brands edit

Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India edit

  • Automobile Products of India or API - founded in 1949 at Bombay (now Mumbai), by the British company Rootes Group,[173] and later bought by M. A. Chidambaram of the MAC Group from Madras (now Chennai).[173] The company manufactured Lambretta scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from Innocenti of Italy and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems. API's registered offices were earlier in Mumbai, later shifted to Chennai, in Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing facilities were located in Mumbai and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and in Ambattur, Chennai.[174] The company has not been operational since 2002.
  • Escorts Yamaha - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008, it became India Yamaha Motor.
  • Hero Motors is a former moped and scooter manufacturer based in Delhi, India. It is a part of multinational company Hero Group, which also currently owns Hero Motocorp (formerly Hero Honda) and Hero Cycles, among others. Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s. Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were Puch of Austria and Malaguti of Italy. Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer.
  • Ideal Jawa - motorcycle company based in Mysore, sold licensed Jawa and ČZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi.
  • Kinetic Honda - a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited, India and Honda Motor Company, Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke scooters in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name Kinetic until 2008[175] when the interests were sold to Mahindra.
  • Mopeds India Limited - produces the Suvega range of Mopeds under technical collaboration with Motobécane of France.
  • Standard - produced by Standard Motor Products in Madras from 1949 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by Standard-Triumph.Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948,[176] and their first product was the Vanguard, which began to be assembled in 1949. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down.
  • Tatra Vectra - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with Bharat Earth Movers Limited.

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry edit

During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.[177] A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.[177] The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.[177] The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17.[177] The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA[178] New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing[179] and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018.[180]

Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the United States Department of Energy, electric cars produce half as much CO2 emissions as compared to a gas-powered car.[181] According to The Economic Times, 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars.[182] Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to Mashable.In 2019 Hyundai Launched India's First Electric Car Kona Electric .[183]

Electric vehicle manufacturers in India edit

Growth initiatives edit

Automotive Research Association of India and standards edit

The Government of India felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities[193] in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards - as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities. The Ministry of Surface Transport (MoST) constituted a permanent Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) . The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee (CTSC). After approval, the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)[194] will publish this standard.[citation needed]

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are globally proven systems to optimize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure and improve transportation systems in terms of efficiency, quality, comfort and safety. Having realized the potential of ITS, Government bodies and other organizations in India are presently working towards implementing various components of ITS across the country.[citation needed]

The first step taken for creation and implementation of ITS was holding a National Workshop titled "User Requirements for Interactive ITS Architecture",[195] which was conducted as a collaboration between SIAM and ASRTU on 26 & 27 February 2015. This was primarily focused on ITS in Public Bus Transportation. Nonetheless, the workshop helped to create the outline for "National Intelligent Transport System Architecture and Policy for Public Transport (Bus)", which was submitted by ASRTU and SIAM to the government[citation needed]

In the 44th & 45th CMVR-TSC, Chairman had directed - standardization activities to be initiated on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Vehicle Location Tracking, Camera Surveillance System and Emergency Request Button. The committee intended to extend the above user requirements to all public transportation namely –buses, taxis, etc. The current document covers the requirements for Vehicle Location Tracking and Emergency Button. The other ITS components like PIS, CCTV system, Fare collection etc. are deliberated and would be addressed in later phase and could be added as separate parts to the current document.[citation needed]

Based on these directions, the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS-140 titled,"Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Requirements for Public Transport Vehicle Operation". The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system.[citation needed]

For AIS-140 Devices, in India, connectivity to report location, and Emergency Panic Button signal is though wireless cellular connectivity. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things[196]' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices.[197] eSIM4Things[196] is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.

Driverless Technology in India edit

While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India,[198][199] many startups are working on this technology:

  • Flux Auto
  • FishEyeBox
  • Hi Tech Robotic Systemz
  • EC Mobility Pvt. Ltd.
  • ATImotors
  • Netradyne
  • Swaayat Robots
  • Auro Robotics
  • OmniPresent Robotics
  • Mahindra & Mahindra
  • SeDrica 1.0[200]

In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV).[201][202]

Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech edit

Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) performance-linked incentives (PLI) schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget.[203] In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the Government of India (GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) "Advanced Chemistry Cell" (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) "Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles" (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.[204] The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.[203] These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.[204] Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.[203]

See also edit

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Bibliography edit

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  • Dhawan, Rajat, et al. "The auto component industry in India: Preparing for the future." (McKinsey & Company, (Sep 2018). online
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  • Tiku, Pran (2008). Six Sizzling Markets: How to Profit from Investing in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Korea, and Mexico. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-17888-1.
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External links edit

