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Baháʼí House of Worship

February 16, 2024

A Baháʼí House of Worship or Baháʼí temple is a place of worship of the Baháʼí Faith. It is also referred to by the name Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, which is Arabic for "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God".

The Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois

Baháʼí Houses of Worship are open to both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼís for prayer and reflection. All Baháʼí Houses of Worship have a round, nine-sided shape and are surrounded by nine pathways leading outwards and nine gardens. Baháʼí literature envisages Houses of Worship surrounded by a number of dependencies dedicated to social, humanitarian, educational, and scientific pursuits, although no Baháʼí House of Worship has yet been built up to that extent. At present, most Baháʼí devotional meetings occur in individuals' homes or local Baháʼí centres rather than in Baháʼí Houses of Worship.

As of 2023, fourteen Baháʼí Houses of Worship have been completed around the world (including one that was later destroyed). Eight of the thirteen that are currently standing are continental Houses of Worship, located in the United States, Uganda, Australia, Germany, Panama, Samoa, India, and Chile. Two of the continental Houses of Worship, the Lotus Temple and the Santiago Baháʼí Temple, have won numerous architectural awards.

Of the other five standing Baháʼí Houses of Worship, four are local Houses of Worship and one is a national House of Worship. Work on another two Baháʼí Houses of Worship is ongoing, and Baháʼí communities own over 120 properties intended for future Houses of Worship.

History edit

 
A map of the location of Baháʼí Houses of Worship worldwide as of 2021; dark green represents countries that currently have a House of Worship, red represents countries where a House of Worship once existed but no longer does, and light green represents countries where a House of Worship is planned or under construction; black dots indicate the location of completed Houses of Worship, while hollow black dots indicate the location of Houses of Worship that are planned or under construction.

The Baháʼí House of Worship was first mentioned under the name Mashriqu'l-Adhkár (مشرق اﻻذكار; Arabic for "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God") in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, the book of laws of Baháʼu'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí Faith.[1][2][a] Baháʼu'lláh wrote:[5]

O people of the world! Build ye houses of worship throughout the lands in the name of Him Who is the Lord of all religions. Make them as perfect as is possible in the world of being, and adorn them with that which befitteth them, not with images and effigies. Then, with radiance and joy, celebrate therein the praise of your Lord, the Most Compassionate.

The first Baháʼí House of Worship, in what is now Turkmenistan, was planned during the lifetime of Baháʼu'lláh and then designed and constructed during the ministry of his son and successor, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[6] It was completed in 1919 but later expropriated from the Baháʼís and eventually demolished.[7] The cornerstone of the first Baháʼí House of Worship that is still standing, in the United States, was laid in 1912 by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, and the House of Worship was dedicated in 1953 during the ministry of his grandson and successor, Shoghi Effendi.[3]

Also in 1953, Shoghi Effendi announced a long-term plan to build a temple for each (roughly) continental region.[8] These temples are referred to as "Mother temples" or continental temples and are intended as the first of many temples in their regions.[4][9] Shoghi Effendi died in 1957, but his plans for the construction of Baháʼí Houses of Worship were continued by the Universal House of Justice, a body first elected in 1963 that has led the world Baháʼí community since that time.[4] The Universal House of Justice has included constructing Houses of Worship in the goals of some of its teaching plans.[10] By the end of the twentieth century, further continental Houses of Worship were completed in Uganda, Australia, Germany, Panama, Samoa, and India.[11] In 2001, the Universal House of Justice wrote in its Ridván Message to the Baháʼís of the world that "with profound thankfulness and joy ... we announce at this auspicious moment the decision to proceed" with the construction in Chile of the eighth and final continental House of Worship.[11] It was completed in 2016.[12]

Meanwhile, in the Ridván message of 2012, the Universal House of Justice announced the locations of the first local and national Baháʼí Houses of Worship that would be built.[13] The first two national Houses of Worship would be in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Papua New Guinea, while the first five local Houses of Worship would be in Cambodia, India, Kenya, Colombia, and Vanuatu.[13] Since then, one of the planned national Houses of Worship has been completed,[14] as have four of the planned local Houses of Worship.[15][16][17][18] Work on the second national House of Worship and the fifth local House of Worship is in progress.[19][20] In addition, more than 120 national Baháʼí communities have now acquired properties for the eventual construction of Baháʼí Houses of Worship,[3][6] compared to 84 national communities that had done so by 1988.[21]

Architecture edit

 
Interior of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Sydney

All Baháʼí Houses of Worship share certain architectural elements, some of which are specified by Baháʼí scripture.[6] They are required to have a round, nine-sided shape and to have nine pathways lead outward and nine gardens surrounding them.[3] The number nine is symbolically significant for Baháʼís, representing completeness, perfection, and the Baháʼí teaching of the unity of religion.[6] While as of 2010 all standing Baháʼí Houses of Worship have a dome, the Baháʼí laws do not require Houses of Worship to have domes.[6] The Greatest Name, a Baháʼí symbol, appears in calligraphy in each temple, often at the top of the dome.[22] All Baháʼí Houses of Worship also have a prayer hall, with seats facing towards the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre, Israel, which is the Qiblih, the direction Baháʼís face in their obligatory prayers.[3] No pulpits or altars may be incorporated as architectural features.[21]

While they share some essential architectural elements, Baháʼí Houses of Worship differ in other aspects of their designs.[6] Design proposals may be submitted by Baháʼí and non-Baháʼí architects, and some completed Houses of Worship were designed by non-Baháʼís.[6] The Baháʼí Houses of Worship designed while Shoghi Effendi led the Baháʼí community include many classical architectural elements and generally avoid modern styles, which he described as "for the most part ugly, and altogether too utilitarian in aspect for a House of Worship".[4] To varying degrees, Baháʼí Houses of Worship also integrate cultural and environmental elements from the areas in which they are built into their materials, landscaping, and architecture.[21] These local symbols are generally more prominent in the more recent Houses of Worship.[23]

Purpose and activities edit

A Baháʼí House of Worship is a place of worship of the Baháʼí Faith, where both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼís can express devotion to God.[24] Baháʼí Houses of Worship are open to all regardless of religion, gender, or any other distinction.[21] The only requirements for entry are modest dress and quiet behavior.[4] The Baháʼí laws state that a House of Worship should be built in each city and town.[21] Shoghi Effendi said that a Baháʼí temple is a "silent teacher" of the Baháʼí Faith.[25]

The Baháʼí laws require that only scriptural texts—of the Baháʼí Faith or other religions—may be read or chanted inside, though in any language.[21] Since there are no pulpits, readers may use a simple portable lectern.[21] While readings and prayers that have been set to music may be sung by choirs, no musical instruments may be played inside.[21] Several Baháʼí Houses of Worship have established choirs that sing music based on the Baháʼí writings (scriptures).[4] Baháʼí scripture also states that no pictures, statues, or images may be displayed within Houses of Worship.[21] No sermons may be delivered, and no ritualistic ceremonies may be practiced.[21] Memorial services are sometimes held in Bahá'í Houses of Worship, and while wedding ceremonies are not permitted inside, they are often held in the gardens of the temples.[4] In mainly Christian countries, Baháʼí Houses of Worship offer weekly devotional services on Sundays, with the Baháʼí calendar not yet implemented for temple worship.[4]

Shoghi Effendi taught that Houses of Worship should each be surrounded by a complex of humanitarian, educational, and charitable institutions—such as schools, hospitals, homes for the elderly, universities, and hostels—to serve the areas in which they are situated.[21][3] He said the future interaction between the House of Worship and its dependencies could provide "the essentials of Baháʼí worship and service, both so vital to the regeneration of the world".[3] To date, only a few such dependencies have been built[2] and no Baháʼí House of Worship has had the full range of dependencies that are envisioned.[21][26] Shoghi Effendi also viewed the functions of the House of Worship as complementary to those of the Haziratu'l-Quds (commonly known as a Baháʼí centre), and said that it would be desirable if both these buildings were on the same site.[3] At present, Baháʼí devotional meetings in most communities take place in homes or Baháʼí centres, but Elham Afnan notes that such activities "evoke the spirit" of a House of Worship with the goal that it can eventually be constructed.[2]

Funding and administration edit

Baháʼí Houses of Worship are funded by the voluntary contributions of Baháʼí communities.[21] There are no collections during temple services and only Baháʼís are permitted to contribute to the Baháʼí funds, including funds for the construction and maintenance of Houses of Worship.[21] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi both viewed the construction of Baháʼí Houses of Worship in individual countries as projects of the international Baháʼí community.[3] When Houses of Worship are built, the required funds accordingly come from Baháʼís around the world.[27] Worldwide, expenses associated with Houses of Worship (and with the buildings at the Baháʼí World Centre) constitute a significant part of the spending of the Baháʼí administration.[28]

In general, a Baháʼí House of Worship and the grounds on which it is situated are the property of the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly of that country, and the properties are held in a financial endowment.[24] A committee of the National Spiritual Assembly of the relevant country administers the House of Worship's activities and affairs, but spiritually they see themselves as custodians of a temple that belongs to all the world's Baháʼís.[24]

