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Auto rickshaw

An auto rickshaw is a motorized version of the pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Most have three wheels and do not tilt. They are known by many terms in various countries including auto, auto rickshaw, baby taxi, mototaxi, pigeon, jonnybee, bajaj, chand gari, lapa, tuk-tuk, tum-tum, Keke-napep, Maruwa, 3wheel, pragya, bao-bao, easy bike, cng and tukxi.

An auto rickshaw in Sri Lanka

The auto rickshaw is a common form of urban transport, both as a vehicle for hire and for private use, in many countries around the world. They are especially common in countries with tropical or subtropical climates, since they usually are not fully enclosed, and in many developing countries because they are relatively inexpensive to own and operate. As of 2019, Bajaj Auto of India is the world's largest auto rickshaw manufacturer, selling 780,000 during the 2019 fiscal year.[1]

There are many different auto rickshaw designs. The most common type is characterized by a sheet-metal body or open frame resting on three wheels; a canvas roof with drop-down side curtains; a small cabin at the front for the driver operating handlebar controls; and a cargo, passenger, or dual purpose space at the rear. Another common type is a motorcycle that has an expanded sidecar or, less often, is pushing or pulling a passenger compartment.

Origin

 
Daihatsu Midget Model DKA

In the 1930s Japan, which was the most industrialized country in Asia at the time, encouraged the development of motorized vehicles including less expensive three-wheeled vehicles based on motorcycles. The Mazda-Go, a 3-wheel open "truck" released in 1931,[2] is often considered the first of what became auto rickshaws. Later that decade the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan distributed about 20,000 used three-wheelers to Southeast Asia as part of efforts to expand its influence in the region.[3][4][5][6] They became popular in some areas, especially Thailand, which developed local manufacturing and design after the Japanese government abolished the three-wheeler license in Japan in 1965.[7]

Production in Southeast Asia started from the knockdown production of the Daihatsu Midget, which was introduced in 1959.[8] An exception is the indigenously modified Philippine tricycle, which originates from the Rikuo Type 97 motorcycle with a sidecar, introduced to the islands in 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.[9]

In Europe, Corradino D'Ascanio, aircraft designer at Piaggio and inventor of the Vespa, came up with the idea of building a light three-wheeled commercial vehicle to power Italy's post-war economic reconstruction. The Piaggio Ape followed suit in 1947.

Regional variations

Africa and the Middle East

Egypt

Locally named the "tuktuk," the rickshaw is used for transportation in most parts of Egypt. It is generally rare to find in suburban areas and newer parts of cities such as New Cairo and on highways due to police control.

Gaza

Together with the recent boom of recreational facilities in Gaza for the local residents, donkey carts have all but been displaced by tuk-tuks in 2010. Due to the ban by Egypt and Israel on the import of most motorised vehicles, the tuk-tuks have had to be smuggled in parts through the tunnel network connecting Gaza with Egypt.[10]

Madagascar

In Madagascar, man-powered rickshaws are a common form of transportation in a number of cities, especially Antsirabe. They are known as "posy" from pousse-pousse, meaning push-push. Cycle rickshaws took off since 2006 in a number of flat cities like Toamasina and replaced the major part of the posy, and are now threatened by the auto rickshaws, introduced in 2009. Provincial capitals like Toamasina, Mahajanga, Toliara, and Antsiranana are taking to them rapidly.[citation needed] They are known as "bajaji" in the north and "tuk-tuk" or "tik-tik" in the east, and are now licensed to operate as taxis.[citation needed] They are not yet allowed an operating licence in the congested, and more polluted national capital, Antananarivo.[citation needed][11][12][13]

Nigeria

 
Aerial view of autorickshaw congestion from a pedestrian bridge in Uyo, Southeast Nigeria

The auto rickshaw is used to provide transportation in cities all over Nigeria. Popularity and use varies across the country however. In Lagos, for example, the "keke" (Yoruba for bicycle) is regulated and transportation around the state's highways is prohibited.[14]

South Africa

 
Tuk-Tuk in Hermanus, South Africa (2014)

Tuk-tuks, introduced in Durban[15] in the late 1980s enjoyed growing popularity in recent years, particularly in Gauteng.[16] In Cape Town they are used to deliver groceries and, more recently, transport tourists.[17][18]

 
Rickshaw in Omdurman (Sudan)

Sudan

Rickshaws, known as "Raksha" in Sudan, is the most common mean of transportation followed by the bus in the capital Khartoum.

Tanzania

Locally known as "bajaji", they are a common mode of transportation in Dar es Salaam, and many other cities and villages.[19]

Uganda

A local delivery company called as Sokowatch in 2020 began a pilot project using electric tuk-tuks, to cut pollution.[20]

Zimbabwe

 
Hende Moto electric 3 Wheeler Zimbabwe

Hende Moto EV & Taxi company was founded in 2019 by Devine Mafa, an American-Zimbabwean businessman. Hende Moto taxi's were first introduced in Zimbabwe as the first car, manufactured by a Zimbabwean three wheeler manufacturing company Hende Moto Pvt Ltd. Hende Moto Engine in a Safari fiberglass body. The first Hende Moto Taxi was introduced in Kwekwe August 2019, Zimbabwe and thereafter, Victoria Falls City came second and lastly Harare 2019. Hende Moto is also the manufacturer of the first Zimbabwean made electric passenger three wheeled vehicle. It operates on a lithium ion battery that has a range of 70 miles on a 6-hour charge.

South Asia

Afghanistan

 
A tuk-tuk in Herat

Auto rickshaws are very common in the eastern Afghan city of Jalalabad, where they are popularly decorated in art and colors.[21] They are also popular in the northern city of Kunduz.[22]

Bangladesh

 
"CNGs" in Dhaka

Auto rickshaws (locally called "baby taxis" and more recently "CNGs" due to their fuel source, compressed natural gas) are one of the more popular modes of transport in Bangladesh mainly due to their size and speed. They are best suited to narrow, crowded streets, and are thus the principal means of covering longer distances within urban areas.[23]

Two-stroke engines had been identified as one of the leading sources of air pollution in Dhaka. Thus, since January 2003, traditional auto rickshaws were banned from the capital; only the new natural gas-powered models (CNG) were permitted to operate within the city limits. All CNGs are painted green to signify that the vehicles are eco-friendly and that each one has a meter built-in.[24]

India

Most cities offer auto rickshaw service, although cycle rickshaws are also common and even hand-pulled rickshaws exist in certain areas such as Kolkata.[25]: 15, 57, 156  Many state governments have launched an initiative of women friendly rickshaw service called the Pink Rickshaws driven by women.[26] The drivers are known as the Rickshaw-wallah, auto-wallah or tuktuk-wallah.

 
Auto rickshaw in Attari

Auto rickshaws are used in cities and towns for short distances; they are less suited to long distances because they are slow and the carriages are open to air pollution.[25]: 57, 58, 110  Auto rickshaws (often called "autos") provide cheap and efficient transportation. Modern auto rickshaws run on electricity as government pushes for e mobility through its FAME-II scheme, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) due to government regulations and are environmentally friendly compared to full-sized cars.[citation needed][nb 1]

To augment speedy movement of traffic, auto rickshaws are not allowed in the southern part of Mumbai.[27]

India is the location of the annual Rickshaw Run.

