The British had supported the "fugitive" PeshwaRaghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War, continued with his "fugitive" son, Baji Rao II. Though not as martial in his courage as his father, the son was "a past master in deceit and intrigue". Coupled with his "cruel streak", Baji Rao II soon provoked the enmity of Yashwant Rao Holkar when he had one of Holkar's relatives killed.[2]
The Maratha Empire at that time consisted of a confederacy of five major chiefs: the Peshwa (Prime Minister) at the capital city of Poona, the Gaekwad chief of Baroda, the Scindia chief of Gwalior, the Holkar chief of Indore, and the Bhonsale chief of Nagpur. The Maratha chiefs were engaged in internal quarrels among themselves. Lord Mornington, the Governor-General of British India had repeatedly offered a subsidiary treaty to the Peshwa and Scindia, but Nana Fadnavis refused strongly.
In October 1802, the combined armies of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Scindia were defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar, ruler of Indore, at the Battle of Poona. Baji Rao fled to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. The treaty would become the "death knell of the Maratha Empire".[2]
War
Battle of Assaye, 1st Battalion 8th Regiment of Native Infantry charge at the cannon, led by Captain Hugh Macintosh
This act on the part of the Peshwa, their nominal overlord, horrified and disgusted the Maratha chieftains; in particular, the Scindia rulers of Gwalior and the Bhonsale rulers of Nagpur and Berar contested the agreement.
The British strategy included Arthur Wellesley securing the Deccan Plateau, Lake taking Doab and then Delhi, Powell entering Bundelkhand, Murray taking Badoch, and Harcourt neutralizing Bihar. The British had available over 53,000 men to help accomplish their goals.[2]: 66–67
With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) Wellesley gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803.[3] On the same day he took the walled Pettah of Ahmednagar (town adjacent to the fort) by escalade.[4][5]
The Ahmednagar Fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the pettah and fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari.[6]
In September 1803, Scindia forces lost to Lord Gerard Lake at Delhi and to Wellesley at Assaye. On 18 October, British forces took the pettah of Asirgarh Fort with a loss of two killed and five wounded. The fort's garrison subsequently surrendered on the 21st after the attackers had erected a battery.[citation needed] British artillery pounded ancient ruins used by Scindia forces as forward operating bases, eroding their control. In November, Lake defeated another Scindia force at Laswari, followed by Wellesley's victory over Bhonsle forces at Argaon (now Adgaon) on 29 November 1803.[7]
Conclusion
On 17 December 1803, Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon[2]: 73 in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal).
On 30 December 1803, the Daulat Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon with the British[2]: 73 after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari and ceded to the British, Hisar, Panipat, Rohtak, Rewari, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar.
The British started hostilities against Yashwantrao Holkar on 6 April 1804. Yashwantrao was somewhat successful as he harassed the British forces by guerilla warfare. However, he didn't receive the expected help from Scindia who had already signed a treaty with the British. He went to Punjab and sought Ranjeet Singh's help with no success. The lack of resources compelled him to come to terms with British.
The Treaty of Rajghat, signed on 24 December 1805, forced Holkar to give up Tonk, Rampura, and Bundi.[2]: 90–96
^Cooper, Randolf G. S. (2003). The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–318. ISBN0-521-82444-3.}
^ abcdefNaravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 65–66. ISBN9788131300343.
^Fitchett, William Henry (1911). Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852. London: G. Bell. pp. 102–104.
^Duke of Wellington (1859). "Camp at Ahmednuggur, 17th Aug., 1803". In Wellesley, Arthur Richard (2nd Duke) (ed.). Supplementary despatches and memoranda of field marshal Arthur duke of Wellington 1797–1819 with a map of India. J. Murray. p. 151.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Anglo-Maratha War.
Bhattacharyya, Sukumar; Sukumar, Bhattacharya (1959). "The Second Anglo-Maratha and Mewar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 22: 403–406. JSTOR 44304329.
Chaurasian, R. S (2004). History of the Marathas. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN978-81-269-0394-8.}
Cooper, Randolf G. S. (2003). The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-82444-3.
Henty, G. A. (1902). At the Point of the Bayonet: A Tale of the Mahratta War. London. – historical fiction describing the war
Pemble, John (1976). "Resources and Techniques the Second Maratha War". Historical Journal. 19 (2): 375–404. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00010219. JSTOR 2638569. S2CID 163053886.
