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Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.[2][5]

Non-Aligned Movement
Current members of the Non-Aligned Movement. The light-blue colour denotes countries with observer-status.
Coordinating BureauUnited Nations
New York City, U.S.
[1]
Membership[2]
  • 120 member states
  • 20 observer states
  • 10 international organisations
Leaders
• Principal decision-
making organ
Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries[3] (2019–22)
EstablishmentBelgrade, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1 September 1961; 61 years ago (1961-09-01) as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries

The movement originated in the aftermath of the Korean War, as an effort by some countries to counterbalance the rapid bi-polarization of the world during the Cold War, whereby two major powers formed blocs and embarked on a policy to pull the rest of the world into their orbits. One of these was the pro-Soviet socialist bloc whose best known alliance was the Warsaw Pact, and the other the pro-American capitalist group of countries, many of which belonged to NATO. In 1961, drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference of 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement was formally established in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, through an initiative of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah, and Indonesian President Sukarno.[6][7][8]

This led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Governments of Non-Aligned Countries.[9] The purpose of the organization was summarized by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."[10][11]

The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing countries, although the Non-Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations.[12]

The Non-Aligned Movement gained the most traction in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the international policy of non-alignment achieved major successes in decolonization, disarmament, opposition to racism and opposition to apartheid in South Africa, and persisted throughout the entire Cold War, despite several conflicts between members, and despite some members developing closer ties with either the Soviet Union, China, or the United States.[12] In the years since the Cold War's end in 1991, the movement has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world, especially those in the Global South.[12]

History

Origins and the Cold War

 
The aligned countries on the northern hemisphere: NATO in blue and the Warsaw Pact in red.
 
Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, pioneers of the Non-Aligned Movement

The term 'Non-Alignment' was used for the first time in 1950 at the United Nations by India and Yugoslavia, both of which refused to align themselves with any side in the multi-alliances involving Korean War.[13] Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, the Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years, the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence and sovereignty "in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers".[14]

The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[15][unreliable source?]

But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Zhou Enlai and Nehru described the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints); these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

  • Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
  • Mutual non-aggression.
  • Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
  • Equality and mutual benefit.
  • Peaceful co-existence.

A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant boost to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Zhou Enlai and Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[16] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[17]

At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[18]

In 1975, the member nations which also were part of the United Nations General Assembly pushed for the Resolution 3379 along with Arab countries and the support of the Soviet bloc. It was a declarative non-binding measure that equated Zionism with South Africa's Apartheid and as a form of racial discrimination. This process was a manifestation of Cold War bipolar logics. The bloc voting produced a majority in the United Nations that systematically condemned Israel in the following resolutions: 3089, 3210, 3236, 32/40, etc.

Some Non-Aligned member nations were involved in serious conflicts with other members, notably India and Pakistan as well as Iran and Iraq.

Cuba's role

In the 1970s, Cuba made a major effort to assume a leadership role in the world's non-alignment movement. The country established military advisory missions and economic and social reform programs. The 1976 world conference of the Non-Aligned Movement applauded Cuban internationalism, "which assisted the people of Angola in frustrating the expansionist and colonialist strategy of South Africa's racist regime and its allies." The next Non-Aligned conference was scheduled for Havana in 1979, to be chaired by Fidel Castro, with his becoming the de facto spokesman for the Movement. The conference in September 1979 marked the zenith of Cuban prestige. Most, but not all, attendees believed that Cuba was not aligned with the Soviet camp in the Cold War.[19]

However, in December 1979, the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan's civil war. Up until that time, Afghanistan was also an active member of the Non-Aligned Movement. At the United Nations, nonaligned members voted 56 to 9, with 26 abstaining, to condemn the Soviet Union. Cuba voted against the resolution, in support of the USSR. It lost its nonaligned leadership and reputation after Castro, instead of becoming a high-profile spokesman for the Movement, remained quiet and inactive. More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979, as many members of the Non-Aligned Movement, particularly the predominantly Muslim states, condemned it.[20]

Post-Cold War

 
Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev and Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro at the 18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Baku on 25 October 2019

With the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement transformed. The breakup of Yugoslavia (a prominent founding member) in 1991–1992 also affected the Movement; the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1992 suspended Yugoslavia's membership.[21][22][23] The various successor states of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though all of them but Slovenia, North Macedonia and Kosovo (i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) retain observer status. India, another founding member, appears to have downgraded its emphasis on the Movement.[24]

Membership applications from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998 respectively.[23] In 2004 Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members when they joined the European Union, as required. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, both having joined the Movement in 2011. Azerbaijan and Belarus, which joined in 1998, thus remain the only members of NAM on the continent of Europe.

Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has felt forced to redefine itself and to reinvent its purpose in the new world-system. A major question has been whether any of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, apply to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the Global South, and an instrument that can promote the needs of member-nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states.[25] However, as in the past, cohesion remains a problem, since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than to pass hard-line resolutions.[26]

The Movement continues to see a role for itself: in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[27] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[27]

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to the Teheran-based Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[28] Attendance at the highest level included 27 presidents, two kings and emirs, seven prime ministers, nine vice-presidents, two parliamentary spokesmen and five special envoys.[29] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[30]

In 2016 Venezuela hosted the 17th NAM Summit.[31][32]

Azerbaijan, host of the 18th NAM summit in 2019, holds the Non-Aligned Movement presidency pending the 19th NAM summit, scheduled to take place in Kampala, Uganda in 2023.[33]

Organizational structure and membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[3] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[34] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[34]

Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[34]

  • Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
  • Recognition of the movements for national independence.
  • Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
  • Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
  • Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
  • Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
  • Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
  • Respect for justice and international obligations.