  •   Media related to Automotive industry in India at Wikimedia Commons

automotive, industry, india, automotive, industry, india, fourth, largest, production, world, 2022, statistics, 2023, india, largest, automobile, market, world, terms, sales, 2022, india, became, fourth, largest, country, world, valuation, automotive, industry. The automotive industry in India is the fourth largest by production in the world as per 2022 statistics 1 2 3 As of 2023 India is the 3rd largest automobile market in the world in terms of sales 4 In 2022 India became the fourth largest country in the world by the valuation of its automotive industry As of April 2022 update India s auto industry is worth more than US 100 billion and accounts for 8 of the country s total exports and 7 1 of India s GDP 5 According to the 2021 National Family Health Survey barely 8 of Indian households own an automobile 6 7 According to government statistics India has barely 22 automobiles per 1 000 people 8 9 India s major automobile manufacturing companies includes Maruti Suzuki Hyundai Motor India Tata Motors Ashok Leyland Mahindra amp Mahindra Force Motors Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited Eicher Motors Royal Enfield Sonalika Tractors Hindustan Motors Hradyesh ICML Kerala Automobiles Limited Reva Pravaig Dynamics Premier Tara International and Vehicle Factory Jabalpur Contents 1 Brand 2 History 2 1 1947 1970 2 1 1 The 1952 Tariff Commission 2 2 1970 to 1983 2 3 1984 to 1992 2 4 Post 1992 liberalisation 2 4 1 Slow export growth 2 4 2 Emission norms 2 5 Local manufacture encouraged 2 6 Sub 4 metre rule 3 Manufacturing facilities 3 1 Andhra Pradesh 3 2 Gujarat 3 3 Haryana 3 4 Himachal Pradesh 3 5 Jharkhand 3 6 Karnataka 3 7 Kerala 3 8 Madhya Pradesh 3 9 Maharashtra 3 10 Punjab 3 11 Rajasthan 3 12 Tamil Nadu 3 13 Telangana 3 14 Uttar Pradesh 3 15 Uttarakhand 3 16 West Bengal 4 Exports 4 1 Top 10 export destinations 5 Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India 5 1 Indian brands 5 1 1 Models currently manufactured by Indian brands 5 1 2 Defunct Indian brands 5 2 Joint venture JV brands 5 3 Foreign owned brands 5 3 1 Vehicles currently manufactured in India 5 4 Statistics 6 Auto companies 6 1 Indian brands 6 2 Joint venture JV brands 6 3 Foreign owned brands 6 4 Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India 7 Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle xEV industry 7 1 Electric vehicle manufacturers in India 8 Growth initiatives 8 1 Automotive Research Association of India and standards 8 2 Driverless Technology in India 8 3 Performance linked incentives scheme for future tech 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksBrand edit nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp History edit nbsp A pre Independence car showroom in Secunderabad showing Fiat Topolino and Fiat 1100 nbsp Kolkata street traffic in 1945In 1897 the first car ran on an Indian road Through the 1930s cars were imports only and in small numbers An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s Hindustan Motors was launched in 1942 building Morris products long time competitor Premier in 1944 building Chrysler Corporation products such as Dodge and Plymouth and beginning in the 1960s Fiat products 10 Mahindra amp Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of Jeep CJ 3A utility vehicles In the same years J R D Tata the chairman of Tata Group founded TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company now Tata Motors in Jamshedpur Following independence in 1947 the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry In 1953 an import substitution programme was launched and the import of fully built up cars began to be restricted 10 1947 1970 edit nbsp The Hindustan Ambassador dominated India s automotive market from the 1960s until the mid 1980s and was manufactured until 2014 nbsp Fiat 1100D built under license by Premier Automobiles later re christened Premier Padmini was the Ambassador s only true competitor The 1952 Tariff Commission edit In 1952 the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry In 1953 the commission submitted its report which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles with capacity increases allowable as per demands in the future The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly as well as those with no Indian partner In 1954 following the Tariff Commission implementation General Motors Ford and Rootes Group which had assembly only plants in Mumbai decided to move out of India 11 The Tariff commission policies including similar restrictions that applied to other industries came to be known as the Licence Raj which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply with month long waiting periods for cars scooters and motorcycles Passenger carsHindustan Motors was established in Kolkata in technical collaboration with Morris Motors to manufacture Morris Oxford models that would later become HM Ambassador Addisons Madras An Amalgamations Group company was the agent for Nuffield s Morris Wolseley and Riley cars and Chrysler s Plymouth Dodge and De Soto cars and trucks The first Morris Minor assembled in India and the first car assembled in Madras was driven out from Addison s twin plants on Smith Road by Anantharamakrishnan on 15 November 1950 12 Premier Automobiles Mumbai entered into technical collaboration with Chrysler to manufacture Dodge Plymouth and Desoto models and with Fiat to manufacture the 1100D models which would later become Premier Padmini range Standard Motor Products of India Madras entered into technical collaboration from Standard Triumph to manufacture Standard Vanguard Standard 8 10 and later Standard Herald Utility and light commercial vehiclesVehicle Factory Jabalpur started manufacturing Jonga Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton Nissan 4W73 Carriers in India under license from Nissan of Japan They were the main troop carriers of the Indian Armed Forces and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class Also Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line Mahindra amp Mahindra plant established in Mumbai technical collaboration with Willys to manufacture CJ Series Jeep Bajaj Tempo Pune now Force Motors entered into technical collaboration with Tempo to manufacture Tempo Hanseat a three wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag later known as Tempo Matador in India Standard Motor Products of India entered into technical collaboration from Standard and had licence to manufacture the Standard Atlas passenger van with panel van and one tonne pickup variants Medium and heavy commercial vehiclesTata Motors established a new plant in Pune with technical collaboration with Mercedes Benz to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks Vehicle Factory Jabalpur started manufacturing Shaktiman trucks with technical assistance from MAN SE of Germany The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the Indian Army with several specialist variants VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces Heavy Vehicles Factory was established in 1965 in Avadi near Chennai to produce tanks in India Since its inception HVF has produced