fbpx
Wikipedia

Ancient literature

January 19, 2024

Ancient literature comprises religious and scientific documents, tales, poetry and plays, royal edicts and declarations, and other forms of writing that were recorded on a variety of media, including stone, clay tablets, papyri, palm leaves, and metal. Before the spread of writing, oral literature did not always survive well, but some texts and fragments have persisted. One can conclude that an unknown number of written works too have likely not survived the ravages of time and are therefore lost.

Incomplete list of ancient texts edit

Bronze Age edit

See also: Sumerian literature, Akkadian literature, Ancient Egyptian literature, Hittite texts, and Ugaritic texts

Early Bronze Age: 3rd millennium BC (approximate dates shown). The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC (classical Sumerian).[1] The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna, a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to ca. 24th century BC.[2] Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.

Middle Bronze Age: 2000 BC to 1601 BC (approximate dates shown)

Late Bronze Age: 1600 BC to 1201 BC (approximate dates shown)

Iron Age edit

See also: Sanskrit literature

Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity: 12th to 8th centuries BC

Classical Antiquity edit

Further information: Ancient Greek literature, Syriac literature, Latin literature, Indian literature, Ancient Hebrew writings, Avesta, Chinese literature, Telugu literature, and Tamil literature
See also: 7th century BC in poetry, 6th century BC in poetry, 5th century BC in poetry, 4th century BC in poetry, 3rd century BC in poetry, 2nd century BC in poetry, and 1st century BC in poetry

