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Agra

Agra (/ˈɑːɡrə/, [Agra] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) south-east of the national capital New Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India.[11]

Agra
Nickname: 
The Taj City (Taj Nagari)
Agra
Agra
Agra
Coordinates: 27°11′N 78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E / 27.18; 78.02Coordinates: 27°11′N 78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E / 27.18; 78.02
Country India
State Uttar Pradesh
DivisionAgra
DistrictAgra[2]
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyAgra Municipal Corporation
 • Mayor[4]Naveen Jain (BJP)
 • Municipal commissionerNikhil Tikaram Funde[3]
Area
 • Metropolis[1]121 km2 (47 sq mi)
Elevation170 m (560 ft)
Population
 (2011)[7]
 • Metropolis[1]1,585,704
 • Rank23rd
 • Metro1,760,285
Language
 • OfficialHindi[9]
 • Additional officialUrdu[9]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code0562
Vehicle registrationUP-80
GDP Nominal (Agra District)Rs. 60,488.30 crores (2019-20)[10]
Sex ratio875 / 1000
Literacy73.11%
WebsiteOfficial District Website

Agra's notable historical period began during Sikandar Lodi's reign, but the golden age of the city began with the Mughals. Agra was the foremost city of the Indian subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire under Mughal emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Under Mughal rule, Agra became a centre for learning, arts, commerce, and religion, and saw the construction of the Agra Fort, Sikandra and Agra's most prized monument, the Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his favourite empress. With the decline of the Mughal empire in the late 18th century, the city fell successively first to Marathas and later to the East India Company. After Independence, Agra has developed into an industrial town, with a booming tourism industry, along with footwear, leather and other manufacturing. The Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season, and is famous for its Mughlai cuisine. Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Jaipur; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh, along with Lucknow and Varanasi.

Name

The name Agra is explained by different derivations, all of which have low verifiability. The most accepted one is that it had its origin from the Hindi word agar meaning salt-pan, a name which was given to it because the soil in the region is brackish and salt used to be made here once by evaporation. Others derive it from Hindu History claiming that the Sanskrit word agra (अग्र) which means the first of the many groves and little forests where Krishna frolicked with the gopis of Vrindavan. The term Agravana hence means grove forest.[12][13]

Agra was also known as Akbarabad in the Mughal era. The name was coined by the emperor Shah Jahan, in honour of his grandfather Akbar.[14][15]

History

Pre-Mughal era

Agra has two histories: one of the ancient city on the east, or left, bank of the river Yamuna, going back so far as to be lost in the legends of Krishna and Mahabharata and reestablished by Sikandar Lodhi in 1504–1505; the other of the modern city, founded by Akbar in 1558, on the right bank of the river which is associated with the Mughals, and known throughout the world as the city of the Taj. Of ancient Agra little now remains except few traces of the foundations. It was a place of importance under various Hindu dynasties previous to the Muslim invasions of India, but its history is unclear, and possess little historical interest.[16] The 17th century chronicler named Abdhullah said it was a village before the reign of Sikandar Lodi. The king of Mathura had used the Agra fort as a jail. The degradation in the status of the site was a result of the destruction brought upon it by Mahmud of Ghazni.[17] Masud Sa'd Salman claims to have been there when Mahmud assaulted Agra, claiming the Raja Japal surrendered after seeing a nightmare. Mahmud however proceeds to pillage the city.[18]

 
The Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani in Sikandra was originally built as a Baradari by Sultan Sikandar Lodi in 1495.

Agra's period of historical importance began during Sikandar Lodi's reign. In 1504–1505, Sultan Sikandar Lodi (reigned 1489–1517[19]), the Afghan ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, rebuilt Agra and made it the seat of government.[16][20] Sikandar Lodhi appointed a commission which inspected and surveyed both sides of the Yamuna from Delhi to Etawah and finally chose a place on the left bank, or the east side of the Yamuna, as the site for the city. Agra on the left bank of the Yamuna grew into a large flourishing town with royal presence, officials, merchants, scholars, theologians and artists. The city became one of the most important centres of Islamic learning in India. The sultan founded the village of Sikandra in the northern suburbs of the city and built there a Baradari of red sandstone in 1495, which was converted into a tomb by Jahangir, and now stands as the Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Akbar's empress.[21][22]

After the Sultan's death in 1517, the city passed on to his son, Sultan Ibrahim Lodi (reigned 1517–26[19]). He ruled his sultanate from Agra until he was defeated and killed by Mughal Emperor Babur in the First battle of Panipat, fought in 1526.[23]

Mughal era

 
The Town and Fort of Agra, an engraving.

The golden age of the city began with the Mughals. Agra was the foremost city of the subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1658, when Aurangzeb shifted the entire court to Delhi.[24]

Babur (reigned 1526–30[25]), the founder of the Mughal dynasty, acquired Agra after defeating the Lodhis and the Tomaras of Gwalior in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.[25][26] Babur's connection with Agra began immediately after the battle of Panipat. He sent forward his son Humayun, who occupied the town without opposition. The Raja of Gwalior, slain at Panipat, had left his family and the heads of his clan at Agra. In gratitude to Humayun, who treated them magnanimously, and protected them from plunder, they presented to him a quantity of jewels and precious stones as a token of homage. Among these was the famous diamond Koh-i-nur.[26] Babur went on to lay out the first formal Mughal garden in India, the Aram Bagh (or Garden of Relaxation) on the banks of the river Yamuna. Babur was determined to establish the seat of his government at Agra, but was almost dissuaded by the desolate appearance of the region, as clear from this quote from his memoir Baburnama:[26]

It always appears to me, that one of the chief defects of Hindustan is the want of artificial watercourses. I had intended, wherever I might fix my residence, to construct water-wheels, to produce an artificial stream, and to lay out an elegant and regularly planned pleasure ground. Shortly after coming to Agra I passed the Jumna with this object in view, and examined the country to pitch upon a fit spot for a garden. The whole was so ugly and detestable that I repassed the river quite repulsed and disgusted. In consequence of the want of beauty and of the disagreeable aspect of the country, I gave up my intention of making a charbagh (garden house); but as no better situation presented itself near Agra, I was finally compelled to make the best of this same spot.... In every corner I planted suitable gardens, in every garden I sowed roses and narcissus regularly, and in beds corresponding to each other. We were annoyed by three things in Hindustan; one was its heat, another the strong winds, and the third its dust. Baths were the means of removing all three inconveniences.

— Babur, Baburnama

Very few vestiges remain of Babur's city, of his fruit and flower gardens, palaces, baths, tanks, wells and watercourses. The remnants of Babur's Charbagh can be seen today at Aram Bagh, on the east side of Yamuna.[26][27] Babur was followed by his son Humayun (reigned 1530–40 and 1555–56[25]), but he was completely defeated at Kanauj in 1539, just nine years after his ascension, by Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan nobleman, who had submitted to Babur, but revolted against his son. In this brief interruption in Mughal rule between 1540 and 1556, Sher Shah Suri, established the short lived Sur Empire, and the region was eventually reconquered by Akbar in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.

Under Akbar (reigned 1556–1605[25]), and followed by his grandson Shahjahan, Agra was immortalised in the history of the world. Akbar built the modern city of Agra on the right bank of Yamuna, where the majority of its part still lies. He converted the city into a great centre of political, cultural and economic importance, connecting it with the various parts of his vast empire. Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the Agra Fort, besides making Agra a centre for learning, arts, commerce, and religion. Akbar also built a new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri, around 35 km from Agra. The new capital city was later abandoned.[28][29] Before his death, Agra had become probably one of the biggest cities in the east, with huge amounts of trade and commerce happening through its bazaars.[30] The English traveller Ralph Fitch who visited Agra in September 1585 in the life-time of Akbar, writes about the town:[29]

Agra is a very great city, and populous, built with stone, having fair and large streets with a fair river running by it . . . . Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are two very great cities, either of them much greater than London, and very populous. Between Agra and Fatehpur are twelve miles (kos in reality) and all the way is a market of victuals and other things as full as though a man were still in a town, and so many people as if a man were in a market.

These impressions of Fitch are corroborated by another European traveller, William Finch, who remarked about Agra:[29]

It is spacious, large, populous beyond measure, that you can hardly pass the street . . . .

Agra continued to expand and flourish during Akbar's successor Jahangir's reign as he wrote in his autobiography Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri:[29][30]

The habitable part of Agra extends on both sides of the river. On its west side, which has the greater population, its circumference is seven kos, and its breadth is one kos. The circumference of the inhabited part on the other side of the river, the side towards the east, is 212 kos, its length being one kos and its breadth half a kos. But in the number of its buildings it is equal to several cities of Iraq, Khurasan and Trans-Oxiana put together. Many persons have erected buildings of three or four storeys in it. The mass of the people is so great that moving about in the lanes and bazars is difficult.

Akbar's successor Jahangir (reigned 1605–27[25]) had a love of flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort.[31] Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra was completed during Jahangir's reign. The Jahangiri Mahal in Agra fort and the tomb of Itmad-ud-daulah were also constructed during the reign of Jahangir. Jahangir loved Lahore and Kashmir more than Agra, but the latter continued to be the first city of the realm.[24] It was, however, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–58[25]) whose building activity raised Agra to the pinnacle of its glory. Shah Jahan, known for his keen interest in architecture, gave Agra its most prized monument, the Taj Mahal. Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, the mausoleum was completed in 1653. The Jama Masjid and several other notable buildings like the Diwan-i-Am, the Diwan-i-Khas, the Moti Masjid, etc., inside the fort were planned and executed under his orders.[24]

Shah Jahan later shifted the capital to Shahjahanabad (now known as Delhi) in the year 1648,[32] followed by his son Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707[25]) moving the entire court to Delhi in 1658. With this Agra began rapidly declining. Nevertheless, the cultural and strategic importance of Agra remained unaffected and in official correspondence it continued to be referred to as the second capital of the empire.[24]

Later periods

 
Map of the city, c. 1914
 
Agra, Main Street, c. 1858

The decline of the Mughal empire caused the emergence of several regional kingdoms, and in the late 18th century the control of the city fell successively to the Jats, the Marathas, the Mughals, the ruler of Gwalior, and finally the British East India Company.[33] The Jats of Bharatpur, waged many wars against the Mughal Delhi and in the 17th and 18th century carried out numerous campaigns in Mughal territories including Agra.[34] After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came under the influence of another post-Mughal Empire power, the Marathas, before falling into the hands of the British East India Company in 1803.[33] In the years 1834–1836, Agra was the capital of the short-lived Presidency of Agra, administered by a Governor. It was then the capital of the North-Western Province from 1836 to 1858, governed by a Lieutenant-Governor.[35][36] Agra was one of the centres of the Indian rebellion of 1857.[37]

During the Indian rebellion of 1857, when East India Company rule across many parts of India was threatened, the news of the mutiny at Meerut reached Agra on 14 May. On 30 May some companies of the 44th and 67th Native Infantry sent to Mathura to bring in the treasury mutinied and carried off the treasury to the rebels in Delhi. With the fear of the rebellion spreading to Agra as well, the rest of these native infantry battalions, which were part of the garrison at Agra, were successfully disarmed by the British on 31 May.[13][38] However, when the Gwalior contingent mutinied on 15 June, all other native units followed. On 2 July the rebel force of the Nimach and Nasirabad contingents reached Fatehpur Sikri. Fearing advance of the mutineers to Agra, some 6000 Europeans and associated people moved into the Agra Fort for safety on 3 July. On 5 July, the British force stationed there attempted to attack an approaching force of Mutineers, but was defeated, and the British retreated back into the fort.[13] The Lieutenant-Governor, J.R. Colvin, died there, and was later buried in front of the Diwan-i-am.[39][13] The mutineers, however, moved over to Delhi, it being a more important attraction for the rebels. Despite an uprising by a mob and extreme disorder in the city, the British managed to restore partial order by 8 July.[13] Delhi, in turn, fell to the British in September, following which an infantry brigade led by Brigadier Edward Greathed arrived in Agra on 11 October without any opposition from rebels. But shortly after their arrival another force of mutineers attacked the brigade by surprise, but was defeated and routed. This minor victory for the British was named the Battle of Agra.[40][13] It is to be said that, the uprising in Agra was relatively minor compared to Delhi, Jhansi, Meerut and other major rebellious cities and regions.[39] After this British rule was again secured, and the British Raj ruled the city till the independence of India in 1947.[41] The capital of the North Western Provinces was shifted from Agra to Allahabad in 1858. Gradually, Agra declined to the position of a mere provincial town, and its prosperity declined:[36]

But in the economy of the administration of British India Agra is nothing more than a district town; its size, proportions and manifold activities have come down to its present requirements, and continued life in this city does not come above the average of that monotonous muffasil life in India which has been so often and so vividly described by many gifted Anglo-Indian writers. Agra has become of late years a large railway centre, and its commercial prosperity seems to be reviving.