Continental Houses of Worship edit

Wilmette, U.S. edit

 
One of nine towers of the Wilmette temple
Main article: Baháʼí House of Worship (Wilmette, Illinois)
See also: Baháʼí Faith in the United States

The oldest extant Baháʼí House of Worship stands in Wilmette, on the shore of Lake Michigan near Chicago.[29] It has received architectural awards.[6] In 1978, it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places.[6][30] In 2007, the Baháʼí House of Worship was named one of the Seven Wonders of Illinois by the Illinois Bureau of Tourism.[31][32] The temple is visited by about 250,000 people every year.[33][29]

During his journeys to the West, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá came to Wilmette for the groundbreaking ceremony of the temple and laid the foundation stone on 1 May 1912.[34][3] The principal architect was Louis Bourgeois,[21] though his original design ended up being amended numerous times due to impractical elements.[3] Construction began in 1921 and was completed in 1951, and the temple was dedicated in 1953.[3] The total cost of the construction was above $2.6 million.[35] From 1958–2001, the Wilmette House of Worship was associated with a "home for the aged", operated by the U.S. Baháʼí community.[26]

The cladding of the building is composed of a concrete mixture of Portland cement, quartz, and sand, developed for the temple by John Joseph Earley.[3] From ground level, the building stands approximately 58.2 metres tall and the diameter of the dome is 27.4 metres.[3] The auditorium seats 1,191 visitors.[21] The exterior is adorned with symbols from various religions, including the Latin Cross, the Greek Cross, the star and crescent, the Star of David, the swastika (which is an ancient symbol used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism), and the five-pointed star.[4] The grounds of the temple feature nine fountains, rows of Chinese junipers, and a wide range of flowers including thousands of tulips planted each fall.[33]

Kampala, Uganda edit

See also: Baháʼí Faith in Uganda
 
People outside the Kampala Baháʼí temple

There is a Baháʼí House of Worship situated on the northern outskirts of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city, on Kikaaya Hill.[3][6] Shoghi Effendi announced that the Kampala temple would be built in 1955 after persecution of Baháʼís in Iran made it impossible for them to build one.[36] It was designed by architect Charles Mason Remey.[4] The foundation stone was laid on 26 January 1957 by Rúhíyyih Khánum, representing Shoghi Effendi.[3] Musa Banani, the first Hand of the Cause in Africa, was also present for the groundbreaking and placed a gift of soil from the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh, sent by Shoghi Effendi, in the foundation.[37] The dedication ceremony was held in January 1961 and was also attended by Rúhíyyih Khánum.[3][38]

The building is more than 39 metres high, and over 100 metres in diameter at the base.[39] The dome is over 37 metres high and 13 metres in diameter.[39] As a protection against earthquakes that can occur in the region, the temple has a foundation that goes 3 metres beneath the ground.[39] The temple has seating for 800 people.[21][3] At the time it was built, the Kampala Baháʼí temple was the tallest building in East Africa.[6]

The temple's dome is built out of fixed mosaic tiles from Italy, whereas the tiles of the lower roof are from Belgium.[4] The wall panels contain windows of green, pale blue, and amber colored glass of German origin.[4] Both the timber used for making the doors and benches and the stone used for the walls of the temple are from within Uganda itself.[4] The property includes the House of Worship, extensive gardens, a guest house, and an administrative centre.[39]

Sydney, Australia edit

Main article: Sydney Baháʼí Temple
See also: Baháʼí Faith in Australia

The fourth Baháʼí temple to be completed (and third still standing) is in Ingleside in the northern suburbs of Sydney, Australia.[21] This temple serves as the "Mother Temple of the Antipodes".[4] According to Jennifer Taylor, a historian at Sydney University, it is among Sydney's four most significant religious buildings constructed in the twentieth century.[40] The initial design by Charles Mason Remey was given to Sydney architect John Brogan to develop and complete.[40] It was dedicated in September 1961 and opened to the public after four years of construction.[41]

Construction materials include crushed quartz concrete,[6] local hardwoods in the interior,[40] and concrete and marble in the dome.[41] There is seating for 600 people.[4] The building stands 38 metres in height, has a diameter at its widest point of 20 metres, and is a highly visible landmark from Sydney's northern beaches.[4] The property is set high in a natural bushland setting overlooking the Pacific Ocean.[4] The surrounding gardens contain a variety of native Australian flora including waratahs, three species of eucalypts, caleyi and other grevillea, acacia, and woody pear.[4]

Langenhain, Germany edit

 
The Baháʼí House of Worship in Germany during winter
See also: Baháʼí Faith in Germany

There is a Baháʼí House of Worship at the foot of the Taunus Mountains of Germany, in the village of Langenhain near Frankfurt.[6] It was designed by German architect Teuto Rocholl.[6] The foundation stone for the temple was laid on 20 November 1960 by Amelia Collins[3] and the temple was dedicated on 4 July 1964.[6] Its construction was opposed by a number of Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany at the time.[42] The temple's superstructure was prefabricated in the Netherlands out of steel and concrete.[4] The center of the interior of the temple is illuminated by light shining through over 500 glass panels above.[21][4] At its base, the interior is 48 metres in diameter.[4] The height from ground level is 28.3 metres and the temple can seat up to 600 people.[3] Seena Fazel describes the House of Worship as having a "distinctive concrete and glass modernist design".[43]

Panama City, Panama edit

See also: Baháʼí Faith in Panama

There is a Baháʼí temple in Panama City, Panama, which was designed by English architect Peter Tillotson.[21] Rúhíyyih Khánum laid the foundation stone on 8 October 1967 and temple was dedicated on 29 April 1972.[3] It is perched on a mountain named Cerro Sonsonate,[6] 10 km northeast of Panama City such that it can be seen from many parts of the city.[4] The temple is built from local stone, which is laid in designs evoking Native American fabric designs[4] and temples of the ancient Americas.[6] The dome is covered with thousands of small oval tiles[4] and rises to a height of 28 metres.[3] The temple has seats made from mahogany for up to 550 people and a floor made from terrazzo.[6]

Tiapapata, Samoa edit

See also: Baháʼí Faith in Samoa

There is a Baháʼí House of Worship set in Tiapapata, in the hills behind Apia, Samoa.[21] It was designed by Hossein Amanat.[6] Both Malietoa Tanumafili II of Samoa, the world's first Baháʼí head of state, and Rúhíyyih Khánum helped lay the foundation stone on 27 January 1979 and attended the dedication on 1 September 1984.[6] The temple was completed at a total cost of $6.5 million.[28][44] It has a 30-metre-tall domed structure[3] and seats up to 500 people in the main hall plus 200 on the mezzanine level.[4] The structure is open to the island breezes; Graham Hassall writes that this fosters a suitable environment for meditation and prayer.[4]

New Delhi, India edit

 
The Lotus Temple at night
Main article: Lotus Temple
See also: Baháʼí Faith in India

In Bahapur, New Delhi, India,[4] there is a Baháʼí House of Worship that is commonly known as the Lotus Temple, which was designed by Iranian-American architect Fariborz Sahba.[45] Rúhíyyih Khánum laid the foundation stone on 17 October 1977 and dedicated the temple on 24 December 1986.[3] The total cost was $10 million.[28][44] The temple has won numerous architectural awards,[46][47] including from the Institution of Structural Engineers,[6] the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,[6] and the Architectural Society of China.[4] It has also become a major attraction for people of various religions, with up to 100,000 visitors on some Hindu holy days;[47] estimates for the number of visitors per year range from 2.5 million to 5 million.[47][4][48] The temple is often listed as one of Delhi's main tourist attractions,[4] and even as one of the most visited buildings in the world.[49][50]

Inspired by the sacred lotus flower, the temple's design is composed of 27 free-standing, marble-clad "petals" grouped into clusters of three and thus forming nine sides.[4] The temple's shape has symbolic and inter-religious significance because the lotus is often associated with the Hindu goddess Lakshmi.[47] Nine doors open onto a central hall[46] with permanent seating for 1,200 people, which can be expanded for a total seating capacity of 2,500 people.[21] The temple rises to a height of 40.8 metres[21] and is situated on a property that covers 105,000 square metres and features nine surrounding ponds.[46] An educational centre beside the temple was established in 2017.[48]

Santiago, Chile edit

 
The Santiago Bahá'í House of Worship
Main article: Santiago Baháʼí Temple
See also: Baháʼí Faith in Chile

The continental Baháʼí House of Worship for South America (or "Mother Temple for South America") is located in Santiago, Chile.[51] Shoghi Effendi announced Chile as the site for the continental temple of South America in 1953, and in 2001 the process to build the temple was launched.[8] The chosen design was by Siamak Hariri of Hariri Pontarini Architects in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[52] Excavation was initiated at the site in 2010 and construction began in 2012.[53] The doors opened on 19 October 2016.[8] The Santiago temple cost a total of $30 million to build[8] and has won a range of Canadian and international architectural awards.[54][55][56]