9th century BC edit

8th century BC edit

7th century BC edit

6th century BC edit

5th century BC edit

4th century BC edit

3rd century BC edit

2nd century BC edit

1st century BC edit

See also: Middle Persian literature

1st century AD edit

2nd century edit

3rd century edit

Late Antiquity edit

See also: 4th century in poetry and 5th century in poetry

4th century edit

5th century edit

6th century edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Grimbly, Shona (2000). Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-57958-281-4. The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC, when the Sumerians started to write down their long epic poems.
  2. ^ "Why Has No One Ever Heard of the World's First Poet?". Literary Hub. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  3. ^ Biggs, Robert D. (1974). Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh (PDF). Oriental Institute Publications. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62202-9.
  4. ^ Two fragmentary Akkadian versions survive, from the 15th century BCE and from the end of the second millennium BCE: "Its great antiquity and popularity is evidenced by the large number of manuscripts of it that have survived" (Beaulieu in Clifford 2007:4).
  5. ^ Mogens Herman Hansen; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2002). A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-87-7876-316-7. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  6. ^ Jeremy A. Black; Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson (13 April 2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  7. ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 2001, ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
  8. ^ "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  9. ^ Miguel Ángel Borrás; Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (2000). Joan Goodrick Westenholz, The Foundation Myths of Mesopotamian Cities: Divine Planners and Human Builder in "La fundación de la ciudad: mitos y ritos en el mundo antiguo". Edicions UPC. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-84-8301-387-8. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  10. ^ Samuel Noah Kramer (1964). The Sumerians: their history, culture and character. University of Chicago Press. pp. 218–. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  11. ^ Jones, Mark (2006). Criminals of the Bible: Twenty-Five Case Studies of Biblical Crimes and Outlaws. FaithWalk Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-932902-64-8. The Sumerian code of Urukagina was written around 2400 BC.
  12. ^ Allen, James P.; Der Manuelian, Peter, eds. (2005). The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts. Writings from the ancient world. Atlanta: Soc. of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-182-7.
  13. ^ a b Stephanie Dalley, ed. (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953836-2.
  14. ^ Eccles, Sir John Carew (1989). Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-415-03224-7. The Epic of Gilgamesh, written in Sumer about 2200 BC.
  15. ^ Miriam., Lichtheim (2006). The Old and Middle Kingdoms. University of California press. p. 23. ISBN 9780520248427. OCLC 889165092.
  16. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1997). The Harps that once--: Sumerian poetry in translation, pp. 386-. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07278-5.
  17. ^ "Sumerian Literature: Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Sumerian Creation Myth, Debate Between Bird and Fish, Lament for Ur, Nabnitu, Lu-Di IRA" – via www.alibris.com.
  18. ^ Samuel Noah Kramer (April 1979). From the poetry of Sumer: creation, glorification, adoration. University of California Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-520-03703-8. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  19. ^ Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (2015). "Part I: Philological data for a historical chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium". History & philology. Turnhout. pp. 1–133. ISBN 978-2-503-53494-7. OCLC 904661061.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ John H. Walton (30 July 2009). The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate. InterVarsity Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-8308-3704-5. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  21. ^ a b c d e James P. Allen (2015). Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08743-9.
  22. ^ Dalley, Stephanie, ed. (2000). "Etana (pp. 189ff.)". Myths from Mesopotamia. Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199538360.
  23. ^ Nils P. Heeßel (1999–2015). "Šumma ālu". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah21308. ISBN 9781444338386.
  24. ^ Simpson (1972), p. 177; Parkinson (2002), pp. 46, 50, 313.
  25. ^ Parkinson (2002), pp. 46, 50, 313.
  26. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780199538362.
  27. ^ Mitchell, T (1988). The Bible in the British Museum. The British Museum Press. p. 70.
  28. ^ Sasson, Jack (2015). From the Mari Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters. University Park, United States: Penn State University Press.
  29. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 72.
  30. ^ Bottéro, Jean. 2000. Ancestor of the West: Writing, Reasoning, and Religion in Mesopotamia, Elam, and Greece. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226067155. p. 40.
  31. ^ Lichtheim, M (1973). Ancient Egyptian Literature. University of California Press. p. 215.
  32. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1994). Hess, Richard S.; Tsumuro, David Toshio (eds.). I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood: Ancient Near Eastern Literary and Linguistic Approaches to Genesis. Eisenbraun's. p. 129. ISBN 978-0931464881. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  33. ^ Allen, James P. (2005). The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York/New Haven: The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10728-9. LCCN 2005016908.
  34. ^ Taylor, John H.; British Museum, eds. (2010). Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: journey through the afterlife ; [published to accompany the exhibition at the British Museum from 4 November 2010 to 6 March 2011]. London: The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1993-9.
  35. ^ Imhausen, Annette (2007). Katz, Victor J. (ed.). The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9.
  36. ^ Rossi (2007). Corinna Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69053-9.
  37. ^ Noonan, John T. (1987). Bribes. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-06154-5. The Poor Man of Nippur dates from about 1500 BC.
  38. ^ Wilfred G. E. Watson; Nicolas Wyatt, eds. (1 January 1999). Handbook of Ugaritic Studies. BRILL. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-90-04-10988-9. OCLC 1025426965. The poem of Keret is one of the three major literary works which gifted Canaanite poets of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500–1200 BCE) bequeathed serendipitously to 20th century civilization.
  39. ^ Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press.
  40. ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
  41. ^ Thapar, Romila; Witzel, Michael; Menon, Jaya; Friese, Kai; Khan, Razib (2019). Which of us are Aryans? rethinking the concept of our origins. New Delhi: Aleph. ISBN 978-93-88292-38-2.
  42. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1978). The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion. Yale University Press. pp. 167–168, 231. "Perhaps it was brought east with the Amorites of the First Dynasty of Babylon."
  43. ^ Scholz, Susanne (2021). Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781506482033. (E-book edition)
  44. ^ Arnold, Bill T.; Beyer, Bryan, eds. (2002). Readings from the ancient Near East: primary sources for Old Testament study. Encountering biblical studies. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2292-0.
  45. ^ Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol.2, 1980, p.203
  46. ^ a b Alan Lenzi (2008). "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 8 (2): 137–169. doi:10.1163/156921208786611764.
  47. ^ Frahm, Eckert (2010). "Counter-texts, Commentaries, and Adaptations: Politically Motivated Responses to the Babylonian Epic of Creation in Mesopotamia, the Biblical World, and Elsewhere". Orient (45): 5.
  48. ^ Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Vol.4, Nos.,3&4 (July – Dec.2011) pp. 1 -58
  49. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "Ajahn Sujato – A Practical Guide to Reading The Suttas – March 2018". YouTube.
  50. ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004035911.
  51. ^ "International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 11, Issue 7, July 2021 682" (PDF). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 11. 2021.