There are two types of auto rickshaws in India. In older versions the engines were below the driver's seat, while in newer versions engines are in the rear. They normally run on petrol, CNG, or diesel. The seating capacity of a normal rickshaw is four, including the driver's seat. Six-seater rickshaws exist in different parts of the country, but the model was officially banned in the city of Pune on 10 January 2003 by the Regional Transport Authority (RTA).[28]

Apart from this, modern electric auto rickshaws which runs on electric motor have high torque and loading capacity with better speed is also gaining popularity in India. Many auto drivers moved to electric three wheeler as the prices of CNG or Diesel is very high and that type of auto rickshaws are much costlier compared to the electric auto rickshaw. Government is also taking actions to convert current CNG and Diesel rickshaws to Electric Rickshaws.[29]

CNG autos in many cities (e.g. Delhi, Agra) are distinguishable from the earlier petrol-powered autos by a green and yellow livery, as opposed to the earlier black and yellow appearance. In other cities (such as Mumbai) the only distinguishing feature is the 'CNG' print found on the back or side of the auto. Some local governments are considering four-stroke engines instead of two-stroke versions.[citation needed]

Auto rickshaw manufacturers in India include Bajaj Auto, Atul Auto Limited, Oculus Auto,[30][31] Kerala Automobiles Limited, Force Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, Piaggio Ape, TVS Motors and Fleek Motors.

In Delhi there also used to be a variant powered by a Harley-Davidson engine called the phat-phati, because of the sound it made. The story goes that shortly after Independence a stock of Harley-Davidson motorbikes were found that had been used by British troops during World War II and left behind in a military storage house in Delhi. Some enterprising drivers purchased these bikes, added on a gear box (probably from a Willys jeep), welded on a passenger compartment that was good for four to six passengers, and put the unconventional vehicles onto the roads. A 1998 ruling of the Supreme Court against the use of polluting vehicles finally signed the death warrant of Delhi's phat-phatis.[32][33][34][35]

As of 2018 India has about 1.5 million battery-powered, three-wheeled rickshaws on its roads. Some 11,000 new ones hit the streets each month, creating a US$1.5 billion market. Manufacturers include Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and Kinetic Engineering. A hindrance to adoption to electric vehicles is the paucity of charging stations; India had only 425 at year-end 2017. By 2022 the number is projected to rise to 2,800.[36]

Generally rickshaw fares are controlled by the government,[37] however auto (and taxi) driver unions frequently go on strike demanding fare hikes. They have also gone on strike multiple times in Delhi to protest against the government and High Court's 2012 order to install GPS systems, and even though GPS installation in public transport was made mandatory in 2015, as of 2017 compliance remains very low.[38][39][40]

The 200cc variant of the Bajaj Auto auto rickshaw was used in the 2022 Rickshaw Run to set the record for the world's highest auto rickshaw, over the Umling La Pass, at 5,800 meters (19,000 feet)[41][42]

Nepal

Auto rickshaws were a popular mode of transport in Nepal during the 1980s and 1990s, until the government banned the movement of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000s.[43] The earliest auto rickshaws running in Kathmandu were manufactured by Bajaj Auto.[citation needed]

Nepal has been a popular destination for the Rickshaw Run. The 2009 Fall Run took place in Goa, India and ended in Pokhara, Nepal.[44]

Pakistan

Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns[45] and are mainly used for travelling short distances within cities. One of the major manufacturers of auto rickshaws is Piaggio. The government is taking measures to convert all gasoline powered auto rickshaws to cleaner CNG rickshaws by 2015 in all the major cities of Pakistan by issuing easy loans through commercial banks. Environment Canada is implementing pilot projects in Lahore, Karachi, and Quetta with engine technology developed in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada that uses CNG instead of gasoline in the two-stroke engines, in an effort to combat environmental pollution and noise levels.[citation needed]

In many cities in Pakistan, there are also motorcycle rickshaws, usually called "chand gari" (moon car) or "chingchi", after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd who first introduced these to the market.[citation needed]

There are many rickshaw manufacturers in Pakistan. Lahore is the hub of CNG auto rickshaw manufacturing. Manufacturers include: New Asia automobile Pvt, Ltd; AECO Export Company; STAHLCO Motors; Global Sources; Parhiyar Automobiles; Global Ledsys Technologies; Siwa Industries; Prime Punjab Automobiles; Murshid Farm Industries; Sazgar Automobiles; NTN Enterprises; and Imperial Engineering Company.

Sri Lanka

 
Trishaw in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

Auto rickshaws, commonly known as Three-wheelers, tuk-tuks (Sinhala: ටුක් ටුක්, pronounced [ṭuk ṭuk]) or trishaws can be found on all roads in Sri Lanka transporting people or freight. Sri Lankan three-wheelers are of the style of the light Phnom Penh-type. Most of the three-wheelers in Sri Lanka are a slightly modified Indian Bajaj model, imported from India though there are few manufactured locally and increasingly imports from other countries in the region and other brands of three-wheelers such as Piaggio Ape. As of mid-2018, a new gasoline powered tuk-tuk typically costs around US$4,300, while a newly introduced Chinese electric model cost around US$5,900.[46] Since 2008, the Sri Lankan government has banned the import of all 2-stroke gasoline engines due to environmental concerns.[46] Ones imported to the island now are four-stroke engines. Most three-wheelers are available as hired vehicles, with few being used to haul goods or as private company or advertising vehicles. Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island, with its agent being David Pieries Motor Co, Ltd.[47] A few three-wheelers in Sri Lanka have distance meters. In the capital city it is becoming more and more common. The vast majority of fares are negotiated between the passenger and driver. There are 1.2 million trishaw's in Sri Lanka and most are on financial loans.

In Sri Lanka, tourists are able to drive a tuktuk. Through the Automobile Association of Ceylon, tourists are able to get a temporary Recognition Permit which allows them to drive a three-wheeler legally.[48][self-published source?]

Southeast Asia

Cambodia

In Cambodia, a passenger-carrying three-wheeled vehicle is known as "lemorque" from the French "remorque." It is a widely used form of transportation in the capital of Phnom Penh and for visitors touring the Angkor temples in Siem Reap. Some have four wheels and is composed of a motorcycle (which leans) and trailer (which does not). Cambodian cities have a much lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities, and tuk-tuks are still the most common form of urban transport. There are more than 6,000 tuk-tuks in Phnom Penh, according to the Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association (IDEA), a union that represents tuk-tuk drivers among other members.[49]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, auto rickshaws are popular in Jakarta as Bajay, Java, Medan and Gorontalo as Bentor, and some parts of Sulawesi and other places in the country. In Jakarta, the auto rickshaws are called Bajay or Bajaj and they are the same to as the ones in India but are colored blue (for the ones which use Compressed natural gas) and orange (for the ones which use normal gasoline fuel).[50] The blue ones are imported from India with the brand of Bajaj and TVS and the orange ones are the old design from 1977. The orange ones uses two-stroke engines as their prime mover, while the blue ones use four stroke engines. The orange bajaj has been banned since 2017 due to emission regulations.[51][50] The Bajaj is one of the most popular modes of transportation in the city. Outside of Jakarta, the bentor-style auto rickshaw is ubiquitous, with the passenger cabin mounted as a sidecar (like in Medan) or in-front (like the ones in some parts of Sulawesi) to a motorcycle.