Policies and ideology

 
The South Africa Conference NAM logo

Chairpersons[35] of the NAM have included such diverse figures as Suharto,[36] a militaristic[37] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[38] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[38]

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Almost all of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western- and developed- nation-dominated UN.[39] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[39] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.[40]

Current activities and positions

Reform of the UN Security Council

The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, and advocating for the reforming of the United Nations Security Council, stating that the organisation has been used by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[41]

Self-determination of Puerto Rico

Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement but did not progress.

Self-determination of Western Sahara

Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[42] The movement reaffirmed in its meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[43]

Sustainable developments

The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[44]

Criticism of US foreign policy

In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, chairman of North Korea's parliamentary standing committee, stated, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."[45]

South–South cooperation

The Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation (NAM CSSTC) as an intergovernmental institution, which enables developing countries to increase national capacity and their collective self-reliance,[46] forms part of the efforts of NAM.[47]

The NAM CSSTC is located in Jakarta, Indonesia with a South-South Technical Cooperation focus. Other NAM Centres focus on the health, human rights and technology sectors are each located in Cuba, Iran and India.[48]

The NAM CSSTC was set up a few years after the Cold War to promote development in developing countries and to accelerate growth. From 18 to 20 October 1995, in Cartgena de Indias, 140 nations gathered and accepted a final document stating in paragraph 313 of the Final Document the establishment of the Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation in Indonesia.

The organisation aims to achieve the development goal of developing countries to achieve sustainable human development and enable developing countries to be equal partners in international relations, in accordance with the Final Document.

The NAM CSSTC's main body is the board of directors.[49][50] In addition, the Board of Directors has a consultative arrangement with a Governing Council under the leadership of the Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and its members include Ambassador of Brunei, Ambassador of Cuba and Ambassador of South Africa.

The head of the administrative officer of NAM CSSTC is accredited by Ronny Prasetyo Yuliantoro, Director, current Indonesian diplomat and Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to the Islamic Republic of Iran, who began his term of office on 1 July 2018.[51] The organisation is financed by Indonesia's volunteer contributions.[52][53]

The NAM CSSTC, its officers, consists of a full-time staff who are not affiliated with any other governmental institution except their head of the administrative officer, who is typically nominated from Echelon-I or Echelon-II staff from the Indonesian ministries. Some say the organisation is a major endeavour to build NAM member countries' capacities.[54]

History

A few years before the NAM CSSTC was set up, the NAM summit in 1992 in Jakarta to discuss efforts to strengthen collective autonomy and to review of the international economic environment in order to step up South-South cooperation.[55]

After the admission of Brunei Darussalam to the NAM during the summit, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia called for a South-South Technical Cooperation Centre (now known as the NAM CSSTC) to be established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Brunei Darussalam with the aim of organising different training, research and seminar programmes and activities. The programme activities, aimed at eradicating poverty, encouraging SMEs and the application of information communication technologies.

Programmes

The NAM CSSTC carries out its activities through cooperation with NAM member countries' training centres and specialists and other multilateral organisations. Examples include Workshop on IUU fishing eradication,[56] dispatch of agricultural experts to Myanmar[57] and international tissue culture training.[58]

Evaluations

NAM CSSTC reports quarterly to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and the NAM Coordinating Bureau in New York. Annually, the Ministry and the Bureau will be given additional details on programmes and events, including their assessments.[59]

Cultural diversity and human rights

The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[60][citation needed] In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[61][failed verification]

Working groups, task forces, committees[62]

  • Committee on Palestine
  • High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
  • Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
  • Non-Aligned Security Caucus
  • Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
  • Task Force on Somalia
  • Working Group on Disarmament
  • Working Group on Human Rights
  • Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

Summits

 
1st summit, Belgrade
 
16th summit of the NAM, Tehran

The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[63]

Date Host country Host city Slogan
1st 1–6 September 1961   Yugoslavia Belgrade
2nd 5–10 October 1964   Egypt Cairo
3rd 8–10 September 1970   Zambia Lusaka
4th 5–9 September 1973   Algeria Algiers
5th 16–19 August 1976   Sri Lanka Colombo
6th 3–9 September 1979   Cuba Havana
7th 7–12 March 1983   India New Delhi
8th 1–6 September 1986   Zimbabwe Harare
9th 4–7 September 1989   Yugoslavia Belgrade
10th 1–6 September 1992   Indonesia Jakarta
11th 18–20 October 1995   Colombia Cartagena
12th 2–3 September 1998   South Africa Durban
13th 20–25 February 2003   Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
14th 15–16 September 2006   Cuba Havana
15th 11–16 July 2009   Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh International Solidarity for Peace and Development
16th 26–31 August 2012   Iran Tehran Lasting peace through joint global governance
17th 13–18 September 2016   Venezuela Porlamar Peace, Sovereignty and Solidarity for Development
18th 25–26 October 2019[64]   Azerbaijan Baku Upholding the Bandung principles to ensure a concerted and adequate response to the challenges of the contemporary world[4]
19th January 2024   Uganda[65] Kampala

A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialists, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[66][67]

An online summit titled "United Against Covid-19" conducted on 4 May 2020, on the initiative of the chairman of the NAM for the 2019–2022 period, addressed mainly the global struggle to fight the COVID-19 pandemics and supporting NAM to increase its role in dealing with and mitigating the outcomes caused by this disease in NAM, as well as other countries.[68][69]

The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 60th anniversary in Belgrade, on 11–12 October 2021.[70]

Chair

A chair is elected at each summit meeting.[35] The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.