— Agra by 1892, as described by S.C. Mukerji, Traveller's Guide to Agra, pp 55-56

Agra's role in the Indian Independence movement is not well documented.[42] However, in the years between the mutiny and independence Agra was a major centre of Hindi and Urdu journalism.[citation needed] Paliwal park(formerly Hewitt park) in Agra is named after S.K.D Paliwal,[43] who brought out the Hindi daily Sainik.[44]

Post Independence and Mughal legacy

Post India's independence, Agra has been a part of Uttar Pradesh and has gradually developed into an industrial city, with a significant contribution to Uttar Pradesh's economy. The city is now a popular tourist destination and hosts tourists from across the world.[45] The Taj Mahal and Agra Fort received UNESCO World Heritage Sites status in 1983.[46][47] The Taj Mahal witnesses tourists, photographers, historians and archaeologists in massive numbers all around the year. The Taj Mahal has become a symbol of India and its soft power.[48][49] Post Independence, Taj Mahal has been visited by world leaders like US Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959), Bill Clinton (2000), and Donald Trump (2020). Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom had visited Taj Mahal in 1961 on her India visit. Taj Mahal has also been visited by Russian President Vladimir Putin (1999), Chinese President Hu Jintao (2006), Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (2018) and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (2018).[50] Agra is the birthplace of the now extinct religion known as Din-i-Ilahi, which was founded by Akbar[51] and also of the Radhaswami Faith,[citation needed] which has around two million followers worldwide. Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Jaipur;[52] and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh, along with Lucknow and Varanasi.[53]

Geography and climate

Geography

The region around Agra consists almost entirely of a level plain, with hills in the extreme southwest. The rivers in the region include Yamuna and Chambal. The region is also watered by the Agra Canal. Millet, barley, wheat and cotton are among the crops grown in the surrounding countryside. Both Rabi and Kharif crops are cultivated. The deserted city of Fatehpur Sikri is about 40 km southwest of Agra.[54] The sandstone hills near Fatehpur Sikri and on the south-eastern borders of the district are offshoots from the Vindhya range of Central India.[55] Agra is about 210 km away from the National capital of New Delhi(via Yamuna Expressway),[56] about 336 km from state capital Lucknow(via Agra-Lucknow Expressway),[57] and about 227 km from Kanpur(via Agra-Lucknow Expressway).[58] The city has an average elevation of 170 metres above sea level.[6]

Climate

Broadly speaking, the climate of Agra is classified as BSh by the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.[59] This is the tropical and subtropical steppe climate, a major climate type of the Köppen classification that occurs primarily on the periphery of the true deserts in low-latitude regions, forming a transition between the desert climate (BW), and the more humid subtropical and tropical climates.[60][61]

The city features warm winters, sweltering and dry summers and a monsoon season. The Agra district, from its proximity to the sandy Thar Desert to the west, is relatively dry, and has greater extremes of temperature than districts further east. The hot west wind, Loo blows mainly during April, May, and June with great force and can cause fatal heatstrokes.[62] On 29 April 2022 Agra recorded highest ever temperature in April at 47.3 °C (117.1 °F).[63] The monsoon rains usually begin in the first week in July; and generally end in mid-September. However, the monsoons, though substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The weather moderates by the middle of October.[13][64] The region around Agra, the northwest Indo-Gangetic plain is prone to extreme fog in the winter months, which is caused due to natural factors like low winds, low temperatures, availability of moisture apart from air pollution.[65][66] This phenomenon often leads to big delays and sometimes cancellation of trains due to poor visibility. Agra has high levels of air pollution and one of the worst AQIs in India. In a study conducted by WHO using data from years 2010–2016, Agra ranked as the 8th most polluted city in India, along with other nearby cities including Delhi, Kanpur and Faridabad.[67]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.0
(91.4)
35.6
(96.1)
42.8
(109.0)
47.3
(117.1)
48.6
(119.5)
48.5
(119.3)
46.5
(115.7)
43.0
(109.4)
41.4
(106.5)
41.1
(106.0)
36.1
(97.0)
31.0
(87.8)
48.6
(119.5)
Average high °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9)
26.0
(78.8)
32.1
(89.8)
38.1
(100.6)
41.9
(107.4)
41.5
(106.7)
36.0
(96.8)
33.7
(92.7)
34.5
(94.1)
34.5
(94.1)
29.7
(85.5)
24.5
(76.1)
32.9
(91.2)
Average low °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5)
9.9
(49.8)
14.4
(57.9)
20.0
(68.0)
24.6
(76.3)
26.3
(79.3)
25.0
(77.0)
23.8
(74.8)
22.8
(73.0)
18.0
(64.4)
12.4
(54.3)
7.8
(46.0)
17.7
(63.9)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
5.6
(42.1)
10.0
(50.0)
14.0
(57.2)
12.0
(53.6)
14.5
(58.1)
12.0
(53.6)
13.0
(55.4)
9.4
(48.9)
2.8
(37.0)
−0.6
(30.9)
−2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 12.4
(0.49)
12.1
(0.48)
8.8
(0.35)
12.3
(0.48)
22.6
(0.89)
81.7
(3.22)
214.9
(8.46)
230.2
(9.06)
129.6
(5.10)
29.4
(1.16)
3.4
(0.13)
3.5
(0.14)
760.7
(29.95)
Average rainy days 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.9 2.0 3.2 10.4 10.7 8.0 1.4 0.4 0.4 39.0
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 58 47 39 35 35 40 66 73 63 49 52 58 51
Average dew point °C (°F) 8
(46)
11
(52)
13
(55)
14
(57)
17
(63)
21
(70)
25
(77)
25
(77)
23
(73)
18
(64)
13
(55)
10
(50)
17
(62)
Average ultraviolet index 5 6 7 9 9 9 7 7 8 7 6 4 7
Source 1: NOAA (1971–1990),[68] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation 1901–2000)[69] India Meteorological Department[70][71][72]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[73]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[74]


Environment

The Taj Mahal has faced significant damage due to air pollution and sewage discharge into the nearby Yamuna river.[75] The white-marble Taj Mahal is turning yellow and green because of filthy air in the world's eighth-most polluted city. The Taj Mahal flanks the garbage-strewn Yamuna river and is often enveloped by dust and smog from smokestacks and vehicles.[76]

The Yamuna River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world.[77] Agra is the second largest contributor to River Yamuna's pollution, after Delhi.[78] The river's pollution has caused several problems for the Taj Mahal such as 'Attacks by Bugs and their Green Slime',[79] foul stench[80] and corrosion of Taj Mahal's foundation.[80] The river has as many as 90 nalas or drains opening into it. Though the municipality has claimed to stop 40 of these drains, the bigger ones, Bhairon, Mantola, Balkeshwar nalas continue to discharge huge quantities of untreated waste water without any check.[81] Activists say that the Yamuna river bed between Itmad-ud-Daula and the Taj Mahal has become a dumping ground for pollutants. Polythene, plastic waste, leather cuttings from shoe factories, construction material, are all thrown into the river.[81]

Less than 7% of the Agra district is under forest cover.[82] The only major wildlife sanctuary near Agra is Keetham Lake, also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary. The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds.[83] Within the Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary is the Agra Bear Rescue Facility, which is India's first sanctuary for 'dancing' bears. Operated by Wildlife SOS, Free the Bears Fund and others, the facility has rehabilitate over 620 sloth bears, which were exploited by a nomadic tribe known as the Kalandars as 'dancing bears', despite the practice being illegal since 1972.[84][85]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 142,700—    
1881 160,200+12.3%
1891 168,700+5.3%
1901 188,300+11.6%
1911 185,400−1.5%
1921 185,500+0.1%
1931 125,300−32.5%
1941 284,100+126.7%
1951 375,700+32.2%
1961 462,000+23.0%
1971 594,900+28.8%
1981 723,700+21.7%
1991 891,800+23.2%
2001 1,275,000+43.0%
2011 1,585,000+24.3%
Source: [86]

With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India.[11] As per the 2011 Census of India, Agra city has a population of 1,585,704; its metropolitan population is 1,760,285. The sex ratio of Agra city is 875 females per 1000 males, while the child sex ratio is 857 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate of Agra city is 73.11% of which male and female literacy rates are 77.81% and 67.74% respectively.[87]

Religion in Agra city (2011)[87]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
80.68%
Islam
15.37%
Jainism
1.04%
Sikhism
0.62%
Christianity
0.42%
Buddhism
0.19%
Other
0.02%
Not Stated
1.66%
Distribution of religions

Hinduism is the most followed religion in Agra city with 80.68% of its population adhering to it. Islam is second most followed religion in the city of Agra with 15.37% of the population following it. These are followed by Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity and Buddhism at 1.04%, 0.62%, 0.42% and 0.19% respectively. Approximately 1.66% stated 'No Particular Religion'.[87]

Administration and politics

Administration

Local administration as of August 2020
Key posts of local administration Person
Mayor (elected post) Naveen Kumar Jain (BJP)[3]
Municipal commissioner Nikhil Tikaram Funde[3]
Vice-chairman of ADA Devendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha[88]
District and divisional administration Person
Divisional commissioner Anil Kumar[89][90]
District magistrate and collector Mr. Navneet Singh Chahal IAS[91]
Police administration Person
Senior superintendent of police (SSP) Mr.Prabhakar Choudhary IPS[92]
ADG, Agra Zone Ajay Anand[93]
IG, Agra Range

Police administration

Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range, Agra Zone is headed by an additional director general (ADG)-ranked Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Agra Range is headed by a deputy inspector general (DIG)-ranked IPS officer.

The district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police (SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by six superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city, east, west, crime, traffic, and protocol, either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service.[94] Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.[94]

Infrastructure and civic administration

Agra Municipal Corporation or Agra Nagar Nigam (AMC or ANN) is the Municipal Corporation responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Agra. This civic administrative body administers the city's public services. The mayor and municipal councillors are elected to five-year terms.[95] The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees four zones (Hariparvat, Lohamandi, Tajganj and Chhata) which are further subdivided into 100 wards. The AMC boundary encompasses an area of 121 square km.[96][97] The Agra Development Authority (ADA), is develops new housing, infrastructure and colonies in the city.[98]

Politics

Vote share of Parties in 2019 Agra Lok Sabha.[99]

  BJP (57%)
  BSP (38%)
  INC (4%)
  Others (1%)

Incumbent MP Satyapal Singh Baghel of BJP won the Agra Lok Sabha constituency with a margin of 2,11,546 votes by defeating Manoj Kumar Soni of BSP. Satyapal Singh Baghel secured 6,46,875 votes.

Agra district has two Lok Sabha constituencies, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri, and nine Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly) constituencies.[100] The MP for Agra constituency is SP Singh Baghel, from Bharatiya Janata Party.[101] Ahead of the election the for 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, it was announced that two more districts, including Agra, could become a police commissionerate before the elections.[102]

Utilities

The electricity power distribution and bill collection in Agra is the sole responsibility of Torrent Power, a private sector company. The control of power distribution in Agra was handed over to Torrent Power from the state-owned UP Power Corporation Ltd in 2010, in an effort to move towards power reforms and cutting the massive distribution losses in the state. This was the first time power distribution was privatised in Uttar Pradesh, except for Noida-Greater Noida falling under the NCR.[103][104]

Agra has three primary sources for municipal water supply: water treatment plants at Sikandra and Jeoni Mandi, and groundwater using tubewells.[105] Since a large portion of the water demand is fulfilled from the Yamuna river, which is a highly polluted river, water quality in Agra is usually poor, with unhealthy levels of chlorine required for purification. The city's groundwater is also unfit for drinking, and is saline and high in fluoride content. Both sources breach CPCB standards.[106] To provide the city with adequate water supply, the Gangajal pipeline project has been initiated.[107] It includes a 130 km long pipeline laid to bring Ganga water from Bulandshahr's Upper Ganga canal to Agra. The project has been launched,[108] but has faced criticism due to frequent pipeline leakages.[109][110][111]

Though most of the city uses cylinders for cooking gas, piped natural gas is also available in select localities, including Kamla Nagar and others. The service is provided by Green Gas Limited.[112][113]

Economy

Due to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments, Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts like Pietra Dura, marble inlay and carpets.[114]

40% of the population depends largely on agriculture, and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries. Agra was the second most self-employed in India in 2007, behind Varanasi, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Patna. According to the National Sample Survey Organization, in 1999–2000, 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self-employed in the city, which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004–05.[115]

Tourism has a significant role in the economy of Agra, with upwards of 9.5 million tourists visiting Agra and surrounding monuments in 2019.[116] The city is home to Asia's largest spa called Kaya Kalp – The Royal Spa, at the ITC Hotel Mughal in Agra.[117][118] Other hotels include Taj Hotel and Convention Centre.[119]

Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra. There are about 12 major and medium scale industries, producing electrical goods, pipes, leather goods etc. There are about 7,200 small scale industrial units. Above 1.5 lakh pairs of shoes per day are manufactured in Agra by the various footwear units.[120] Agra city is also known for its leather goods, the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is in Sadar bazar. The carpets, handicrafts, zari and zardozi (embroidery work), marble and stone carving and inlay work.[121][122]

Agra amassed a GDP of 40,210 crores as per the data released by UP Government for the year 2018–19, thus the 3rd rank in the state.[123]

In the Swachh Survekshan 2020, Agra ranked 16th nation-wide, and 2nd in the state after Lucknow, which was a big jump after 86th in 2019, 102nd in 2018, and 263th in 2017.[124][125] In the Smart city Rankings, which are pan-India rankings for 100 cities which is released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the progress/completion rate of Smart City projects, Agra ranked 1st, based on the rankings released based on work done by department concerned under the Smart City project from 1 October 2019, to 1 March 2020.[126][127]

As of August 2020, Industrial activity in Agra has been affected as a result of the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic that has forced people to remain confined to their homes. The sectors worst-hit are the iron foundries, tourism, leather shoe industry in Agra.[128] It is estimated that the loss in the tourism industry due to COVID-19 restrictions is approximately ₹ 2,200 crores.[129]

 
Tajview hotel, the first five-star hotel in Agra, operated by the IHCL group
 
A marble table top in Pietra Dura, a craft practised since the Mughal era in Agra
 
The Sadar Bazar market
 
An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays. The marble is coloured red to give contrast while working.