all the tanks of India including Vijayanta Arjun Ajeya Bhishma and their variants for the Indian Army HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India Ashok Leyland was founded in Chennai with Leyland Motors to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks Ashok Motors also discontinued its Austin venture formed in 1948 to sell Austin A40 and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses Hindustan Motors had technical collaboration with General Motors to manufacture the Bedford range of medium lorry and bus chassis Premier Automobiles entered into technical collaboration with Chrysler to manufacture the Dodge Fargo range of medium lorry panel vans mini bus and bus chassis Simpsons amp Co Madras part of Amalgamations Group TAFE Tractors had technical collaboration with Ford to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis but did not utilise that option until the 1980s Scooters mopeds and motorcyclesMany of the two wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s well after the tariff commission was enabled Royal Enfield India Madras had technical collaboration with Royal Enfield UK to manufacture the Enfield Bullet range of motorcycles Bajaj Auto Poona had technical collaboration with Piaggio Italy to manufacture their best selling Vespa range of scooters and three wheelers with commercial options as well TVS Motors Madurai Chennai started individually and later had technical collaboration with Suzuki Motors before finally buying them out of the JV Automobile Products of India Bombay Better known for API Lambretta had a technical collaboration with Innocenti of Milan Italy to manufacture their Lambretta range of mopeds scooters and three wheelers This company was actually the Rootes Group car plant that was bought over by M A Chidambaram family Mopeds India Limited Tirupathi had technical collaboration with Motobecane France to manufacture their best selling Mobylette mopeds Escorts Group New Delhi had technical collaboration with CEKOP of Poland to manufacture the Rajdoot 175 motorcycle whose origin was DKW RT 125 Ideal Jawa Mysore entered into technical collaboration with CZ Jawa of Czechoslovakia for its Jawa and Yezdi range of motorcycles However growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector 1970 to 1983 edit The beginning of the 1970s didn t see growth potential and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps now owned by American Motors Corporation were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions By the end of the decade some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods The two wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors as India was embarking on a new Green Revolution and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand But after 1970 with restrictions on the import of vehicles set the automotive industry started to grow but the growth was mainly driven by tractors commercial vehicles and scooters Cars still remained a major luxury item In the 1970s price controls were finally lifted inserting a competitive element into the automobile market 13 However by the 1980s the automobile market was still dominated by Hindustan and Premier who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers 14 The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the average income of an Indian at the time 15 During the eighties a few competitors began to arrive on the scene Of the 30 487 cars built in India in 1980 all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier Standard had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active 15 A new contender was tiny Sipani which had tried building locally developed three wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the Reliant Kitten based Dolphin in 1982 Nonetheless all eyes were on Maruti which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry 15 The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on Petrol and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines 1984 to 1992 edit nbsp Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle CBRN RV manufactured by the AVANIFrom the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models the country continuing to depend on two decades old designs The Sipani Dolphin which arrived in 1982 was not a serious contender with its plastic body and without rear doors essential to Indian car buyers This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray In 1984 AVANI was established in Medak near Hyderabad It started manufacturing Infantry Combat Vehicles christened as Sarath the backbone of India s mechanised infantry AVANI is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India To manufacture the high power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi near Chennai In 1986 to promote the auto industry the government established the Delhi Auto Expo The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies promoting indigenous research and development and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India Post 1992 liberalisation edit nbsp Tata Indica launched in 1998Eventually multinational automakers such as Suzuki and Toyota of Japan and Hyundai of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India Maruti Suzuki was the first and the most successful of these new entries in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s 14 As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991 a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class By 2000 there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market most of them offshoots of global companies 16 Slow export growth edit Exports were slow to grow Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe Hungary After some growth in the mid nineties exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive 17 This was not to last and today India manufactures low priced cars for markets across the globe As of 18 March 2013 global brands such as Proton Holdings PSA Group Kia Mazda Chrysler Dodge and Geely Holding Group were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market as well as the global economic crisis 18 Emission norms edit In 2000 in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution the central government unveiled standards titled India 2000 with later upgraded guidelines to be known as Bharat Stage emission standards These standards are quite similar to the stringent European emission standards and have been implemented in a phased manner Bharat Stage IV BS IV was first implemented in 13 cities Agra Ahmedabad Bengaluru Chennai Delhi NCR Kanpur Kolkata Lucknow Hyderabad Mumbai Pune Surat Solapur in April 2010 and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017 In 2019 in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution the central government of India announced the introduction of BS VI norms to control air pollution taking effect from 1 April 2020 19 Local manufacture encouraged edit nbsp Auto Expo 2014 NoidaIndia levies an import tax of 125 on foreign imported cars while the import tax on components such as gearboxes airbags drive axles is 10 The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be assembled in India rather than