Philippines

In the Philippines, a similar mode of public transport is the "tricycle" (Filipino: traysikel; Cebuano: traysikol).[52] Unlike auto rickshaws, however, it has a motorcycle with a sidecar configuration and a different origin. The exact date of its appearance in the Philippines is unknown, but it started appearing after World War 2, roughly at the same time as the appearance of the jeepney. It is most likely derived from the Rikuo Type 97 military motorcycle used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines starting at 1941. The motorcycle was essentially a licensed copy of a Harley-Davidson with a sidecar.[9] However, there is also another hypothesis which places the origin of the tricycle to the similarly built "trisikad", a human-powered cycle rickshaw built in the same configuration as the tricycle. However, the provenance of the trisikad is also unknown. Prior to the tricycles and trisikad, the most common means of mass public transport in the Philippines is a carriage pulled by horses or carabaos known as the kalesa (calesa or carromata in Philippine Spanish).[53] The pulled rickshaw never gained acceptance in the Philippines. Americans tried to introduce it in the early 20th century, but it was strongly opposed by local Filipinos who viewed it as an undignified mode of transport that turned humans into "beasts".[54]

The design and configuration of tricycles vary widely from place to place, but tends towards rough standardization within each municipality. The usual design is a passenger or cargo sidecar fitted to a motorbike, usually on the right of the motorbike. It is rare to find one with a left sidecar. A larger variant of the tricycle with the motorcycle in the center enclosed by a passenger cab with two side benches is known as a "motorela." It is found in the islands of Mindanao, Camiguin, and Bohol.[55] Another notable variant are the tricycles of the Batanes Islands which have cabs made from wood and roofed with thatched cogon grass.[56] In Pagadian City, tricycles are also uniquely built with the passenger cab slanting upwards, due to the city's streets that run along steep hills.[57]

Tricycles can carry three passengers or more in the sidecar, one or two pillion passengers behind the driver, and even a few on the roof of the sidecar. Tricycles are one of the main contributors to air pollution in the Philippines,[58][59] which account for 45% of all volatile organic compound emissions[60] since majority of them employ two-stroke engines. However, some local governments are working towards phasing out two-stroke tricycles for ones with cleaner four-stroke engines.[58][61]

Tuk-Tuks have now been accepted as Three-Wheeled Vehicles by the Land Transportation Office (Philippines) as distinct from tricycles and are now seen in Philippine streets. Electric versions are now seen especially in the city of Manila where they are called e-trikes.[62] Combustion engine tuktuks are locally distributed by TVS Motors and Bajaj Auto through dealerships[63]

Thailand

The auto rickshaw, called tuk-tuk (Thai: ตุ๊ก ๆ, pronounced [túk túk]) in Thailand, is a widely used form of urban transport in Bangkok and other Thai cities. The name is onomatopoeic, mimicking the sound of a small (often two-cycle) engine. It is particularly popular where traffic congestion is a major problem, such as in Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima. In Bangkok in the 1960s, these were called samlaws.

Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk-tuks which are a more open variation on the Indian auto rickshaw. About 20,000 tuk-tuks were registered as taxis in Thailand in 2017.[64] Bangkok alone is reported to have 9,000 tuk-tuks.[65]

Tuk-tuk hua kob (ตุ๊ก ๆ หัวกบ; literally: frog-headed tuk tuk) is a unique tuk tuk with a cab looking like a frog's head. Only Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya and Trang have vehicles like this.[66][67]

in 2018, MuvMi, an electric tuk-tuk ride hailing service launched in Bangkok.[68]

East Asia

China

 
Auto rickshaw Haikou

Various types of auto rickshaw are used around China, where they are called sān lún chē (三轮车) and sometimes sān bèng zǐ (三蹦子), meaning three wheeler or tricycle. They may be used to transport cargo or passengers in the more rural areas. However, in many urban areas the auto rickshaws for passengers are often operated illegally as they are considered unsafe and an eyesore.[69][70] They are permitted in some towns and cities, however. The Southeast Asian word tuk tuk is transliterated as dū dū chē (嘟嘟车, or beep beep car) in Chinese.[71]

Europe

France

A number of tuk-tuks (250 in 2013 according to the Paris Prefecture) are used as an alternative tourist transport system in Paris, some of them being pedal-operated with electric motor assist. They are not yet fully licensed to operate and await customers on the streets. Vélotaxis were common during the Occupation years in Paris due to fuel restrictions.[72]

Italy

 
An Ape C (1956–1967)

Auto rickshaws have been commonly used in Italy since the late 1940s, providing a low-cost means of transportation in the post–World War II years when the country was short of economic resources. The Piaggio Ape (Tukxi), designed by Vespa creator Corradino D'Ascanio and first manufactured in 1948 by the Italian company Piaggio, though primarily designed for carrying freight has also been widely used as an auto rickshaw. It is still extremely popular throughout the country, being particularly useful in the narrow streets found in the center of many little towns in central and southern Italy. Though it no longer has a key role in transportation, Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi in some areas such as the islands of Ischia and Stromboli (on Stromboli no cars are allowed). It has recently been re-launched as a trendy-ecological means of transportation, or, relying on the role the Ape played in the history of Italian design, as a promotional tool.

Portugal

 
Tuk Tuk Taxi in Albufeira Portugal

Tuk Tuks are used in the main touristic cities and regions of the country, specially in Lisbon and the sunny region of Algarve, as a novel form of transport for visitors during the tourist season.

United Kingdom

In 2006 a British travel writer – Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent – and her friend Jo Huxster travelled 12,561 miles (20,215 km) with an auto rickshaw from Bangkok to Brighton. With this 98 days' trip they set a Guinness World Record for the longest journey ever with an auto rickshaw.[citation needed] In October 2022, Gwent police spent £40,000 on four tuk tuk vehicles in order to help fight crime.[73]

Montenegro

Tuk Tuk Montenegro has implemented tours with electric Tuk Tuks in Kotor, Montenegro in 2018.[74]

The Americas

 
Bajaj mototaxis in El Salvador

El Salvador

The mototaxi or moto is the El Salvadoran version of the auto rickshaw. These are most commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycle attached to a two-wheeled passenger area in back. Commercially produced models, such as the Indian Bajaj brand, are also employed.[citation needed]

Guatemala

In Guatemala tuk-tuks operate, both as taxis and private vehicles, in Guatemala City, around the island town of Flores, Peten, in the mountain city of Antigua Guatemala, and in many small towns in the mountains. In 2005 the tuk-tuks were prevalent in the Lago de Atitlán towns of Panajachel and Santiago Atitlán. While tuk-tuks continue to serve as a prevalent form of transportation in Antigua Guatemala, their use throughout the country as a whole has declined.

United States

In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States Post Office (replaced in 1971 by the United States Postal Service) used the WestCoaster Mailster, a close relative of the tuk-tuk.[75] Similar vehicles remain in limited use for parking enforcement, mall security, and other niche applications. After a short time on the market (Mid-2000s to 2008) in the United States,[76] the vehicles failed to gain popularity in the United States, and as a result, are no longer available. The Manufacturer Bajaj cited the manual transmissions aboard the three-wheelers as the reason for poor sales. As a result of modifications that made the machines EPA and DOT compliant, the vehicles that were sold are still street-legal.[77]

 
Westcoaster Mailster

Cuba

In Cuba, the autorickshaws are small and look like a coconut, hence the name Cocotaxi.

 
Cocotaxis in Havana, Cuba

Peru

In Peru, a version of this vehicle is called a motocar[78] or mototaxi.[79]

Fuel efficiency and pollution

In July 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Government of Delhi to implement CNG or LPG (Autogas) fuel for all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city. Delhi's air quality has improved with the switch to CNG. Initially, auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNG refueling, but the situation improved following an increase in the number of CNG stations. Gradually, many state governments passed similar laws, thus shifting to CNG or LPG vehicles in most large cities to improve air quality and reduce pollution. Certain local governments are pushing for four-stroke engines instead of two-stroke ones. Typical mileage for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre (99 mpg‑imp; 82 mpg‑US) of petrol. Pakistan has passed a similar law prohibiting auto rickshaws in certain areas. CNG auto rickshaws have started to appear in huge numbers in many Pakistani cities.[citation needed]

In January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two-stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution. In the Philippines[80] there are projects to convert carburated two-stroke engines to direct-injected via Envirofit technology. Research has shown LPG or CNG gas direct-injection can be retrofitted to existing engines, in similar fashion to the Envirofit system.[81] In Vigan City majority of tricycles-for-hire as of 2008 are powered by motorcycles with four-stroke engines, as tricycles with two-stroke motorcycles are prevented from receiving operating permits. Direct injection is standard equipment on new machines in India.[82][83]

In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies initiated a two-year public-private partnership of local and international stakeholders aiming at operating a fleet of 15 hydrogen-fueled three-wheeled vehicles in New Delhi's Pragati Maidan complex.[84] As of January 2011, the project was nearing completion.[citation needed]

Hydrogen internal combustion (HICV) use in three-wheelers has only recently being started to be looked into, mainly by developing countries, to decrease local pollution at an affordable cost.[85][86] At some point, Bajaj Auto made a HICV auto rickshaw together with the company "Energy Conversion Devices".[87] They made a report on it called "Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3-Wheel Transportation in India" and it stated that the performance was comparable with CNG autos. In 2012, Mahindra & Mahindra showcased their first HICV auto rickshaw, called the Mahindra HyAlfa.[87] The development of the hydrogen-powered rickshaw happened with support from the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies.