Monuments and architecture

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal rises above the banks of the river like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time.

— Rabindranath Tagore, (translated by Kshitish Roy) from One Hundred and One Poems by Rabindranath Tagore (pp. 95-96)

Taj Mahal is mausoleum complex in Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal ("Chosen One of the Palace"), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor's inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India's most famed building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna River, about 1.6 km east of the Agra Fort, also on the right bank of the Yamuna. The Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum), pleasant gardens, and a museum. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983,[130] and is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world.[131] The Taj Mahal is the most visited tourist spot in the India, attracting nearly 6.9 million visitors in 2018–19.[132][133]

The chief architect was probably the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori. Designed as a unified entity according to the principles of Mughal architecture, the five principal elements of the complex were the main gateway, garden, mosque, jawab (literally 'answer', a building mirroring the mosque), and the mausoleum, with its four minarets. The construction commenced in 1632 with upwards of twenty thousand workers from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe working to complete the mausoleum itself by 1639, the adjunct buildings by 1643, with decoration work continuing until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42 acre (17 hectare) complex spanned 22 years.[133]

It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan gazed at it for the last eight years of his life, a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb. Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes, signifying the number of years the monument took to build. The Taj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one. The most elegant and largest dome of the Taj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), and has a height of 80 feet (24 m); directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. The interiors are decorated with fine Pietra dura inlay work, incorporating semi-precious stones.

However, air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the Taj, notably its marble facade.[134] A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument, among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution-control equipment at others, the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex, and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic, and more recently, use of 'mud pack' therapy.[135] Perhaps most importantly, the 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi) Taj Trapezium Zone has been created around the Taj Mahal and other nearby monuments where strict pollution restrictions are in place on industries, following a 1996 Supreme Court of India ruling.[136]

Some antique views were published in the Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books, namely   Tâj-Mahal, Agra. by Samuel Prout from a mid-distant angle (1832)[137] and   Ruins about the Taj Mahal. by S. Austin from those said ruins (1836).[138] Both are accompanied by poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

Agra Fort

The Agra Fort is a large 16th-century fortress of red sandstone located by the Yamuna River in Agra. It was first established by the Mughal Emperor Akbar and served as the seat of royal government when Agra was the capital of the Mughal empire in addition to being a military base and a royal residence. Built on the site of earlier fortifications by Islam Shah Suri[139](son of Sher Shah Suri), the Agra Fort lies on the right bank of the Yamuna River and is connected to the Taj Mahal (downstream, around a bend in the Yamuna), by a stretch of parkland. The fort was commissioned by Akbar in 1565, taking around eight years to build.[140] Though much of the structure of the fort was founded by Akbar, both the interior and exterior underwent considerable changes under his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan, who added many new structures, often of marble.[141] The red sandstone walls of the roughly semi-circular structure[142] have a perimeter of about 2.5 km, rise 21 meters high, and are surrounded by a moat.[140] There are two entrances in the walls: the Delhi Gate facing west, the original entrance, situated nearly opposite to the Agra Fort railway station and Jama Masjid, and decorated with intricate marble inlays; and the Amar Singh Gate(also known as Hathi Pol[139], or Elephant Gate) facing south, presently the only means in or out of the fort complex).[140] The complex of buildings in the fort—reminiscent of Persian and Timurid architecture,[140] with great inspiration from Jain and Hindu architecture[139]—forms a city within a city.[140]

Among the major attractions in the fort is Jahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex, built by Akbar as a private palace for his Rajput wives. In the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience), the emperor would listen to public petitions and meet state officials. The Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) was used for receiving distinguished visitors. The famous Peacock Throne was once kept there, before Aurangzeb took it to Delhi. Near the Diwan-i-Khas stands the Musamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress, Mumtaz Maḥal. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), constructed by Shah Jahan, is a structure made entirely of white marble. The emperor's private residence was the Khas Mahal, whose marble walls were once adorned with flowers depicted by precious gems. Located to its northeast is the Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), its walls and ceilings inlaid with thousands of small mirrors.[140] Numerous other structures are there in the complex, including the Anguri Bagh, the Mina Bazaar etc.[139]

In addition to its other functions, the fort also served as a prison for Shah Jahan when Aurangzeb, his son and successor as emperor, had him confined there from 1658 until his death in 1666.[140]

Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb

Nur Jahan commissioned Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, sometimes called the "Baby Taj", for her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg, the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahangir. Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river, the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden, crisscrossed by water courses and walkways. The area of the mausoleum itself is about 23 m2 (250 sq ft), and is built on a base that is about 50 m2 (540 sq ft) and about one metre (3.3 feet) high. On each corner are hexagonal towers, about thirteen metres (43 feet) tall. Small in comparison to many other Mughal-era tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and use of white marble, pietra dura, inlay designs, and latticework presage many elements of the Taj Mahal.

The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations – cornelian, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light penetrates the interior through delicate Jali screens of intricately carved white marble.

Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra

Sikandra, the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, is on the Delhi-Agra Highway, about 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) from the Agra Fort.[143] The four-storied tomb combines both marble and sandstone in its exterior. The construction of Sikandra was commenced in Akbar's reign and was completed by his heir and son Jahangir in 1613. The tomb with is set amidst a large garden and is enclosed by four battlemented walls, each with a large gateway. The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb. The tomb has seen some damage to its minarets and other aspects, which was inflicted by the Jats of Bharatpur.[144] The vast gardens around Sikandra are inhabited by several Blackbucks, which are in the process of being shifted to the Etawah Safari Park.[145] Next to Akbar's tomb, stands the Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, the favorite wife of Akbar.[146]

Other places of Interest

Agra also has several other places of interest, most of them from its Mughal past. They include the Jama Masjid, Chini Ka Rauza, Aram Bagh, Mariam's Tomb, and Mehtab Bagh among others. The Jama Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan's daughter Jahanara Begum, built-in 1648, notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets. The Chini Ka Rauza, notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles, is dedicated to the prime minister of Shah Jahan, Afzal Khan.[147] The Aram Bagh, commonly known as Ram Bagh today, is one of the oldest Mughal garden in India, and was built by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna.[148] It lies about 2.3 km (1 mi) north of the Taj Mahal. The original name of the gardens was Aram Bagh, or 'Garden of Relaxation', and this was where Babur used to spend his leisure time. Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, is the tomb of Mariam, the favorite wife of Emperor Akbar.[149] The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society. The Mehtab Bagh, or 'Moonlight Garden', is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from the Taj Mahal. Agra also has a nearby bird sanctuary, Keetham Lake. Also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, it is situated within the Surdas Reserved Forest. The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds.[83]

City

Around

 
 
 
 
Other places of Interest. Clockwise from upper left: Plan of the Taj Mahal complex with the Mehtab Bagh gardens to the left, Jama Masjid, Chini Ka Rauza, Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani.

Culture

Cuisine

 
The sweet dish petha, which is a symbol of Mughal legacy.[150]

Agra's cuisine is derived from its Mughal past. Mughlai cuisine mainly consists of meat enriched with creamy, boldly flavoured curries, with lots of dried fruits and spices. Vegetarian dishes, using paneer instead of meat are equally loved. Mughal cuisine is available in restaurants all around the city.[151][152] Petha, a sweet made using ash gourd, is one of the famous dishes of Agra, and is available in many varieties. Another dish that is endemic to Agra is Dalmoth, which is a dry snack made with spicy fried dal (lentils), nuts and raisins. The breakfast specialties include Bedai, which is a puffy kachori (made with all purpose flour, which is deep fried) with spicy filling inside and is generally served with spicy aloo sabzi and dahi.(Curd)[153][150] Equally popular as a snack is Chaat, a collective term which includes snacks like Dahi-bhalla, Raj kachori, samosas, and gol gappas, among others. Paratha, a pan fried flat wheat bread which is stuffed with potatoes, cauliflower, carrots or paneer, is also popular, and eaten accompanied with curd, pickle and chutney.[151]

Taj Mahotsav

Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival and craft fair that was started in the year 1992 and has grown since then. The year 2019 was the 28th year of this Mahotsav. The fair is held in a big field in Shilpgram, near the eastern gate of the Taj Mahal. This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism, Government of India. A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity. One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans. It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost.[154] The Mahotsav is hosted from 18 to 27 February every year. The theme for the 2020 Taj Mahotsav was Sanskriti ke Rang, Taj ke Sang.[155] For the first time since 1992, Taj Mahotsav 2021 has been cancelled, because of tourism restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.[156]

Transport

Air

As of April 2021, Indigo operates regular flights between Agra airport and Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bhopal and Bengaluru. The Agra Airport at Kheria is controlled by the Indian Air Force.[157]

Rail

 
Agra Cantt Railway Station
 
Railway Map of Agra (the line to Jaipur has meanwhile been converted to broad gauge)

The city of Agra is served by 7 Railway stations viz. Agra Cant.(major station for Delhi - Mumbai line), Raja-Ki-Mandi, Agra Fort(Major station for Jodhpur- Hawrah Line), Idgah, Agra City, Jamuna Bridge and Billochpura. Agra City comes under the jurisdiction of Agra Division of North Central Railways Zone of the Indian Railways. Agra is served by multiple mail/express trains, as well as Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Gatiman express.[158] The Gatiman express is India's first semi-high train speed service, which cut travel time between Agra and Delhi to 100 minutes.[159] Being a major tourist destination, Agra is also served by the luxury train Maharajas' Express.[160]

Road

 
Inner Ring Road link Yamuna Expressway to Lucknow expessway, Fatehabad Road, Shamshabad Road, NH-3, NH-11 Agra

Inter-State Bus Terminal (I.S.B.T.), Idgah Bus Stand, Taj Depot and Fort Depot are the major bus stands in Agra, connecting Agra to most of the bigger cities in northern India. It is a major junction of highways with three national highways and two expressways (Yamuna Expressway & Agra Lucknow Expressway) originating from Agra.

  • From Delhi: NH 19 (old number: NH 2), a modern divided highway, connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.
  • From Delhi / Noida: Yamuna Expressway, a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.
  • Yamuna Expressway (formerly Taj Expressway) is a six lane, 165 km (103 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connects New Delhi with Agra via Greater Noida and Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
  • NH 509 (old number: NH 93) connects Agra to Moradabad via Aligarh.
  • Section of NH 44 (old number: NH 3 Agra Mumbai national highway) connects Agra to Gwalior via Dholpur.
  • NH 21 (old number: NH 11 Agra Jaipur Highway) connects Jaipur to Bareilly via Agra.
  • Agra Lucknow Expressway is a six lane, 302 km (188 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connects Lucknow with Agra via Kannauj and Etawah in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Bus services are run by the UPSRTC([1] Other para-transit modes include rickshaws. Polluting vehicles are not allowed near the Taj Mahal. Within the city, Mahatma Gandhi Marg is the main artery.

Agra Metro

Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES) had proposed 30 stations, 11 underground and 19 elevated, for two corridors of the Metro Rail in the city. The two lines are Sikandra to the Taj Mahal's east gate via Agra Fort and Agra Cantt to Kalindi Vihar. On 24 March 2017, State Chief Minister Yogi Aditya Nath approved the project. In December 2017, the cabinet of the UP Government approved the DPR as per New Metro Policy. Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of Agra Metro on 8 March 2019.[161]

Education

 
Agra University
 
St John College
 
St Peter's College

It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the year 1823, Agra College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers. In the British era, Agra became a great centre of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm.

Universities and colleges

 
Agra College

Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces, the Rajputana, the Central Provinces and almost to entire northern India. There are 10 institutes comprising various departments and around 700 Colleges are affiliated to this university. The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mayawati.

  • The Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum, was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is spread over an extensive and beautiful ground of 172.8 acres (69.9 ha) land and is well-known centre for the treatment, training, and research on mental disorders in Northern India. The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital, Agra in 1925. Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act, 1987.
  • Central Institute of Hindi, (also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language. Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India. The institute is situated at an 11 acres (4.5 ha) campus on the outskirts of Agra city. Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Shillong, Dimapur, Guwahati, Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar. The institute is the only government-run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language.
  • Sarojini Naidu Medical College, is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India. It is located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh state. It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh, poet and freedom fighter, Bharat Kokila Smt. Sarojini Naidu.
  • Agra College, is one of the oldest institutions in India. Pandit Gangadhar Shastri, a noted Sanskrit scholar founded the college in 1823. Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that, a board of trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college. Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India.
  • St. John's College, Agra, is a college established in 1850, now part of the Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, earlier known as Agra University. It is amongst the oldest and one of the most beautiful Christian colleges in India. The college runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University, a central university.
  • Raja Balwant Singh College, Established in 1885 owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra.
  • Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Radha Soami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on 1 January 1917. It became a Degree College in 1947, affiliated to Agra University. In 1975, it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education, Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme.

Schools

Media

Agra is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper, the most read Hindi newspaper in India.[163] Other widely read papers include Amar Ujala, Rajasthan Patrika, Aaj, Hindustan, The Sea Express, "daily Amar Bharti", Deepsheel Bharat, DLA. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Economic Times, and The Pioneer. The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket, and Inksaaf. There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid I-Next.