be imported as completely built units 20 Sub 4 metre rule edit In 2006 the government of India imposed a new tax structure which massively impacted the segment It enables vehicles shorter than 4 0 metres 157 5 in to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles 21 Tata Motors was the first to exploit the new tax structure which redesigned the rear portion of the Indigo sedan dropping its length to 3 988 mm 157 0 in and renamed it as the Indigo CS 22 The model became significantly cheaper becoming one of the largest selling three box cars in the country 23 Other manufacturers quickly adapted which led to the release of the shorter Suzuki Swift Dzire the new Honda Brio Amaze and others 24 Manufacturing facilities edit nbsp Isuzu s manufacturing plant at Sri City Andhra PradeshThe majority of India s car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three clusters Around Chennai is the largest with a 35 revenue share accounting for 60 of the country s automotive exports and home of the operations of Heavy Vehicles Factory Engine Factory Avadi Ford Hyundai Renault Mitsubishi Nissan BMW Hindustan Motors Daimler Caparo Mini Citroen and Datsun 25 26 Near Mumbai Maharashtra along the Chakan corridor near Pune is the western cluster with a 33 share of the market Audi Volkswagen and Skoda are located in Aurangabad Mahindra and Mahindra has an SUV and engine assembly plant at Nashik General Motors Tata Motors Mercedes Benz Land Rover Jaguar Fiat and Force Motors have assembly plants in the area 27 28 The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region and contributes 30 Gurgaon Manesar and Kharkhoda in Haryana are where the country s largest car manufacturer Maruti Suzuki is based An emerging cluster is the state of Gujarat with a manufacturing facility of MG Motors in Halol Atul Auto in Rajkot Ford Oculus Auto in Sabarkantha 29 Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot Citroen plants are also planned for Gujarat 30 Uttarakhand with Tata Motors Telangana with Hyundai Ordnance Factory Medak Hyderabad Allwyn and Mahindra amp Mahindra Noida with Honda and Bengaluru Karnataka region with Toyota Volvo and Scania Andhra with Isuzu and Kia and Kolkata Jamshedpur belt also known as East India belt with companies such as Hindustan Motors Heavy Engineering Corporation Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery TIL Tractos Tata Daewoo and Tata Motors are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country 31 32 33 Andhra Pradesh edit Commercial and passenger vehiclesIsuzu Motors India Sri City Kia India Penukonda Anantapur Ashok Leyland VijayawadaTwo wheelersHero MotoCorp SatyaveduOff highway vehiclesKobelco Cranes Sri CityGujarat edit Automotive Companies in GujaratCompany Name Location RefsTata Motors Chharodi Sanand 34 35 36 MG Motor India Halol 37 38 39 40 Mahindra amp Mahindra Kandla 41 Atul Auto Shapar Rajkot Bavla Ahmedabad 42 43 44 Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India Vithalapur 45 46 47 48 Hero Motocorp Halol 49 50 51 Suzuki Motor Gujarat Hansalpur Becharaji 52 53 54 Matter EV Ahmedabad Vadodara 55 56 57 DreamEV Joy e bike Vadodara 58 JCB India Halol 59 60 Haryana edit Two wheelersHero MotoCorp Dharuhera Rewari 61 Honda Motorcycle amp Scooter India Manesar 62 India Yamaha Motor Faridabad 63 Suzuki Gurugram 64 Passenger vehiclesMaruti Suzuki Gurugram Manesar amp Kharkhoda 65 Commercial vehiclesAction Construction Equipment Faridabad Escorts Group Faridabad JCB India Faridabad 66 Omega Seiki Mobility FaridabadAgricultural VehiclesEscorts Group Faridabad Kubota Corporation FaridabadHimachal Pradesh edit Two wheelersTVS Motor Nalagarh 67 Passenger vehiclesICML motors Amb 68 Commercial vehiclesTAFE Tractors Parwanoo 69 Jharkhand edit Commercial vehiclesTata Motors Jamshedpur 70 Karnataka edit Two wheelersTVS Motor Mysuru 67 Honda Motorcycle amp Scooter India Pvt Ltd Narsapura 62 Passenger vehiclesMahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Bengaluru 71 Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited Bidadi 72 Commercial vehiclesBharat Earth Movers Bengaluru amp Mysuru Scania Commercial Vehicles India Private Limited Bengaluru 73 TAFE Tractors Doddaballapur 69 Tata Motors Dharwad 70 VE Commercial Vehicles Limited Bengaluru 74 Kerala edit Commercial vehiclesBharat Earth Movers Palakkad Kerala Automobiles Limited ThiruvananthapuramMadhya Pradesh edit Two wheelersMahindra amp Mahindra Pithampur 75 Commercial vehiclesVehicle Factory Jabalpur Eicher Motors Pithampur 76 Hindustan Motors Pithampur 77 Force Motors Private Limited Pithampur 78 TAFE Tractors Mandideep 69 John Deere Tractors Dewas 69 CASE Construction Equipment Pithampur 79 Maharashtra edit Two wheelersBajaj Auto Chakan Pune amp Waluj Aurangabad 80 KTM Sportmotorcycles Chakan Pune India Kawasaki Motors Chakan Pune Vespa Scooters Baramati Pune 81 Passenger vehiclesMahindra amp Mahindra Automotive Division Nashik Chakan Pune 82 83 Tata Motors Limited Tata Motors Pimpri Chinchwad Pune 84 Jaguar Cars Pimpri Chinchwad Pune Pune 85 Land Rover Pimpri Chinchwad Pune Mercedes Benz Passenger Cars Chakan Pune 86 Jeep India Ranjangaon Pune Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited Pune Volkswagen Chakan Pune 87 Skoda Auto Chakan Pune Shendra Aurangabad 88 Audi AG Shendra Aurangabad 89 Commercial vehiclesAshok Leyland Bhandara 90 Bajaj Auto Pune Waluj Aurangabad 80 Force Motors Chakan Pune 91 Mahindra Navistar Chakan Pune 92 Piaggio Vehicles Baramati Pune 93 Eicher VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd Thane Sany India Pune Hyundai Construction Equipment Chakan Pune Caterpillar Banda Sindhudurg John Deere Tractors Sanaswadi Pune Dynapac Road Construction Phulgaon Pune Wirtgen India pvt ltd bhandgav pune Road construction Punjab edit Commercial vehiclesSML Isuzu Nawanshahar 94 Swaraj Tractors Mohali Sonalika Tractor Hoshiarpur Preet Tractor Nabha Standard Tractors BarnalaRajasthan edit Two WheelersHonda Motorcycle amp Scooter India Tapukara 62 Hero Motocorp Neemrana Okinawa Autotech 95 Passenger vehiclesHonda Cars India Ltd Tapukara 96 Commercial vehiclesAshok Leyland Alwar 90 TAFE Tractors Alwar 69 Tamil Nadu edit Two wheelersTVS Motor Hosur 67 BMW Motorrad Hosur 97 Royal Enfield Chennai 98 India Yamaha Motor Oragadam Chennai Ola Electric Krishnagiri 99 100 Ather Energy Hosur 101 Simple Energy Hosur 102 Ampere Electric Ranipet Chennai 103 Sri Varu Motors Coimbatore 104 Boom Motors Coimbatore 105 Raptee Energy Chennai 106 Aventose Energy Chennai 107 Passenger vehiclesBMW India Mahindra World City New Chennai 108 109 MINI India Mahindra World City New Chennai 110 Hyundai Motor India Limited Sriperumbudur Chennai 111 Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited Nissan Motor India Private Limited Oragadam Chennai 112 Renault India Private Limited Oragadam Chennai 113 Datsun Oragadam Chennai 114 Citroen India Tiruvallur Chennai BYD India Pvt Ltd Sriperumbudur Chennai New Energy Wagon Pvt Ltd TiruppurCommercial vehiclesSchwing Stetter India Chennai 115 Komatsu India Private Limited Oragadam Chennai 116 Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Private Limited Oragadam Chennai 117 Caterpillar Tiruvallur Chennai 118 Heavy