World Records

On September 16, 2022, at 11:04 a.m. (Indian Standard Time), a Canadian team (Greg Harris and Priya Singh) and a Swiss team (Michele Daryanani & Nevena Lazarevic) set the world record for the highest altitude at which an auto rickshaw has ever been driven. The two teams set the record by driving to the summit of Umling La Pass at an altitude of 19,024 feet (5,799 meters).[88]

The two teams were participating in the Rickshaw Run (Himalayan Edition), an event promoted by The Adventurists, where teams drive auto rickshaws from the Thar desert town of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan the Himalayan town of Leh in Ladakh. Rickshaw Run teams are given the start and finish lines, but are otherwise unsupported and left to their own navigational choices in completing the approximately 2,300 km journey.

The road at Umling La Pass was constructed by India's Border Roads Organization and completed in 2017. Guinness World Records certified the road as the highest motorable road in the world.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Typical fuel economy for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre (99 mpg‑imp; 82 mpg‑US) of petrol.[citation needed]

References

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External links

  • The India 1000 – an article in Wired about auto rickshaw racing

auto, rickshaw, auto, rickshaw, motorized, version, pulled, rickshaw, cycle, rickshaw, most, have, three, wheels, tilt, they, known, many, terms, various, countries, including, auto, auto, rickshaw, baby, taxi, mototaxi, pigeon, jonnybee, bajaj, chand, gari, l. An auto rickshaw is a motorized version of the pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw Most have three wheels and do not tilt They are known by many terms in various countries including auto auto rickshaw baby taxi mototaxi pigeon jonnybee bajaj chand gari lapa tuk tuk tum tum Keke napep Maruwa 3wheel pragya bao bao easy bike cng and tukxi An auto rickshaw in Sri Lanka The auto rickshaw is a common form of urban transport both as a vehicle for hire and for private use in many countries around the world They are especially common in countries with tropical or subtropical climates since they usually are not fully enclosed and in many developing countries because they are relatively inexpensive to own and operate As of 2019 Bajaj Auto of India is the world s largest auto rickshaw manufacturer selling 780 000 during the 2019 fiscal year 1 There are many different auto rickshaw designs The most common type is characterized by a sheet metal body or open frame resting on three wheels a canvas roof with drop down side curtains a small cabin at the front for the driver operating handlebar controls and a cargo passenger or dual purpose space at the rear Another common type is a motorcycle that has an expanded sidecar or less often is pushing or pulling a passenger compartment Contents 1 Origin 2 Regional variations 2 1 Africa and the Middle East 2 1 1 Egypt 2 1 2 Gaza 2 1 3 Madagascar 2 1 4 Nigeria 2 1 5 South Africa 2 1 6 Sudan 2 1 7 Tanzania 2 1 8 Uganda 2 1 9 Zimbabwe 2 2 South Asia 2 2 1 Afghanistan 2 2 2 Bangladesh 2 2 3 India 2 2 4 Nepal 2 2 5 Pakistan 2 2 6 Sri Lanka 2 3 Southeast Asia 2 3 1 Cambodia 2 3 2 Indonesia 2 3 3 Philippines 2 3 4 Thailand 2 4 East Asia 2 4 1 China 2 5 Europe 2 5 1 France 2 5 2 Italy 2 5 3 Portugal 2 5 4 United Kingdom 2 5 5 Montenegro 2 6 The Americas 2 6 1 El Salvador 2 6 2 Guatemala 2 6 3 United States 2 6 4 Cuba 2 6 5 Peru 3 Fuel efficiency and pollution 4 World Records 5 See also 6 Explanatory notes 7 References 8 External linksOrigin Edit Daihatsu Midget Model DKA In the 1930s Japan which was the most industrialized country in Asia at the time encouraged the development of motorized vehicles including less expensive three wheeled vehicles based on motorcycles The Mazda Go a 3 wheel open truck released in 1931 2 is often considered the first of what became auto rickshaws Later that decade the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan distributed about 20 000 used three wheelers to Southeast Asia as part of efforts to expand its influence in the region 3 4 5 6 They became popular in some areas especially Thailand which developed local manufacturing and design after the Japanese government abolished the three wheeler license in Japan in 1965 7 Production in Southeast Asia started from the knockdown production of the Daihatsu Midget which was introduced in 1959 8 An exception is the indigenously modified Philippine tricycle which originates from the Rikuo Type 97 motorcycle with a sidecar introduced to the islands in 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II 9 In Europe Corradino D Ascanio aircraft designer at Piaggio and inventor of the Vespa came up with the idea of building a light three wheeled commercial vehicle to power Italy s post war economic reconstruction The Piaggio Ape followed suit in 1947 Regional variations EditAfrica and the Middle East Edit Egypt Edit Locally named the tuktuk the rickshaw is used for transportation in most parts of Egypt It is generally rare to find in suburban areas and newer parts of cities such as New Cairo and on highways due to police control Gaza Edit Together with the recent boom of recreational facilities in Gaza for the local residents donkey carts have all but been displaced by tuk tuks in 2010 Due to the ban by Egypt and Israel on the import of most motorised vehicles the tuk tuks have had to be smuggled in parts through the tunnel network connecting Gaza with Egypt 10 Madagascar Edit In Madagascar man powered rickshaws are a common form of transportation in a number of cities especially Antsirabe They are known as posy from pousse pousse meaning push push Cycle rickshaws took off since 2006 in a number of flat cities like Toamasina and replaced the major part of the posy and are now threatened by the auto rickshaws introduced in 2009 Provincial capitals like Toamasina Mahajanga Toliara and Antsiranana are taking to them rapidly citation needed They are known as bajaji in the north and tuk tuk or tik tik in the east and are now licensed to operate as taxis citation needed They are not yet allowed an operating licence in the congested and more polluted national capital Antananarivo citation needed 11 12 13 Nigeria Edit Aerial view of autorickshaw congestion from a pedestrian bridge in Uyo Southeast Nigeria The auto rickshaw is used to provide transportation in cities all over Nigeria Popularity and use varies across the country however In Lagos for example the keke Yoruba for bicycle is regulated and transportation around the state s highways is prohibited 14 South Africa Edit Tuk Tuk in Hermanus South Africa 2014 Tuk tuks introduced in Durban 15 in the late 1980s enjoyed growing popularity in recent years particularly in Gauteng 16 In Cape Town they are used to deliver groceries and more recently transport tourists 17 18 Rickshaw in Omdurman Sudan Sudan Edit Rickshaws known as Raksha in Sudan is the most common mean of transportation followed by the bus in the capital Khartoum Tanzania Edit Locally known as bajaji they are a common mode of transportation in Dar es Salaam and many other cities and villages 19 Uganda Edit A local delivery company called as Sokowatch in 2020 began a pilot project using electric tuk tuks to cut pollution 20 Zimbabwe Edit Hende Moto electric 3 Wheeler Zimbabwe Hende Moto EV amp Taxi company was founded in 2019 by Devine Mafa an American Zimbabwean businessman Hende Moto taxi s were first introduced in Zimbabwe as the first car manufactured by a Zimbabwean three wheeler manufacturing company Hende Moto Pvt Ltd Hende Moto Engine in a Safari fiberglass body The first Hende Moto Taxi was introduced in Kwekwe August 2019 Zimbabwe and thereafter Victoria Falls City came second and lastly Harare 2019 Hende Moto is also the manufacturer of the first Zimbabwean made electric passenger three wheeled vehicle It operates on a lithium ion battery that has a range of 70 miles on a 6 hour charge South Asia Edit Afghanistan Edit A tuk tuk in Herat Auto rickshaws are very common in the eastern Afghan city of Jalalabad where they are popularly decorated in art and colors 21 They are also popular in the northern city of Kunduz 22 Bangladesh Edit CNGs in Dhaka