Radio stations
Frequency Station
90.4 MHz Agra ki Awaaz
90.8 MHz Aap ki Awaaz
93.7 MHz Fever FM
91.9 MHz Radio City
92.7 MHz Big 92.7 FM
94.5 MHz Tadka FM
105.6 MHz GNOU Gyan Vani

State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Agra which transmits various programs of mass interest. There are four private FM radio stations, 92.7 BIG FM (Reliance Broadcast Network Limited), 93.7 Fever FM, 94.5 Tadka FM and Radio City 91.9 FM.[164] There is a community Radio Station 90.4 FM.

Notable people

Sister cities

Agra is twinned with:

See also

Tehsils of Agra:

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Further reading

  • Cole, Henry Hardy (1873). Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra. India Office.
  • Agra, Archaeological Society of (1874). Transactions of the Archaeological Society of Agra, Jan–June 1874. Delhi Gazette Press.
  • Mukerji, Satya Chandra (1892). The Traveller's Guide to Agra. Sen & Co., Delhi.
  • Fanthome, Frederic (1895). Reminiscences of Agra. Thacker, Spink & Co.
  • Latif, Muḥammad (1896). Agra, Historical & Descriptive. Calcutta Central Press.
  • Keene, Henry George (1899). A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood (Sixth ed.). Thacker, Spink & Co.
  • Smith, Edmund W. (1901). Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra, Part I. Govt. Press, Allahabad.
  • Havell, Ernest Binfield (1904). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri, and the Neighbourhood. Longmans, Green & Co., London.
  • Agranama: The authentic book about the history of Agra by Mr. Satish Chandra Chaturvedi
  • Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, History and Culture of Agra (Souvenir), 1956

External links

  • Official website of Agra district
  • Agra at Curlie
  • University of Washington digital collections