The Santiago Baháʼí House of Worship is ringed by nine entrances, nine pathways, and nine fountains, and the structure is composed of nine arching "sails".[8] These have also been described as nine "petals" and the temple's shape as "floral"; the "petals" are separated by glass which allows light to illuminate the temple's interior.[53] The exterior of the "petals" is made from cast glass while the interior is made from translucent Portuguese marble.[53] The sides of the temple are held up on the inside by a steel and aluminum superstructure.[8] The temple can seat 600 people[57] and it is 30 metres high and 30 metres in diameter.[53]

Other Houses of Worship edit

Completed but destroyed edit

See also: Baháʼí Faith in Turkmenistan

The first Baháʼí House of Worship was built in the city of Ashgabat, which was then a part of Russia's Transcaspian Oblast and is now the capital of Turkmenistan.[6] It was started in 1902 and mostly completed by 1907, but was not fully finished until 1919.[7] Plans for this House of Worship were first made during the lifetime of Baháʼu'lláh.[6] The design was prepared by Ustad Ali-Akbar Banna,[6] and after his death the construction was supervised by Vakílu'd-Dawlih.[21] In 1928, the House of Worship was expropriated by the Soviet authorities and thereafter it was leased back to the Baháʼís.[3] This arrangement lasted until 1938, when it was fully secularized and turned into an art gallery.[4] The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake seriously damaged the building, rendering it unsafe; the heavy rains of the following years weakened the structure, until in 1963 the building was demolished and the site was converted into a public park.[21]

The Ashgabat House of Worship was surrounded by gardens with nine ponds.[3] At the four corners of the plot of land surrounding the House of Worship were various buildings: a boys' school; a girls' school; a large meeting hall; and a group of buildings including the offices of the Local Spiritual Assembly, a reading room, and a room for meeting with enquirers.[3]

Completed and standing edit

 
Local Baháʼí House of Worship in Agua Azul, Colombia

The Battambang, Cambodia temple was the world's first local Baháʼí House of Worship to be completed.[15] The temple was designed by Cambodian architect Sochet Vitou Tang, who is a practicing Buddhist, and integrates distinctive Cambodian architectural principles.[58] A dedication ceremony and official opening conference took place on 1–2 September 2017, attended by Cambodian dignitaries, locals, and representatives of Baháʼí communities throughout southeast Asia.[59][15]

The temple in Agua Azul in the municipality of Villa Rica, Cauca Department, Colombia was the second local Baháʼí House of Worship to be completed in the world.[60] The temple design, by architect Julian Gutierrez Chacón, was inspired by the shape of the cocoa seed, which was integral to the local culture before the arrival of the sugar cane industry.[60] An opening dedication ceremony took place on 22 July 2018, followed by devotional services in the House of Worship.[16]

A local Baháʼí House of Worship was opened on 23 May 2021 in Matunda Soy, Kenya.[17]

On 13 November 2021, a local Baháʼí House of Worship opened near the town of Lenakel on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu.[18]

The world's first national Baháʼí House of Worship, located in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was dedicated and opened its doors on 25 March 2023.[14]

Planned or under construction edit

Currently, construction of a national Baháʼí House of Worship in Papua New Guinea is ongoing,[19] while a groundbreaking ceremony has taken place for a local Baháʼí House of Worship in Hargawan near Bihar Sharif, India.[20] The design for the temple near Bihar Sharif, created by architect Amritha Ballal, was shortlisted for the 2022 World Architecture Festival.[61]

In 2023, the Universal House of Justice announced plans for three further Houses of Worship: local Houses of Worship in Nepal and Zambia and a national House of Worship in Canada.[62]

Designs completed edit

 
Obelisk marking the position of the future Bahá'í House of Worship, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel

A site was selected and purchased in 1932 for a Baháʼí House of Worship in Hadiqa, northeast of Tehran, Iran.[3] Charles Mason Remey provided a design for this temple which Shoghi Effendi then approved.[3] A drawing of the design was published in an issue of The Baháʼí World.[63] To date, however, the construction of this temple has not been possible.[3]

A design was created for a Baháʼí House of Worship near Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel.[3] It was created by Charles Mason Remey and approved by Shoghi Effendi in 1952.[3] A photo of the model of the Haifa House of Worship can be found in an issue of The Baháʼí World.[64] An obelisk marks the site where the House of Worship is to be built, but as of 2010, plans for constructing this House of Worship have not been made.[3]

Analysis edit

Margit Warburg describes the architecture of the Baháʼí Houses of Worship as "remarkable".[24] Denis MacEoin writes that several of the Baháʼí Houses of Worship are "fine examples of modern religious architecture",[65] but argues that no distinct Baháʼí architectural style has emerged given that the best-designed Baháʼí Houses of Worship each have a unique character.[66] Anne Gordon Perry argues, by contrast, that Baháʼí Houses of Worship may provide "the clearest indication of a distinctive Bahá’í aesthetic thus far ... with their characteristic nine sides, circular domes, serene and welcoming gardens and walkways, fountains, and other aesthetic elements".[67]

Warburg writes that the presence of Baháʼí Houses of Worship on all continents except Antarctica shows the worldwide presence of the Baháʼí Faith.[24] She also argues that there are a number of parallels between Baháʼí Houses of Worship and mosques: decoration with geometric patterns rather than images or statues, the absence of offering or communion rituals, and the adaptation of architectural designs to local cultural styles.[68]

Warburg found in her fieldwork at several Baháʼí temples that almost all attendees of weekly services were Baháʼís but that many non-Baháʼís visited at other times during the week.[69] She has questioned whether having the temples open for visitors but without activities at most times during the week is "the optimal mission strategy" for Baháʼís, noting an account of a visitor confused by one temple's apparent lack of purpose.[24] However, Graham Hassall has disputed Warburg's analysis, pointing to the large number of tourists visiting many Baháʼí Houses of Worship and positive coverage in online media such as travel guides and blogs.[4]

Gallery edit

  •  
    The first Baháʼí House of Worship (since destroyed), in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, United States
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Kampala, Uganda
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Sydney, Australia
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Langenhain, Germany
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Panama City, Panama
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Tiapapata, Samoa
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in New Delhi, India, known as the Lotus Temple
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Santiago, Chile
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Battambang, Cambodia
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Agua Azul, Colombia
  •  
    Baháʼí House of Worship in Matunda Soy, Kenya
  •  
    Design for a Baháʼí House of Worship to be built in Tehran, Iran
  •  
    Design for a Baháʼí House of Worship to be built in Haifa, Israel

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Baháʼu'lláh used the term Mashriqu'l-Adhkár to refer to any building where people gathered to worship.[1][3] His successor, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, continued this general usage of the term but also described a more specific type of building using the same term,[3] which for instance he said must be round and nine-sided.[4] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's successor, Shoghi Effendi, wrote that the term Mashriqu'l-Adhkár should apply only to this latter, more specific type of building, and that the Baháʼí centres used in most Baháʼí communities should be known instead as Haziratu'l-Quds.[3] Since then, Shoghi Effendi's more specific meaning of Mashriqu'l-Adhkár has persisted, and it is buildings of this type that are known in English as Baháʼí Houses of Worship or Baháʼí temples.[3]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Smith 2000, p. 235.
  2. ^ a b c Afnan 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Momen 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Hassall 2012b.
  5. ^ Warburg 2006, pp. 486–487.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Buck 2010.
  7. ^ a b Momen 1991.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Razmilic 2016.
  9. ^ Smith 2022.
  10. ^ Hartz 2009, p. 107.
  11. ^ a b Adamson 2007, p. 303.
  12. ^ Foroudi 2016.
  13. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2012.
  14. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2023a.
  15. ^ a b c Baháʼí World News Service 2017c.
  16. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2018b.
  17. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2021b.
  18. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2021c.
  19. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2019.
  20. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2021a.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Rafati & Sahba 1988.
  22. ^ Warburg 2006, p. 487.
  23. ^ Warburg 2006, p. 490.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Warburg 2006, p. 492.
  25. ^ Warburg 2006, p. 493.
  26. ^ a b Warburg 2006, p. 486.
  27. ^ Warburg 2006, p. 211.
  28. ^ a b c Warburg 1993.
  29. ^ a b Stausberg 2011, p. 96.
  30. ^ Milnarik n.d.
  31. ^ Geller 2019.
  32. ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2007.
  33. ^ a b Swanson 2007.
  34. ^ Stockman 2022b.
  35. ^ Smith 2000, p. 236.
  36. ^ Stockman & van den Hoonaard 2022.
  37. ^ Zohoori 1990, pp. 134–138.
  38. ^ admin (1 July 2023). "The Bahai Temple in Kampala Uganda - Entrance Fee and Opening Times". Silverback Gorilla Tours. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  39. ^ a b c d Rulekere 2006.
  40. ^ a b c Dictionary of Sydney 2008.
  41. ^ a b Hassall 2012a.
  42. ^ Hartz 2009, p. 124.
  43. ^ Fazel 2022.
  44. ^ a b Smith 2000, p. 241.
  45. ^ Mackin-Solomon 2013.
  46. ^ a b c Rizor 2011.
  47. ^ a b c d Garlington 2006.
  48. ^ a b Pearson 2022.
  49. ^ Brar 2001.
  50. ^ Hartz 2009, p. 8.
  51. ^ Stockman 2022a.
  52. ^ Scott 2006.
  53. ^ a b c d Díaz 2017.
  54. ^ e-architect 2017.
  55. ^ Bozikovic 2019.
  56. ^ e-architect 2021.
  57. ^ ArchDaily 2016.
  58. ^ Baháʼí World News Service 2017b.
  59. ^ Baháʼí World News Service 2017a.
  60. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service 2018a.
  61. ^ Adlakha 2022.
  62. ^ Baháʼí World News Service 2023b.
  63. ^ Baháʼí World 1963–1968, p. 495.
  64. ^ Baháʼí World 1950–1954, p. 548.
  65. ^ MacEoin 1997.
  66. ^ MacEoin 2005.
  67. ^ Perry 2022.
  68. ^ Warburg 2006, pp. 489–490.
  69. ^ Warburg 2006, pp. 490–493.

