Afghans

For the historical ethnic group, see Afghan (ethnonym). For other uses of the term, see Afghan.

Afghans (Pashto: افغانان, romanized: afghanan; Persian/Dari: افغان ها, romanized: afghānhā; Persian: افغانستانی, romanized: afghanistani) are nationals or citizens of Afghanistan, a South Asian country on the crossroads of Central Asia and the Middle East, often referred to as the “Heart of Asia“.^[40][41]

Afghans
افغان

Map of the Afghan diaspora in the world (includes Afghans of any ethnicity, ancestry or citizenship).   Afganistan   + 1,000,000   + 100,000   + 10,000   + 1,000
Total population
40 million (est.)
Regions with significant populations
Iran	c. 3 million (2023)^[1]^[2]
Pakistan	1,285,754 (2022)^[3]^[4]
Germany	377,000 (2022)^[5]
United States	300,000 (2022)^[6]
United Arab Emirates	300,000 (2023)^[7]^[8]
Russia	150,000 (2017)^[9]
Turkey	129,323 (2021)^[10]^[11]
Canada	125,305 (2022)^[12]^[13]
United Kingdom	79,000 (2019)^[14]
Sweden	60,858 (2020)^[15]
Australia	59,797 (2021)^[16]
Netherlands	51,830 (2021)^[17]
France	41,174 (2021)^[18]
Greece	21,456 (2021)^[19]
Ukraine	20,000 (2001)^[20]
Denmark	18,018 (2017)^[21]
India	15,806 (2021)^[10]^[22]
Belgium	15,000 (2018)^[23]
Switzerland	14,523 (2021)^[19]
Finland	12,044 (2021)^[24]
Italy	11,121-12,096 (2021)^[19]^[25]
Norway	10,475 (2010)^[26]
Uzbekistan	10,000 (2022)^[27]
Israel	10,000 (2012)^[28]
Indonesia	7,629 (2021)^[10]
Tajikistan	6,775 (2021)^[29]
Qatar	4,000 (2012)^[30]
Japan	3,509 (2020)^[31]
New Zealand	3,414 (2013)^[32]
Malaysia	2,661 (2021)^[10]^[33]
Kazakhstan	2,500+ (2021)^[34]^[35]
Romania	2,384 (2020)^[36]
Kyrgyzstan	2,000 (2002)^[37]
Ireland	1,200 (2019)^[38]
Ecuador	300–2,500 (2018)^[39]
Languages
Pashto, Dari and other languages of Afghanistan
Religion
Predominantly: Islam (Sunni and Shia) Minority: Sikhism, Hinduism, Judaism and Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks

Afghanistan is made up of various ethnicities, of which the Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks are the largest; the pre-nation state, historical ethnonym Afghan was used to refer to a member of the Pashtun ethnic group. Due to the changing political nature of the state, such as the British-drawn border with Pakistan (then British India) the meaning has changed, and term has shifted to be the national identity of people from Afghanistan from all ethnicities.^[42][43][44] The two main languages spoken by Afghans are Pashto and Dari (the Afghan dialect of Persian language), and many are bilingual.^[45][46]

Afghanistan shown in red as the “Heart of Asia”

Background

Main article: Afghan (ethnonym)

The earliest mention of the name Afghan (Abgân) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE,^[47][48][49] In the 4th century the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as reference to a particular people is mentioned in the Bactrian documents found in Northern Afghanistan.^[50][51] The word 'Afghan' is of Persian origin to refer to the Pashtun people.^[52] In the past, several scholars sought a connection with “horse,” Skt.aśva-, Av.aspa-, i.e.the Aśvaka or Aśvakayana the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan, ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush region, however according to some linguists, it would be extremely difficult to reconcile either Aśvaka or Aśvakayana with the world Afghan.^{[citation needed]}

As an adjective, the word Afghan also means "of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, language or culture". According to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan, all Afghans citizens are equal in rights and obligations before the law.^[53] The fourth article of the current Constitution of Afghanistan states that citizens of Afghanistan consist of Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Aimaq, Arab, Kyrgyz, Qizilbash, Gurjar, Brahui, and members of other ethnicities.^[54] There are political disputes regarding this: there are members of the non-Pashtun ethnicities of Afghanistan that reject the term Afghan being applied to them, and there are Pashtuns in Pakistan that wish to have the term Afghan applied to them.^{[55][56][57][58][59]}