See also Rickshaw art in Bangladesh Auto rickshaws locally called baby taxis and more recently CNGs due to their fuel source compressed natural gas are one of the more popular modes of transport in Bangladesh mainly due to their size and speed They are best suited to narrow crowded streets and are thus the principal means of covering longer distances within urban areas 23 Two stroke engines had been identified as one of the leading sources of air pollution in Dhaka Thus since January 2003 traditional auto rickshaws were banned from the capital only the new natural gas powered models CNG were permitted to operate within the city limits All CNGs are painted green to signify that the vehicles are eco friendly and that each one has a meter built in 24 India Edit Most cities offer auto rickshaw service although cycle rickshaws are also common and even hand pulled rickshaws exist in certain areas such as Kolkata 25 15 57 156 Many state governments have launched an initiative of women friendly rickshaw service called the Pink Rickshaws driven by women 26 The drivers are known as the Rickshaw wallah auto wallah or tuktuk wallah Auto rickshaw in Attari Auto rickshaws are used in cities and towns for short distances they are less suited to long distances because they are slow and the carriages are open to air pollution 25 57 58 110 Auto rickshaws often called autos provide cheap and efficient transportation Modern auto rickshaws run on electricity as government pushes for e mobility through its FAME II scheme compressed natural gas CNG and liquified petroleum gas LPG due to government regulations and are environmentally friendly compared to full sized cars citation needed nb 1 To augment speedy movement of traffic auto rickshaws are not allowed in the southern part of Mumbai 27 India is the location of the annual Rickshaw Run There are two types of auto rickshaws in India In older versions the engines were below the driver s seat while in newer versions engines are in the rear They normally run on petrol CNG or diesel The seating capacity of a normal rickshaw is four including the driver s seat Six seater rickshaws exist in different parts of the country but the model was officially banned in the city of Pune on 10 January 2003 by the Regional Transport Authority RTA 28 Apart from this modern electric auto rickshaws which runs on electric motor have high torque and loading capacity with better speed is also gaining popularity in India Many auto drivers moved to electric three wheeler as the prices of CNG or Diesel is very high and that type of auto rickshaws are much costlier compared to the electric auto rickshaw Government is also taking actions to convert current CNG and Diesel rickshaws to Electric Rickshaws 29 CNG autos in many cities e g Delhi Agra are distinguishable from the earlier petrol powered autos by a green and yellow livery as opposed to the earlier black and yellow appearance In other cities such as Mumbai the only distinguishing feature is the CNG print found on the back or side of the auto Some local governments are considering four stroke engines instead of two stroke versions citation needed Auto rickshaw manufacturers in India include Bajaj Auto Atul Auto Limited Oculus Auto 30 31 Kerala Automobiles Limited Force Motors Mahindra amp Mahindra Piaggio Ape TVS Motors and Fleek Motors In Delhi there also used to be a variant powered by a Harley Davidson engine called the phat phati because of the sound it made The story goes that shortly after Independence a stock of Harley Davidson motorbikes were found that had been used by British troops during World War II and left behind in a military storage house in Delhi Some enterprising drivers purchased these bikes added on a gear box probably from a Willys jeep welded on a passenger compartment that was good for four to six passengers and put the unconventional vehicles onto the roads A 1998 ruling of the Supreme Court against the use of polluting vehicles finally signed the death warrant of Delhi s phat phatis 32 33 34 35 As of 2018 update India has about 1 5 million battery powered three wheeled rickshaws on its roads Some 11 000 new ones hit the streets each month creating a US 1 5 billion market Manufacturers include Mahindra amp Mahindra Ltd and Kinetic Engineering A hindrance to adoption to electric vehicles is the paucity of charging stations India had only 425 at year end 2017 By 2022 the number is projected to rise to 2 800 36 Oculus Auto s electric auto rickshaw of Gujarat CNG green auto rickshaw in New Delhi A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in Hyderabad A Piaggio Ape auto rickshaw in Madurai A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in Mumbai A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in Bengaluru Three wheeler cargo auto rickshaw used in India Indian auto rickshaw adapted with trailerGenerally rickshaw fares are controlled by the government 37 however auto and taxi driver unions frequently go on strike demanding fare hikes They have also gone on strike multiple times in Delhi to protest against the government and High Court s 2012 order to install GPS systems and even though GPS installation in public transport was made mandatory in 2015 as of 2017 compliance remains very low 38 39 40 The 200cc variant of the Bajaj Auto auto rickshaw was used in the 2022 Rickshaw Run to set the record for the world s highest auto rickshaw over the Umling La Pass at 5 800 meters 19 000 feet 41 42 Nepal Edit Auto rickshaws were a popular mode of transport in Nepal during the 1980s and 1990s until the government banned the movement of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000s 43 The earliest auto rickshaws running in Kathmandu were manufactured by Bajaj Auto citation needed Nepal has been a popular destination for the Rickshaw Run The 2009 Fall Run took place in Goa India and ended in Pokhara Nepal 44 Pakistan Edit Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns 45 and are mainly used for travelling short distances within cities One of the major manufacturers of auto rickshaws is Piaggio The government is taking measures to convert all gasoline powered auto rickshaws to cleaner CNG rickshaws by 2015 in all the major cities of Pakistan by issuing easy loans through commercial banks Environment Canada is implementing pilot projects in Lahore Karachi and Quetta with engine technology developed in Mississauga Ontario Canada that uses CNG instead of gasoline in the two stroke engines in an effort to combat environmental pollution and noise levels citation needed In many cities in Pakistan there are also motorcycle rickshaws usually called chand gari moon car or chingchi after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co Ltd who first introduced these to the market citation needed There are many rickshaw manufacturers in Pakistan Lahore is the hub of CNG auto rickshaw manufacturing Manufacturers include New Asia automobile Pvt Ltd AECO Export Company STAHLCO Motors Global Sources Parhiyar Automobiles Global Ledsys Technologies Siwa Industries Prime Punjab Automobiles Murshid Farm Industries Sazgar Automobiles NTN Enterprises and Imperial Engineering Company Chingchee in Pakistan Auto rickshaw Karachi Auto rickshaw Karachi Auto rickshaw LahoreSri Lanka Edit Trishaw in Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka Auto rickshaws commonly known as Three wheelers tuk tuks Sinhala ට ක ට ක pronounced ṭuk ṭuk or trishaws can be found on all roads in Sri Lanka transporting people or freight Sri Lankan three wheelers are of the style of the light Phnom Penh type Most of the three wheelers in Sri Lanka are a slightly modified Indian Bajaj model imported from India though there are few manufactured locally and increasingly imports from other countries in the region and other brands of three wheelers such as Piaggio Ape As of mid 2018 update a new gasoline powered tuk tuk typically costs around US 4 300 while a newly introduced Chinese electric model cost around US 5 900 46 Since 2008 the Sri Lankan government has banned the import of all 2 stroke gasoline engines due to environmental concerns 46 Ones imported to the island now are four stroke engines Most three wheelers are available as hired vehicles with few being used to haul goods or as private company or