Image Chair[citation needed] Country (holding the Presidency) Party From To
  Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980)   Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964
  Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970)   United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970
  Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021)   Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973
  Houari Boumediène (1932–1978)   Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976
William Gopallawa (1896–1981)   Sri Lanka Independent 1976 1978
  Junius Richard Jayewardene (1906–1996) United National Party 1978 1979
  Fidel Castro (1926–2016)   Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 1983
  Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913–1996)   India Janata Party 1983
  Zail Singh (1916–1994) Indian National Congress 1983 1986
  Robert Mugabe (1924–2019)   Zimbabwe ZANU-PF 1986 1989
  Janez Drnovšek (1950–2008)   Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990
  Borisav Jović (1928–2021) Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991
  Stjepan Mesić (born 1934) Croatian Democratic Union 1991
  Branko Kostić (1939–2020) Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992
  Dobrica Ćosić (1921–2014)   FR Yugoslavia Independent 1992
  Suharto (1921–2008)   Indonesia Golkar 1992 1995
  Ernesto Samper (born 1950)   Colombia Colombian Liberal Party 1995 1998
  Andrés Pastrana Arango (born 1954) Colombian Conservative Party 1998
  Nelson Mandela (1918–2013)   South Africa African National Congress 1998 1999
  Thabo Mbeki (born 1942) 1999 2003
  Mahathir Mohamad (born 1925)   Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 2003
  Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (born 1939) 2003 2006
  Fidel Castro[71] (1926–2016)   Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 2006 2008
  Raúl Castro (born 1931) 2008 2009
  Hosni Mubarak (1928–2020)   Egypt National Democratic Party 2009 2011
  Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (1935–2021) Independent 2011 2012
  Mohamed Morsi (1951–2019) Freedom and Justice Party 2012
  Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (born 1956)   Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 2013
  Hassan Rouhani (born 1948) Moderation and Development Party 2013 2016
  Nicolás Maduro (born 1962)   Venezuela United Socialist Party 2016 2019
  Ilham Aliyev (born 1961)   Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party 2019 2023

Members, observers and guests

Current members

 
Non-Aligned Movement member countries by year joined

The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[2]

Africa

Currently every African country (except South Sudan) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

  1.   Algeria (1961)
  2.   Angola (1976)
  3.   Benin (1964)
  4.   Botswana (1970)
  5.   Burkina Faso (1973)
  6.   Burundi (1964)
  7.   Cameroon (1964)
  8.   Cape Verde (1976)
  9.   Central African Republic (1964)
  10.   Chad (1964)
  11.   Comoros (1976)
  12.   Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
  13.   Djibouti (1983)
  14.   Egypt (1961)
  15.   Equatorial Guinea (1970)
  16.   Eritrea (1995)
  17.   Eswatini (1970)
  18.   Ethiopia (1961)
  19.   Gabon (1970)
  20.   Gambia (1973)
  21.   Ghana (1961)
  22.   Guinea (1961)
  23.   Guinea-Bissau (1976)
  24.   Ivory Coast (1973)
  25.   Kenya (1964)
  26.   Lesotho (1970)
  27.   Liberia (1964)
  28.   Libya (1964)
  29.   Madagascar (1973)
  30.   Malawi (1964)
  31.   Mali (1961)
  32.   Mauritania (1964)
  33.   Mauritius (1973)
  34.   Morocco (1961)
  35.   Mozambique (1976)
  36.   Namibia (1979)
  37.   Niger (1973)
  38.   Nigeria (1964)
  39.   Republic of the Congo (1964)
  40.   Rwanda (1970)
  41.   São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
  42.   Senegal (1964)
  43.   Seychelles (1976)
  44.   Sierra Leone (1964)
  45.   Somalia (1961)
  46.   South Africa (1994)
  47.   Sudan (1961)
  48.   Tanzania (1964)
  49.   Togo (1964)
  50.   Tunisia (1961)
  51.   Uganda (1964)
  52.   Zambia (1964)
  53.   Zimbabwe (1979)


Americas

  1.   Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
  2.   Bahamas (1983)
  3.   Barbados (1983)
  4.   Belize (1981)
  5.   Bolivia (1979)
  6.   Chile (1973)
  7.   Colombia (1983)
  8.   Cuba (1961)
  9.   Dominica (2006)
  10.   Dominican Republic (2000)
  11.   Ecuador (1983)
  12.   Grenada (1979)
  13.   Guatemala (1993)
  14.   Guyana (1970)
  15.   Haiti (2006)
  16.   Honduras (1995)
  17.   Jamaica (1970)
  18.   Nicaragua (1979)
  19.   Panama (1976)
  20.   Peru (1973)
  21.   Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
  22.   Saint Lucia (1983)
  23.   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
  24.   Suriname (1983)
  25.   Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
  26.   Venezuela (1989)

Asia

  1.   Afghanistan (1961)
  2.   Bahrain (1973)
  3.   Bangladesh (1973)
  4.   Bhutan (1973)
  5.   Brunei Darussalam (1993)
  6.   Cambodia (1961)
  7.   India (1961)
  8.   Indonesia (1961)
  9.   Iran (1979)
  10.   Iraq (1961)
  11.   Jordan (1964)
  12.   Kuwait (1964)
  13.   Laos (1964)
  14.   Lebanon (1961)
  15.   Malaysia (1970)
  16.   Maldives (1976)
  17.   Mongolia (1993)
  18.   Myanmar (1961)
  19.     Nepal (1961)
  20.   North Korea (1975)
  21.   Oman (1973)
  22.   Pakistan (1979)
  23.   Palestine (1976)
  24.   Philippines (1993)
  25.   Qatar (1973)
  26.   Saudi Arabia (1961)
  27.   Singapore (1970)
  28.   Sri Lanka (1961)
  29.   Syria (1964)
  30.   Thailand (1993)
  31.   East Timor (2003)
  32.   Turkmenistan (1995)
  33.   United Arab Emirates (1970)
  34.   Uzbekistan (1993)
  35.   Vietnam (1976)
  36.   Yemen (1990) [73]

Europe

  1.   Azerbaijan (2011)
  2.   Belarus (1998)

Oceania

  1.   Fiji (2011)
  2.   Papua New Guinea (1993)
  3.   Vanuatu (1983)

Former members

  1.   North Yemen (1961–1990)[74]
  2.   Cyprus (1961–2004)[75][76]
  3.   Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[21][77][78]
  4.   South Yemen (1970–1990)[74]
  5.   Malta (1973–2004)[76]
  6.   Argentina (1973–1991)[79][80]

