2001 Indian Parliament attack
The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a terrorist attack on the Parliament of India in New Delhi, India on 13 December 2001. The perpetrators belonged to Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) - two Pakistan-raised terrorist organisations.[1][3] The attack led to the deaths of six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel, and a gardener – in total 9 – and led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff. The 5 terrorists were killed outside the parliament.
| 2001 Indian parliament attack | |
|---|---|
| Location | New Delhi, Delhi, India |
| Date | 13 December 2001 (UTC+05:30) |
| Target | Parliament Building |
Attack type | Mass shooting, suicide bombing |
| Weapons | AKM rifles, explosive belt |
| Deaths | 9 (excluding 5 terrorists) |
| Injured | 18 |
| Perpetrators | Lashkar-e-Taiba[1] Jaish-e-Mohammed[2] |
Attack
On 13 December 2001, five terrorists infiltrated the Parliament House in a car with Home Ministry and Parliament labels.[4] While both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha had been adjourned 40 minutes prior to the incident, many members of parliament (MPs) and government officials such as Home Minister LK Advani and Minister of State for Defence Harin Pathak were believed to have still been in the building at the time of the attack.[5] More than 100 people, including major politicians, were inside the parliament building at the time. The gunmen used a fake identity sticker on the car they drove and thus easily breached the security deployed around the parliamentary complex.[6] The terrorists carried AK-47 rifles, grenade launchers, pistols and grenades.[7]
The gunmen drove their vehicle into the car of the Indian Vice President Krishan Kant (who was in the building at the time), got out, and began shooting. The Vice President's guards and security personnel shot back at the terrorists and then started closing the gates of the compound. A similar attack was carried out on the assembly of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, during November 2001, when 38 people were killed by terrorists.[6]
Delhi Police officials said that gunmen received instructions from Pakistan and the operation was carried out under the guidance of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency.[7] In their book The Exile: The Flight of Osama bin Laden, Cathy Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy state that then-CIA station chief Robert Grenier and Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin suspected that the ISI had approved the attack in order to force the redeployment of troops under the command of Ali Jan Aurakzai away from the Durand Line, allowing Osama bin Laden to escape into Pakistan during the Battle of Tora Bora.[8]
Casualties
Constable Kamlesh Kumari of the Central Reserve Police Force was the first to spot the terrorists and was shot by them as she raised the alarm. She died on the spot. One gunman's suicide vest exploded when he was shot dead; the other four gunmen were also killed. The ministers and MPs escaped unhurt. The total number killed was 9 and at least 17 other people were injured in the attack.[9][6]
Perpetrators
Delhi Police stated that five terrorists carried out the attack and the names given by them were: Hamza, Haider alias Tufail, Rana, Ranvijay and Mohammed - who were members of Jaish-e-Mohammed - were killed.[10][7][11]
Trial
The attack triggered extensive investigations, which revealed the involvement of four accused, namely Mohammad Afzal Guru, Shaukat Hussain Guru (cousin of Afzal Guru) and S.A.R. Geelani (Syed Abdul Rahman Geelani)[12] (also spelled "Gilani") and Shaukat's wife Afsan Guru (Navjot Sandhu before marriage). Some other proclaimed offenders were said to be the leaders of the banned terrorist organisation known as Jaish-e-Mohammed. After the conclusion of investigation, investigating agency filed the report under Section 173 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India) against four accused persons on 14 May 2002. Charges were framed under various sections of Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA), and the Explosive Substances Act by the designated sessions Court.