References edit

Books edit

  • Adamson, Hugh (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Baháʼí Faith (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5096-5.
  • Afnan, Elham (2022). "Ch. 39: Devotional Life". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 479–487. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-45. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Fazel, Seena (2022). "Ch. 43: Europe". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 532–545. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-50. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Garlington, William (2006). "Indian Baha'i tradition". In Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene R. (eds.). Religions of South Asia. London: Routledge. pp. 247–260. ISBN 0415223903.
  • Hartz, Paula (2009). World Religions: Baha'i Faith (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60413-104-8.
  • Hassall, Graham (2012b). "The Bahá'í House of Worship: Localisation and Universal Form". In Cusack, Carol; Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 4. Leiden: Brill. pp. 599–632. doi:10.1163/9789004226487_025. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. ISSN 1874-6691.
  • MacEoin, Denis (1997). "Baha'ism". In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions. London: Penguin Books. pp. 618–643. ISBN 0140514805.
  • MacEoin, Denis (2005). "Baha'ism: Some Uncertainties about its Role as a Globalizing Religion". In Warburg, Margit; Hvithamar, Annika; Warmind, Morten (eds.). Bahaʼi and Globalisation. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp. 287–306. ISBN 8779341098.
  • Momen, Moojan (1991). "The Baha'i Community of Ashkhabad; its Social Basis and Importance in Baha'i History". In Akiner, Shirin (ed.). Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia. London: Routledge. pp. 278–305. doi:10.4324/9780203038130. ISBN 9780203038130.
  • Pearson, Anne M. (2022). "Ch. 49: South Asia". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 603–613. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-56. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Perry, Anne Gordon (2022). "Ch. 25: Artistic Expression". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 291–304. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-30. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Smith, Peter (2022). "Ch. 41: The History of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 501–512. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-48. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Stausberg, Michael (2011). Religion and Tourism: Crossroads, Destinations, and Encounters. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9780415549318.
  • Stockman, Robert (2022a). "Ch. 45: Latin America and the Caribbean". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 557–568. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-52. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Stockman, Robert (2022b). "Ch. 46: North America". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 569–580. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-53. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Stockman, Robert; van den Hoonaard, Will C. (2022). "Ch. 51: Sub-Saharan Africa". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 622–636. doi:10.4324/9780429027772-58. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
  • Warburg, Margit (2006). Citizens of the World: A History and Sociology of the Bahaʹis from a Globalisation Perspective. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-14373-9.
  • Zohoori, Elias (1990). Names and Numbers. Jamaica: Caribbean Printers Limited. ISBN 976-8012-43-9.

Encyclopedias edit

  • Buck, Christopher (2010). "Temples—Baha'i Faith". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 6. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 2817–2821. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  • Dictionary of Sydney staff writer (2008). "Baha'i House of Worship". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  • Milnarik, Elizabeth. "Baha'i Temple". In Esperdy, Gabrielle; Kingsley, Karen (eds.). SAH Archipedia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  • Momen, Moojan (2010). "Mašreq al-Aḏkār". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
  • Rafati, V.; Sahba, F. (1988). "BAHAISM ix. Bahai temples". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 465–467.
  • Smith, Peter (2000). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oneworld Publications, Oxford, England. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.

News media edit

  • Adlakha, Nidhi (15 October 2022). "How to build for the future: India's shortlists at the upcoming World Architecture Festival 2022". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  • "Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced". Baháʼí World News Service. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  • "Preparations for Temple inauguration accelerate". Baháʼí World News Service. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  • "Spirit and aspirations of a people: Reflections of Temple's architect". Baháʼí World News Service. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  • "Inauguration conference concludes". Bahá’í World News Service. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  • "On eve of dedication, architect reflects on culture, environment, spiritual principle". Baháʼí World News Service. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  • "Colombia Temple dedicated in joyful ceremony". Baháʼí World News Service. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  • "Construction advances on historic first national Baha'i House of Worship". Bahá’í World News Service. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  • "Ground broken for first local Bahá'í temple in India". Bahá’í World News Service. 21 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  • "Kenya: First Local Bahá'í temple in Africa opens its doors". Bahá’í World News Service. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  • "Vanuatu: First local Bahá'í temple in the Pacific opens its doors". Bahá’í World News Service. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  • "DRC: First national House of Worship opens its doors". Bahá’í World News Service. 25 March 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  • "Houses of Worship: Three new Houses of Worship to be established". Bahá’í World News Service. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  • Bozikovic, Alex (25 October 2019). "Global $100,000 prize in architecture goes to Toronto's Hariri Pontarini Architects". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  • Brar, Manpreet (14 July 2001). . CNN. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  • Foroudi, Layli (11 November 2016). "The temple that welcomes all religions, or none at all". CNN. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  • Mackin-Solomon, Ashley (23 January 2013). "Iranian architect living in La Jolla devoted to creating 'spiritual space'". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  • "'Seven Wonders' of Illinois". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 7 May 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  • Rulekere, Gerald (7 September 2006). "Uganda's Bahá'í Temple". UGPulse. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  • Scott, Alec (13 July 2006). . CBC. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2020.

Other edit

  • "Award for Bahá'í Temple of South America". e-architect. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  • "Bahá'í Temple Chile Award News". e-architect. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  • "Bahá'í Temple / Hariri Pontarini Architects". ArchDaily. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  • Baháʼí World, vol. XII. 1950–1954.
  • Baháʼí World, vol. XIV. 1963–1968.
  • Díaz, Francisco (12 January 2017). "In the Heights: The Baháʼí Temple of South America, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile". Canadian Architect. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  • Geller, Randall S. (2019). "The Baha'i minority in the State of Israel, 1948–1957". Middle Eastern Studies. 55 (3): 403–418. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1520100.
  • Hassall, Graham (2012a). "The Baháʼí Faith in Australia 1947–1963". Journal of Religious History. 36 (4): 563–576. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2012.01231.x.
  • Razmilic, Rayna (26 October 2016). "This Baháʼí Temple Took 14 Years To Build—It Was Worth the Wait". Metropolis. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  • Rizor, John (21 August 2011). "AD Classics: Lotus Temple / Fariborz Sahba". ArchDaily. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  • Swanson, Sandra (18 June 2007). "The Annotated: Baha'i Temple". Chicago. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  • Warburg, Margit (1993). "Economic Rituals: The Structure and Meaning of Donations in the Baha'i Religion". Social Compass. 40 (1): 25–31.

Further reading edit

Academic publishers edit

  • Buck, Christopher (2010). "Temples—Baha'i Faith". In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 6. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 2817–2821. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  • Hassall, Graham (2012). "The Bahá'í House of Worship: Localisation and Universal Form". In Cusack, Carol; Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 4. Leiden: Brill. pp. 599–632. doi:10.1163/9789004226487_025. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1. ISSN 1874-6691.
  • Momen, Moojan (2010). "Mašreq al-Aḏkār". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
  • Rafati, V.; Sahba, F. (1988). "BAHAISM ix. Bahai temples". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 465–467.