agra, this, article, about, city, uttar, pradesh, india, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, listen, city, banks, yamuna, river, indian, state, uttar, pradesh, about, kilometres, south, east, national, capital, delhi, west, state, capital, lucknow, with, populati. This article is about the city in Uttar Pradesh India For other uses see Agra disambiguation Agra ˈ ɑː ɡ r e Agra listen is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh about 230 kilometres 140 mi south east of the national capital New Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow With a population of roughly 1 6 million Agra is the fourth most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty third most populous city in India 11 AgraMetropolis 1 From top Taj Mahal Jaswant Ki Chhatri Agra fort Akbar s Tomb Guru ka Tal Gurdwara Tomb of Mariam uz ZamaniNickname The Taj City Taj Nagari AgraShow map of Uttar PradeshAgraShow map of IndiaAgraShow map of AsiaCoordinates 27 11 N 78 01 E 27 18 N 78 02 E 27 18 78 02 Coordinates 27 11 N 78 01 E 27 18 N 78 02 E 27 18 78 02Country IndiaStateUttar PradeshDivisionAgraDistrictAgra 2 Government TypeMunicipal Corporation BodyAgra Municipal Corporation Mayor 4 Naveen Jain BJP Municipal commissionerNikhil Tikaram Funde 3 Area 5 Metropolis 1 121 km2 47 sq mi Elevation 6 170 m 560 ft Population 2011 7 Metropolis 1 1 585 704 Rank23rd Metro 8 1 760 285Language OfficialHindi 9 Additional officialUrdu 9 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST Telephone code0562Vehicle registrationUP 80GDP Nominal Agra District Rs 60 488 30 crores 2019 20 10 Sex ratio875 1000 Literacy73 11 WebsiteOfficial District WebsiteAgra s notable historical period began during Sikandar Lodi s reign but the golden age of the city began with the Mughals Agra was the foremost city of the Indian subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire under Mughal emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir and Shah Jahan Under Mughal rule Agra became a centre for learning arts commerce and religion and saw the construction of the Agra Fort Sikandra and Agra s most prized monument the Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his favourite empress With the decline of the Mughal empire in the late 18th century the city fell successively first to Marathas and later to the East India Company After Independence Agra has developed into an industrial town with a booming tourism industry along with footwear leather and other manufacturing The Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort are UNESCO World Heritage Sites The city features mild winters hot and dry summers and a monsoon season and is famous for its Mughlai cuisine Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Delhi and Jaipur and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh along with Lucknow and Varanasi Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Pre Mughal era 2 2 Mughal era 2 3 Later periods 2 4 Post Independence and Mughal legacy 3 Geography and climate 3 1 Geography 3 2 Climate 3 3 Environment 4 Demographics 5 Administration and politics 5 1 Administration 5 1 1 Police administration 5 1 2 Infrastructure and civic administration 5 2 Politics 6 Utilities 7 Economy 8 Monuments and architecture 8 1 Taj Mahal 8 2 Agra Fort 8 3 Itmad Ud Daulah s Tomb 8 4 Akbar s Tomb Sikandra 8 5 Other places of Interest 8 5 1 City 8 5 2 Around 9 Culture 9 1 Cuisine 9 2 Taj Mahotsav 10 Transport 10 1 Air 10 2 Rail 10 3 Road 10 4 Agra Metro 11 Education 11 1 Universities and colleges 11 2 Schools 12 Media 13 Notable people 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksName EditThe name Agra is explained by different derivations all of which have low verifiability The most accepted one is that it had its origin from the Hindi word agar meaning salt pan a name which was given to it because the soil in the region is brackish and salt used to be made here once by evaporation Others derive it from Hindu History claiming that the Sanskrit word agra अग र which means the first of the many groves and little forests where Krishna frolicked with the gopis of Vrindavan The term Agravana hence means grove forest 12 13 Agra was also known as Akbarabad in the Mughal era The name was coined by the emperor Shah Jahan in honour of his grandfather Akbar 14 15 History EditPre Mughal era Edit Agra has two histories one of the ancient city on the east or left bank of the river Yamuna going back so far as to be lost in the legends of Krishna and Mahabharata and reestablished by Sikandar Lodhi in 1504 1505 the other of the modern city founded by Akbar in 1558 on the right bank of the river which is associated with the Mughals and known throughout the world as the city of the Taj Of ancient Agra little now remains except few traces of the foundations It was a place of importance under various Hindu dynasties previous to the Muslim invasions of India but its history is unclear and possess little historical interest 16 The 17th century chronicler named Abdhullah said it was a village before the reign of Sikandar Lodi The king of Mathura had used the Agra fort as a jail The degradation in the status of the site was a result of the destruction brought upon it by Mahmud of Ghazni 17 Masud Sa d Salman claims to have been there when Mahmud assaulted Agra claiming the Raja Japal surrendered after seeing a nightmare Mahmud however proceeds to pillage the city 18 The Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani in Sikandra was originally built as a Baradari by Sultan Sikandar Lodi in 1495 Agra s period of historical importance began during Sikandar Lodi s reign In 1504 1505 Sultan Sikandar Lodi reigned 1489 1517 19 the Afghan ruler of the Delhi Sultanate rebuilt Agra and made it the seat of government 16 20 Sikandar Lodhi appointed a commission which inspected and surveyed both sides of the Yamuna from Delhi to Etawah and finally chose a place on the left bank or the east side of the Yamuna as the site for the city Agra on the left bank of the Yamuna grew into a large flourishing town with royal presence officials merchants scholars theologians and artists The city became one of the most important centres of Islamic learning in India The sultan founded the village of Sikandra in the northern suburbs of the city and built there a Baradari of red sandstone in 1495 which was converted into a tomb by Jahangir and now stands as the Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani Akbar s empress 21 22 After the Sultan s death in 1517 the city passed on to his son Sultan Ibrahim Lodi reigned 1517 26 19 He ruled his sultanate from Agra until he was defeated and killed by Mughal Emperor Babur in the First battle of Panipat fought in 1526 23 Mughal era Edit The Town and Fort of Agra an engraving The golden age of the city began with the Mughals Agra was the foremost city of the subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1658 when Aurangzeb shifted the entire court to Delhi 24 Babur reigned 1526 30 25 the founder of the Mughal dynasty acquired Agra after defeating the Lodhis and the Tomaras of Gwalior in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 25 26 Babur s connection with Agra began immediately after the battle of Panipat He sent forward his son Humayun who occupied the town without opposition The Raja of Gwalior slain at Panipat had left his family and the heads of his clan at Agra In gratitude to Humayun who treated them magnanimously and protected them from plunder they presented to him a quantity of jewels and precious stones as a token of homage Among these was the famous diamond Koh i nur 26 Babur went on to lay out the first formal Mughal garden in India the Aram Bagh or Garden of Relaxation on the banks of the river Yamuna Babur was determined to establish the seat of his government at Agra but was almost dissuaded by the desolate appearance of the region as clear from this quote from his memoir Baburnama 26 It always appears to me that one of the chief defects of Hindustan is the want of artificial watercourses I had intended wherever I might fix my residence to construct water wheels to produce an artificial stream and to lay out an elegant and regularly planned pleasure ground Shortly after coming to Agra I passed the Jumna with this object in view and examined the country to pitch upon a fit spot for a garden The whole was so ugly and detestable that I repassed the river quite repulsed and disgusted In consequence of the want of beauty and of the disagreeable aspect of the country I gave up my intention of making a charbagh garden house but as no better situation presented itself near Agra I was finally compelled to make the best of this same spot In every corner I planted suitable gardens in every garden I sowed roses and narcissus regularly and in beds corresponding to each other We were annoyed by three things in Hindustan one was its heat another the strong winds and the third its dust Baths were the means of removing all three inconveniences Babur Baburnama Very few vestiges remain of Babur s city of his fruit and flower gardens palaces baths tanks wells and watercourses The remnants of Babur s Charbagh can be seen today at Aram Bagh on the east side of Yamuna 26 27 Babur was followed by his son Humayun reigned 1530 40 and 1555 56 25 but he was completely defeated at Kanauj in 1539 just nine years after his ascension by Sher Shah Suri an Afghan nobleman who had submitted to Babur but revolted against his son In this brief interruption in Mughal rule between 1540 and 1556 Sher Shah Suri established the short lived Sur Empire and the region was eventually reconquered by Akbar in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 Under Akbar reigned 1556 1605 25 and followed by his grandson Shahjahan Agra was immortalised in the history of the world Akbar built the modern city of Agra on the right bank of Yamuna where the majority of its part still lies He converted the city into a great centre of political cultural and economic importance connecting it with the various parts of his vast empire Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the Agra Fort besides making Agra a centre for learning arts commerce and religion Akbar also built a new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri around 35 km from Agra The new capital city was later abandoned 28 29 Before his death Agra had become probably one of the biggest cities in the east with huge amounts of trade and commerce happening through its bazaars 30 The English traveller Ralph Fitch who visited Agra in September 1585 in the life time of Akbar writes about the town 29 Agra is a very great city and populous built with stone having fair and large streets with a fair river running by it Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are two very great cities either of them much greater than London and very populous Between Agra and Fatehpur are twelve miles kos in reality and all the way is a market of victuals and other things as full as though a man were still in a town and so many people as if a man were in a market These impressions of Fitch are corroborated by another European traveller William Finch who remarked about Agra 29 It is spacious large populous beyond measure that you can hardly pass the street Agra continued to expand and flourish during Akbar s successor Jahangir s reign as he wrote in his autobiography Tuzuk e Jahangiri 29 30 The habitable part of Agra extends on both sides of the river On its west side which has the greater population its circumference is seven kos and its breadth is one kos The circumference of the inhabited part on the other side of the river the side towards the east is 21 2 kos its length being one kos and its breadth half a kos But in the number of its buildings it is equal to several cities of Iraq Khurasan and Trans Oxiana put together Many persons have erected buildings of three or four storeys in it The mass of the people is so great that moving about in the lanes and bazars is difficult Akbar s successor Jahangir reigned 1605 27 25 had a love of flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort 31 Akbar s mausoleum at Sikandra was completed during Jahangir s reign The Jahangiri Mahal in Agra fort and the tomb of Itmad ud daulah were also constructed during the reign of Jahangir Jahangir loved Lahore and Kashmir more than Agra but the latter continued to be the first city of the realm 24 It was however Shah Jahan reigned 1628 58 25 whose building activity raised Agra to the pinnacle of its glory Shah Jahan known for his keen interest in architecture gave Agra its most prized monument the Taj Mahal Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal the mausoleum was completed in 1653 The Jama Masjid and several other notable buildings like the Diwan i Am the Diwan i Khas the Moti Masjid etc inside the fort were planned and executed under his orders 24 Shah Jahan later shifted the capital to Shahjahanabad now known as Delhi in the year 1648 32 followed by his son Aurangzeb reigned 1658 1707 25 moving the entire court to Delhi in 1658 With this Agra began rapidly declining Nevertheless the cultural and strategic importance of Agra remained unaffected and in official correspondence it continued to be referred to as the second capital of the empire 24 Later periods Edit Map of the city c 1914 Agra Main Street c 1858 The decline of the Mughal empire caused the emergence of several regional kingdoms and in the late 18th century the control of the city fell successively to the Jats the Marathas the Mughals the ruler of Gwalior and finally the British East India Company 33 The Jats of Bharatpur waged many wars against the Mughal Delhi and in the 17th and 18th century carried out numerous campaigns in Mughal territories including Agra 34 After the decline of the Mughal Empire the city came under the influence of another post Mughal Empire power the Marathas before falling into the hands of the British East India Company in 1803 33 In the years 1834 1836 Agra was the capital of the short lived Presidency of Agra administered by a Governor It was then the capital of the North Western Province from 1836 to 1858 governed by a Lieutenant Governor 35 36 Agra was one of the centres of the Indian rebellion of 1857 37 During the Indian rebellion of 1857 when East India Company rule across many parts of India was threatened the news of the mutiny at Meerut reached Agra on 14 May On 30 May some companies of the 44th and 67th Native Infantry sent to Mathura to bring in the treasury mutinied and carried off the treasury to the rebels in Delhi With the fear of the rebellion spreading to Agra as well the rest of these native infantry battalions which were part of the garrison at Agra were successfully disarmed by the British on 31 May 13 38 However when the Gwalior contingent mutinied on 15 June all other native units followed On 2 July the rebel force of the Nimach and Nasirabad contingents reached Fatehpur Sikri Fearing advance of the mutineers to Agra some 6000 Europeans and associated people moved into the Agra Fort for safety on 3 July On 5 July the British force stationed there attempted to attack an approaching force of Mutineers but was defeated and the British retreated back into the fort 13 The Lieutenant Governor J R Colvin died there and was later buried in front of the Diwan i am 39 13 The mutineers however moved over to Delhi it being a more important attraction for the rebels Despite an uprising by a mob and extreme disorder in the city the British managed to restore partial order by 8 July 13 Delhi in turn fell to the British in September following which an infantry brigade led by Brigadier Edward Greathed arrived in Agra on 11 October without any opposition from rebels But shortly after their arrival another force of mutineers attacked the brigade by surprise but was defeated and routed This minor victory for the British was named the Battle of Agra 40 13 It is to be said that the uprising in Agra was relatively minor compared to Delhi Jhansi Meerut and other major rebellious cities and regions 39 After this British rule was again secured and the British Raj ruled the city till the independence of India in 1947 41 The capital of the North Western Provinces was shifted from Agra to Allahabad in 1858 Gradually Agra declined to the position of a mere provincial town and its prosperity declined 36 But in the economy of the administration of British India Agra is nothing more than a district town its size proportions and manifold activities have come down to its present requirements and continued life in this city does not come above the average of that monotonous muffasil life in India which has been so often and so vividly described by many gifted Anglo Indian writers Agra has become of late years a large railway centre and its commercial prosperity seems to be reviving Agra by 1892 as described by S C Mukerji Traveller s Guide to Agra pp 55 56Agra s role in the Indian Independence movement is not well documented 42 However in the years between the mutiny and independence Agra was a major centre of Hindi and Urdu journalism citation needed Paliwal park formerly Hewitt park in Agra is named after S K D Paliwal 43 who brought out the Hindi daily Sainik 44 Post Independence and Mughal legacy Edit Post India s independence Agra has been a part of Uttar Pradesh and has gradually developed into an industrial city with a significant contribution to Uttar Pradesh s economy The city is now a popular tourist destination and hosts tourists from across the world 45 The Taj Mahal and Agra Fort received UNESCO World Heritage Sites status in 1983 46 47 The Taj Mahal witnesses tourists photographers historians and archaeologists in massive numbers all around the year The Taj Mahal has become a symbol of India and its soft power 48 49 Post Independence Taj Mahal has been visited by world leaders like US Presidents Dwight D Eisenhower 1959 Bill Clinton 2000 and Donald Trump 2020 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom had visited Taj Mahal in 1961 on her India visit Taj Mahal has also been visited by Russian President Vladimir Putin 1999 Chinese President Hu Jintao 2006 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 2018 and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau 2018 50 Agra is the birthplace of the now extinct religion known as Din i Ilahi which was founded by Akbar 51 and also of the Radhaswami Faith citation needed which has around two million followers worldwide Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Delhi and Jaipur 52 and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh along with Lucknow and Varanasi 53 Geography and climate EditGeography Edit The region around Agra consists almost entirely of a level plain with hills in the extreme southwest The rivers in the region include Yamuna and Chambal The region is also watered by the Agra Canal Millet barley wheat and cotton are among the crops grown in the surrounding countryside Both Rabi and Kharif crops are cultivated The deserted city of Fatehpur Sikri is about 40 km southwest of Agra 54 The sandstone hills near Fatehpur Sikri and on the south eastern borders of the district are offshoots from the Vindhya range of Central India 55 Agra is about 210 km away from the National capital of New