Afghanistani and Afghanese

Less commonly Afghanistani (افغانستانی) is an alternative identity marker for citizens of the country Afghanistan. The term "Afghanistani" refers to someone who possesses the nationality of Afghanistan,^[60] regardless of what race, ethnic, religious background.^[61][62] In multiethnic Afghanistan, the term "Afghan" has always been associated with Pashtun people. Some non-Pashtun citizens such as Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks have viewed it as a part of Pashtun hegemony that devised to erase their ethnic identity.^[63][64] The term Afghanistani has been used among some refugees and diasporas, particularly among non-Pashtuns.^{[65][66][67][68]}

History

Afghanistan has never been a nation-state or dawlat-e milli.^[69][70] \^[71][72] The local groups and communities across Afghanistan have rather strong local and regional identification as a tribes or ethnic groups (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek or others). For the past two centuries, Afghanistan rulers have tried to create a state that represents Pashtuns.^[73] Early efforts were made to create a strong centralized government based on a national identity of "Afghan," which privileged Pashtuns beyond their ethnic boundaries at state level as a whole. Non-Pashtun ethnic groups were not yet ready to accept a centralized state system let alone accepting a new national identity.^[74][75] They did not have overall or even wider identification with Afghanistan as a whole, not to mention national identity or citizenship that was not given to them by the central government.^[76]

Etymology

From a more limited, ethnological point of view, "Afḡhān" is the term by which the Persian-speakers of Afghanistan (and the non-Pashtō-speaking ethnic groups generally) designate the Pashtūn. The equation Afghans = Pashtūn has been propagated all the more, both in and beyond Afghanistan, because the Pashtūn tribal confederation has maintained its hegemony in the country, numerically and politically.^[77]

National Identity

Afghanistan's early efforts to create a sort of national identity began in 1919, after receiving its independence from the British Empire.^[78] This was the time when Afghanistan completely regain control over its sovereignty. Especially, the Hazara people who are still considered second-class citizens.^[79][80][81] After the fall of monarchy in 1973,^[82] Mohammed Daoud Khan, a staunch partisan of Pashtunistan,^[83] who saw the country not as Afghanistan but a Pashtunistan, a land uniting Pashtuns from NWFP and FATA with Afghanistan.^[84][85][86] Despite implementing some social and educational progress,^[87][88] he failed to create a national identity.^[89] After the Saur Revolution, the central governments tried to advocate for a broader Afghan identity through the use of modern education, but their efforts met with limited success.^[90] One of the most common hurdles for fostering a common national identity was the fact they ethnic groups such as Hazara, Uzbeks, or Tajiks could not identify with elements of an identity that had strong base in Pashtun ethnicity that ruled the country.^[91][92][93]

Other identifiers: Afghani and Afghanese

The term Afghani refers to the unit of Afghan currency. The term is also often used in the English language (and appears in some dictionaries) for a person or thing related to Afghanistan, although some have expressed the opinion that this usage is incorrect.^[94] A reason for this usage can be because the term "Afghani" (افغانی) is in fact a valid demonym for Afghans in the overall Persian language and in Hindustani, whereas "Afghan" is derived from Pashto. Thus "Afghan" is the anglicized term of "Afghani" when translating from Dari or Hindi-Urdu, but not Pashto.^[95] Another variant is Afghanese, which has been seldom used in place of Afghan.^[96][97][98]

Ethnicities

 

Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan and its surroundings (1982)

Main article: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

Afghans come from various ethnic backgrounds. Pashtuns form a plurality of the population, while Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks are the next largest and altogether the four form almost 60% of the population. They are of diverse origins including of Iranian, Turkic and Mongol ethnolinguistic roots.^[99]

Religions

Main article: Religion in Afghanistan

 

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, popularly known as the Blue Mosque, in Mazar-e-Sharif, Balkh Province, Afghanistan, April 3, 2012

The Afghan people of all ethnicities are predominantly and traditionally followers of Islam, of whom most are of the Sunni branch. Other religious minorities include the Afghan Hindus, Afghan Sikhs, Afghan Jews and Afghan Christians.^{[citation needed]}

Culture

Main article: Culture of Afghanistan

Afghani culture has existed for over three millennia, dating back to the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE, and encompasses the country's cultural diversity.