advertising vehicles Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island with its agent being David Pieries Motor Co Ltd 47 A few three wheelers in Sri Lanka have distance meters In the capital city it is becoming more and more common The vast majority of fares are negotiated between the passenger and driver There are 1 2 million trishaw s in Sri Lanka and most are on financial loans In Sri Lanka tourists are able to drive a tuktuk Through the Automobile Association of Ceylon tourists are able to get a temporary Recognition Permit which allows them to drive a three wheeler legally 48 self published source Southeast Asia Edit Tuktuks and palmyra palms on the Mekong bank in Thakhek Laos Tuk tuk taxi sidecar in Laos Tuk tuk Phnom Penh CambodiaCambodia EditIn Cambodia a passenger carrying three wheeled vehicle is known as lemorque from the French remorque It is a widely used form of transportation in the capital of Phnom Penh and for visitors touring the Angkor temples in Siem Reap Some have four wheels and is composed of a motorcycle which leans and trailer which does not Cambodian cities have a much lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities and tuk tuks are still the most common form of urban transport There are more than 6 000 tuk tuks in Phnom Penh according to the Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association IDEA a union that represents tuk tuk drivers among other members 49 Indonesia Edit In Indonesia auto rickshaws are popular in Jakarta as Bajay Java Medan and Gorontalo as Bentor and some parts of Sulawesi and other places in the country In Jakarta the auto rickshaws are called Bajay or Bajaj and they are the same to as the ones in India but are colored blue for the ones which use Compressed natural gas and orange for the ones which use normal gasoline fuel 50 The blue ones are imported from India with the brand of Bajaj and TVS and the orange ones are the old design from 1977 The orange ones uses two stroke engines as their prime mover while the blue ones use four stroke engines The orange bajaj has been banned since 2017 due to emission regulations 51 50 The Bajaj is one of the most popular modes of transportation in the city Outside of Jakarta the bentor style auto rickshaw is ubiquitous with the passenger cabin mounted as a sidecar like in Medan or in front like the ones in some parts of Sulawesi to a motorcycle Bentor in North Sumatra Bentor in Tana Toraja South Sulawesi 2 stroke Bajaj in Jakarta 4 stroke Bajaj in Jakarta Philippines Edit Main article Motorized tricycle Philippines See also Cycle rickshaw Philippines In the Philippines a similar mode of public transport is the tricycle Filipino traysikel Cebuano traysikol 52 Unlike auto rickshaws however it has a motorcycle with a sidecar configuration and a different origin The exact date of its appearance in the Philippines is unknown but it started appearing after World War 2 roughly at the same time as the appearance of the jeepney It is most likely derived from the Rikuo Type 97 military motorcycle used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines starting at 1941 The motorcycle was essentially a licensed copy of a Harley Davidson with a sidecar 9 However there is also another hypothesis which places the origin of the tricycle to the similarly built trisikad a human powered cycle rickshaw built in the same configuration as the tricycle However the provenance of the trisikad is also unknown Prior to the tricycles and trisikad the most common means of mass public transport in the Philippines is a carriage pulled by horses or carabaos known as the kalesa calesa or carromata in Philippine Spanish 53 The pulled rickshaw never gained acceptance in the Philippines Americans tried to introduce it in the early 20th century but it was strongly opposed by local Filipinos who viewed it as an undignified mode of transport that turned humans into beasts 54 The design and configuration of tricycles vary widely from place to place but tends towards rough standardization within each municipality The usual design is a passenger or cargo sidecar fitted to a motorbike usually on the right of the motorbike It is rare to find one with a left sidecar A larger variant of the tricycle with the motorcycle in the center enclosed by a passenger cab with two side benches is known as a motorela It is found in the islands of Mindanao Camiguin and Bohol 55 Another notable variant are the tricycles of the Batanes Islands which have cabs made from wood and roofed with thatched cogon grass 56 In Pagadian City tricycles are also uniquely built with the passenger cab slanting upwards due to the city s streets that run along steep hills 57 Tricycles can carry three passengers or more in the sidecar one or two pillion passengers behind the driver and even a few on the roof of the sidecar Tricycles are one of the main contributors to air pollution in the Philippines 58 59 which account for 45 of all volatile organic compound emissions 60 since majority of them employ two stroke engines However some local governments are working towards phasing out two stroke tricycles for ones with cleaner four stroke engines 58 61 Tuk Tuks have now been accepted as Three Wheeled Vehicles by the Land Transportation Office Philippines as distinct from tricycles and are now seen in Philippine streets Electric versions are now seen especially in the city of Manila where they are called e trikes 62 Combustion engine tuktuks are locally distributed by TVS Motors and Bajaj Auto through dealerships 63 Motorized tricycle Dumaguete City 7 passenger tricycle with large sidecar Province of Aklan Tricycle stand Banaue Municipal TownThailand Edit The auto rickshaw called tuk tuk Thai tuk pronounced tuk tuk in Thailand is a widely used form of urban transport in Bangkok and other Thai cities The name is onomatopoeic mimicking the sound of a small often two cycle engine It is particularly popular where traffic congestion is a major problem such as in Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima In Bangkok in the 1960s these were called samlaws Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk tuks which are a more open variation on the Indian auto rickshaw About 20 000 tuk tuks were registered as taxis in Thailand in 2017 64 Bangkok alone is reported to have 9 000 tuk tuks 65 Tuk tuk hua kob tuk hwkb literally frog headed tuk tuk is a unique tuk tuk with a cab looking like a frog s head Only Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya and Trang have vehicles like this 66 67 in 2018 MuvMi an electric tuk tuk ride hailing service launched in Bangkok 68 Tuk tuk in Bangkok Police tuk tuk Chiang Mai Thai northeast Isan style half tuk tuk half songthaew Udon Thani it known as skylab Tuk tuk hua kob Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Electric MuvMi tuk tuk in BangkokEast Asia Edit China Edit Auto rickshaw HaikouVarious types of auto rickshaw are used around China where they are called san lun che 三轮车 and sometimes san beng zǐ 三蹦子 meaning three wheeler or tricycle They may be used to transport cargo or passengers in the more rural areas However in many urban areas the auto rickshaws for passengers are often operated illegally as they are considered unsafe and an eyesore 69 70 They are permitted in some towns and cities however The Southeast Asian word tuk tuk is transliterated as du du che 嘟嘟车 or beep beep car in Chinese 71 Europe Edit France Edit A number of tuk tuks 250 in 2013 according to the Paris Prefecture are used as an alternative tourist transport system in Paris some of them being pedal operated with electric motor assist They are not yet fully licensed to operate and await customers on the streets Velotaxis were common during the Occupation years in Paris due to fuel restrictions 72 Italy Edit An Ape C 1956 1967 Auto rickshaws have been commonly used in Italy since the late 1940s providing a low cost means of transportation in the post World War II years when the country was short of economic resources The Piaggio Ape Tukxi designed by Vespa creator Corradino D Ascanio and first manufactured in 1948 by the Italian company Piaggio though primarily designed for carrying freight has also been widely used as an auto rickshaw It is still extremely popular throughout the country being particularly