Delhi via Yamuna Expressway 56 about 336 km from state capital Lucknow via Agra Lucknow Expressway 57 and about 227 km from Kanpur via Agra Lucknow Expressway 58 The city has an average elevation of 170 metres above sea level 6 Climate Edit Main article Climate of Agra Broadly speaking the climate of Agra is classified as BSh by the Koppen Geiger climate classification system 59 This is the tropical and subtropical steppe climate a major climate type of the Koppen classification that occurs primarily on the periphery of the true deserts in low latitude regions forming a transition between the desert climate BW and the more humid subtropical and tropical climates 60 61 The city features warm winters sweltering and dry summers and a monsoon season The Agra district from its proximity to the sandy Thar Desert to the west is relatively dry and has greater extremes of temperature than districts further east The hot west wind Loo blows mainly during April May and June with great force and can cause fatal heatstrokes 62 On 29 April 2022 Agra recorded highest ever temperature in April at 47 3 C 117 1 F 63 The monsoon rains usually begin in the first week in July and generally end in mid September However the monsoons though substantial in Agra are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India The weather moderates by the middle of October 13 64 The region around Agra the northwest Indo Gangetic plain is prone to extreme fog in the winter months which is caused due to natural factors like low winds low temperatures availability of moisture apart from air pollution 65 66 This phenomenon often leads to big delays and sometimes cancellation of trains due to poor visibility Agra has high levels of air pollution and one of the worst AQIs in India In a study conducted by WHO using data from years 2010 2016 Agra ranked as the 8th most polluted city in India along with other nearby cities including Delhi Kanpur and Faridabad 67 vteClimate data for Agra India 1981 2010 extremes 1901 2002 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 33 0 91 4 35 6 96 1 42 8 109 0 47 3 117 1 48 6 119 5 48 5 119 3 46 5 115 7 43 0 109 4 41 4 106 5 41 1 106 0 36 1 97 0 31 0 87 8 48 6 119 5 Average high C F 22 7 72 9 26 0 78 8 32 1 89 8 38 1 100 6 41 9 107 4 41 5 106 7 36 0 96 8 33 7 92 7 34 5 94 1 34 5 94 1 29 7 85 5 24 5 76 1 32 9 91 2 Average low C F 7 5 45 5 9 9 49 8 14 4 57 9 20 0 68 0 24 6 76 3 26 3 79 3 25 0 77 0 23 8 74 8 22 8 73 0 18 0 64 4 12 4 54 3 7 8 46 0 17 7 63 9 Record low C F 2 2 28 0 1 7 28 9 5 6 42 1 10 0 50 0 14 0 57 2 12 0 53 6 14 5 58 1 12 0 53 6 13 0 55 4 9 4 48 9 2 8 37 0 0 6 30 9 2 2 28 0 Average rainfall mm inches 12 4 0 49 12 1 0 48 8 8 0 35 12 3 0 48 22 6 0 89 81 7 3 22 214 9 8 46 230 2 9 06 129 6 5 10 29 4 1 16 3 4 0 13 3 5 0 14 760 7 29 95 Average rainy days 1 3 1 0 1 2 0 9 2 0 3 2 10 4 10 7 8 0 1 4 0 4 0 4 39 0Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 58 47 39 35 35 40 66 73 63 49 52 58 51Average dew point C F 8 46 11 52 13 55 14 57 17 63 21 70 25 77 25 77 23 73 18 64 13 55 10 50 17 62 Average ultraviolet index 5 6 7 9 9 9 7 7 8 7 6 4 7Source 1 NOAA 1971 1990 68 World Meteorological Organization precipitation 1901 2000 69 India Meteorological Department 70 71 72 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 73 Source 2 Weather Atlas 74 Environment Edit The Taj Mahal has faced significant damage due to air pollution and sewage discharge into the nearby Yamuna river 75 The white marble Taj Mahal is turning yellow and green because of filthy air in the world s eighth most polluted city The Taj Mahal flanks the garbage strewn Yamuna river and is often enveloped by dust and smog from smokestacks and vehicles 76 The Yamuna River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world 77 Agra is the second largest contributor to River Yamuna s pollution after Delhi 78 The river s pollution has caused several problems for the Taj Mahal such as Attacks by Bugs and their Green Slime 79 foul stench 80 and corrosion of Taj Mahal s foundation 80 The river has as many as 90 nalas or drains opening into it Though the municipality has claimed to stop 40 of these drains the bigger ones Bhairon Mantola Balkeshwar nalas continue to discharge huge quantities of untreated waste water without any check 81 Activists say that the Yamuna river bed between Itmad ud Daula and the Taj Mahal has become a dumping ground for pollutants Polythene plastic waste leather cuttings from shoe factories construction material are all thrown into the river 81 Less than 7 of the Agra district is under forest cover 82 The only major wildlife sanctuary near Agra is Keetham Lake also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds 83 Within the Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary is the Agra Bear Rescue Facility which is India s first sanctuary for dancing bears Operated by Wildlife SOS Free the Bears Fund and others the facility has rehabilitate over 620 sloth bears which were exploited by a nomadic tribe known as the Kalandars as dancing bears despite the practice being illegal since 1972 84 85 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 1871142 700 1881160 200 12 3 1891168 700 5 3 1901188 300 11 6 1911185 400 1 5 1921185 500 0 1 1931125 300 32 5 1941284 100 126 7 1951375 700 32 2 1961462 000 23 0 1971594 900 28 8 1981723 700 21 7 1991891 800 23 2 20011 275 000 43 0 20111 585 000 24 3 Source 86 See also List of cities in Uttar Pradesh With a population of roughly 1 6 million Agra is the fourth most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty third most populous city in India 11 As per the 2011 Census of India Agra city has a population of 1 585 704 its metropolitan population is 1 760 285 The sex ratio of Agra city is 875 females per 1000 males while the child sex ratio is 857 girls per 1000 boys The average literacy rate of Agra city is 73 11 of which male and female literacy rates are 77 81 and 67 74 respectively 87 Religion in Agra city 2011 87 Religion PercentHinduism 80 68 Islam 15 37 Jainism 1 04 Sikhism 0 62 Christianity 0 42 Buddhism 0 19 Other 0 02 Not Stated 1 66 Distribution of religions Hinduism is the most followed religion in Agra city with 80 68 of its population adhering to it Islam is second most followed religion in the city of Agra with 15 37 of the population following it These are followed by Jainism Sikhism Christianity and Buddhism at 1 04 0 62 0 42 and 0 19 respectively Approximately 1 66 stated No Particular Religion 87 Administration and politics EditAdministration Edit Local administration as of August 2020 Key posts of local administration PersonMayor elected post Naveen Kumar Jain BJP 3 Municipal commissioner Nikhil Tikaram Funde 3 Vice chairman of ADA Devendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha 88 District and divisional administration PersonDivisional commissioner Anil Kumar 89 90 District magistrate and collector Mr Navneet Singh Chahal IAS 91 Police administration PersonSenior superintendent of police SSP Mr Prabhakar Choudhary IPS 92 ADG Agra Zone Ajay Anand 93 IG Agra RangePolice administration Edit Main article Agra Police Commissionerate Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range Agra Zone is headed by an additional director general ADG ranked Indian Police Service IPS officer and the Agra Range is headed by a deputy inspector general DIG ranked IPS officer The district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police SSP who is an IPS officer and is assisted by six superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city east west crime traffic and protocol either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service 94 Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer in the rank of deputy superintendent of police 94 Infrastructure and civic administration Edit Agra Municipal Corporation or Agra Nagar Nigam AMC or ANN is the Municipal Corporation responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Agra This civic administrative body administers the city s public services The mayor and municipal councillors are elected to five year terms 95 The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees four zones Hariparvat Lohamandi Tajganj and Chhata which are further subdivided into 100 wards The AMC boundary encompasses an area of 121 square km 96 97 The Agra Development Authority ADA is develops new housing infrastructure and colonies in the city 98 Politics Edit Vote share of Parties in 2019 Agra Lok Sabha 99 BJP 57 BSP 38 INC 4 Others 1 Incumbent MP Satyapal Singh Baghel of BJP won the Agra Lok Sabha constituency with a margin of 2 11 546 votes by defeating Manoj Kumar Soni of BSP Satyapal Singh Baghel secured 6 46 875 votes Agra district has two Lok Sabha constituencies Agra and Fatehpur Sikri and nine Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly constituencies 100 The MP for Agra constituency is SP Singh Baghel from Bharatiya Janata Party 101 Ahead of the election the for 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly it was announced that two more districts including Agra could become a police commissionerate before the elections 102 Utilities EditThe electricity power distribution and bill collection in Agra is the sole responsibility of Torrent Power a private sector company The control of power distribution in Agra was handed over to Torrent Power from the state owned UP Power Corporation Ltd in 2010 in an effort to move towards power reforms and cutting the massive distribution losses in the state This was the first time power distribution was privatised in Uttar Pradesh except for Noida Greater Noida falling under the NCR 103 104 Agra has three primary sources for municipal water supply water treatment plants at Sikandra and Jeoni Mandi and groundwater using tubewells 105 Since a large portion of the water demand is fulfilled from the Yamuna river which is a highly polluted river water quality in Agra is usually poor with unhealthy levels of chlorine required for purification The city s groundwater is also unfit for drinking and is saline and high in fluoride content Both sources breach CPCB standards 106 To provide the city with adequate water supply the Gangajal pipeline project has been initiated 107 It includes a 130 km long pipeline laid to bring Ganga water from Bulandshahr s Upper Ganga canal to Agra The project has been launched 108 but has faced criticism due to frequent pipeline leakages 109 110 111 Though most of the city uses cylinders for cooking gas piped natural gas is also available in select localities including Kamla Nagar and others The service is provided by Green Gas Limited 112 113 Economy EditDue to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts like Pietra Dura marble inlay and carpets 114 40 of the population depends largely on agriculture and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries Agra was the second most self employed in India in 2007 behind Varanasi followed by Bhopal Indore and Patna According to the National Sample Survey Organization in 1999 2000 431 of every 1 000 employed males were self employed in the city which grew to 603 per 1 000 in 2004 05 115 Tourism has a significant role in the economy of Agra with upwards of 9 5 million tourists visiting Agra and surrounding monuments in 2019 116 The city is home to Asia s largest spa called Kaya Kalp The Royal Spa at the ITC Hotel Mughal in Agra 117 118 Other hotels include Taj Hotel and Convention Centre 119 Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra There are about 12 major and medium scale industries producing electrical goods pipes leather goods etc There are about 7 200 small scale industrial units Above 1 5 lakh pairs of shoes per day are manufactured in Agra by the various footwear units 120 Agra city is also known for its leather goods the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is in Sadar bazar The carpets handicrafts zari and zardozi embroidery work marble and stone carving and inlay work 121 122 Agra amassed a GDP of 40 210 crores as per the data released by UP Government for the year 2018 19 thus the 3rd rank in the state 123 In the Swachh Survekshan 2020 Agra ranked 16th nation wide and 2nd in the state after Lucknow which was a big jump after 86th in 2019 102nd in 2018 and 263th in 2017 124 125 In the Smart city Rankings which are pan India rankings for 100 cities which is released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the progress completion rate of Smart City projects Agra ranked 1st based on the rankings released based on work done by department concerned under the Smart City project from 1 October 2019 to 1 March 2020 126 127 As of August 2020 Industrial activity in Agra has been affected as a result of the restrictions imposed due to the COVID 19 pandemic that has forced people to remain confined to their homes The sectors worst hit are the iron foundries tourism leather shoe industry in Agra 128 It is estimated that the loss in the tourism industry due to COVID 19 restrictions is approximately 2 200 crores 129 Tajview hotel the first five star hotel in Agra operated by the IHCL group A marble table top in Pietra Dura a craft practised since the Mughal era in Agra The Sadar Bazar market An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays The marble is coloured red to give contrast while working Monuments and architecture EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Taj Mahal Edit Main article Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal rises above the banks of the river like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time Rabindranath Tagore translated by Kshitish Roy from One Hundred and One Poems by Rabindranath Tagore pp 95 96 Taj Mahal is mausoleum complex in Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal Chosen One of the Palace who died in childbirth in 1631 having been the emperor s inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612 India s most famed building it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern right bank of the Yamuna River about 1 6 km east of the Agra Fort also on the right bank of the Yamuna The Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture a blend of Indian Persian and Islamic styles Other attractions include twin mosque buildings placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum pleasant gardens and a museum The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983 130 and is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world 131 The Taj Mahal is the most visited tourist spot in the India attracting nearly 6 9 million visitors in 2018 19 132 133 The chief architect was probably the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori Designed as a unified entity according to the principles of Mughal architecture the five principal elements of the complex were the main gateway garden mosque jawab literally answer a building mirroring the mosque and the mausoleum with its four minarets The construction commenced in 1632 with upwards of twenty thousand workers from India Persia the Ottoman Empire and Europe working to complete the mausoleum itself by 1639 the adjunct buildings by 1643 with decoration work continuing until at least 1647 In total construction of the 42 acre 17 hectare complex spanned 22 years 133 It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan gazed at it for the last eight years of his life a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes signifying the number of years the monument took to build The Taj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one The most elegant and largest dome of the Taj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet 18 m and has a height of 80 feet 24 m directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal Shah Jahan s tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb The interiors are decorated with fine Pietra dura inlay work incorporating semi precious stones However air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the Taj notably its marble facade 134 A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution control equipment at others the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic and more recently use of mud pack therapy 135 Perhaps most importantly the 10 400 km2 4 000 sq mi Taj Trapezium Zone has been created around the Taj Mahal and other nearby monuments where strict pollution restrictions are in place on industries following a 1996 Supreme Court of India ruling 136 Some antique views were published in the Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Books namely Taj Mahal Agra by Samuel Prout from a mid distant angle 1832 137 and Ruins about the Taj Mahal by S Austin from those said ruins 1836 138 Both are accompanied by poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon The most common front view of the Taj Mahal Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River northern view Tombs of Shah Jahan and his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal Taj Mahal from Agra fortAgra Fort Edit Main article Agra Fort The Agra Fort is a large 16th century fortress of red sandstone located by the Yamuna River in Agra It was first established by the Mughal Emperor Akbar and served as the seat of royal government when Agra was the capital of the Mughal empire in addition to being a military base and a royal residence Built on the site of earlier fortifications by Islam Shah Suri 139 son of Sher Shah Suri the Agra Fort lies on the right bank of the Yamuna River and is connected to the Taj Mahal downstream around a bend in the Yamuna by a stretch of parkland The fort was commissioned by Akbar in 1565 taking around eight years to build 140 Though much of the structure of the fort was founded by Akbar both the interior and exterior underwent considerable changes under his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan who added many new structures often of marble 141 The red sandstone walls of the roughly semi circular structure 142 have a perimeter of about 2 5 km rise 21 meters high and are surrounded by a moat 140 There are two entrances in the walls the Delhi Gate facing west the original entrance situated nearly opposite to the Agra Fort railway station and Jama Masjid and decorated with intricate marble inlays and the Amar Singh Gate also known as Hathi Pol 139 or Elephant Gate facing south presently the only means in or out of the fort complex 140 The complex of buildings in the fort reminiscent of Persian and Timurid architecture 140 with great inspiration from Jain and Hindu architecture 139 forms a city within a city 140 Among the major attractions in the fort is Jahangiri Mahal the largest residence in the complex built by Akbar as a private palace for his Rajput wives In the Diwan i Am Hall of Public Audience the emperor would listen to public petitions and meet state officials The Diwan i Khas Hall of Private Audience was used for receiving distinguished visitors The famous Peacock Throne was once kept there before Aurangzeb took it to Delhi Near the Diwan i Khas stands the Musamman Burj an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan s favourite empress Mumtaz Maḥal The Moti Masjid Pearl Mosque constructed by Shah Jahan is a structure made entirely of white marble The emperor s private residence was the Khas Mahal whose