Vehicles Factory Avadi Chennai Ashok Leyland Limited Ennore Chennai trucks buses engines axles etc Hosur 90 three adjacent plants Hosur 1 Hosur 2 CPPS for trucks special vehicles and power units Sengadu Village Kanchipuram technical and production facility for Ashok Leyland Defence Systems KamAZ Vectra Motors Hosur 119 VST Tillers Tractors Ltd Hosur SAME Deutz Fahr Tractors Ranipet Vellore 120 TAFE Tractors Chennai 69 Madurai TVS Motor Hosur 67 Force Motors Chennai 121 Terex India Private Limited Hosur Doosan Bobcat India Private Limited Chennai Mauto Electric Mobility Pvt Ltd Chennai 122 E Royce Motors India Pvt Ltd Coimbatore 123 REEP Motors Maraimalai Nagar Chennai 124 DP Auto India Pvt Ltd Tiruchirapalli 125 SWITCH Mobility Automotive Ltd ChennaiTelangana edit DefenceArmoured Vehicles Nigam Limited MedakCommercial vehiclesHyundai Hi Tech city Mahindra and Mahindra Zaheerabad Deccan auto Limited PatancheruUttar Pradesh edit Two wheelersIndia Yamaha Motor Greater Noida 126 Commercial vehiclesTata Motors Lucknow New Holland Greater Noida J S Auto P LTD Kanpur 127 Uttarakhand edit Commercial vehiclesAshok Leyland Pantnagar Tata Motors Pantnagar Mahindra amp Mahindra HaridwarTwo wheelersHero MotoCorp Haridwar Bajaj Auto PantnagarWest Bengal edit Commercial vehiclesTata Hitachi Construction Machinery KharagpurExports edit nbsp 2007 Mahindra Scorpio in service with Italy s CNSASIndia s automobile exports have grown consistently and reached 4 5 billion in 2009 with the United Kingdom being India s largest export market followed by Italy Germany the Netherlands and South Africa 128 According to The New York Times India s strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low cost fuel efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai Nissan Toyota Volkswagen and Maruti Suzuki 129 In 2008 South Korean multinational Hyundai Motors alone exported 240 000 cars made in India Nissan Motors planned to export 250 000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011 130 Similarly US automobile company General Motors had announced its plans to export about 50 000 cars manufactured in India by 2011 131 In September 2009 Ford Motors announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250 000 cars for US 500 million The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export 132 The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business 133 Fiat Motors had announced that it would source more than US 1 billion worth auto components from India 134 nbsp A Tata Safari on display in Poznan PolandIn 2009 India 0 23m surpassed China 0 16m as Asia s fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan 1 77m Korea 1 12m and Thailand 0 26m 135 In July 2010 The Economic Times reported that PSA Peugeot Citroen was planning to re enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100 000 vehicles investing 700M in the operation 136 PSA s intention to utilise this production facility for export purposes however remains unclear as of December 2010 In recent years India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars Hyundai the biggest exporter from the country now ships more than 250 000 cars annually from India Apart from Maruti Exports shipments to Suzuki s other markets Maruti Suzuki also manufactures small cars for Nissan which sells them in Europe Nissan will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets and is preparing to sell electric cars in Europe in 2010 The firm is planning to sell an electric version of its affordable car the Tata Nano in Europe and in the U S In the 2000s Mahindra amp Mahindra prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U S market but canceled its plans As of 2019 it is assembling and selling an off road vehicle Mahindra Roxor not certified for road use in limited numbers in the U S 137 It is also sold in Canada Bajaj Auto is designing a low cost car for Renault Nissan Automotive India which will market the product worldwide Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland in another small car project 138 While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive there are challenges that could thwart future growth Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes industry growth will slow if the economy weakens 138 Top 10 export destinations edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2021 India exported 14 5 billion worth of automobiles in 2014 The 10 countries below imported 47 8 of that total 139 Rank Country Value US Share1 United States 1 2 billion 8 4 2 Mexico 1 billion 6 9 3 South Africa 888 8 million 6 1 4 United Kingdom 637 4 million 4 4 5 Sri Lanka 596 9 million 4 1 6 Bangladesh 592 1 million 4 1 7 Turkey 580 4 million 4 8 Nigeria 546 8 million 3 8 9 United Arab Emirates 433 6 million 3 10 Colombia 428 9 million 3 Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US 1478 68 Million in 2020 from US 11332 49 Million in 2019 India Exports by Country Last PreviousUnited States 485 03 469 28 INR Billion Nov 22United Arab Emirates 211 45 179 69 INR Billion Nov 22Netherlands 146 98 118 23 INR Billion Nov 22Israel 122 55 44 07 INR Billion Nov 22Brazil 91 30 72 88 INR Billion Nov 22China 86 57 83 21 INR Billion Nov 22Germany 66 84 63 42 INR Billion Nov 22Saudi Arabia 60 38 66 42 INR Billion Nov 22Indonesia 58 89 51 32 INR Billion Nov 22Singapore 55 63 63 31 INR Billion Nov 22Hong Kong 51 40 62 34 INR Billion Nov 22Belgium 51 05 53 36 INR Billion Nov 22Nepal 50 69 36 95 INR Billion Nov 22Italy 49 29 45 34 INR Billion Nov 22France 45 78 41 27 INR Billion Nov 22South Africa 43 83 47 85 INR Billion Nov 22Malaysia 40 15 42 70 INR Billion Nov 22Japan 37 21 33 27 INR Billion Nov 22Australia 34 64 44 76 INR Billion Nov 22Nigeria 33 16 38 53 INR Billion Nov 22Thailand 32 57 37 15 INR Billion Nov 22Sri Lanka 27 95 35 21 INR Billion Nov 22Canada 26 50 22 95 INR Billion Nov 22Spain 25 97 30 04 INR Billion Nov 22Russia 24 72 23 06 INR Billion Nov 22Egypt 22 94 20 94 INR Billion Nov 22Kenya 20 10 11 64 INR Billion Nov 22Iraq 16 64 15 62 INR Billion Nov 22Taiwan 13 58 15 32 INR Billion Nov 22Philippines 12 80 13 78 INR Billion Nov 22Portugal 9 58 4 35 INR Billion Nov 22Switzerland 8 82 12 34 INR Billion Nov 22Iran 8 33 6 05 INR Billion Nov 22Denmark 6 03 4 59 INR Billion Nov 22Sweden 5 60 5 49 INR Billion Nov 22Ireland 4 26 3 12 INR Billion Nov 22Greece 3 91 3 65 INR Billion Nov 22Pakistan 3 70 3 20 INR Billion Nov 22New Zealand 2 81 2 85 INR Billion Nov 22Finland 2 78 2 45 INR Billion Nov 22Luxembourg 0 24 0 25 INR Billion Nov 22Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India editMain article List of vehicle plants in India India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world In 2018 19 it produced 4 06 million cars 140 Currently there are an estimated 30 million cars in India 141 This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India Indian brands edit Models currently manufactured by Indian brands edit nbsp Suzuki SwiftMahindra 142 Bolero Scorpio Thar Bolero Neo Scorpio Getaway Marazzo XUV300 XUV400 XUV700 Tata Motors 143 Tiago Tiago EV Tigor Tigor EV Nexon Nexon EV Harrier Altroz Safari Punch Force Motors GurkhaDefunct Indian brands edit Hindustan Motors the company still exists