useful in the narrow streets found in the center of many little towns in central and southern Italy Though it no longer has a key role in transportation Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi in some areas such as the islands of Ischia and Stromboli on Stromboli no cars are allowed It has recently been re launched as a trendy ecological means of transportation or relying on the role the Ape played in the history of Italian design as a promotional tool Portugal Edit Tuk Tuk Taxi in Albufeira PortugalTuk Tuks are used in the main touristic cities and regions of the country specially in Lisbon and the sunny region of Algarve as a novel form of transport for visitors during the tourist season United Kingdom Edit In 2006 a British travel writer Antonia Bolingbroke Kent and her friend Jo Huxster travelled 12 561 miles 20 215 km with an auto rickshaw from Bangkok to Brighton With this 98 days trip they set a Guinness World Record for the longest journey ever with an auto rickshaw citation needed In October 2022 Gwent police spent 40 000 on four tuk tuk vehicles in order to help fight crime 73 Montenegro Edit Tuk Tuk Montenegro has implemented tours with electric Tuk Tuks in Kotor Montenegro in 2018 74 The Americas Edit Bajaj mototaxis in El Salvador El Salvador Edit The mototaxi or moto is the El Salvadoran version of the auto rickshaw These are most commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycle attached to a two wheeled passenger area in back Commercially produced models such as the Indian Bajaj brand are also employed citation needed Guatemala Edit In Guatemala tuk tuks operate both as taxis and private vehicles in Guatemala City around the island town of Flores Peten in the mountain city of Antigua Guatemala and in many small towns in the mountains In 2005 the tuk tuks were prevalent in the Lago de Atitlan towns of Panajachel and Santiago Atitlan While tuk tuks continue to serve as a prevalent form of transportation in Antigua Guatemala their use throughout the country as a whole has declined United States Edit In the 1950s and 1960s the United States Post Office replaced in 1971 by the United States Postal Service used the WestCoaster Mailster a close relative of the tuk tuk 75 Similar vehicles remain in limited use for parking enforcement mall security and other niche applications After a short time on the market Mid 2000s to 2008 in the United States 76 the vehicles failed to gain popularity in the United States and as a result are no longer available The Manufacturer Bajaj cited the manual transmissions aboard the three wheelers as the reason for poor sales As a result of modifications that made the machines EPA and DOT compliant the vehicles that were sold are still street legal 77 Westcoaster Mailster Cuba EditIn Cuba the autorickshaws are small and look like a coconut hence the name Cocotaxi Cocotaxis in Havana Cuba Peru Edit In Peru a version of this vehicle is called a motocar 78 or mototaxi 79 Fuel efficiency and pollution EditIn July 1998 the Supreme Court of India ordered the Government of Delhi to implement CNG or LPG Autogas fuel for all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city Delhi s air quality has improved with the switch to CNG Initially auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNG refueling but the situation improved following an increase in the number of CNG stations Gradually many state governments passed similar laws thus shifting to CNG or LPG vehicles in most large cities to improve air quality and reduce pollution Certain local governments are pushing for four stroke engines instead of two stroke ones Typical mileage for an Indian made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre 99 mpg imp 82 mpg US of petrol Pakistan has passed a similar law prohibiting auto rickshaws in certain areas CNG auto rickshaws have started to appear in huge numbers in many Pakistani cities citation needed In January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution In the Philippines 80 there are projects to convert carburated two stroke engines to direct injected via Envirofit technology Research has shown LPG or CNG gas direct injection can be retrofitted to existing engines in similar fashion to the Envirofit system 81 In Vigan City majority of tricycles for hire as of 2008 are powered by motorcycles with four stroke engines as tricycles with two stroke motorcycles are prevented from receiving operating permits Direct injection is standard equipment on new machines in India 82 83 In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies initiated a two year public private partnership of local and international stakeholders aiming at operating a fleet of 15 hydrogen fueled three wheeled vehicles in New Delhi s Pragati Maidan complex 84 As of January 2011 the project was nearing completion citation needed Hydrogen internal combustion HICV use in three wheelers has only recently being started to be looked into mainly by developing countries to decrease local pollution at an affordable cost 85 86 At some point Bajaj Auto made a HICV auto rickshaw together with the company Energy Conversion Devices 87 They made a report on it called Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3 Wheel Transportation in India and it stated that the performance was comparable with CNG autos In 2012 Mahindra amp Mahindra showcased their first HICV auto rickshaw called the Mahindra HyAlfa 87 The development of the hydrogen powered rickshaw happened with support from the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies World Records EditOn September 16 2022 at 11 04 a m Indian Standard Time a Canadian team Greg Harris and Priya Singh and a Swiss team Michele Daryanani amp Nevena Lazarevic set the world record for the highest altitude at which an auto rickshaw has ever been driven The two teams set the record by driving to the summit of Umling La Pass at an altitude of 19 024 feet 5 799 meters 88 The two teams were participating in the Rickshaw Run Himalayan Edition an event promoted by The Adventurists where teams drive auto rickshaws from the Thar desert town of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan the Himalayan town of Leh in Ladakh Rickshaw Run teams are given the start and finish lines but are otherwise unsupported and left to their own navigational choices in completing the approximately 2 300 km journey The road at Umling La Pass was constructed by India s Border Roads Organization and completed in 2017 Guinness World Records certified the road as the highest motorable road in the world See also EditFuel gas powered scooter Formic acid vehicle a type of hydrogen based vehicle Jeepney Rickshaw disambiguation Explanatory notes Edit Typical fuel economy for an Indian made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre 99 mpg imp 82 mpg US of petrol citation needed References Edit Bajaj Auto in top gear Fortune India Great Cars of Mazda Mazda Go 3 wheeled Trucks 1931 Mazda Motor Corporation Archived from the original on 2019 02 09 ミゼット物語 木村信之 著 高原書店 Nobuyuki Kimura Story of Midget Published on 10 November 1998 Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd public relations section NPOみらいネットワーク寄附講座 ホテル観光学科の学生に日タイ関係をピーアール 日本での就職機会に関心 Bangkok Shuho in Japanese 2007 11 19 Archived from the original on 2009 04 30 index php option com content amp view article amp id 321 2009 11 30 05 34 59 amp catid 54 2009 09 09 07 52 31 amp Itemid 232 Royal Thai Embassy Tokyo Japan 日本生まれのタイのトゥクトゥク Tuk Tuk of Thailand was born in Japan Tuk Tuk Thailand s most notorious mode of transport deSIAM www desiam com ダイハツ ミゼット DKA DSA型 幌付3輪スクーター型トラック 旧式商用車図鑑 route0030 blog fc2 com a b The History of the Philippines Tricycle Tuk Tuk 3 Wheelers 22 November 2018 Retrieved 25 March 2020 Tuk Tuks replace mules on Gaza streets Maan News Agency 12 September 2010 Retrieved 2011 03 22 Jay Heale Zawiah Abdul Latif 2008 Madagascar Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World Group 15 2 ed Marshall Cavendish pp 75 76 ISBN 978 0761430360 Madagascar Travel Guide 7 ed Lonely Planet 2012 ISBN 978 1743213018 Retrieved 2013 04 13 Bajaj a Mahajanga Entre 70 et 100 clients par jour Midi Madagasikara in French 2014 05 30 Odunsi Wale 16 November 2017 Lagos bans okada keke from 520 roads areas Full list Daily