marble walls were once adorned with flowers depicted by precious gems Located to its northeast is the Sheesh Mahal Palace of Mirrors its walls and ceilings inlaid with thousands of small mirrors 140 Numerous other structures are there in the complex including the Anguri Bagh the Mina Bazaar etc 139 In addition to its other functions the fort also served as a prison for Shah Jahan when Aurangzeb his son and successor as emperor had him confined there from 1658 until his death in 1666 140 The Jahangiri Mahal the largest residence in the complex Musamman Burj an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan s favourite empress Mumtaz Maḥal The Moti Masjid or the Pearl Mosque Amar Singh Gate one of two entrances into Agra s Red FortItmad Ud Daulah s Tomb Edit Main article Itmad Ud Daulah s Tomb The Itmad Ud Daulah s Tomb Nur Jahan commissioned Itmad Ud Daulah s Tomb sometimes called the Baby Taj for her father Mirza Ghiyas Beg the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahangir Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden crisscrossed by water courses and walkways The area of the mausoleum itself is about 23 m2 250 sq ft and is built on a base that is about 50 m2 540 sq ft and about one metre 3 3 feet high On each corner are hexagonal towers about thirteen metres 43 feet tall Small in comparison to many other Mughal era tombs it is sometimes described as a jewel box Its garden layout and use of white marble pietra dura inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Taj Mahal The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi precious stone decorations cornelian jasper lapis lazuli onyx and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets Light penetrates the interior through delicate Jali screens of intricately carved white marble Akbar s Tomb Sikandra Edit Main article Tomb of Akbar the Great Tomb of Akbar the Great Sikandra the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great is on the Delhi Agra Highway about 13 kilometres 8 1 miles from the Agra Fort 143 The four storied tomb combines both marble and sandstone in its exterior The construction of Sikandra was commenced in Akbar s reign and was completed by his heir and son Jahangir in 1613 The tomb with is set amidst a large garden and is enclosed by four battlemented walls each with a large gateway The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb The tomb has seen some damage to its minarets and other aspects which was inflicted by the Jats of Bharatpur 144 The vast gardens around Sikandra are inhabited by several Blackbucks which are in the process of being shifted to the Etawah Safari Park 145 Next to Akbar s tomb stands the Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani the favorite wife of Akbar 146 Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani Other places of Interest Edit Agra also has several other places of interest most of them from its Mughal past They include the Jama Masjid Chini Ka Rauza Aram Bagh Mariam s Tomb and Mehtab Bagh among others The Jama Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan s daughter Jahanara Begum built in 1648 notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets The Chini Ka Rauza notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles is dedicated to the prime minister of Shah Jahan Afzal Khan 147 The Aram Bagh commonly known as Ram Bagh today is one of the oldest Mughal garden in India and was built by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna 148 It lies about 2 3 km 1 mi north of the Taj Mahal The original name of the gardens was Aram Bagh or Garden of Relaxation and this was where Babur used to spend his leisure time Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani is the tomb of Mariam the favorite wife of Emperor Akbar 149 The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society The Mehtab Bagh or Moonlight Garden is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from the Taj Mahal Agra also has a nearby bird sanctuary Keetham Lake Also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary it is situated within the Surdas Reserved Forest The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds 83 City Edit Jahangiri Mahal Mina Mosque Moti Masjid Agra Fort Musamman Burj Agra Fort Nagina Masjid Shah Jahani Mahal Throne of Jahangir Dayal Bagh temple Aram Bagh Agra Chini Ka Rauza Akbar s Church Jama Mosque Agra Jaswant Ki Chhatri Mehtab Bagh Gyarah Sidi Black Taj Mahal Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav Paliwal Park Around Edit Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani Fatehpur Sikri Buland Darwaza Panch Mahal Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Ibadat Khana Maktab Khana Jama Mosque Fatehpur Sikri Keetham Lake Bateshwar Uttar Pradesh temples Other places of Interest Clockwise from upper left Plan of the Taj Mahal complex with the Mehtab Bagh gardens to the left Jama Masjid Chini Ka Rauza Tomb of Mariam uz Zamani Culture EditCuisine Edit The sweet dish petha which is a symbol of Mughal legacy 150 Agra s cuisine is derived from its Mughal past Mughlai cuisine mainly consists of meat enriched with creamy boldly flavoured curries with lots of dried fruits and spices Vegetarian dishes using paneer instead of meat are equally loved Mughal cuisine is available in restaurants all around the city 151 152 Petha a sweet made using ash gourd is one of the famous dishes of Agra and is available in many varieties Another dish that is endemic to Agra is Dalmoth which is a dry snack made with spicy fried dal lentils nuts and raisins The breakfast specialties include Bedai which is a puffy kachori made with all purpose flour which is deep fried with spicy filling inside and is generally served with spicy aloo sabzi and dahi Curd 153 150 Equally popular as a snack is Chaat a collective term which includes snacks like Dahi bhalla Raj kachori samosas and gol gappas among others Paratha a pan fried flat wheat bread which is stuffed with potatoes cauliflower carrots or paneer is also popular and eaten accompanied with curd pickle and chutney 151 Taj Mahotsav Edit Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival and craft fair that was started in the year 1992 and has grown since then The year 2019 was the 28th year of this Mahotsav The fair is held in a big field in Shilpgram near the eastern gate of the Taj Mahal This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism Government of India A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost 154 The Mahotsav is hosted from 18 to 27 February every year The theme for the 2020 Taj Mahotsav was Sanskriti ke Rang Taj ke Sang 155 For the first time since 1992 Taj Mahotsav 2021 has been cancelled because of tourism restrictions during the COVID 19 pandemic 156 Transport EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Air Edit As of April 2021 Indigo operates regular flights between Agra airport and Mumbai Ahmedabad Bhopal and Bengaluru The Agra Airport at Kheria is controlled by the Indian Air Force 157 Rail Edit Main article Railways in Agra Agra Cantt Railway Station Railway Map of Agra the line to Jaipur has meanwhile been converted to broad gauge The city of Agra is served by 7 Railway stations viz Agra Cant major station for Delhi Mumbai line Raja Ki Mandi Agra Fort Major station for Jodhpur Hawrah Line Idgah Agra City Jamuna Bridge and Billochpura Agra City comes under the jurisdiction of Agra Division of North Central Railways Zone of the Indian Railways Agra is served by multiple mail express trains as well as Rajdhani Shatabdi and Gatiman express 158 The Gatiman express is India s first semi high train speed service which cut travel time between Agra and Delhi to 100 minutes 159 Being a major tourist destination Agra is also served by the luxury train Maharajas Express 160 Agra Cantt Railway Station Road Edit Inner Ring Road link Yamuna Expressway to Lucknow expessway Fatehabad Road Shamshabad Road NH 3 NH 11 Agra Inter State Bus Terminal I S B T Idgah Bus Stand Taj Depot and Fort Depot are the major bus stands in Agra connecting Agra to most of the bigger cities in northern India It is a major junction of highways with three national highways and two expressways Yamuna Expressway amp Agra Lucknow Expressway originating from Agra From Delhi NH 19 old number NH 2 a modern divided highway connects the 200 km 124 mi distance from Delhi to Agra From Delhi Noida Yamuna Expressway a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km 124 mi distance from Delhi to Agra Yamuna Expressway formerly Taj Expressway is a six lane 165 km 103 mi long controlled access expressway that connects New Delhi with Agra via Greater Noida and Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh NH 509 old number NH 93 connects Agra to Moradabad via Aligarh Section of NH 44 old number NH 3 Agra Mumbai national highway connects Agra to Gwalior via Dholpur NH 21 old number NH 11 Agra Jaipur Highway connects Jaipur to Bareilly via Agra Agra Lucknow Expressway is a six lane 302 km 188 mi long controlled access expressway that connects Lucknow with Agra via Kannauj and Etawah in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh Bus services are run by the UPSRTC 1 Other para transit modes include rickshaws Polluting vehicles are not allowed near the Taj Mahal Within the city Mahatma Gandhi Marg is the main artery Agra Metro Edit Main article Agra Metro Rail India Technical and Economic Service RITES had proposed 30 stations 11 underground and 19 elevated for two corridors of the Metro Rail in the city The two lines are Sikandra to the Taj Mahal s east gate via Agra Fort and Agra Cantt to Kalindi Vihar On 24 March 2017 State Chief Minister Yogi Aditya Nath approved the project In December 2017 the cabinet of the UP Government approved the DPR as per New Metro Policy Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of Agra Metro on 8 March 2019 161 Education Edit Agra University St John College St Peter s College This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education In the year 1823 Agra College one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers In the British era Agra became a great centre of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm Universities and colleges Edit Agra College Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces the Rajputana the Central Provinces and almost to entire northern India There are 10 institutes comprising various departments and around 700 Colleges are affiliated to this university The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Mayawati The Institute of Mental Health and Hospital formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh It is spread over an extensive and beautiful ground of 172 8 acres 69 9 ha land and is well known centre for the treatment training and research on mental disorders in Northern India The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital Agra in 1925 Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act 1987 Central Institute of Hindi also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non Hindi states of India The institute is situated at an 11 acres 4 5 ha campus on the outskirts of Agra city Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi Hyderabad Mysore Shillong Dimapur Guwahati Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar The institute is the only government run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language Sarojini Naidu Medical College is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India It is located in Agra Uttar Pradesh state It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh poet and freedom fighter Bharat Kokila Smt Sarojini Naidu Agra College is one of the oldest institutions in India Pandit Gangadhar Shastri a noted Sanskrit scholar founded the college in 1823 Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that a board of trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India St John s College Agra is a college established in 1850 now part of the Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar University earlier known as Agra University It is amongst the oldest and one of the most beautiful Christian colleges in India The college runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University a central university Raja Balwant Singh College Established in 1885 owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri Agra Uttar Pradesh India The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University Lucknow and Dr B R Ambedkar University Agra Dayalbagh Educational Institute Radha Soami Satsang Sabha started the Radhasoami Educational Institute as a co educational Middle School open to all on 1 January 1917 It became a Degree College in 1947 affiliated to Agra University In 1975 it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education Government of India conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute to implement the new scheme Schools Edit St Clare s Senior Secondary School Agra 162 was established in 1957 by the Archbishop of Agra Dominic Athaide primarily to cater for the educational needs of children It is a convent school and is managed by catholic archdiocese of Agra It is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE and runs classes from I to XII citation needed St George s College Agra is one of the oldest convent schools in India It is a Minority Anglo Indian Christian Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution It is located near Mall Road and near to Targhar St Paul s College Agra was established on 25 January 1980 by the Church of North India and is affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations board of schools St Peter s College Agra founded in the year 1846 it is one of the oldest convent schools in India It is a Roman Catholic Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian ConstitutionMedia EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Agra is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper the most read Hindi newspaper in India 163 Other widely read papers include Amar Ujala Rajasthan Patrika Aaj Hindustan The Sea Express daily Amar Bharti Deepsheel Bharat DLA The English dailies published are The Times of India Hindustan Times Economic Times and The Pioneer The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket and Inksaaf There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid I Next Radio stations Frequency Station90 4 MHz Agra ki Awaaz90 8 MHz Aap ki Awaaz93 7 MHz Fever FM91 9 MHz Radio City92 7 MHz Big 92 7 FM94 5 MHz Tadka FM105 6 MHz GNOU Gyan VaniState owned All India Radio has a local station in Agra which transmits various programs of mass interest There are four private FM radio stations 92 7 BIG FM Reliance Broadcast Network Limited 93 7 Fever FM 94 5 Tadka FM and Radio City 91 9 FM 164 There is a community Radio Station 90 4 FM Notable people EditSee also AkbarabadiAakash Chopra Abdul Karim the Munshi Alok Sharma Amritlal Nagar Anand Swarup Ashi Singh Dalip Tahil Deepak Chahar Girraj Singh Dharmesh Jagan Prasad Garg Kalyan Das Jain Makund Behari Lal Mamnoon Hussain Mirza Ghalib Mir Taqi Mir Motilal Nehru Nazeer Akbarabadi Nimmi Raj Babbar Rajendra Yadav R K S Bhadauria S P Singh Baghel Salig Ram 165 Seth Achal Singh Shiv Dayal Singh 166 Sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in India Agra is twinned with Chengdu Sichuan China 167 Petra Jordan 168 Tempe Arizona 169 Samarkand 170 See also EditWestern Uttar Pradesh Agra Graduates Constituency Tehsils of Agra Fatehabad Kheragarh Bah EtmadpurReferences Edit Metropolitan Cities of India PDF cpcb nic in Archived from the original PDF on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 22 December 2020 District census handbook Part A amp B Agra PDF Directorate Of Census Operations Uttar Pradesh 2001 Archived PDF from the original on 13 April 2021 a b c Agra Municipal Corporation www nagarnigamagra com Retrieved 7 September 2020 Lavania Deepak 2 December 2017 BJP wins post of Agra mayor for fifth consecutive time The Times of India The Times Group Archived from the original on 23 October 2018 Retrieved 27 May 2018 Agra Nagar Nigam PDF nagarnigamagra com Retrieved 21 November 2020 a b Elevation of Agra Wolfram Alpha www wolframalpha com Retrieved 26 September 2020 Census 2011 The Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Retrieved 21 May 2016 Uttar Pradesh India State Major Agglomerations amp Cities Population Statistics Maps Charts Weather and Web Information citypopulation de Archived from the original on 12 November 2017 Retrieved 11 November 2017 a b 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India PDF nclm nic in Ministry of Minority Affairs Archived from the original PDF on 25 May 2017 Retrieved 7 December 2018 District Domestic Product Estimates Uttar Pradesh Year 2019 20 PDF Directorate of Economics And Statistics Government Of Uttar Pradesh Retrieved 6 November 2021 a b Cities in India with population more than 100 000 Census2011 Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 Retrieved 10 June 2016 Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The traveller s guide to Agra containing an account of the past history the antiquities and the principal sights of Agra together with some information about Agra as it is University of California Libraries Delhi Sen amp Co p 3 a b c d e f g Agra Vol Xiv 1944 p 22 Bosworth Clifford Edmund 2008 Historic cities of the Islamic world Brill p 2 ISBN 978 90 04 15388 2 OCLC 231801473 Koch Ebba 1 January 2008 Mughal Agra A Riverfront Garden City The City in the Islamic World 2 Vols BRILL 555 588 doi 10 1163 ej 9789004162402 i 1500 148 ISBN 978 90 474 4265 3 retrieved 4 July 2021 a b Part One Babar www columbia edu Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 Retrieved 3 April 2021 Abraham Eraly The Age of Wrath A History of the Delhi Sultanate Sunil Sharma Persian Poetry at the Indian Frontier Masʻŝud Saʻd Salman of Lahore a b Lodi dynasty Indian history Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 10 April 2021 Bhanu Dharma 1979 The Province of Agra Its History and Administration Concept Publishing Company Bhanu Dharma 1979 The Province of Agra Its History and Administration Concept Publishing Company pp 2 3 Part Fourteen Sikandra www columbia edu Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 Retrieved 4 April 2021 01babur www columbia edu Retrieved 3 April 2021 a b c d Bhanu Dharma 1979 The Province of Agra Its History and Administration Concept Publishing Company p 1 a b c d e f g Mughal dynasty History Map Rulers amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 10 April 2021 a b c d Historical Introduction Part One Babar Babar s connection with Agra www columbia edu Retrieved 3 April 2021 Bhanu Dharma 1979 The Province of Agra Its History and Administration Concept Publishing Company p 4 Part Sixteen Fatehpur Sikri www columbia edu Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 Retrieved 14 September 2020 a b c d Bhanu Dharma 1979 The Province of Agra Its History and Administration Concept Publishing Company pp 4 5 a b Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The traveller s guide to Agra containing an account of the past history the antiquities and the principal sights of Agra together with some information