Baháʼí publisher edit

  • Badiee, Julie (1992). An Earthly Paradise: Baháʼí Houses of Worship Around the World. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-316-X.
  • Carter, Joe; Afnan, Nooshfar (2022). Baha'i House of Worship: Design, Construction and Community. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 978-0-85398-639-3. OCLC 1324467914.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bahá'í Houses of Worship.
  • The Mashriqu'l-Adhkár - Baháʼí Houses of Worship (from bahai.org, the official site of the world's Baháʼís)
  • (archived compilation of relevant Baháʼí sacred texts)
  • Chronology and related documents on Baháʼí Library Online

February 16, 2024
baháʼí, house, worship, baháʼí, temple, place, worship, baháʼí, faith, also, referred, name, mashriqu, adhkár, which, arabic, dawning, place, remembrance, wilmette, illinoisbaháʼí, houses, worship, open, both, baháʼís, baháʼís, prayer, reflection, baháʼí, hous. A Bahaʼi House of Worship or Bahaʼi temple is a place of worship of the Bahaʼi Faith It is also referred to by the name Mashriqu l Adhkar which is Arabic for Dawning place of the remembrance of God The Bahaʼi House of Worship in Wilmette IllinoisBahaʼi Houses of Worship are open to both Bahaʼis and non Bahaʼis for prayer and reflection All Bahaʼi Houses of Worship have a round nine sided shape and are surrounded by nine pathways leading outwards and nine gardens Bahaʼi literature envisages Houses of Worship surrounded by a number of dependencies dedicated to social humanitarian educational and scientific pursuits although no Bahaʼi House of Worship has yet been built up to that extent At present most Bahaʼi devotional meetings occur in individuals homes or local Bahaʼi centres rather than in Bahaʼi Houses of Worship As of 2023 update fourteen Bahaʼi Houses of Worship have been completed around the world including one that was later destroyed Eight of the thirteen that are currently standing are continental Houses of Worship located in the United States Uganda Australia Germany Panama Samoa India and Chile Two of the continental Houses of Worship the Lotus Temple and the Santiago Bahaʼi Temple have won numerous architectural awards Of the other five standing Bahaʼi Houses of Worship four are local Houses of Worship and one is a national House of Worship Work on another two Bahaʼi Houses of Worship is ongoing and Bahaʼi communities own over 120 properties intended for future Houses of Worship Contents 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Purpose and activities 4 Funding and administration 5 Continental Houses of Worship 5 1 Wilmette U S 5 2 Kampala Uganda 5 3 Sydney Australia 5 4 Langenhain Germany 5 5 Panama City Panama 5 6 Tiapapata Samoa 5 7 New Delhi India 5 8 Santiago Chile 6 Other Houses of Worship 6 1 Completed but destroyed 6 2 Completed and standing 6 3 Planned or under construction 6 4 Designs completed 7 Analysis 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 12 1 Books 12 2 Encyclopedias 12 3 News media 12 4 Other 13 Further reading 13 1 Academic publishers 13 2 Bahaʼi publisher 14 External linksHistory edit nbsp A map of the location of Bahaʼi Houses of Worship worldwide as of 2021 dark green represents countries that currently have a House of Worship red represents countries where a House of Worship once existed but no longer does and light green represents countries where a House of Worship is planned or under construction black dots indicate the location of completed Houses of Worship while hollow black dots indicate the location of Houses of Worship that are planned or under construction The Bahaʼi House of Worship was first mentioned under the name Mashriqu l Adhkar مشرق اﻻذكار Arabic for Dawning place of the remembrance of God in the Kitab i Aqdas the book of laws of Bahaʼu llah founder of the Bahaʼi Faith 1 2 a Bahaʼu llah wrote 5 O people of the world Build ye houses of worship throughout the lands in the name of Him Who is the Lord of all religions Make them as perfect as is possible in the world of being and adorn them with that which befitteth them not with images and effigies Then with radiance and joy celebrate therein the praise of your Lord the Most Compassionate The first Bahaʼi House of Worship in what is now Turkmenistan was planned during the lifetime of Bahaʼu llah and then designed and constructed during the ministry of his son and successor ʻAbdu l Baha 6 It was completed in 1919 but later expropriated from the Bahaʼis and eventually demolished 7 The cornerstone of the first Bahaʼi House of Worship that is still standing in the United States was laid in 1912 by ʻAbdu l Baha and the House of Worship was dedicated in 1953 during the ministry of his grandson and successor Shoghi Effendi 3 Also in 1953 Shoghi Effendi announced a long term plan to build a temple for each roughly continental region 8 These temples are referred to as Mother temples or continental temples and are intended as the first of many temples in their regions 4 9 Shoghi Effendi died in 1957 but his plans for the construction of Bahaʼi Houses of Worship were continued by the Universal House of Justice a body first elected in 1963 that has led the world Bahaʼi community since that time 4 The Universal House of Justice has included constructing Houses of Worship in the goals of some of its teaching plans 10 By the end of the twentieth century further continental Houses of Worship were completed in Uganda Australia Germany Panama Samoa and India 11 In 2001 the Universal House of Justice wrote in its Ridvan Message to the Bahaʼis of the world that with profound thankfulness and joy we announce at this auspicious moment the decision to proceed with the construction in Chile of the eighth and final continental House of Worship 11 It was completed in 2016 12 Meanwhile in the Ridvan message of 2012 the Universal House of Justice announced the locations of the first local and national Bahaʼi Houses of Worship that would be built 13 The first two national Houses of Worship would be in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Papua New Guinea while the first five local Houses of Worship would be in Cambodia India Kenya Colombia and Vanuatu 13 Since then one of the planned national Houses of Worship has been completed 14 as have four of the planned local Houses of Worship 15 16 17 18 Work on the second national House of Worship and the fifth local House of Worship is in progress 19 20 In addition more than 120 national Bahaʼi communities have now acquired properties for the eventual construction of Bahaʼi Houses of Worship 3 6 compared to 84 national communities that had done so by 1988 21 Architecture edit nbsp Interior of the Baha i House of Worship in SydneyAll Bahaʼi Houses of Worship share certain architectural elements some of which are specified by Bahaʼi scripture 6 They are required to have a round nine sided shape and to have nine pathways lead outward and nine gardens surrounding them 3 The number nine is symbolically significant for Bahaʼis representing completeness perfection and the Bahaʼi teaching of the unity of religion 6 While as of 2010 all standing Bahaʼi Houses of Worship have a dome the Bahaʼi laws do not require Houses of Worship to have domes 6 The Greatest Name a Bahaʼi symbol appears in calligraphy in each temple often at the top of the dome 22 All Bahaʼi Houses of Worship also have a prayer hall with seats facing towards the Shrine of Bahaʼu llah in Acre Israel which is the Qiblih the direction Bahaʼis face in their obligatory prayers 3 No pulpits or altars may be incorporated as architectural features 21 While they share some essential architectural elements Bahaʼi Houses of Worship differ in other aspects of their designs 6 Design proposals may be submitted by Bahaʼi and non Bahaʼi architects and some completed Houses of Worship were designed by non Bahaʼis 6 The Bahaʼi Houses of Worship designed while Shoghi Effendi led the Bahaʼi community include many classical architectural elements and generally avoid modern styles which he described as for the most part ugly and altogether too utilitarian in aspect for a House of Worship 4 To varying degrees Bahaʼi Houses of Worship also integrate cultural and environmental elements from the areas in which they are built into their materials landscaping and architecture 21 These local symbols are generally more prominent in the more recent Houses of Worship 23 Purpose and activities editA Bahaʼi House of Worship is a place of worship of the Bahaʼi Faith where both Bahaʼis and non Bahaʼis can express devotion to God 24 Bahaʼi Houses of Worship are open to all regardless of religion gender or any other distinction 21 The only requirements for entry are modest dress and quiet behavior 4 The Bahaʼi laws state that a House of Worship should be built in each city and town 21 Shoghi Effendi said that a Bahaʼi temple is a silent teacher of the Bahaʼi Faith 25 The Bahaʼi laws require that only scriptural texts of the Bahaʼi Faith or other religions may be read or chanted inside though in any language 21 Since there are no pulpits readers may use a simple portable lectern 21 While readings and prayers that have been set to music may be sung by choirs no musical instruments may be played inside 21 Several Bahaʼi Houses of Worship have established choirs that sing music based on the Bahaʼi writings scriptures 4 Bahaʼi scripture also states that no pictures statues or images may be displayed within Houses of Worship 21 No sermons may be delivered and no ritualistic ceremonies may be practiced 21 Memorial services are sometimes held in Baha i Houses of Worship and while wedding ceremonies are not permitted inside they are often held in the gardens of the temples 4 In mainly Christian countries Bahaʼi Houses of Worship offer weekly devotional services on Sundays with the Bahaʼi calendar not yet implemented for temple worship 4 Shoghi Effendi taught that Houses of Worship should each be surrounded by a complex of humanitarian educational and charitable institutions such as schools hospitals homes for the elderly universities and hostels to serve the areas in which they are situated 21 3 He said the future interaction between the House of Worship and its dependencies could provide the essentials of Bahaʼi worship and service both so vital to the regeneration of the world 3 To date only a few such dependencies have been built 2 and no Bahaʼi House of Worship has had the full range of dependencies