The designated Special Court was presided over by S. N. Dhingra. The accused were tried and the trial concluded within a record period of about six months.[when?] 80 witnesses were examined for the prosecution and 10 witnesses were examined on behalf of the accused S.A.R. Geelani. About 300 documents were exhibited. Afzal Guru, Shaukat Hussain and S.A.R. Geelani were convicted for the offences under Sections 121, 121A, 122, Section 120B read with Sections 302 & 307 read with Section 120B of IPC, sub-Sections (2), (3) and (5) of Section 3 and Section 4(b) of POTA and Sections 3 and 4 of Explosive Substances Act. The accused 1 and 2 were also convicted under Section 3(4) of POTA.[13]
Accused 4, namely Navjot Sandhu a.k.a. Afsan, was acquitted of all the charges except the one under Section 123 IPC for which she was convicted and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years and to pay a fine. Death sentences were imposed on the other three accused for the offences under Section 302 read with Section 120B IPC and Section 3(2) of POTA. They were also sentenced to life imprisonment on as many as eight counts under the provisions of IPC, POTA and Explosive Substances Act in addition to varying amounts of fine. The amount of a million Indian rupees, which was recovered from the possession of two of the accused, namely, Afzal Guru and Shaukat Hussain, was forfeited to the State under Section 6 of the POTA.[13]
On appeal, the high court subsequently acquitted S. A. R. Geelani and Afsan, but upheld Shaukat's and Afzal's death sentence. Geelani was represented by Ram Jethmalani in the Delhi High Court and subsequently in the Supreme Court of India.[14] Jethmalani said it almost cost him his political career for defending Geelani.[15] Geelani's acquittal blew a gaping hole in the prosecution's version of the parliament attack.[citation needed] He was presented as the mastermind of the entire attack.[citation needed] Geelani, a young lecturer at Delhi University, received support from his outraged colleagues and friends, who were certain that he had been framed.[citation needed] They contacted the well-known lawyer Nandita Haksar and asked her to take on his case.[citation needed]
Shaukat Hussain was released nine months prior to his scheduled date of release, because of his "good conduct".[16][17]
Two Delhi Police officials, ACP Rajbir Singh[18] and Mohan Chand Sharma are credited for gathering prima facie evidence in the case. Singh was later shot dead by a friend over a property deal[18] and Sharma was killed during the Batla House encounter with terrorists in Delhi.[19]
Response
The Indian Government initially accused Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed of involvement in the attack. However, Lashkar-e-Taiba denied any involvement in the incident.[1][3] In November 2002, four JeM members were arrested by Indian authorities and put on trial.[11] All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident, although the fourth, Afsan/Navjot Sandhu, wife of Shaukat Hussain (one of the accused) was found guilty of a minor charge of concealing knowledge of conspiracy.[20] One of the accused, Afzal Guru, was sentenced to death for the incident.[21]
World leaders and leaders in India's immediate neighbourhood condemned the attack on the Parliament. On 14 December, the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) blamed Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed for the attack. Home Minister LK Advani claimed, "We have received some clues about yesterday's incident, which shows that a neighbouring country, and some terrorist organisations active there behind it",[22] in an indirect reference to Pakistan and Pakistan-based terrorist groups.[23]
The same day, in a demarche to Pakistani High Commissioner to India, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, India demanded that Pakistan stop the activities of LeT and JeM, that Pakistan apprehend the organisations' leaders and that Pakistan curb the financial assets and the groups' access to these assets.[1] In response to the Indian government's statements, Pakistani forces were put on high alert the same day. On 20 December, India mobilised and deployed its troops to Kashmir and Punjab in what was India's largest military mobilisation since the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.
Following the attack, many suspects were arrested, and in December 2002 four Jaish-e-Mohammed members were convicted for roles in the attack.[21] In 2003, the Border Security Force (BSF) killed Ghazi Baba, the commander-in-chief of Jaish-e-Mohammed and the mastermind of the attack, in the Noor Bagh neighborhood of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.[2]
Afzal Guru, sentenced to death by Indian court and due to be hanged on 20 October 2006, had his execution stayed. His family had camped in New Delhi to meet the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam to accept the mercy petition. The family of Kamlesh Kumari Jatav, a CRPF Jawan who died in the attack has said that they would return the Ashok Chakra, if the president accepted the petition, and on 13 December 2006, the families of the deceased returned the medals to the government. As of April 2007, the then President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, refused to interfere in the judicial process.[24]
The sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, but Afzal was given a stay of execution and remained on death row. On 3 February 2013, his mercy petition was rejected by the then President of India Pranab Mukherjee.[25] He was hanged in Delhi's Tihar Jail at 8:00 A.M.[26] on 9 February 2013, and buried in Tihar jail with full religious rites.[27]
In Popular Culture
Special OPS: The 2020 Indian action espionage thriller web series from Hotstar Specials created and directed by Neeraj Pandey and starring Kay Kay Menon in the lead role was based on the attacks. In 2022, another movie was released called Attack: Part 1 was also partially based on the attacks.