but no longer manufactures automobiles Sipani Automobiles Standard Motor Products of India LimitedJoint venture JV brands edit Maruti Suzuki subsidiary of Japanese auto maker Suzuki 144 145 Alto K10 Eeco Wagon R Swift Dzire Ertiga Celerio Ciaz Brezza Baleno Ignis XL6 S Presso Grand Vitara Jimny Fronx Super Carry Invicto 146 Foreign owned brands edit MG Hyundai Renault Nissan Citroen Jeep Honda Toyota KIA Volkswagen Skoda Audi Mercedes Benz BMW and MINI are the foreign automotive companies that manufacture and market their products in India Vehicles currently manufactured in India edit Audi India A4 A6 Q5 Q7 BMW India 3 Series 5 Series X1 X3 X4 X5 X7 BYD Auto Atto 3 e6 Citroen India C3 C3 Aircross C5 Aircross eC3 Honda Cars India Amaze City Elevate Hyundai Motor India Grand i10 Nios i20 Alcazar Aura Creta Exter Tucson Venue Verna Isuzu Motors India D Max Jaguar subsidiary of Tata Motors XE XF Jeep Compass Grand Cherokee Meridian Wrangler Kia India Carens Seltos Sonet Land Rover subsidiary of Tata Motors Range Rover Evoque MG Motor India Astor Comet EV Gloster Hector Hector Plus ZS EV Mercedes Benz India C Class E Class EQS S Class V Class GLC Class GLE Class Nissan Motor India Magnite Renault India Kiger Kwid Triber Skoda Auto India Kushaq Kodiaq Slavia Toyota Kirloskar Motor Innova Crysta Innova Hycross Fortuner Camry Glanza Belta exports only Rumion exports only Urban Cruiser Hyryder Hilux Vitz exports only Lexus ES300h Volkswagen India Virtus Taigun Tiguan Volvo Cars S90 XC40 XC90Peugeot stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997 Daewoo Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003 Opel was present in India until 2006 As of 2013 Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners General Motors India stopped producing Chevrolet passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017 Fiat left the Indian market in 2018 Mitsubishi Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s Ford India stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021 Nissan stopped selling Datsun passenger cars in India in 2022 Statistics edit Top 10 best selling automobile models in India new passenger and commercial vehicles 1985 2021 Source 147 148 149 Year Models and Ranking1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th1985 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Hindustan Ambassador Mahindra Jeep Maruti Van Mahindra FJ XJ Force Matador Force Trax Hindustan Contessa Hindustan Trekker1986 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Van Mahindra Jeep Mahindra FJ XJ Force Matador Maruti Gypsy Tata 407 608 609 Force Trax1987 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Van Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Force Matador Tata 407 608 609 Mahindra FJ XJ Premier NE118 Maruti Gypsy1988 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407 608 609 Force Matador Mahindra FJ XJ Maruti Gypsy Premier NE1181989 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407 608 609 Maruti Gypsy Force Matador Premier NE118 Mahindra FJ XJ1990 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407 608 609 Maruti Gypsy Force Matador Premier NE118 Mahindra FJ XJ1991 Maruti 800 Maruti Omni Premier Padmini Mahindra Jeep Tata 407 608 609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier NE118 Force Matador Maruti Gypsy Force Trax1992 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407 608 609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Premier NE118 Force Trax Maruti Gypsy1993 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407 608 609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Maruti 1000 Premier NE118 Force Trax1994 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407 608 609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Maruti 1000 Force Trax Premier NE1181995 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Tata 407 608 609 Maruti Esteem Maruti Omni Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Zen Premier Padmini Tata Sumo Force Matador1996 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Tata 407 608 609 Maruti Omni Maruti Zen Tata Sumo Maruti Esteem Hindustan Ambassador Daewoo Cielo Force Trax1997 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Tata Sumo Tata 407 608 609 Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Esteem Daewoo Cielo Opel Astra1998 Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Tata 407 608 609 Tata Sumo Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Esteem Hyundai Santro Honda City1999 Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Mahindra Jeep Tata Indica Tata 407 608 609 Daewoo Matiz Tata Sumo Maruti Esteem2000 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Tata Indica Daewoo Matiz Tata 407 608 609 Tata Sumo Toyota Qualis2001 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Tata Indica Mahindra Jeep Maruti Alto Toyota Qualis Tata 407 608 609 Tata Sumo2002 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Maruti Wagon R Tata 407 608 609 Fiat Palio Maruti Alto2003 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Maruti Wagon R Maruti Alto Mahindra Jeep Toyota Qualis Tata 407 608 6092004 Maruti 800 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Toyota Qualis Tata Indigo2005 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti 800 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Omni Maruti Zen Mahindra Jeep Maruti Swift Tata Indigo2006 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Maruti 800 Maruti Omni Maruti Swift Tata Ace Honda City Mahindra JeepFY07 08 Maruti Alto Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Hyundai Santro Maruti Swift Maruti Omni Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Estilo Hyundai i10 Toyota Innova2008 data unavailable2009 Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Tata Indica Maruti Swift Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Maruti Swift Dzire Mahindra Bolero Honda City2010 Maruti Alto Hyundai i10 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Tata Indica Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Tata Indigo Mahindra Bolero2011 Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Maruti Swift Tata Indica Vista Maruti Swift Dzire Mahindra Bolero Maruti Omni Hyundai i20 Tata Indigo Manza2012 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Mahindra Bolero Hyundai i10 Tata Indica Vista Hyundai Eon Hyundai i20 Tata Nano2013 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Mahindra Bolero Hyundai Eon Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Toyota Innova Maruti Ertiga2014 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Mahindra Bolero Hyundai Eon Honda City Maruti Omni Hyundai i202015 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i20 Hyundai i10 Mahindra Bolero Maruti Celerio Honda City Hyundai Eon2016 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Maruti Baleno Renault Kwid Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio2017 Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Maruti Baleno Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Maruti Vitara Brezza Hyundai i20 Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio2018 Maruti Dzire Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Vitara