Observers

The following countries and organizations have observer status:[2]

Countries

Organisations

Guests

There is no permanent guest status,[90] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.[citation needed]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Arnold, Guy. The A to Z of the Non-aligned Movement and Third World (Scarecrow Press, 2010).
  • Dinkel, Jürgen. The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992) (Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2019). ISBN 978-90-04-33613-1.
  • Graham, John A. "The non-aligned movement after the Havana Summit." Journal of International Affairs (1980): 153-160 online.
  • Kansal, Shubhangi. "Non-Aligned Movement in The 21st Century: Relevant or No?." (2020). online 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Köchler, Hans (ed.), The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties—Results and Perspectives. (London: Third World Centre, 1982). ISBN 0-86199-015-3
  • Lüthi, Lorenz M. "The Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War, 1961–1973." Journal of Cold War Studies 18.4 (2016): 98–147. online
  • Miskovic, Natasa, Harald Fischer-Tiné, and Nada Boskovska, eds. The non-aligned movement and the Cold War: Delhi-Bandung-Belgrade (Routledge, 2014).
  • Mukherjee, Mithi. "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947–62". The International History Review 32:2 (June, 2010): 253-271.
  • Potter, William. Nuclear politics and the Non-aligned movement: Principles vs pragmatism (Routledge, 2017).
  • Tassin, Kristin S. "'Lift up Your Head, My Brother': Nationalism and The Genesis of the Non-aligned Movement." Journal of Third World Studies 23.1 (2006): 147-168 online.

External links

  • 18th Summit Eighteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Baku 2019)
  •  – Seventeenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Margarita, Venezuela 2016)
  •  – Sixteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Tehran 26–31 August 2012)
  •  – Fifteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Sharm el-Sheikh 11–16 July 2009)
  •  – Fourteenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit (Havana, 11–16 September 2006)
  •  – South African government NAM site
  • International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies 8 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine – International Organization for Non-Aligned Movement
  • Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation
  • The Cold War International History Project's Document Collection on the NAM