that are envisioned 21 26 Shoghi Effendi also viewed the functions of the House of Worship as complementary to those of the Haziratu l Quds commonly known as a Bahaʼi centre and said that it would be desirable if both these buildings were on the same site 3 At present Bahaʼi devotional meetings in most communities take place in homes or Bahaʼi centres but Elham Afnan notes that such activities evoke the spirit of a House of Worship with the goal that it can eventually be constructed 2 Funding and administration editBahaʼi Houses of Worship are funded by the voluntary contributions of Bahaʼi communities 21 There are no collections during temple services and only Bahaʼis are permitted to contribute to the Bahaʼi funds including funds for the construction and maintenance of Houses of Worship 21 ʻAbdu l Baha and Shoghi Effendi both viewed the construction of Bahaʼi Houses of Worship in individual countries as projects of the international Bahaʼi community 3 When Houses of Worship are built the required funds accordingly come from Bahaʼis around the world 27 Worldwide expenses associated with Houses of Worship and with the buildings at the Bahaʼi World Centre constitute a significant part of the spending of the Bahaʼi administration 28 In general a Bahaʼi House of Worship and the grounds on which it is situated are the property of the Bahaʼi National Spiritual Assembly of that country and the properties are held in a financial endowment 24 A committee of the National Spiritual Assembly of the relevant country administers the House of Worship s activities and affairs but spiritually they see themselves as custodians of a temple that belongs to all the world s Bahaʼis 24 Continental Houses of Worship editWilmette U S edit nbsp One of nine towers of the Wilmette templeMain article Bahaʼi House of Worship Wilmette Illinois See also Bahaʼi Faith in the United States The oldest extant Bahaʼi House of Worship stands in Wilmette on the shore of Lake Michigan near Chicago 29 It has received architectural awards 6 In 1978 it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places 6 30 In 2007 the Bahaʼi House of Worship was named one of the Seven Wonders of Illinois by the Illinois Bureau of Tourism 31 32 The temple is visited by about 250 000 people every year 33 29 During his journeys to the West ʻAbdu l Baha came to Wilmette for the groundbreaking ceremony of the temple and laid the foundation stone on 1 May 1912 34 3 The principal architect was Louis Bourgeois 21 though his original design ended up being amended numerous times due to impractical elements 3 Construction began in 1921 and was completed in 1951 and the temple was dedicated in 1953 3 The total cost of the construction was above 2 6 million 35 From 1958 2001 the Wilmette House of Worship was associated with a home for the aged operated by the U S Bahaʼi community 26 The cladding of the building is composed of a concrete mixture of Portland cement quartz and sand developed for the temple by John Joseph Earley 3 From ground level the building stands approximately 58 2 metres tall and the diameter of the dome is 27 4 metres 3 The auditorium seats 1 191 visitors 21 The exterior is adorned with symbols from various religions including the Latin Cross the Greek Cross the star and crescent the Star of David the swastika which is an ancient symbol used in Hinduism Buddhism and Jainism and the five pointed star 4 The grounds of the temple feature nine fountains rows of Chinese junipers and a wide range of flowers including thousands of tulips planted each fall 33 Kampala Uganda edit See also Bahaʼi Faith in Uganda nbsp People outside the Kampala Bahaʼi templeThere is a Bahaʼi House of Worship situated on the northern outskirts of Kampala Uganda s capital and largest city on Kikaaya Hill 3 6 Shoghi Effendi announced that the Kampala temple would be built in 1955 after persecution of Bahaʼis in Iran made it impossible for them to build one 36 It was designed by architect Charles Mason Remey 4 The foundation stone was laid on 26 January 1957 by Ruhiyyih Khanum representing Shoghi Effendi 3 Musa Banani the first Hand of the Cause in Africa was also present for the groundbreaking and placed a gift of soil from the Shrine of Bahaʼu llah sent by Shoghi Effendi in the foundation 37 The dedication ceremony was held in January 1961 and was also attended by Ruhiyyih Khanum 3 38 The building is more than 39 metres high and over 100 metres in diameter at the base 39 The dome is over 37 metres high and 13 metres in diameter 39 As a protection against earthquakes that can occur in the region the temple has a foundation that goes 3 metres beneath the ground 39 The temple has seating for 800 people 21 3 At the time it was built the Kampala Bahaʼi temple was the tallest building in East Africa 6 The temple s dome is built out of fixed mosaic tiles from Italy whereas the tiles of the lower roof are from Belgium 4 The wall panels contain windows of green pale blue and amber colored glass of German origin 4 Both the timber used for making the doors and benches and the stone used for the walls of the temple are from within Uganda itself 4 The property includes the House of Worship extensive gardens a guest house and an administrative centre 39 Sydney Australia edit Main article Sydney Bahaʼi Temple See also Bahaʼi Faith in Australia The fourth Bahaʼi temple to be completed and third still standing is in Ingleside in the northern suburbs of Sydney Australia 21 This temple serves as the Mother Temple of the Antipodes 4 According to Jennifer Taylor a historian at Sydney University it is among Sydney s four most significant religious buildings constructed in the twentieth century 40 The initial design by Charles Mason Remey was given to Sydney architect John Brogan to develop and complete 40 It was dedicated in September 1961 and opened to the public after four years of construction 41 Construction materials include crushed quartz concrete 6 local hardwoods in the interior 40 and concrete and marble in the dome 41 There is seating for 600 people 4 The building stands 38 metres in height has a diameter at its widest point of 20 metres and is a highly visible landmark from Sydney s northern beaches 4 The property is set high in a natural bushland setting overlooking the Pacific Ocean 4 The surrounding gardens contain a variety of native Australian flora including waratahs three species of eucalypts caleyi and other grevillea acacia and woody pear 4 Langenhain Germany edit nbsp The Bahaʼi House of Worship in Germany during winterSee also Bahaʼi Faith in Germany There is a Bahaʼi House of Worship at the foot of the Taunus Mountains of Germany in the village of Langenhain near Frankfurt 6 It was designed by German architect Teuto Rocholl 6 The foundation stone for the temple was laid on 20 November 1960 by Amelia Collins 3 and the temple was dedicated on 4 July 1964 6 Its construction was opposed by a number of Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany at the time 42 The temple s superstructure was prefabricated in the Netherlands out of steel and concrete 4 The center of the interior of the temple is illuminated by light shining through over 500 glass panels above 21 4 At its base the interior is 48 metres in diameter 4 The height from ground level is 28 3 metres and the temple can seat up to 600 people 3 Seena Fazel describes the House of Worship as having a distinctive concrete and glass modernist design 43 Panama City Panama edit See also Bahaʼi Faith in Panama There is a Bahaʼi temple in Panama City Panama which was designed by English architect Peter Tillotson 21 Ruhiyyih Khanum laid the foundation stone on 8 October 1967 and temple was dedicated on 29 April 1972 3 It is perched on a mountain named Cerro Sonsonate 6 10 km northeast of Panama City such that it can be seen from many parts of the city 4 The temple is built from local stone which is laid in designs evoking Native American fabric designs 4 and temples of the ancient Americas 6 The dome is covered with thousands of small oval tiles 4 and rises to a height of 28 metres 3 The temple has seats made from mahogany for up to 550 people and a floor made from terrazzo 6 Tiapapata Samoa edit See also Bahaʼi Faith in Samoa There is a Bahaʼi House of Worship set in Tiapapata in the hills behind Apia Samoa 21 It was designed by Hossein Amanat 6 Both Malietoa Tanumafili II of Samoa the world s first Bahaʼi head of state and Ruhiyyih Khanum helped lay the foundation stone on 27 January 1979 and attended the dedication on 1 September 1984 6 The temple was completed at a total cost of 6 5 million 28 44 It has a 30 metre tall domed structure 3 and seats up to 500 people in the main hall plus 200 on the mezzanine level 4 The structure is open to the island breezes Graham Hassall writes that this fosters a suitable environment for meditation and prayer 4 New Delhi India edit nbsp The Lotus Temple at nightMain article Lotus Temple See also Bahaʼi Faith in India In Bahapur New Delhi India 4 there is a Bahaʼi House of Worship that is commonly known as the Lotus Temple which was designed by Iranian American architect Fariborz Sahba 45 Ruhiyyih Khanum laid the foundation stone on 17 October 1977 and dedicated the temple on 24 December 1986 3 The total cost was 10 million 28 44 The temple has won numerous architectural awards 46 47 including from the Institution of Structural Engineers 6 the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 6 and the Architectural Society of China 4 It has also become a major attraction for people of various religions with up to 100 000 visitors on some Hindu holy days 47 estimates for the number of visitors per year range from 2 5 million to 5 million 47 4 48 The temple is often listed as one of Delhi s main tourist attractions 4 and even as one of the most visited buildings in the world 49 50 Inspired by the sacred lotus flower the temple s design is composed of 27 free standing marble clad petals grouped into clusters of three and thus forming nine sides 4 The temple s shape has symbolic and inter religious significance because the lotus is often associated with the Hindu goddess Lakshmi 47 Nine doors open onto a central hall 46 with permanent seating for 1 200 people which can be expanded for a total seating capacity of 2 500 people 21 The temple rises to a height of 40 8 metres 21 and is situated on a property that covers 105 000 square metres and features nine surrounding ponds 46 An educational