Brezza Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i20 Hyundai i10 Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio2019 Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Wagon R Maruti Vitara Brezza Hyundai i20 Maruti Eeco Hyundai i10 Hyundai Creta2020 Maruti Swift Maruti Alto Maruti Baleno Maruti Wagon R Maruti Dzire Maruti Eeco Hyundai Creta Kia Seltos Hyundai i10 Maruti Vitara Brezza2021 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Alto Hyundai Creta Maruti Dzire Maruti Vitara Brezza Maruti Eeco Maruti Ertiga Tata Nexon2022 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Baleno Maruti Swift Tata Nexon Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Hyundai Creta Maruti Ertiga Maruti Brezza Tata Punch1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Indigenous manufacturer Local foreign joint venture manufacturer Foreign manufacturerSee also Best selling models in AustraliaBrazilIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPhilippinesThailandSweden2022 passenger car sales data 150 Rank OEM 2022 sales Share 2021 sales Share1 Maruti Suzuki nbsp 1 576 026 nbsp 41 6 1 364 788 44 4 2 Hyundai nbsp 552 511 nbsp 14 6 505 033 16 4 3 Tata Motors nbsp 526 821 nbsp 13 9 331 182 10 8 4 Mahindra nbsp 333 054 nbsp 8 8 201 454 6 5 5 Kia nbsp 254 556 nbsp 6 7 181 543 5 9 6 Toyota nbsp 160 375 nbsp 4 2 130 749 4 2 7 Honda nbsp 95 022 nbsp 2 5 89 153 2 9 8 Renault nbsp 87 118 nbsp 2 3 95 878 3 1 9 Skoda nbsp 53 721 nbsp 1 4 23 849 0 8 10 MG Motor nbsp 48 063 nbsp 1 3 40 273 1 3 11 Volkswagen nbsp 42 452 nbsp 1 1 26 930 0 9 12 Nissan nbsp 34 565 nbsp 1 2 35 956 0 9 13 Jeep nbsp 13 499 nbsp 0 4 11 863 0 4 14 Citroen nbsp 6 066 nbsp 0 2 624 0 0 15 Datsun nbsp 512 nbsp 0 0 4 296 0 1 2022 best selling cars in India 149 Rank Model 2022 sales 2021 sales1 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R 217 317 183 8512 Maruti Suzuki Baleno 185 665 172 2373 Maruti Suzuki Swift 176 424 175 0524 Tata Nexon 168 278 108 5775 Maruti Suzuki Alto 162 548 166 2336 Maruti Suzuki Dzire 159 919 116 2227 Hyundai Creta 140 895 125 4378 Maruti Suzuki Ertiga 133 814 114 4089 Maruti Suzuki Brezza 130 563 115 96210 Tata Punch 129 895 22 57111 Maruti Suzuki Eeco 125 074 114 52412 Hyundai Venue 120 703 108 00713 Hyundai Grand i10 Nios 106 222 95 51514 Kia Seltos 101 569 98 14715 Mahindra Bolero 94 332 65 31316 Kia Sonet 86 251 79 28917 Hyundai i20 75 572 72 29218 Maruti Suzuki Celerio 72 729 32 85319 Tata Tiago 67 259 64 99420 Mahindra XUV700 65 371 11 96421 Maruti Suzuki S Presso 65 276 65 47822 Mahindra Scorpio 64 179 36 94523 Kia Carens 62 756 024 Mahindra XUV300 60 260 47 43225 Tata Altroz 58 590 69 74426 Maruti Suzuki Ignis 56 986 32 73527 Toyota Innova 56 569 55 25028 Tata Tigor 48 349 18 90029 Hyundai Aura 47 076 37 58430 Honda Amaze 46 528 39 697Auto companies editIndian brands edit AMW 151 Ashok Leyland Atul Auto Oculus Auto 29 Bajaj Auto Eicher Motors 152 Force 153 Hindustan Motors 154 Mahindra amp Mahindra Premier 155 Tata Motors 156 Omega Seiki Mobility Maruti SuzukiJoint venture JV brands edit Ashok Leyland 157 originally a JV between Ashok Motors owned by the Hinduja Group and Leyland Motors now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and Nissan Motors Japan for LCV s and John Deere USA for construction equipment 158 KamAZ Vectra 159 A JV between Russia s KamAZ and the Vectra Group MAN Force A JV between Force Motors and MAN AG Germany SML Isuzu originally as Swaraj Mazda a JV between Punjab Tractors and Mazda now 53 5 owned by Sumitomo Group and with its current name since 2011 160 VE Commercial Vehicles Limited 161 VE Commercial Vehicles limited A JV between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited Foreign owned brands edit BharatBenz Owned by Daimler AG of Germany and affiliated with Daimler s Fuso and Mercedes Benz brands 162 Caterpillar Inc 163 DAF 164 Isuzu 165 Iveco 166 J C Bamford JCB Owned by British multinational corporation J C Bamford KamAZ MAN Mercedes Benz 167 manufactures luxury coaches in India Piaggio 168 Rosenbauer 169 Scania 170 Tatra 171 Volvo 172 Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India edit Automobile Products of India or API founded in 1949 at Bombay now Mumbai by the British company Rootes Group 173 and later bought by M A Chidambaram of the MAC Group from Madras now Chennai 173 The company manufactured Lambretta scooters API Three Wheelers under licence from Innocenti of Italy and automobile ancillaries notably clutch and braking systems API s registered offices were earlier in Mumbai later shifted to Chennai in Tamil Nadu The manufacturing facilities were located in Mumbai and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and in Ambattur Chennai 174 The company has not been operational since 2002 Escorts Yamaha in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles In 2008 it became India Yamaha Motor Hero Motors is a former moped and scooter manufacturer based in Delhi India It is a part of multinational company Hero Group which also currently owns Hero Motocorp formerly Hero Honda and Hero Cycles among others Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were Puch of Austria and Malaguti of Italy Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two wheeler and auto parts manufacturer Ideal Jawa motorcycle company based in Mysore sold licensed Jawa and CZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi Kinetic Honda a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited India and Honda Motor Company Japan The joint venture operated during 1984 1998 manufacturing 2 stroke scooters in India In 1998 the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name Kinetic until 2008 175 when the interests were sold to Mahindra Mopeds India Limited produces the Suvega range of Mopeds under technical collaboration with Motobecane of France Standard produced by Standard Motor Products in Madras from 1949 to 1988 Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U K by Standard Triumph Standard Motor Products of India Ltd SMPI was incorporated in 1948 176 and their first product was the Vanguard which began to be assembled in 1949 The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down Tatra Vectra Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra Replaced by KamAZ Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with Bharat Earth Movers Limited Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle xEV industry editFurther information Electric vehicle industry in India During April 2012 the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles xEV in the country 177 A discussion between the various stakeholders including Government industry and academia was expected to take place during 23 24 February 177 The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions Ministries such as Petroleum Finance Road Transport and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector Along with these ministries auto industry executives such as Anand Mahindra Vice Chairman and managing director Mahindra amp Mahindra and Vikram Kirloskar Vice chairman Toyota Kirloskar were involved in this task 177 The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five