Post Durban offers beaches and culteral diversity Zululand Tourism Retrieved 22 September 2015 Tuk Tuks Mororised covered tricycles which carry up to six passengers Ideal for short hops between the beachfront and city centre Steyn Lisa 18 January 2013 Cheap cheap tuk tuk taxis take over Jozi Retrieved 22 September 2015 Tuk tuks also known as auto rickshaws are becoming an increasingly common sight on South Africa s roads because people are trying to travel short distances at lower costs than driving and at less risk than walking Ryan Tamlyn September 2016 Tuk tuks are coming to Cape Town Inside Guide Govender Suthentira 2017 01 25 Buddibox grocery delivery programme set to create 10 000 young entrepreneurs in Gauteng TimesLIVE Kalagho Kenan 13 February 2012 Tanzania Bajaji Dar es Salaam s Indispensable Taxi AllAfrica Retrieved 22 September 2015 Until the year 2010 Dar es Salaam had no room for the Indian Bajaji and or a tricycle to be used as a means of transporting passengers Today it is a common feature around Dar es Salaam Clean Technica Eat Africa s first commercial electric tuk tuks 4 December 2020 McHugh John D In Taliban country inside the city of Jalalabad The Irish Times Auto rickshaws clogging Kunduz arteries www pajhwok com 23 May 2012 Lane Jo Asia s love affair with the rickshaw asiancorrespondent com asiancorrespondent com Retrieved 2015 07 30 Police purge for Dhaka rickshaws BBC News 20 December 2002 Retrieved 2011 03 22 a b Pippa de Bruyn Keith Bain David Allardice Shonar Joshi 2010 Frommer s India Fourth ed John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 0470645802 PINK AUTO RICKSHAW PROJECT PDF July 17 2019 Pippa de Bruyn Keith Bain David Allardice Shonar Joshi 2010 Frommer s India Fourth ed John Wiley and Sons p 110 ISBN 978 0470645802 Six seater rickshaws banned in city Times of India 25 September 2003 Retrieved 2014 01 11 Patna Transport department to ban all diesel run buses auto rickshaws from April 1 India Today March 29 2022 Retrieved 2022 03 29 OCULUS AUTO launches its new Electric Auto Rickshaw MI7 packed with Best in class features About Oculus Remembering Delhi s phat phatis India News The Times of India Domain parked by OnlyDomains olddelhiheritage in 18 September 2022 The Phatphatis of Delhi 23 September 2011 Phat Phatis of Delhi Toothless Blog MouthShut com www mouthshut com Ward Jill Upadhyay Anindya 26 October 2018 India s Rickshaw Revolution Leaves China in the Dustina in dust Bloomberg Retrieved 28 October 2018 Maharashtra Govt refuses to increase autorickshaw taxi fares newKerala com UNI Archived from the original on 2013 05 18 Autos taxis in Delhi to go on strike today demanding fare hike India Today 15 October 2012 Retrieved 2017 02 19 Delhi High Court Directs City Auto Rickshaws To Install GPS Medianama 28 September 2012 Retrieved 2017 02 19 GPS installation in public transport becomes mandatory Times of India 2 June 2015 Retrieved 2017 02 19 Auto Rickshaws Set Highest Altitude Drive Record at 19 024 Feet on Umling La Pass October 22 2022 Auto rickshaws drive on Umling La Pass the highest motorable road to set world record at 19 024 feet MSN October 27 2022 Nepal Government decides to ban 3 wheeler auto rickshaws from Nepal s road BBC 28 July 1999 Retrieved 2011 12 06 Rickshaw Run on 3 Wheelers from Goa India to Pokhara Nepal The National 29 August 2009 Retrieved 2011 12 06 Sebastian Abbot Associated Press 8 February 2013 Eye Catching Rickshaws Promote Peace in Pakistan ABC News Retrieved 2013 04 13 a b Ranasinghe A K 3 September 2018 Can He Convince Sri Lankan Tuk Tuk Owners to Go Green OZY Retrieved 3 September 2018 Tuk tuks play a vital role in urban Sri Lanka s passenger transport system providing what traffic experts call last mile service Police and government workers rely on them too to navigate congested streets In rural Sri Lanka they are everything from taxi to ambulance Bajaj ready with 4 stroke autos for SL Indiacar net Archived from the original on 2009 06 27 Retrieved 2010 04 03 Renting amp Driving a Tuk Tuk in Sri Lanka Full 2022 Guide Wilkins Emily 19 February 2014 New Futuristic Tuk Tuks Arrive on the Streets of Phnom Penh The Cambodia Daily Retrieved 30 January 2015 a b Bajaj Oranye Menunggu Giliran Dimusnahkan Republika Online in Indonesian 7 January 2016 Retrieved 26 May 2018 Damarjati Danu 4 July 2017 Dishub DKI Bulan Ini Bajaj Merah Harus Segera Jadi Biru Jakarta DOT Red Bajajs must turn Blue this month in Indonesian Retrieved 28 December 2022 Motorcycles and tricycles Utrecht Faculty of Education Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 Retrieved 2009 03 14 Filipino Icon Tricycle and Pedicab FFE Magazine 29 December 2016 Retrieved 25 March 2020 Pante Michael D 14 August 2014 Rickshaws and Filipinos Transnational Meanings of Technology and Labor in American Occupied Manila International Review of Social History 59 S22 133 159 doi 10 1017 S0020859014000315 Tricycle Motorela amp Habal Habal Silent Gardens Retrieved 25 March 2020 Corsino Nikka 24 October 2013 A day on Sabtang Island in Batanes GMA News Online Retrieved 25 March 2020 WATCH What makes Pagadian tricycles unique Rappler 23 January 2017 Retrieved 25 March 2020 a b Tricycles in the Philippines cleanairasia org Retrieved 7 January 2019 Taruc Paolo 25 March 2015 Tricycles As iconic as jeepneys and just as problematic CNN Philippines Retrieved 7 January 2019 Felongco Gilbert P 22 November 2015 Philippines Tricycles and motorcycles responsible for 45 per cent of harmful emissions Gulf News Retrieved 7 January 2019 Mandaluyong City 2 Stroke Replacement Project cleanairasia org Retrieved 7 January 2019 E R A P Manila electric tricycle project Second batch of beneficiaries ready www bemac philippines com TVS King Deluxe Three Wheeler Vs Tricycle Tuk Tuk 3 Wheelers 20 October 2019 Wattanasukchai Sirinya 2 February 2017 With our tuk tuks let s copy the Dutch Bangkok Post Retrieved 2 February 2017 Thailand government says Bangkok has too many tuk tuks Asian Correspondent 2016 04 15 Retrieved 2016 04 15 Frog headed Tuk Tuk Symbol of Aytthaya Go Ayutthaya Retrieved 2019 05 30 Muangkaew Methee 2013 02 19 Tuk tuk endangered species in Trang Bangkok Post Retrieved 2019 05 30 MuvMi ThailandMagazine com 2022 02 15 Retrieved 2022 06 18 明珠路上规模浩大的等客车队 危险逆行载客 珠江晚报 3 November 2009 Archived from the original on 2015 04 04 天津 面对 三蹦子 请您大声说 不 auto sohu 東南亞的三輪車 Global Voices 25 March 2012 A Paris les tuk tuks fleurissent tout comme les PV La Depeche in French Toulouse AFP 2013 08 20 Gwent Police spend 40 000 on crime fighting tuk tuks 27 October 2022 Retrieved 21 November 2022 A little bit about us Tuk Tuk Montenegro Retrieved 2022 01 12 National Postal Museum 25 August 2009 Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 https www autoblog com 2009 04 15 tuk tuk usa gets dot and epa approval https www autoblog com 2008 05 02 bajaj 3 wheeler is now off the u s market Motocar Peru Motor Archived from the original on 3 October 2018 Tony Dunnell 28 July 2017 A Traveler s Guide to Mototaxis in Peru tripsavvy Retrieved 27 November 2017 Envirofit s Tricycle Retrofit Program Funded Colorado State University 19 May 2006 Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 Retrieved 2011 03 22 Microsoft Word SETC LPG2T doc PDF Retrieved 2010 04 03 Bajaj rolls out low emission fuel efficient autorickshaw Business Line The Hindu 2007 12 09 Retrieved 2010 04 03 Bajaj Begins Production of 2 Stroke Direct Injection Auto Rickshaw Green Car Congress 2007 05 18 Retrieved 2010 04 03 A fleet of hydrogen rickshaws to circulate in New Delhi by 2010 International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Archived from the original on 2011 07 28 Retrieved 2011 03 22 Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engines see page 7 Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3 Wheel Transportation in India a b India Showcases Hydrogen Fuel Auto Rickshaws February 21 2012 Auto rickshaws take world s highest road to set world record External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Auto rickshaws The India 1000 an article in Wired about auto rickshaw racing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Auto rickshaw amp oldid 1133943170, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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