aligned, movement, forum, countries, that, formally, aligned, with, against, major, power, bloc, after, united, nations, largest, grouping, states, worldwide, current, members, light, blue, colour, denotes, countries, with, observer, status, coordinating, bure. The Non Aligned Movement NAM is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc After the United Nations it is the largest grouping of states worldwide 2 5 Non Aligned MovementCurrent members of the Non Aligned Movement The light blue colour denotes countries with observer status Coordinating BureauUnited NationsNew York City U S 1 Membership 2 120 member states20 observer states10 international organisationsLeaders Principal decision making organConference of Heads of State or Government of Non Aligned Countries 3 2019 22 EstablishmentBelgrade Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1 September 1961 61 years ago 1961 09 01 as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non Aligned CountriesThe movement originated in the aftermath of the Korean War as an effort by some countries to counterbalance the rapid bi polarization of the world during the Cold War whereby two major powers formed blocs and embarked on a policy to pull the rest of the world into their orbits One of these was the pro Soviet socialist bloc whose best known alliance was the Warsaw Pact and the other the pro American capitalist group of countries many of which belonged to NATO In 1961 drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference of 1955 the Non Aligned Movement was formally established in Belgrade Yugoslavia through an initiative of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah and Indonesian President Sukarno 6 7 8 This led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Governments of Non Aligned Countries 9 The purpose of the organization was summarized by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 as to ensure the national independence sovereignty territorial integrity and security of non aligned countries in their struggle against imperialism colonialism neo colonialism racism and all forms of foreign aggression occupation domination interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics 10 11 The countries of the Non Aligned Movement represent nearly two thirds of the United Nations members and contain 55 of the world population Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing countries although the Non Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations 12 The Non Aligned Movement gained the most traction in the 1950s and early 1960s when the international policy of non alignment achieved major successes in decolonization disarmament opposition to racism and opposition to apartheid in South Africa and persisted throughout the entire Cold War despite several conflicts between members and despite some members developing closer ties with either the Soviet Union China or the United States 12 In the years since the Cold War s end in 1991 the movement has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world especially those in the Global South 12 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins and the Cold War 1 1 1 Cuba s role 1 2 Post Cold War 2 Organizational structure and membership 3 Policies and ideology 4 Current activities and positions 4 1 Reform of the UN Security Council 4 2 Self determination of Puerto Rico 4 3 Self determination of Western Sahara 4 4 Sustainable developments 4 5 Criticism of US foreign policy 4 6 South South cooperation 4 6 1 History 4 6 2 Programmes 4 6 3 Evaluations 4 7 Cultural diversity and human rights 5 Summits 6 Chair 7 Members observers and guests 7 1 Current members 7 1 1 Africa 7 1 2 Americas 7 1 3 Asia 7 1 4 Europe 7 1 5 Oceania 7 2 Former members 7 3 Observers 7 3 1 Countries 7 3 2 Organisations 7 4 Guests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditSee also Cold War Origins and the Cold War Edit The aligned countries on the northern hemisphere NATO in blue and the Warsaw Pact in red Josip Broz Tito Jawaharlal Nehru and Gamal Abdel Nasser pioneers of the Non Aligned Movement The term Non Alignment was used for the first time in 1950 at the United Nations by India and Yugoslavia both of which refused to align themselves with any side in the multi alliances involving Korean War 13 Drawing on the principles agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955 the Non Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on 19 July 1956 The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia s president Josip Broz Tito India s prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt s president Gamal Abdel Nasser One of the quotations within the Declaration is Peace can not be achieved with separation but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom as well as terminating the domination of one country over another According to Rejaul Karim Laskar an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years the Non Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence and sovereignty in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers 14 The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V K Krishna Menon in 1953 at the United Nations 15 unreliable source But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non Aligned Countries first held in 1961 The term non alignment was established in 1953 at the United Nations Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo Sri Lanka In this speech Zhou Enlai and Nehru described the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence to be used as a guide for Sino Indian relations called Panchsheel five restraints these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non Aligned Movement The five principles were Mutual respect for each other s territorial integrity and sovereignty Mutual non aggression Mutual non interference in domestic affairs Equality and mutual benefit Peaceful co existence A significant milestone in the development of the Non Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno who gave a significant boost to promote this movement Bringing together Sukarno U Nu Nasser Nehru Tito Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh Zhou Enlai and Norodom Sihanouk as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi the conference adopted a declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation which included Zhou Enlai and Nehru s five principles and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War Six years after Bandung an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non Aligned Countries which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade 16 The term non aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976 where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement 17 At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970 the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries 18 In 1975 the member nations which also were part of the United Nations General Assembly pushed for the Resolution 3379 along with Arab countries and the support of the Soviet bloc It was a declarative non binding measure that equated Zionism with South Africa s Apartheid and as a form of racial discrimination This process was a manifestation of Cold War bipolar logics The bloc voting produced a majority in the United Nations that systematically condemned Israel in the following resolutions 3089 3210 3236 32 40 etc Some Non Aligned member nations were involved in serious conflicts with other members notably India and Pakistan as well as Iran and Iraq Cuba s role Edit In the 1970s Cuba made a major effort to assume a leadership role in the world s non alignment movement The country established military advisory missions and economic and social reform programs The 1976 world conference of the Non Aligned Movement applauded Cuban internationalism which assisted the people of Angola in frustrating the expansionist and colonialist strategy of South Africa s racist regime and its allies The next Non Aligned conference was scheduled for Havana in 1979 to be chaired by Fidel Castro with his becoming the de facto spokesman for the Movement The conference in September 1979 marked the zenith of Cuban prestige Most but not all attendees believed that Cuba was not aligned with the Soviet camp in the Cold War 19 However in December 1979 the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan s civil war Up until that time Afghanistan was also an active member of the Non Aligned Movement At the United Nations nonaligned members voted 56 to 9 with 26 abstaining to condemn the Soviet Union Cuba voted against the resolution in support of the USSR It lost its nonaligned leadership and reputation after Castro instead of becoming a high profile spokesman for the Movement remained quiet and inactive More broadly the Movement was deeply split over the Soviet Afghan War in 1979 as many members of the Non Aligned Movement particularly the predominantly Muslim states condemned it 20 Post