year plan during 2012 17 177 The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor and to develop such capabilities locally In the year 2017 An Amaravati Andhra Pradesh based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA 178 New amp Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing 179 and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018 180 Electric cars are seen as economical long term investments as one doesn t need to purchase gas but needs only to recharge the battery using renewable energy sources According to the United States Department of Energy electric cars produce half as much CO2 emissions as compared to a gas powered car 181 According to The Economic Times 60 of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58 expect to buy a new car in the same time frame Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage According to the same source 68 of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices This has encouraged 38 of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars 182 Due to this change in the market many companies such as Toyota have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already according to Mashable In 2019 Hyundai Launched India s First Electric Car Kona Electric 183 Electric vehicle manufacturers in India edit Ather Energy plug in electric scooter Ampere by Greaves battery electric scooter Raptee Energy Ajanta Group 184 Bajaj Auto Autorickshaw Scooter LCV Oculus Auto 29 Autorickshaw Hero Electric 185 battery electric Scooter Hyundai Cars Mahindra 186 Cars Reva now Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles MG Motor Cars Tara International 187 Omega Seiki Mobility 3 wheelers Tata Motors 188 Cars LCV TVS Motor Company plug in electric scooter Revolt Motors electric bike Ola Electric plug in electric scooter Oben Electric Simple Energy plug in electric scooter Okinawa Autotech battery electric scooter Ultraviolette Automotive electric bike Rugged subsidiary of eBikeGo Dandera technologies 189 Euler motors 190 Pravaig Dynamics 191 EKA mobility EKAM 192 electric bus Evage Kinetic Green battery electric scooter Growth initiatives editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2021 Automotive Research Association of India and standards edit The Government of India felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities 193 in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities The Ministry of Surface Transport MoST constituted a permanent Automotive Industry Standards Committee AISC The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee CTSC After approval the Automotive Research Association of India ARAI 194 will publish this standard citation needed Intelligent Transport Systems ITS are globally proven systems to optimize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure and improve transportation systems in terms of efficiency quality comfort and safety Having realized the potential of ITS Government bodies and other organizations in India are presently working towards implementing various components of ITS across the country citation needed The first step taken for creation and implementation of ITS was holding a National Workshop titled User Requirements for Interactive ITS Architecture 195 which was conducted as a collaboration between SIAM and ASRTU on 26 amp 27 February 2015 This was primarily focused on ITS in Public Bus Transportation Nonetheless the workshop helped to create the outline for National Intelligent Transport System Architecture and Policy for Public Transport Bus which was submitted by ASRTU and SIAM to the government citation needed In the 44th amp 45th CMVR TSC Chairman had directed standardization activities to be initiated on Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS Vehicle Location Tracking Camera Surveillance System and Emergency Request Button The committee intended to extend the above user requirements to all public transportation namely buses taxis etc The current document covers the requirements for Vehicle Location Tracking and Emergency Button The other ITS components like PIS CCTV system Fare collection etc are deliberated and would be addressed in later phase and could be added as separate parts to the current document citation needed Based on these directions the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS 140 titled Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS Requirements for Public Transport Vehicle Operation The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system citation needed For AIS 140 Devices in India connectivity to report location and Emergency Panic Button signal is though wireless cellular connectivity There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like eSIM4Things 196 available in India which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS 140 devices 197 eSIM4Things 196 is fully compatible with all AIS 140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans Driverless Technology in India edit While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India 198 199 many startups are working on this technology Flux Auto FishEyeBox Hi Tech Robotic Systemz EC Mobility Pvt Ltd ATImotors Netradyne Swaayat Robots Auro Robotics OmniPresent Robotics Mahindra amp Mahindra SeDrica 1 0 200 In Auto Expo 2018 Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with Daimler India Commercial Vehicles DICV 201 202 Performance linked incentives scheme for future tech edit Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1 97 lakh cr US 28 b performance linked incentives PLI schemes for five years in 2021 22 budget 203 In Sept 2021 to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the Government of India GoI launched 3 PLI schemes a Rs 26 000 cr US 3 61 b scheme for production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles PEVHV the Rs 18 000 crore US 2 5 b Advanced Chemistry Cell ACC scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles and Rs 10 000 crore US 1 4 b Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles FAME scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles 204 The Rs 26 000 cr US 3 61 b PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750 000 direct jobs in auto sector 203 These schemes will reduce pollution climate change carbon footprint reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution boost job creation and economy 204 Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth 203 See also editAutomobile industry Automotive Industry Standards the automotive regulations of India Electric vehicle industry in India Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Hydrogen economy in India Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle Lists of automobile related articles List of car brands List of truck manufacturers List of motorcycle manufacturers Category List of scooters List of scooter manufacturers List of countries by motor vehicle production List of countries by vehicles per capita List of Asian cars List of automobile manufacturers of China List of Japanese cars List of vehicle plants in India List of car magazinesReferences edit 2022 Statistics 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