See also

•  Afghanistan portal

• Demographics of Afghanistan
• Afghan (ethnonym)
• Name of Afghanistan
• Afghan diaspora
• Pashtuns
• Durand Line

Notes and references

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2. "More than 600,000 Afghans return home in past year". Ariana News. August 14, 2022.
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8. Shahbandari, Shafaat (November 30, 2012). "Afghans take hope from UAE's achievements". Gulf News. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
9. "Moscow's 'Little Kabul'". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 25 December 2017.
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11. "The Afghan refugee crisis brewing on Turkey's eastern border". The New Humanitarian. August 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
12. "Canada Census Profile 2021". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
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14. "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019". Office for National Statistics. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
15. "Foreign-born persons by country of birth, age, sex and year". Statistics Sweden. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
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20. "Афганська громада України". October 8, 2001. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
21. "Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan). January 1, 2017. Retrieved 2021-07-30. The number of Afghan immigrants living in Denmark per January 1st 2017 is 13240. There are also 4778 persons who are descendants of Afghan immigrants.
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    Afghanistan [...] Totale: 11121 [Italy - Center-Southern Asia
    Afghanistan [...] Total: 11,121]
26. Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. 1 January 2010 October 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
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46. . 2004. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012. Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them
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50. Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. p. 144. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4. [ To Ormuzd Bunukan , ... greetings and homage from ... ) , Pithe ( sot ] ang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) [ the glorious ) yabghu of [ Heph ] thal , the chief ... of the Afghans
51. Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000). Bactrian documents from northern Afghanistan. Oxford: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-874780-92-7.
52. "Definition of AFGHAN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
53. . Government of Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 2011-09-17. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
54. . 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2013-02-16. National sovereignty in Afghanistan shall belong to the nation, manifested directly and through its elected representatives. The nation of Afghanistan is composed of all individuals who possess the citizenship of Afghanistan. The nation of Afghanistan shall be comprised of Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkman, Baluch, Pachaie, Nuristani, Aymaq, Arab, Qirghiz, Qizilbash, Gujur, Brahwui and other tribes. The word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. No individual of the nation of Afghanistan shall be deprived of citizenship. The citizenship and asylum related matters shall be regulated by law.
55. "Who is an Afghan? Row over ID cards fuels ethnic tension". Reuters. February 8, 2018 – via www.reuters.com.
56. Moslih, Hashmatallah. "Q&A: Afghanistan's Tajiks plea for federalism". www.aljazeera.com.
57. "Identity Politics in Afghanistan: Nation-State or State-Nation?". May 25, 2018.
58. Valentini, Nicole (July 6, 2021). "Nation, identity and the future of Afghanistan".
59. "Miranshah PTM Jalsa Lar Ao bar Nary لر او بر یو افغان" – via www.youtube.com.
60. "Afghanistani Definitions | What does afghanistani mean? | Best 2 Definitions of Afghanistani". www.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
61. Bulut, Meryem; Şahin, Kadriye (2019-10-02). Anthropological Perspectives on Transnational Encounters in Turkey: War, Migration and Experiences of Coexistence. Transnational Press London. ISBN 978-1-912997-26-8.
62. Bezhan, Faridullah (2006). Afghanistani Storytelling and Writing: History, Performance and Forms. Monash Asia Institute. ISBN 978-1-876924-44-7.
63. Rubin, Barnett R. (2013-05-09). Afghanistan in the Post-Cold War Era. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-979112-5.
64. Boon, Kristen; Lovelace, Douglas; Huq, Aziz Z. (2011). Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and Conflict in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975825-8.
65. Calendars, Country 2020 (2019-12-25). Made In Britain With Afghanistani Parts: Afghanistani 2020 Calender Gift For Afghanistani With There Heritage And Roots From Afghanistan [check the title of this book, for instance]. Independently Published. ISBN 978-1-6506-1917-0.
66. Bezhan, Faridullah (2006). Afghanistani Storytelling and Writing: History, Performance and Forms [this book with title Afghanistani was published in 2006]. Monash Asia Institute. ISBN 978-1-876924-44-7.
67. "Afghanistani mother responds to pregnant Kiwi journalist's plea". 1 News. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
68. "راه‌حل‌های راهبردی برای پناهندگان افغانستانی [UNHCR Iran uses Afghanistani]". آژانس پناهندگان سازمان ملل در ایران (in Persian). Retrieved 2022-05-26.
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71. Ghani, Ashraf; Lockhart, Clare (2009). Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539861-8.
72. Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, Joanna (2020-02-06). "Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else?". Journal of Modern Science. 43 (4): 101–117. doi:10.13166/jms/117976. ISSN 1734-2031. S2CID 212960582.
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Further reading

• Fikrat, Mohammad Asef; Umar, Suheyl (2008). "Afghan". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.

External links

•   Media related to People of Afghanistan at Wikimedia Commons
• Afghan News