about Agra as it is University of California Libraries Delhi Sen amp Co pp 20 21 Siddiqi Zeba 2006 City of Agra under the Mughal from 1526 1707 PDF Centre of Advance Study Department of History Augarh Muslim University Aligarh India 10 11 Richards John F 1995 The Mughal Empire Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521566032 a b Agra India Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 16 September 2020 The Gazetteer of India History and culture Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting India 1973 p 348 OCLC 186583361 Imperial Gazetteer of India vol V 1908 pp 72 158 a b Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The traveller s guide to Agra containing an account of the past history the antiquities and the principal sights of Agra together with some information about Agra as it is University of California Libraries Delhi Sen amp Co pp 51 55 56 Pletcher Kenneth 15 August 2010 The Geography of India Sacred and Historic Places The Rosen Publishing Group Inc p 95 ISBN 978 1 61530 142 3 Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The traveller s guide to Agra containing an account of the past history the antiquities and the principal sights of Agra together with some information about Agra as it is University of California Libraries Delhi Sen amp Co p 45 a b Part Seven Agra and the Later Mogul Emperors www columbia edu Archived from the original on 29 February 2008 Retrieved 13 September 2020 Edwardes Michael 1963 Battles of the Indian mutiny pp 50 53 Agra City GIF Imperial Gazetteer of India Digital South Asia Library of University of Chicago 5 83 84 Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 Retrieved 8 November 2009 Agra s crucial role in freedom movement not documented Historians Business Standard India 14 August 2015 Retrieved 2 October 2020 The heritage of British period statues The Statesman 13 June 2019 Retrieved 2 October 2020 History of Hindi Journalism www indianfaculty com Retrieved 2 October 2020 Agra India Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 14 April 2021 Taj Mahal UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 26 September 2020 Agra Fort UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 26 September 2020 India has an edge over China in soft power divisive politics must not harm it www dailyo in Retrieved 12 September 2020 Distinguished Lectures Details www mea gov in Retrieved 12 September 2020 S Deepika 25 February 2020 Top world leaders who visited the iconic Taj Mahal OneIndia Retrieved 12 September 2020 Din i Ilahi Indian religion Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 12 September 2020 Exploring UNESCO World Heritage sites on India s Golden Triangle tour Times of India Travel Retrieved 14 April 2021 The Heritage Arc Department of Tourism Government of Uttar Pradesh Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 Pletcher Kenneth 15 August 2010 The Geography of India Sacred and Historic Places The Rosen Publishing Group Inc p 95 ISBN 978 1 61530 142 3 Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The traveller s guide to Agra containing an account of the past history the antiquities and the principal sights of Agra together with some information about Agra as it is University of California Libraries Delhi Sen amp Co p 152 Agra to New Delhi Agra to New Delhi Retrieved 24 September 2020 Agra to Lucknow Agra to Lucknow Retrieved 24 September 2020 Agra to Kanpur Agra to Kanpur Retrieved 24 September 2020 Agra climate Average Temperature weather by month Agra weather averages Climate Data org en climate data org Retrieved 25 September 2020 Strahler Alan H 10 December 2008 Modern Physical Geography 4Th Ed Wiley India Pvt Limited ISBN 978 81 265 1924 8 Tropical and subtropical steppe climate Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 25 September 2020 S V S Rana 2007 Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science Prentice Hall of India ISBN 978 81 203 3300 0 In the plains of northern India and Pakistan sometimes a very hot and dry wind blows from the west in the months of May and June usually in the afternoons It is known as loo Its temperature invariably ranges between 115 F 120 F 45 C and 50 C 115 F 120 F People when exposed to loo Agra records temperature of 47 3 degrees Celsius as heatwave scorches parts of India Scroll in Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 Retrieved 29 April 2022 PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA AGRA and KHAJURAHO PDF shodhganga inflibnet ac in Retrieved 5 March 2022 A pollution link to why Delhi gets heavy winter fog Hindustan Times 30 December 2020 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Choudhary Srishti 30 December 2019 Delhi records its coldest day in December since 1901 mint Retrieved 24 September 2020 Air Pollution India tops world in bad air quality Kanpur Delhi among top 15 Mumbai 4th most polluted megacity India News Times of India The Times of India 2 May 2018 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Agra Climate Normals 1971 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 18 January 2014 World Weather Information Service Agra World Meteorological Organization Retrieved 18 January 2014 Station Agra Climatological Table 1981 2010 PDF Climatological Normals 1981 2010 India Meteorological Department January 2015 pp 9 10 Archived from the original PDF on 5 February 2020 Retrieved 19 April 2020 Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures upto 2010 PDF India Meteorological Department Archived from the original PDF on 16 March 2014 Retrieved 18 January 2014 Extremes of Temperature amp Rainfall for Indian Stations Up to 2012 PDF India Meteorological Department December 2016 p M210 Archived from the original PDF on 5 February 2020 Retrieved 19 April 2020 Climate amp Weather Averages in Agra Uttar Pradesh India Time and Date Retrieved 9 August 2022 Climate and monthly weather forecast Agra India Weather Atlas Retrieved 15 June 2022 Taj Mahal Facing the Brunt of Environmental Degradation NDTV com Retrieved 27 September 2020 Kataria Sunil 22 May 2018 Pollution turns India s white marble Taj Mahal yellow and green Reuters Retrieved 27 September 2020 A River about to Die Yamuna ResearchGate Retrieved 27 September 2020 Heavy Metal Pollution of the Yamuna River An Introspection PDF 2014 p 857 permanent dead link Najar Nida Raj Suhasini 17 May 2016 Taj Mahal Under Attack by Bugs and Their Green Slime The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 3 April 2021 a b Stink is still the flavour of Yamuna in the city of Taj Mahal National Herald 25 October 2019 Retrieved 3 April 2021 a b Dry Yamuna remains a threat to Mughal monuments India Today 21 July 2019 Retrieved 3 April 2021 Uttar Pradesh PDF Forest Survey of India Retrieved 25 January 2021 a b Incredible India Keetham Lake www incredibleindia org Retrieved 16 September 2020 Shefali Apte Lonely Planet Guide To India p 388 Bears Wildlife SOS wildlifesos org Retrieved 5 October 2020 Historical Census of India Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 Retrieved 29 December 2014 a b c http www census2011 co in census city 115 agra html Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Agra City Population Census 2011 ADA Staff www adaagra in Retrieved 8 September 2020 Agra Smart City agrasmartcity in Retrieved 16 September 2020 IAS Posting Detail niyuktionline upsdc gov in Retrieved 13 September 2020 IAS Transfers नवन त स ह चहल बन आगर क ज ल ध क र प लक त खर क बन य गय मथ र क ड एम Amar Ujala in Hindi Retrieved 18 October 2022 Transfer प रभ कर च धर बन आगर क नए एसएसप स ध र क म र स ह बन ए गए सह रनप र र ज क ड आईज Amar Ujala in Hindi Retrieved 18 October 2022 Officers posted at Agra Zone Uttar Pradesh Police Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 Retrieved 12 September 2018 a b Officers posted at A gra Uttar Pradesh Police Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 Retrieved 12 September 2018 Corporation Nagar Nigam Agra Retrieved 15 April 2021 Agra Nagar Nigam Ward Wise details PDF Archived PDF from the original on 11 July 2019 Zones amp Wards Nagar Nigam Agra Retrieved 15 April 2021 ADA Agra Development Authority www adaagra in Retrieved 15 April 2021 Agra MP Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live Candidate List Constituency Map Winner amp Runner Up Oneindia www oneindia com Retrieved 14 September 2020 Constituencies District Agra Government Of Uttar Pradesh India Retrieved 8 September 2020 Agra MP Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live Candidate List Constituency Map Winner amp Runner Up Oneindia www oneindia com Retrieved 8 September 2020 Qureshi Siraj 11 November 2021 Agra could become a police commissionerate before UP assembly polls India Today Retrieved 15 November 2021 UPPCL to hand over Agra power network to Torrent Power The Economic Times Retrieved 29 September 2020 Rawat Virendra Singh 2 April 2010 Torrent Power begins power distribution in Agra Business Standard India Retrieved 29 September 2020 Assessment of Non Revenue Water amp Developing Strategies and Implementation Action Plan for Reduction of Non Revenue Water in Agra PDF Nagar Nigam Agra Retrieved 29 September 2020 Agra s water woes www downtoearth org in Retrieved 29 September 2020 Gangajal pipeline ready for use city to get Ganga water by month end The Times of India 7 December 2018 Retrieved 30 September 2020 PM Narendra Modi launches projects worth Rs 2 980 cr in Agra The Economic Times Retrieved 30 September 2020 Lavania Deepak 1 February 2020 On opening day leaks detected in Gangajal treatment facility The Times of India Retrieved 30 September 2020 Taps run dry in 15 wards due to pipeline leaks The Times of India 29 December 2019 Retrieved 30 September 2020 शहर म प रत द न ह रह हज र ल टर ग ग जल क बर ब द Hindustan in Hindi Retrieved 30 September 2020 Lavania Deepak 24 May 2018 UP cabinet approves proposal for piped gas supply in state The Times of India Retrieved 29 September 2020 Chauhan Arvind 28 April 2015 Agra residents to get PNG The Times of India Retrieved 29 September 2020 The Splendid Radhasoami Satsangs Temple at Agra Outlook 7 March 2020 Retrieved 7 September 2020 India s new Entrepreneurs Mint 16 May 2007 Archived from the original on 18 August 2007 Retrieved 25 March 2011 Year wise Tourist Statistics www uptourism gov in Archived from the original on 26 June 2020 Retrieved 15 September 2020 ITC unveils Asia s largest spa in Agra Economic Times India 9 March 2008 Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 Retrieved 8 November 2009 ITC Hotels Welcomhotel present Ollie s Virtual Summer Camp Business World 20 August 2020 Retrieved 7 September 2020 Chaudhuri Sharmistha 31 October 2019 A Moment In Time The Taj Hotel and Convention Centre Agra Outlook Retrieved 7 September 2020 Economy District Agra Government Of Uttar Pradesh India Retrieved 7 September 2020 Cultural extravaganza Taj Mahotsav Deccan Herald 25 February 2020 Retrieved 7 September 2020 Beyond the Taj Mahal Tribuneindia News Service 1 March 2020 Retrieved 7 September 2020 Noida tops Uttar Pradesh GDP amp per capita income again Lucknow is second Lucknow News Times of India The Times of India 13 March 2020 Retrieved 6 September 2020 Swachh Survekshan 2020 स वच छत म आगर क ल ब छल ग द श म प य 16व स थ न Amar Ujala in Hindi Retrieved 6 September 2020 Swachh Survekshan 2020 Top 20 cleanest cities in India www timesnownews com Retrieved 6 September 2020 Uttar Pradesh Agra tops smart cities chart with 2 other cities ET Government ETGovernment com Retrieved 6 September 2020 Qureshi Siraj 15 March 2020 Agra residents surprised as city ranks No 1 in list of smart cities India Today Retrieved 6 September 2020 Agra s industrial growth takes a hit from COVID 19 National Herald Retrieved 7 September 2020 Qureshi Siraj 9 September 2020 Agra tourism industry lost Rs 2 200 crores in past 6 months due to Taj closure in lockdown India Today Retrieved 15 September 2020 UNESCO World Heritage Site www tajmahal gov in Retrieved 15 September 2020 New Seven Wonders of the World Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 September 2020 Sharma Aman Tourists up at Taj Mahal and Red Fort but Qutub Minar loses its No 2 Spot The Economic Times Retrieved 15 September 2020 a b Taj Mahal Definition Story Site History amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 7 April 2021 Taj Mahal Definition Story History amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 September 2020 Jaiswal Anuja 22 February 2020 Shah Jahan Mumtaz graves undergo mud pack therapy The Times of India Retrieved 12 September 2020 Why is the Taj Trapezium Zone and why is it called so The Times of India 4 May 2008 Retrieved 12 September 2020 Landon Letitia Elizabeth 1831 poetical illustration Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1832 Fisher Son amp Co Landon Letitia Elizabeth 1831 picture Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1832 Fisher Son amp Co Landon Letitia Elizabeth 1835 picture Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1836 Fisher Son amp Co Landon Letitia Elizabeth 1835 poetical illustration Fisher s Drawing Room Scrap Book 1836 Fisher Son amp Co a b c d Part Eight The Fort www columbia edu Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 Retrieved 6 April 2021 a b c d e f g Agra Fort historical fortress Agra India Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 6 April 2021 Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The traveller s guide to Agra containing an account of the history the antiquities and the principal sights of Agra together with some information about Agra as it is University of California Libraries Delhi Sen amp Co p 83 Incredible India Agra Fort www incredibleindia org Retrieved 7 April 2021 Agra Fort to Sikandra Agra Fort to Sikandra Retrieved 16 September 2020 Part Fourteen Sikandra www columbia edu Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 Retrieved 16 September 2020 About 80 Blackbucks Inhabiting Grounds Around Akbar s Tomb in Sikandra to Get a New Home News18 18 November 2019 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Hindu Shah Muhammad Qasim 1595 1612 Gulshan I Ibrahimi Vol 2 p 223 Akbur after this conquest made pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin ood Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty in the village of Seekry As all the king s children had hitherto died he solicited the Sheikh s prayers who consoled him by assuring him he would soon have a son who would live to a good old age Shortly after his favourite sooltana being then pregnant on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee ool Awul in the year 997 was delivered of a son who was called Sulim Part Twelve The Chini ka Rauza www columbia edu Archived from the original on 1 March 2008 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Part Thirteen The Ram Bagh www columbia edu Archived from the original on 1 March 2008 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Part Fourteen Sikandra Mariam Zamani s Tomb www columbia edu Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 Retrieved 16 September 2020 a b Sharma Sudhirendar 12 October 2019 Name place confection thing The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 12 September 2020 a b About Agra www tajmahal gov in Retrieved 5 April 2021 Shahi Paneer Indianlife Foods Inc Retrieved 5 April 2021 Agra Street Food Ultimate Guide To The Khao Galis Of The City NDTV Food Retrieved 17 September 2020 Taj Mahotsav Taj Mahotsav a 10 days festival is organized from 18th to 27 February In this carnival you can see India s rich arts crafts cultures cuisine dance music and many more things of incredible India www tajmahotsav org Retrieved 26 September 2020 Taj Mahotsav 2020 continues to woo tourists from across the globe Times of India Travel Retrieved 26 September 2020 Pandemic forces Taj Mahotsav cancellation for the first time since 1992 Hindustan Times 9 January 2021 Retrieved 7 April 2021 Lavania Deepak 29 March 2021 Agra gets air connectivity with Mumbai Ahmedabad Bhopal amp Bengaluru The Times of India Retrieved 15 April 2021 North Central Railways Indian Railways Portal ncr indianrailways gov in Retrieved 14 April 2021 Delhi Agra semi high speed train to be named Gatimaan Express Zee News 12 October 2014 Retrieved 14 April 2021 IRCTC Maharaja Express Experience royalty with the Indian Panorama tour across heritage sites Scroll in 10 September 2019 Retrieved 14 April 2021 क नप र स प एम म द न क य आगर म ट र क श ल न य स त जनगर म ह आ स ध प रस रण Amar Ujala in Hindi 8 March 2019 Archived from the original on 9 March 2019 Retrieved 20 March 2019 MS Dhoni adds another feather to cap becomes qualified paratrooper The Indian Express 22 August 2015 Retrieved 15 July 2022 IRS 2019 Q4 Dainik Jagran amp Times of India top most read Hindi and English newspaper list Exchange4media Indian Advertising Media amp Marketing News exchange4media Retrieved 11 September 2020 Radio City 91 1 FM Agra Top 10 Songs of the Week www radiocity in Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Huzur Maharaj www radhasoami faith info Archived from the original on 10 December 2017 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Soamiji Maharaj www radhasoami faith info Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Lavania Deepak 23 December 2016 Agra Chengdu of China are now sister cities The Times of India Retrieved 19 June 2022 List of MoUs Agreements signed during the Visit of the King of Jordan to India March 01 2018 pib nic in Archived from the original on 12 August 2018 Retrieved 11 August 2018 Data Visualizations Asia Sister Partnerships United States Asia Matters for America Data Visualizations Asia Sister Partnerships United States Asia Matters for America Retrieved 10 January 2020 Roche Elizabeth 1 October 2018 India Uzbekistan ink agreements to bolster cooperation on defence connectivity science Mint Retrieved 14 March 2021 Further reading EditCole Henry Hardy 1873 Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra India Office Agra Archaeological Society of 1874 Transactions of the Archaeological Society of Agra Jan June 1874 Delhi Gazette Press Mukerji Satya Chandra 1892 The Traveller s Guide to Agra Sen amp Co Delhi Fanthome Frederic 1895 Reminiscences of Agra Thacker Spink amp Co Latif Muḥammad 1896 Agra Historical amp Descriptive Calcutta Central Press Keene Henry George 1899 A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood Sixth ed Thacker Spink amp Co Smith Edmund W 1901 Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra Part I Govt Press Allahabad Havell Ernest Binfield 1904 A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra Fatehpur Sikri and the Neighbourhood Longmans Green amp Co London Agranama The authentic book about the history of Agra by Mr Satish Chandra Chaturvedi Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava History and Culture of Agra Souvenir 1956External links EditOfficial website of Agra district Agra at Curlie University of Washington digital collections Portal IndiaAgra at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guides from Wikivoyage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Agra amp oldid 1136186707, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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