Cold War Edit Azerbaijan s President Ilham Aliyev and Venezuela s President Nicolas Maduro at the 18th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement in Baku on 25 October 2019 With the end of the Cold War the Non Aligned Movement transformed The breakup of Yugoslavia a prominent founding member in 1991 1992 also affected the Movement the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1992 suspended Yugoslavia s membership 21 22 23 The various successor states of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership though all of them but Slovenia North Macedonia and Kosovo i e Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro and Serbia retain observer status India another founding member appears to have downgraded its emphasis on the Movement 24 Membership applications from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998 respectively 23 In 2004 Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members when they joined the European Union as required Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants both having joined the Movement in 2011 Azerbaijan and Belarus which joined in 1998 thus remain the only members of NAM on the continent of Europe Since the end of the Cold War the Non Aligned Movement has felt forced to redefine itself and to reinvent its purpose in the new world system A major question has been whether any of its foundational ideologies principally national independence territorial integrity and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism apply to contemporary issues The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism equality and mutual non aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the Global South and an instrument that can promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations In its efforts to advance Southern interests the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states 25 However as in the past cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation While agreement on basic principles has been smooth taking definitive action vis a vis particular international issues has been rare with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than to pass hard line resolutions 26 The Movement continues to see a role for itself in its view the world s poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised no longer by opposing superpowers but rather in a uni polar world 27 and it is Western hegemony and neo colonialism that the movement has really re aligned itself against It opposes foreign occupation interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures but it has also shifted to focus on the socio economic challenges facing member states especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo liberal policies The Non Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment poverty and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security 27 The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran Iran from 26 to 31 August 2012 According to the Teheran based Mehr News Agency representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend 28 Attendance at the highest level included 27 presidents two kings and emirs seven prime ministers nine vice presidents two parliamentary spokesmen and five special envoys 29 At the summit Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015 30 In 2016 Venezuela hosted the 17th NAM Summit 31 32 Azerbaijan host of the 18th NAM summit in 2019 holds the Non Aligned Movement presidency pending the 19th NAM summit scheduled to take place in Kampala Uganda in 2023 33 Organizational structure and membership EditThe movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure 3 Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology 34 The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non Aligned States is the highest decision making authority The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit 34 Requirements for membership of the Non Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten Bandung principles of 1955 34 Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations Recognition of the movements for national independence Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations large and small Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations Promotion of mutual interests and co operation Respect for justice and international obligations Policies and ideology Edit The South Africa Conference NAM logo Chairpersons 35 of the NAM have included such diverse figures as Suharto 36 a militaristic 37 anti communist and Nelson Mandela a democratic socialist and famous anti apartheid activist Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies the Non Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983 the movement described itself as history s biggest peace movement 38 The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament NAM s commitment to peace pre dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961 The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament 38 During the 1970s and early 1980s the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations namely the New International Economic Order NIEO and its cultural offspring the New World Information and Communication Order NWICO The latter on its own sparked a Non Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications the Non Aligned News Agencies Pool created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005 The Non Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved Almost all of the members of the Non Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger western and developed nation dominated UN 39 African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab Asian concerns about Palestine 39 and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success The Non Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations including Rhodesia and South Africa 40 Current activities and positions EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2017 Reform of the UN Security Council Edit The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics and advocating for the reforming of the United Nations Security Council stating that the organisation has been used by powerful states in ways that violate the movement s principles It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of non aligned states The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision making The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted undemocratic and in need of reshaping 41 Self determination of Puerto Rico Edit Since 1961 the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico s self determination before the United Nations A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement but did not progress Self determination of Western Sahara Edit Since 1973 the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara s self determination before the United Nations 42 The movement reaffirmed in its meeting Sharm El Sheikh 2009 the support to the Self determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option welcomed the direct conversations between the parties and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue 43 Sustainable developments Edit The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state Issues such as globalization the debt burden unfair trade practices the decline in foreign aid donor conditionality and the lack of democracy in international financial decision making are cited as factors inhibiting development 44 Criticism of US foreign policy Edit In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea s nuclear plans and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations at the most recent summit Kim Yong nam chairman of North Korea s parliamentary standing committee stated The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities 45 South South cooperation Edit The Non Aligned Movement Centre for South South Technical Cooperation NAM CSSTC as an intergovernmental institution which enables developing countries to increase national capacity and their collective self reliance 46 forms part of the efforts of NAM 47 The NAM CSSTC is located in Jakarta Indonesia with a South South Technical Cooperation focus Other NAM Centres focus on the health human rights and technology sectors are each located in Cuba Iran and India 48 The NAM CSSTC was set up a few years after the Cold War to promote development in developing countries and to accelerate growth From 18 to 20 October 1995 in Cartgena de Indias 140 nations gathered and accepted a final document stating in paragraph 313 of the Final Document the establishment of the Centre for South South Technical Cooperation in Indonesia The organisation aims to achieve the development goal of developing countries to achieve sustainable human development and enable developing countries to be equal partners in international relations in accordance with the Final Document The NAM CSSTC s main body is the