centre beside the temple was established in 2017 48 Santiago Chile edit nbsp The Santiago Baha i House of WorshipMain article Santiago Bahaʼi Temple See also Bahaʼi Faith in Chile The continental Bahaʼi House of Worship for South America or Mother Temple for South America is located in Santiago Chile 51 Shoghi Effendi announced Chile as the site for the continental temple of South America in 1953 and in 2001 the process to build the temple was launched 8 The chosen design was by Siamak Hariri of Hariri Pontarini Architects in Toronto Ontario Canada 52 Excavation was initiated at the site in 2010 and construction began in 2012 53 The doors opened on 19 October 2016 8 The Santiago temple cost a total of 30 million to build 8 and has won a range of Canadian and international architectural awards 54 55 56 The Santiago Bahaʼi House of Worship is ringed by nine entrances nine pathways and nine fountains and the structure is composed of nine arching sails 8 These have also been described as nine petals and the temple s shape as floral the petals are separated by glass which allows light to illuminate the temple s interior 53 The exterior of the petals is made from cast glass while the interior is made from translucent Portuguese marble 53 The sides of the temple are held up on the inside by a steel and aluminum superstructure 8 The temple can seat 600 people 57 and it is 30 metres high and 30 metres in diameter 53 Other Houses of Worship editCompleted but destroyed edit See also Bahaʼi Faith in Turkmenistan The first Bahaʼi House of Worship was built in the city of Ashgabat which was then a part of Russia s Transcaspian Oblast and is now the capital of Turkmenistan 6 It was started in 1902 and mostly completed by 1907 but was not fully finished until 1919 7 Plans for this House of Worship were first made during the lifetime of Bahaʼu llah 6 The design was prepared by Ustad Ali Akbar Banna 6 and after his death the construction was supervised by Vakilu d Dawlih 21 In 1928 the House of Worship was expropriated by the Soviet authorities and thereafter it was leased back to the Bahaʼis 3 This arrangement lasted until 1938 when it was fully secularized and turned into an art gallery 4 The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake seriously damaged the building rendering it unsafe the heavy rains of the following years weakened the structure until in 1963 the building was demolished and the site was converted into a public park 21 The Ashgabat House of Worship was surrounded by gardens with nine ponds 3 At the four corners of the plot of land surrounding the House of Worship were various buildings a boys school a girls school a large meeting hall and a group of buildings including the offices of the Local Spiritual Assembly a reading room and a room for meeting with enquirers 3 Completed and standing edit nbsp Local Bahaʼi House of Worship in Agua Azul ColombiaThe Battambang Cambodia temple was the world s first local Bahaʼi House of Worship to be completed 15 The temple was designed by Cambodian architect Sochet Vitou Tang who is a practicing Buddhist and integrates distinctive Cambodian architectural principles 58 A dedication ceremony and official opening conference took place on 1 2 September 2017 attended by Cambodian dignitaries locals and representatives of Bahaʼi communities throughout southeast Asia 59 15 The temple in Agua Azul in the municipality of Villa Rica Cauca Department Colombia was the second local Bahaʼi House of Worship to be completed in the world 60 The temple design by architect Julian Gutierrez Chacon was inspired by the shape of the cocoa seed which was integral to the local culture before the arrival of the sugar cane industry 60 An opening dedication ceremony took place on 22 July 2018 followed by devotional services in the House of Worship 16 A local Bahaʼi House of Worship was opened on 23 May 2021 in Matunda Soy Kenya 17 On 13 November 2021 a local Bahaʼi House of Worship opened near the town of Lenakel on the island of Tanna Vanuatu 18 The world s first national Bahaʼi House of Worship located in Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo was dedicated and opened its doors on 25 March 2023 14 Planned or under construction edit Currently construction of a national Bahaʼi House of Worship in Papua New Guinea is ongoing 19 while a groundbreaking ceremony has taken place for a local Bahaʼi House of Worship in Hargawan near Bihar Sharif India 20 The design for the temple near Bihar Sharif created by architect Amritha Ballal was shortlisted for the 2022 World Architecture Festival 61 In 2023 the Universal House of Justice announced plans for three further Houses of Worship local Houses of Worship in Nepal and Zambia and a national House of Worship in Canada 62 Designs completed edit nbsp Obelisk marking the position of the future Baha i House of Worship Mount Carmel Haifa IsraelA site was selected and purchased in 1932 for a Bahaʼi House of Worship in Hadiqa northeast of Tehran Iran 3 Charles Mason Remey provided a design for this temple which Shoghi Effendi then approved 3 A drawing of the design was published in an issue of The Bahaʼi World 63 To date however the construction of this temple has not been possible 3 A design was created for a Bahaʼi House of Worship near Mount Carmel in Haifa Israel 3 It was created by Charles Mason Remey and approved by Shoghi Effendi in 1952 3 A photo of the model of the Haifa House of Worship can be found in an issue of The Bahaʼi World 64 An obelisk marks the site where the House of Worship is to be built but as of 2010 plans for constructing this House of Worship have not been made 3 Analysis editMargit Warburg describes the architecture of the Bahaʼi Houses of Worship as remarkable 24 Denis MacEoin writes that several of the Bahaʼi Houses of Worship are fine examples of modern religious architecture 65 but argues that no distinct Bahaʼi architectural style has emerged given that the best designed Bahaʼi Houses of Worship each have a unique character 66 Anne Gordon Perry argues by contrast that Bahaʼi Houses of Worship may provide the clearest indication of a distinctive Baha i aesthetic thus far with their characteristic nine sides circular domes serene and welcoming gardens and walkways fountains and other aesthetic elements 67 Warburg writes that the presence of Bahaʼi Houses of Worship on all continents except Antarctica shows the worldwide presence of the Bahaʼi Faith 24 She also argues that there are a number of parallels between Bahaʼi Houses of Worship and mosques decoration with geometric patterns rather than images or statues the absence of offering or communion rituals and the adaptation of architectural designs to local cultural styles 68 Warburg found in her fieldwork at several Bahaʼi temples that almost all attendees of weekly services were Bahaʼis but that many non Bahaʼis visited at other times during the week 69 She has questioned whether having the temples open for visitors but without activities at most times during the week is the optimal mission strategy for Bahaʼis noting an account of a visitor confused by one temple s apparent lack of purpose 24 However Graham Hassall has disputed Warburg s analysis pointing to the large number of tourists visiting many Bahaʼi Houses of Worship and positive coverage in online media such as travel guides and blogs 4 Gallery edit nbsp The first Bahaʼi House of Worship since destroyed in Ashgabat Turkmenistan nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Wilmette United States nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Kampala Uganda nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Sydney Australia nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Langenhain Germany nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Panama City Panama nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Tiapapata Samoa nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in New Delhi India known as the Lotus Temple nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Santiago Chile nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Battambang Cambodia nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Agua Azul Colombia nbsp Bahaʼi House of Worship in Matunda Soy Kenya nbsp Design for a Bahaʼi House of Worship to be built in Tehran Iran nbsp Design for a Bahaʼi House of Worship to be built in Haifa IsraelSee also editList of Bahaʼi Houses of Worship Terraces Bahaʼi Prayer in the Bahaʼi Faith Sacral architectureNotes edit Bahaʼu llah used the term Mashriqu l Adhkar to refer to any building where people gathered to worship 1 3 His successor ʻAbdu l Baha continued this general usage of the term but also described a more specific type of building using the same term 3 which for instance he said must be round and nine sided 4 ʻAbdu l Baha s successor Shoghi Effendi wrote that the term Mashriqu l Adhkar should apply only to this latter more specific type of building and that the Bahaʼi centres used in most Bahaʼi communities should be known instead as Haziratu l Quds 3 Since then Shoghi Effendi s more specific meaning of Mashriqu l Adhkar has persisted and it is buildings of this type that are known in English as Bahaʼi Houses of Worship or Bahaʼi temples 3 Citations edit a b Smith 2000 p 235 a b c Afnan 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Momen 2010 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Hassall 2012b Warburg 2006 pp 486 487 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Buck 2010 a b Momen 1991 a b c d e f Razmilic 2016 Smith 2022 Hartz 2009 p 107 a b Adamson 2007 p 303 Foroudi 2016 a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2012 a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2023a a b c Bahaʼi World News Service 2017c a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2018b a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2021b a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2021c a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2019 a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2021a a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Rafati amp Sahba 1988 Warburg 2006 p 487 Warburg 2006 p 490 a b c d e f Warburg 2006 p 492 Warburg 2006 p 493 a b Warburg 2006 p 486 Warburg 2006 p 211 a b c Warburg 1993 a b Stausberg 2011 p 96 Milnarik n d Geller 2019 Pittsburgh Post Gazette 2007 a b Swanson 2007 Stockman 2022b Smith 2000 p 236 Stockman amp van den Hoonaard 2022 Zohoori 1990 