See also
- List of Islamist terrorist attacks
- List of terrorist incidents in India
- List of attacks on legislatures
- Islamic terrorism
- Special OPS
- 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing
- Pakistan and state terrorism
- 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, a similar attack that occurred in Ottawa, Canada
- 2017 Tehran attacks, which included an attack on the Iranian Parliament by gunmen and suicide bombers.
- 2021 storming of the United States Capitol
References
- ^ a b c d "Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack". Rediff.com. 14 December 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Mastermind killed". China Daily. 31 August 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ a b . Embassy of India – Washington DC. 18 December 2001. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "The terrorists had the home ministry and special Parliament label". Rediff.com India. 13 December 2001.
- ^ "Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed". Rediff.com. 13 December 2001.
- ^ a b c "2001: Suicide attack on Indian parliament". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ a b c Vishnu, J T (17 December 2001). "ISI supervised Parliament attack Main coordinator of Jaish, two others arrested". The Tribune. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Catherine (23 May 2017). The Exile: The Flight of Osama bin Laden. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-1-4088-5878-3.
- ^ PTI (13 December 2011). "Parliament attack victims remembered". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "PM Modi pays homage to the 2001 Parliament attack martyrs: Key points about the heinous attack". India.com. Penske Media Corporation. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
The names of the terrorists given by Delhi Police were Hamza, Haider alias Tufail, Rana, Ranvijay and Mohammed.
- ^ a b Kaur, Naunidhi (21 December 2002). "Conviction in Parliament attack case". Frontline. Vol. 19, no. 23. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "Syed Abdul Rahman Geelani, ex-DU professor acquitted by SC in 2001 Parliament attack case, dies of cardiac arrest in Delhi". Firstpost. Press Trust of India. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ a b State ( N.C.T. of Delhi ) vs. Navjot Sandhu alias Afsan (Supreme Court of India 8 August 2005).
- ^ "Ram Jethmalani: A look at his most famous cases". Hindustan Times. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (23 November 2011). "Defending Geelani almost cost me my political career: Jethmalani". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- ^ "All you need to know about the 2001 Parliament attack". Firstpost. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
- ^ Roy, Arundhati (15 December 2006). "India's Shame". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Encounter specialist killed by his own gun". The Hindu. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ State vs Mohd. Afzal And Ors. (Delhi High Court 29 October 2003).Text
- ^ Mody, Anjali (30 October 2003). "Geelani, Afsan Guru acquitted in Parliament attack case". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Ms. Guru (formerly Ms. Navjot Sandhu) had been sentenced to five-years rigorous imprisonment on the lesser charge of concealing knowledge of the conspiracy.
[dead link] - ^ a b . The Hindu. 17 December 2002. Archived from the original on 4 April 2003. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Parliament attack: Advani points towards neighbouring country". Rediff.com. 14 December 2001.
- ^ "Parl attacks proved terrorism biggest threat to democracy: Advani". Firstpost. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Home Minister LK Advani made an indirect reference to Pakistan, saying that "clues" following the attack showed that "a neighbouring country, and some terrorist organisations active there behind" the attack.
- ^ Vinay, Kumar (30 April 2007). "Kalam: law will take its course in Afzal case". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 March 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Gupta, Smita (13 February 2016). "The role of Pranab Mukherjee in Afzal Guru's hanging". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Though Afzal Guru's mercy petition file came to Rashtrapati Bhavan on August 4, 2011 (when Ms. Patil was in office), Mr. Mukherjee, after taking charge, sent the file back on November 15, 2012 to the Home Ministry for a fresh look. The Home Ministry returned the file to the President on January 23 this year, and he sent it back, rejecting the petition, on February 3, paving the way for Saturday's execution.
- ^ Roy, Rajesh. "Indian Parliament Attack Planner Hanged".
- ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (13 June 2016). "In Tihar, officials feel 'tinge of sorrow'". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Thereafter Afzal's body was taken down from the gallows and buried with full religious rites near Jail No. 3, right next to the grave of Kashmiri separatist Maqbool Butt who too was hanged in Tihar.
External links
- 2001 Indian Parliament attack video on YouTube
- Parliament attack: Why didn't the bomb explode? Afzal Guru wonders
- Book review: The Strange Case of the Attack on the Indian Parliament
- Unanswered questions are the remains of the day