board of directors 49 50 In addition the Board of Directors has a consultative arrangement with a Governing Council under the leadership of the Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and its members include Ambassador of Brunei Ambassador of Cuba and Ambassador of South Africa The head of the administrative officer of NAM CSSTC is accredited by Ronny Prasetyo Yuliantoro Director current Indonesian diplomat and Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to the Islamic Republic of Iran who began his term of office on 1 July 2018 51 The organisation is financed by Indonesia s volunteer contributions 52 53 The NAM CSSTC its officers consists of a full time staff who are not affiliated with any other governmental institution except their head of the administrative officer who is typically nominated from Echelon I or Echelon II staff from the Indonesian ministries Some say the organisation is a major endeavour to build NAM member countries capacities 54 History Edit A few years before the NAM CSSTC was set up the NAM summit in 1992 in Jakarta to discuss efforts to strengthen collective autonomy and to review of the international economic environment in order to step up South South cooperation 55 After the admission of Brunei Darussalam to the NAM during the summit the Government of the Republic of Indonesia called for a South South Technical Cooperation Centre now known as the NAM CSSTC to be established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Brunei Darussalam with the aim of organising different training research and seminar programmes and activities The programme activities aimed at eradicating poverty encouraging SMEs and the application of information communication technologies Programmes Edit The NAM CSSTC carries out its activities through cooperation with NAM member countries training centres and specialists and other multilateral organisations Examples include Workshop on IUU fishing eradication 56 dispatch of agricultural experts to Myanmar 57 and international tissue culture training 58 Evaluations Edit NAM CSSTC reports quarterly to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and the NAM Coordinating Bureau in New York Annually the Ministry and the Bureau will be given additional details on programmes and events including their assessments 59 Cultural diversity and human rights Edit The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation 60 citation needed In line with its views on sovereignty the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity and the tolerance of the religious socio cultural and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region 61 failed verification Working groups task forces committees 62 Committee on Palestine High Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations Joint Coordinating Committee chaired by Chairman of G 77 and Chairman of NAM Non Aligned Security Caucus Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation Task Force on Somalia Working Group on Disarmament Working Group on Human Rights Working Group on Peace Keeping OperationsSummits Edit 1st summit Belgrade 16th summit of the NAM Tehran The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non Aligned Countries often referred to as Non Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years 63 Date Host country Host city Slogan1st 1 6 September 1961 Yugoslavia Belgrade2nd 5 10 October 1964 Egypt Cairo3rd 8 10 September 1970 Zambia Lusaka4th 5 9 September 1973 Algeria Algiers5th 16 19 August 1976 Sri Lanka Colombo6th 3 9 September 1979 Cuba Havana7th 7 12 March 1983 India New Delhi8th 1 6 September 1986 Zimbabwe Harare9th 4 7 September 1989 Yugoslavia Belgrade10th 1 6 September 1992 Indonesia Jakarta11th 18 20 October 1995 Colombia Cartagena12th 2 3 September 1998 South Africa Durban13th 20 25 February 2003 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur14th 15 16 September 2006 Cuba Havana15th 11 16 July 2009 Egypt Sharm el Sheikh International Solidarity for Peace and Development16th 26 31 August 2012 Iran Tehran Lasting peace through joint global governance17th 13 18 September 2016 Venezuela Porlamar Peace Sovereignty and Solidarity for Development18th 25 26 October 2019 64 Azerbaijan Baku Upholding the Bandung principles to ensure a concerted and adequate response to the challenges of the contemporary world 4 19th January 2024 Uganda 65 KampalaA variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings Some are specialists such as the meeting on Inter Faith Dialogue and Co operation for Peace held in Manila the Philippines 16 18 March 2010 There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years The most recent were in Bali Indonesia 23 27 May 2011 and Algiers Algeria 26 29 May 2014 The Non Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5 6 September 2011 66 67 An online summit titled United Against Covid 19 conducted on 4 May 2020 on the initiative of the chairman of the NAM for the 2019 2022 period addressed mainly the global struggle to fight the COVID 19 pandemics and supporting NAM to increase its role in dealing with and mitigating the outcomes caused by this disease in NAM as well as other countries 68 69 The Non Aligned Movement celebrated its 60th anniversary in Belgrade on 11 12 October 2021 70 Chair EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message A chair is elected at each summit meeting 35 The Coordinating Bureau also based at the UN is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement s task forces committees and working groups Image Chair citation needed Country holding the Presidency Party From To Josip Broz Tito 1892 1980 Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964 Gamal Abdel Nasser 1918 1970 United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970 Kenneth Kaunda 1924 2021 Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973 Houari Boumediene 1932 1978 Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976William Gopallawa 1896 1981 Sri Lanka Independent 1976 1978 Junius Richard Jayewardene 1906 1996 United National Party 1978 1979 Fidel Castro 1926 2016 Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 1983 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1913 1996 India Janata Party 1983 Zail Singh 1916 1994 Indian National Congress 1983 1986 Robert Mugabe 1924 2019 Zimbabwe ZANU PF 1986 1989 Janez Drnovsek 1950 2008 Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990 Borisav Jovic 1928 2021 Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991 Stjepan Mesic born 1934 Croatian Democratic Union 1991 Branko Kostic 1939 2020 Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992 Dobrica Cosic 1921 2014 FR Yugoslavia Independent 1992 Suharto 1921 2008 Indonesia Golkar 1992 1995 Ernesto Samper born 1950 Colombia Colombian Liberal Party 1995 1998 Andres Pastrana Arango born 1954 Colombian Conservative Party 1998 Nelson Mandela 1918 2013 South Africa African National Congress 1998 1999 Thabo Mbeki born 1942 1999 2003 Mahathir Mohamad born 1925 Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 2003 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi born 1939 2003 2006 Fidel Castro 71 1926 2016 Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 2006 2008 Raul Castro born 1931 2008 2009 Hosni Mubarak 1928 2020 Egypt National Democratic Party 2009 2011 Mohamed Hussein Tantawi 1935 2021 Independent 2011 2012 Mohamed Morsi 1951 2019 Freedom and Justice Party 2012 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad born 1956 Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 2013 Hassan Rouhani born 1948 Moderation and Development Party 2013 2016 Nicolas Maduro born 1962 Venezuela United Socialist Party 2016 2019 Ilham Aliyev born 1961 Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party 2019 2023Members observers and guests EditCurrent members Edit Non Aligned Movement member countries by year joined The following countries are members of the NAM arranged by continent showing their year of admission 2 Africa Edit Currently every African country except South Sudan is a member of the Non Aligned Movement Algeria 1961 Angola 1976 Benin 1964 Botswana 1970 Burkina Faso 1973 Burundi 1964 Cameroon 1964 Cape Verde 1976 Central African Republic 1964 Chad 1964 Comoros 1976 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961 Djibouti 1983 Egypt 1961 Equatorial Guinea 1970 Eritrea 1995 Eswatini 1970 Ethiopia 1961 Gabon 1970 Gambia 1973 Ghana 1961 Guinea 1961 Guinea Bissau 1976 Ivory Coast 1973 Kenya 1964 Lesotho 1970 Liberia 1964 Libya 1964 Madagascar 1973 Malawi 1964 Mali 1961 Mauritania 1964 Mauritius 1973 Morocco 1961 Mozambique 1976 Namibia 1979 Niger 1973 Nigeria 1964 Republic of the Congo 1964 Rwanda 1970 Sao Tome and Principe 1976 Senegal 1964 Seychelles 1976 Sierra Leone 1964 Somalia 1961 South Africa 1994 Sudan 1961 Tanzania 1964 Togo 1964 Tunisia 1961 Uganda 1964 Zambia 1964 Zimbabwe 1979 Americas Edit Antigua and Barbuda 2006 Bahamas 1983 Barbados 1983 Belize 1981 Bolivia 1979 