pp 134 138 admin 1 July 2023 The Bahai Temple in Kampala Uganda Entrance Fee and Opening Times Silverback Gorilla Tours Retrieved 9 February 2024 a b c d Rulekere 2006 a b c Dictionary of Sydney 2008 a b Hassall 2012a Hartz 2009 p 124 Fazel 2022 a b Smith 2000 p 241 Mackin Solomon 2013 a b c Rizor 2011 a b c d Garlington 2006 a b Pearson 2022 Brar 2001 Hartz 2009 p 8 Stockman 2022a Scott 2006 a b c d Diaz 2017 e architect 2017 Bozikovic 2019 e architect 2021 ArchDaily 2016 Bahaʼi World News Service 2017b Bahaʼi World News Service 2017a a b Bahaʼi World News Service 2018a Adlakha 2022 Bahaʼi World News Service 2023b Bahaʼi World 1963 1968 p 495 Bahaʼi World 1950 1954 p 548 MacEoin 1997 MacEoin 2005 Perry 2022 Warburg 2006 pp 489 490 Warburg 2006 pp 490 493 References editBooks edit Adamson Hugh 2007 Historical Dictionary of the Bahaʼi Faith 2nd ed Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 5096 5 Afnan Elham 2022 Ch 39 Devotional Life In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 479 487 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 45 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Fazel Seena 2022 Ch 43 Europe In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 532 545 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 50 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Garlington William 2006 Indian Baha i tradition In Mittal Sushil Thursby Gene R eds Religions of South Asia London Routledge pp 247 260 ISBN 0415223903 Hartz Paula 2009 World Religions Baha i Faith 3rd ed New York NY Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 978 1 60413 104 8 Hassall Graham 2012b The Baha i House of Worship Localisation and Universal Form In Cusack Carol Norman Alex eds Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Vol 4 Leiden Brill pp 599 632 doi 10 1163 9789004226487 025 ISBN 978 90 04 22187 1 ISSN 1874 6691 MacEoin Denis 1997 Baha ism In Hinnells John R ed The Penguin Handbook of the World s Living Religions London Penguin Books pp 618 643 ISBN 0140514805 MacEoin Denis 2005 Baha ism Some Uncertainties about its Role as a Globalizing Religion In Warburg Margit Hvithamar Annika Warmind Morten eds Bahaʼi and Globalisation Aarhus Aarhus University Press pp 287 306 ISBN 8779341098 Momen Moojan 1991 The Baha i Community of Ashkhabad its Social Basis and Importance in Baha i History In Akiner Shirin ed Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia London Routledge pp 278 305 doi 10 4324 9780203038130 ISBN 9780203038130 Pearson Anne M 2022 Ch 49 South Asia In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 603 613 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 56 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Perry Anne Gordon 2022 Ch 25 Artistic Expression In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 291 304 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 30 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Smith Peter 2022 Ch 41 The History of the Babi and Baha i Faiths In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 501 512 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 48 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Stausberg Michael 2011 Religion and Tourism Crossroads Destinations and Encounters Oxfordshire UK Routledge ISBN 9780415549318 Stockman Robert 2022a Ch 45 Latin America and the Caribbean In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 557 568 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 52 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Stockman Robert 2022b Ch 46 North America In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 569 580 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 53 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Stockman Robert van den Hoonaard Will C 2022 Ch 51 Sub Saharan Africa In Stockman Robert H ed The World of the Baha i Faith Oxfordshire UK Routledge pp 622 636 doi 10 4324 9780429027772 58 ISBN 978 1 138 36772 2 Warburg Margit 2006 Citizens of the World A History and Sociology of the Bahaʹis from a Globalisation Perspective Brill ISBN 978 90 04 14373 9 Zohoori Elias 1990 Names and Numbers Jamaica Caribbean Printers Limited ISBN 976 8012 43 9 Encyclopedias edit Buck Christopher 2010 Temples Baha i Faith In Melton J Gordon Baumann Martin eds Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices Vol 6 Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO pp 2817 2821 Retrieved 1 December 2021 Dictionary of Sydney staff writer 2008 Baha i House of Worship Dictionary of Sydney Retrieved 13 January 2017 Milnarik Elizabeth Baha i Temple In Esperdy Gabrielle Kingsley Karen eds SAH Archipedia Charlottesville University of Virginia Press Retrieved 29 November 2022 Momen Moojan 2010 Masreq al Aḏkar Encyclopaedia Iranica online ed Rafati V Sahba F 1988 BAHAISM ix Bahai temples Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol III pp 465 467 Smith Peter 2000 A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahaʼi Faith Oneworld Publications Oxford England ISBN 1 85168 184 1 News media edit Adlakha Nidhi 15 October 2022 How to build for the future India s shortlists at the upcoming World Architecture Festival 2022 The Hindu Retrieved 14 June 2023 Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced Bahaʼi World News Service 22 April 2012 Retrieved 22 April 2012 Preparations for Temple inauguration accelerate Bahaʼi World News Service 11 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Spirit and aspirations of a people Reflections of Temple s architect Bahaʼi World News Service 31 August 2017 Retrieved 2 September 2017 Inauguration conference concludes Baha i World News Service 2 September 2017 Retrieved 15 November 2021 On eve of dedication architect reflects on culture environment spiritual principle Bahaʼi World News Service 20 July 2018 Retrieved 9 November 2022 Colombia Temple dedicated in joyful ceremony Bahaʼi World News Service 23 July 2018 Retrieved 9 November 2022 Construction advances on historic first national Baha i House of Worship Baha i World News Service 24 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Ground broken for first local Baha i temple in India Baha i World News Service 21 February 2021 Retrieved 25 February 2021 Kenya First Local Baha i temple in Africa opens its doors Baha i World News Service 24 May 2021 Retrieved 29 May 2021 Vanuatu First local Baha i temple in the Pacific opens its doors Baha i World News Service 14 November 2021 Retrieved 14 November 2021 DRC First national House of Worship opens its doors Baha i World News Service 25 March 2023 Retrieved 7 May 2023 Houses of Worship Three new Houses of Worship to be established Baha i World News Service 18 May 2023 Retrieved 7 June 2023 Bozikovic Alex 25 October 2019 Global 100 000 prize in architecture goes to Toronto s Hariri Pontarini Architects The Globe and Mail Retrieved 19 October 2022 Brar Manpreet 14 July 2001 Encore Presentation A Visit to the Capital of India New Delhi CNN Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 12 October 2022 Foroudi Layli 11 November 2016 The temple that welcomes all religions or none at all CNN Retrieved 13 November 2022 Mackin Solomon Ashley 23 January 2013 Iranian architect living in La Jolla devoted to creating spiritual space La Jolla Light Retrieved 27 November 2021 Seven Wonders of Illinois Pittsburgh Post Gazette 7 May 2007 Retrieved 19 November 2021 Rulekere Gerald 7 September 2006 Uganda s Baha i Temple UGPulse Retrieved 16 November 2021 Scott Alec 13 July 2006 Higher Power Toronto architect Siamak Hariri ascends to architectural greatness CBC Archived from the original on 2 December 2009 Retrieved 14 January 2020 Other edit Award for Baha i Temple of South America e architect 4 April 2017 Retrieved 27 November 2022 Baha i Temple Chile Award News e architect 24 November 2021 Retrieved 27 November 2022 Baha i Temple Hariri Pontarini Architects ArchDaily 12 October 2016 Retrieved 27 November 2022 Bahaʼi World vol XII 1950 1954 Bahaʼi World vol XIV 1963 1968 Diaz Francisco 12 January 2017 In the Heights The Bahaʼi Temple of South America Penalolen Santiago Chile Canadian Architect Retrieved 18 January 2020 Geller Randall S 2019 The Baha i minority in the State of Israel 1948 1957 Middle Eastern Studies 55 3 403 418 doi 10 1080 00263206 2018 1520100 Hassall Graham 2012a The Bahaʼi Faith in Australia 1947 1963 Journal of Religious History 36 4 563 576 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9809 2012 01231 x Razmilic Rayna 26 October 2016 This Bahaʼi Temple Took 14 Years To Build It Was Worth the Wait Metropolis Retrieved 14 January 2020 Rizor John 21 August 2011 AD Classics Lotus Temple Fariborz Sahba ArchDaily Retrieved 27 November 2021 Swanson Sandra 18 June 2007 The Annotated Baha i Temple Chicago Retrieved 5 July 2022 Warburg Margit 1993 Economic Rituals The Structure and Meaning of Donations in the Baha i Religion Social Compass 40 1 25 31 Further reading editAcademic publishers edit Buck Christopher 2010 Temples Baha i Faith In Melton J Gordon Baumann Martin eds Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices Vol 6 Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO pp 2817 2821 Retrieved 1 December 2021 Hassall Graham 2012 The Baha i House of Worship Localisation and Universal Form In Cusack Carol Norman Alex eds Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Vol 4 Leiden Brill pp 599 632 doi 10 1163 9789004226487 025 ISBN 978 90 04 22187 1 ISSN 1874 6691 Momen Moojan 2010 Masreq al Aḏkar Encyclopaedia Iranica online ed Rafati V Sahba F 1988 BAHAISM ix Bahai temples Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol III pp 465 467 Bahaʼi publisher edit Badiee Julie 1992 An Earthly Paradise Bahaʼi Houses of Worship Around the World Oxford UK George Ronald ISBN 0 85398 316 X Carter Joe Afnan Nooshfar 2022 Baha i House of Worship Design Construction and Community Oxford UK George Ronald ISBN 978 0 85398 639 3 OCLC 1324467914 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baha i Houses of Worship The Mashriqu l Adhkar Bahaʼi Houses of Worship from bahai org the official site of the world s Bahaʼis Mashriqul Adhkar com archived compilation of relevant Bahaʼi sacred texts Chronology and related documents on Bahaʼi Library Online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bahaʼi House of Worship amp oldid 1206255354, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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