second, anglo, maratha, part, anglo, maratha, warsthe, battle, assaye, painting, stadlerdate11, september, 1803, december, 1805locationindiaresultbritish, peshwa, victory, treaty, deogaon, 1803, treaty, surji, anjangaon, 1803, treaty, rajghat, 1805, peshwa, ba. Second Anglo Maratha WarPart of the Anglo Maratha WarsThe Battle of Assaye a painting by J C StadlerDate11 September 1803 24 December 1805LocationIndiaResultBritish Peshwa victory Treaty of Deogaon 1803 Treaty of Surji Anjangaon 1803 Treaty of Rajghat 1805 Peshwa Bajirao II retained as the De Jure leader of the Maratha ConfederacyBelligerentsEast India Company Maratha Confederacy Peshwas Baroda StateSupported by Mughal EmpireMaratha Confederacy Gwalior State Nagpur State Indore StateCommanders and leadersLord Mornington James Stevenson Gerard Lake Arthur Wellesley Bajirao II Anand Rao Gaekwad Shah Alam IIDaulat Scindhia Pierre Cuillier Perron Raghoji II Sardar Beni Singh Rajput Yashwantrao Holkar Killedar Shiv Singh Rana NarnalaUnits involvedLake amp Wellesley 1 4 regiments European cavalry8 regiments Native cavalry2 regiments British infantry17 sepoy battalionsArtilleryShock infantry forces Political map of India in 1792 compared to yellow borders of 1700 The Second Anglo Maratha War 1803 1805 was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India Contents 1 Background 2 War 3 Conclusion 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingBackground EditThe British had supported the fugitive Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo Maratha War continued with his fugitive son Baji Rao II Though not as martial in his courage as his father the son was a past master in deceit and intrigue Coupled with his cruel streak Baji Rao II soon provoked the enmity of Yashwant Rao Holkar when he had one of Holkar s relatives killed 2 The Maratha Empire at that time consisted of a confederacy of five major chiefs the Peshwa Prime Minister at the capital city of Poona the Gaekwad chief of Baroda the Scindia chief of Gwalior the Holkar chief of Indore and the Bhonsale chief of Nagpur The Maratha chiefs were engaged in internal quarrels among themselves Lord Mornington the Governor General of British India had repeatedly offered a subsidiary treaty to the Peshwa and Scindia but Nana Fadnavis refused strongly In October 1802 the combined armies of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Scindia were defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar ruler of Indore at the Battle of Poona Baji Rao fled to British protection and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power The treaty would become the death knell of the Maratha Empire 2 War Edit Battle of Assaye 1st Battalion 8th Regiment of Native Infantry charge at the cannon led by Captain Hugh Macintosh This act on the part of the Peshwa their nominal overlord horrified and disgusted the Maratha chieftains in particular the Scindia rulers of Gwalior and the Bhonsale rulers of Nagpur and Berar contested the agreement The British strategy included Arthur Wellesley securing the Deccan Plateau Lake taking Doab and then Delhi Powell entering Bundelkhand Murray taking Badoch and Harcourt neutralizing Bihar The British had available over 53 000 men to help accomplish their goals 2 66 67 With the logistic assembly of his army complete 24 000 men in total Wellesley gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803 3 On the same day he took the walled Pettah of Ahmednagar town adjacent to the fort by escalade 4 5 The Ahmednagar Fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery made breach in the wall With the pettah and fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari 6 In September 1803 Scindia forces lost to Lord Gerard Lake at Delhi and to Wellesley at Assaye On 18 October British forces took the pettah of Asirgarh Fort with a loss of two killed and five wounded The fort s garrison subsequently surrendered on the 21st after the attackers had erected a battery citation needed British artillery pounded ancient ruins used by Scindia forces as forward operating bases eroding their control In November Lake defeated another Scindia force at Laswari followed by Wellesley s victory over Bhonsle forces at Argaon now Adgaon on 29 November 1803 7 Conclusion EditOn 17 December 1803 Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon 2 73 in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the province of Cuttack which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha Garjat the princely states of Odisha Balasore Port parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal On 30 December 1803 the Daulat Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji Anjangaon with the British 2 73 after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari and ceded to the British Hisar Panipat Rohtak Rewari Gurgaon Ganges Jumna Doab the Delhi Agra region parts of Bundelkhand Broach some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar The British started hostilities against Yashwantrao Holkar on 6 April 1804 Yashwantrao was somewhat successful as he harassed the British forces by guerilla warfare However he didn t receive the expected help from Scindia who had already signed a treaty with the British He went to Punjab and sought Ranjeet Singh s help with no success The lack of resources compelled him to come to terms with British The Treaty of Rajghat signed on 24 December 1805 forced Holkar to give up Tonk Rampura and Bundi 2 90 96 See also EditAlexander Adams Fort of Ahmednagar List of Maratha dynasties and states Pettah of Ahmednagar Third Anglo Maratha WarReferences Edit Cooper Randolf G S 2003 The Anglo Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 315 318 ISBN 0 521 82444 3 a b c d e f Naravane M S 2014 Battles of the Honorourable East India Company A P H Publishing Corporation pp 65 66 ISBN 9788131300343 Holmes Richard 2002 Wellington The Iron Duke London Harper Collins Publishers pp 69 73 ISBN 978 0 00 713750 3 Fitchett William Henry 1911 Wellington Arthur Wellesley Duke of 1769 1852 London G Bell pp 102 104 Duke of Wellington 1859 Camp at Ahmednuggur 17th Aug 1803 In Wellesley Arthur Richard 2nd Duke ed Supplementary despatches and memoranda of field marshal Arthur duke of Wellington 1797 1819 with a map of India J Murray p 151 Holmes 2002 p 74 Wolpert Stanley 2009 A New History of India 8th ed New York NY Oxford UP pp 410 1 ISBN 978 0 19 533756 3 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Anglo Maratha War Bhattacharyya Sukumar Sukumar Bhattacharya 1959 The Second Anglo Maratha and Mewar Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 22 403 406 JSTOR 44304329 Chaurasian R S 2004 History of the Marathas New Delhi Atlantic Publishers and Distributors ISBN 978 81 269 0394 8 Cooper Randolf G S 2003 The Anglo Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 82444 3 Henty G A 1902 At the Point of the Bayonet A Tale of the Mahratta War London historical fiction describing the war Pemble John 1976 Resources and Techniques the Second Maratha War Historical Journal 19 2 375 404 doi 10 1017 S0018246X00010219 JSTOR 2638569 S2CID 163053886 Preceded byFirst Anglo Maratha War Anglo Maratha Wars Succeeded byThird Anglo Maratha WarPreceded byFourth Anglo Mysore War Indo British conflicts Succeeded byThird Anglo Maratha War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second Anglo Maratha War amp oldid 1144903277, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