Chile 1973 Colombia 1983 Cuba 1961 Dominica 2006 Dominican Republic 2000 Ecuador 1983 Grenada 1979 Guatemala 1993 Guyana 1970 Haiti 2006 Honduras 1995 Jamaica 1970 Nicaragua 1979 Panama 1976 Peru 1973 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2006 Saint Lucia 1983 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2003 Suriname 1983 Trinidad and Tobago 1970 Venezuela 1989 Asia Edit Afghanistan 1961 Bahrain 1973 Bangladesh 1973 Bhutan 1973 Brunei Darussalam 1993 Cambodia 1961 India 1961 Indonesia 1961 Iran 1979 Iraq 1961 Jordan 1964 Kuwait 1964 Laos 1964 Lebanon 1961 Malaysia 1970 Maldives 1976 Mongolia 1993 Myanmar 1961 Nepal 1961 North Korea 1975 Oman 1973 Pakistan 1979 Palestine 1976 Philippines 1993 Qatar 1973 Saudi Arabia 1961 Singapore 1970 Sri Lanka 1961 Syria 1964 Thailand 1993 East Timor 2003 Turkmenistan 1995 United Arab Emirates 1970 Uzbekistan 1993 Vietnam 1976 Yemen 1990 73 Europe Edit Azerbaijan 2011 Belarus 1998 Oceania Edit Fiji 2011 Papua New Guinea 1993 Vanuatu 1983 Former members Edit North Yemen 1961 1990 74 Cyprus 1961 2004 75 76 Yugoslavia 1961 1992 21 77 78 South Yemen 1970 1990 74 Malta 1973 2004 76 Argentina 1973 1991 79 80 Observers Edit The following countries and organizations have observer status 2 Countries Edit Argentina 81 Armenia 81 Bosnia and Herzegovina 81 82 Brazil 81 China 1992 83 Costa Rica 81 Croatia 81 82 84 85 El Salvador 81 Kazakhstan 81 Kyrgyzstan 81 Mexico 81 Montenegro 81 82 Paraguay 81 Russia 2021 86 87 88 Serbia 81 82 South Sudan citation needed Tajikistan 81 Ukraine 81 82 Uruguay 81 Vatican City 1970 89 Organisations Edit Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union Afro Asian People s Solidarity Organisation Arab League Commonwealth Secretariat Hostosian National Independence Movement Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front Organisation of Islamic Cooperation South Centre United Nations World Peace Council Guests Edit There is no permanent guest status 90 but often several non member countries are represented as guests at conferences In addition a large number of organisations both from within the UN system and from outside are always invited as guests citation needed See also EditAsian African Conference Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence G 77 India and the Non Aligned Movement Neutral country Neutral powers during World War II Neutral and Non Aligned European States New International Economic Order New World Information and Communication Order North South divide South South Cooperation Third World Third Worldism United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Yugoslavia and the 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13 June 2020 Retrieved 30 May 2020 Non Aligned Movement celebrates 60th anniversary in Belgrade Morning Star 11 October 2021 Archived from the original on 12 October 2021 Retrieved 12 October 2021 Fidel Castro having recently undergone gastric surgery was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother Cuba s acting president Raul Castro See Castro elected President of Non Aligned Movement Nations Archived 7 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine People s Daily 16 September 2006 In a joint letter to the UN Secretary General sent just prior to unification the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People s Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People s Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue Buhler Konrad 2001 State Succession and Membership in International Organizations Martinus Nijhoff Publisher ISBN 9041115536 Archived from the original on 18 April 2021 Retrieved 18 November 2020 North Yemen is one of the founders in 1961 South Yemen joined in 1970 In 1990 both were unified into a single state which accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors 72 a b Buhler Konrad 2001 State Succession and Membership in International Organizations Martinus Nijhoff Publisher ISBN 9041115536 Archived from the original on 18 April 2021 Retrieved 18 November 2020 Cyprus and the Non Aligned Movement Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Cyprus Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 Retrieved 23 March 2014 a b XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non Aligned Movement South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 Retrieved 23 March 2014 Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement New Delhi Declaration PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2011 Retrieved 18 September 2016 Kin Lai Kwok 2 September 1992 Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non Aligned Summit The Independent Reuters Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 Retrieved 24 August 2012 Indira Gandhi 6 September 1973 Address of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi PDF New Delhi Ministry of External Affairs India Archived from the original PDF on 7 February 2022 Retrieved 17 April 2022 Argentina Withdraws from Non Aligned Movement Associated Press 20 September 1991 Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 Retrieved 1 February 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Members and other Participants of NAM Movement PDF Ministry of External Affairs India n d Retrieved 8 April 2023 a b c d e Tito s Non Aligned Movement hits 60 Is it still relevant Emerging Europe 15 October 2021 Retrieved 8 April 2023 China s foreign policy is rooted in non alignment China org cn www china org cn Retrieved 11 March 2023 Croatia to participate in Non Aligned Movement conference T portal 11 April 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2023 There is life in the Non Alignment Movement yet The Interpreter 25 October 2021 Retrieved 8 April 2023 Russia receives observer status in Non Aligned Movement TASS 14 July 2021 Archived from the original on 7 October 2021 Retrieved 4 October 2021 Russia gets observer status to Non Aligned Movement The Frontier Post 14 July 2021 Gibbs Stephen STHGibbs 25 February 2022 Russia attained observer status of the Non aligned Movement last year Tweet Retrieved 20 September 2022 via Twitter Ramsak Jure 2021 The Crumbling Touchstone of the Vatican s Ostpolitik Relations between the Holy See and Yugoslavia 1970 1989 The International History Review 43 4 852 869 doi 10 1080 07075332 2020 1819859 S2CID 224987475 XII Summit Durban South Africa 2 3 September 1998 The Non Aligned Movement Background Information 4 4 Archived 9 February 2016 at the Wayback MachineFurther reading EditArnold Guy The A to Z of the Non aligned Movement and Third World Scarecrow Press 2010 Dinkel Jurgen The Non Aligned Movement Genesis Organization and Politics 1927 1992 Brill Leiden Boston 2019 ISBN 978 90 04 33613 1 Graham John A The non aligned movement after the Havana Summit Journal of International Affairs 1980 153 160 online Kansal Shubhangi Non Aligned Movement in The 21st Century Relevant or No 2020 online Archived 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Kochler Hans ed The Principles of Non Alignment The Non aligned Countries in the Eighties Results and Perspectives London Third World Centre 1982 ISBN 0 86199 015 3 Luthi Lorenz M The Non Aligned Movement and the Cold War 1961 1973 Journal of Cold War Studies 18 4 2016 98 147 online Miskovic Natasa Harald Fischer Tine and Nada Boskovska eds The non aligned movement and the Cold War Delhi Bandung Belgrade Routledge 2014 Mukherjee Mithi A World of Illusion The Legacy of Empire in India s Foreign Relations 1947 62 The International History Review 32 2 June 2010 253 271 Potter William Nuclear politics and the Non aligned movement Principles vs pragmatism Routledge 2017 Tassin Kristin S Lift up Your Head My Brother Nationalism and The Genesis of the Non aligned Movement Journal of Third World Studies 23 1 2006 147 168 online External links EditNon Aligned Movement at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Data from Wikidata 18th Summit Eighteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit Baku 2019 Official Site 17th Summit Seventeenth Non Aligned Movement Summit Margarita Venezuela 2016 Official Site 16th Summit Sixteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit Tehran 26 31 August 2012 Official Site 15th Summit Fifteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit Sharm el Sheikh 11 16 July 2009 Official Site 14th Summit Fourteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit Havana 11 16 September 2006 Non Aligned Movement South African government NAM site International Institute for Non Aligned Studies Archived 8 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine International Organization for Non Aligned Movement Non Aligned Movement Centre for South South Technical Cooperation The Cold War International History Project s Document Collection on the NAM Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Non Aligned Movement amp oldid 1163218337, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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