January 19, 2024
ancient, literature, comprises, religious, scientific, documents, tales, poetry, plays, royal, edicts, declarations, other, forms, writing, that, were, recorded, variety, media, including, stone, clay, tablets, papyri, palm, leaves, metal, before, spread, writ. Ancient literature comprises religious and scientific documents tales poetry and plays royal edicts and declarations and other forms of writing that were recorded on a variety of media including stone clay tablets papyri palm leaves and metal Before the spread of writing oral literature did not always survive well but some texts and fragments have persisted One can conclude that an unknown number of written works too have likely not survived the ravages of time and are therefore lost Contents 1 Incomplete list of ancient texts 1 1 Bronze Age 1 2 Iron Age 1 3 Classical Antiquity 1 3 1 9th century BC 1 3 2 8th century BC 1 3 3 7th century BC 1 3 4 6th century BC 1 3 5 5th century BC 1 3 6 4th century BC 1 3 7 3rd century BC 1 3 8 2nd century BC 1 3 9 1st century BC 1 3 10 1st century AD 1 3 11 2nd century 1 3 12 3rd century 1 4 Late Antiquity 1 4 1 4th century 1 4 2 5th century 1 4 3 6th century 2 See also 3 ReferencesIncomplete list of ancient texts editBronze Age edit See also Sumerian literature Akkadian literature Ancient Egyptian literature Hittite texts and Ugaritic texts Early Bronze Age 3rd millennium BC approximate dates shown The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC classical Sumerian 1 The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to ca 24th century BC 2 Certain literary texts are difficult to date such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC 2600 BC Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn 3 4 5 6 2600 BC Egyptian The Life of Metjen from Saqqara 7 2500 BC Egyptian Diary of Merer 8 and Instruction of Hardjedef 2500 BC Sumerian Hymn to Enlil 9 Enlil and Ninlil and Debate between sheep and grain 10 2400 BC Sumerian Code of Urukagina 11 2400 BC 2300 BC Egyptian Pyramid Texts including the Cannibal Hymn 12 2375 BC Egyptian The Maxims of Ptahhotep 2283 BC Egyptian Palermo Stone 2270 BC Sumerian Enheduanna s Hymns 2250 BC Egyptian Autobiography of Weni and South Saqqara Stone 2250 BC 2000 BC Earliest Sumerian stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh 13 14 2200 BC Egyptian Autobiography of Harkhuf 15 2125 BC Sumerian Building of Ningirsu s Temple 16 2100 BC Sumerian Curse of Agade Debate between Bird and Fish 17 Inanna s Descent into the Underworld Self praise of Shulgi Code of Ur Nammu and Song of the hoe 18 2084 BC Sumerian Sumerian King List 19 2050 BC Egyptian The Satire of the TradesMiddle Bronze Age 2000 BC to 1601 BC approximate dates shown 2000 BC Egyptian Coffin Texts and Teaching for King Merykara 2000 BC Sumerian Lament for Ur Lament for Sumer and Ur Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and Debate between Winter and Summer 20 2000 BC 1900 BC Egyptian Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor 21 Prophecy of Neferti and the first of the Harper s Songs 1950 BC Akkadian Laws of Eshnunna and Hymn to Istar 1950 BC Egyptian Instructions of Amenemhat the Akhmim wooden tablets and the Heqanakht papyri 1940 BC Sumerian Correspondence of the Kings of Ur 1900 BC Akkadian Legend of Etana 22 Summa izbu Summa alu 23 Namburbi and Iskar Zaqiqu 1900 BC Sumerian Code of Lipit Ishtar and The Legend of Adapa 1900 BC Egyptian Instructions of Kagemni 24 25 1859 BC 1840 BC Egyptian Dispute between a man and his Ba 21 1859 BC 1813 BC Egyptian Loyalist Teaching 21 1850 BC Egyptian The Eloquent Peasant 21 1850 BC Akkadian Kultepe texts Barutu the Counsels of Wisdom the Cuthean Legend of Naram Sin and the Labbu Myth 1800 BC Akkadian earliest complete version of the Epic of Gilgamesh 26 27 1800 BC Egyptian Berlin Papyrus 6619 Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and Story of Sinuhe in Hieratic 21 1780 BC Akkadian Mari letters 28 including the Epic of Zimri Lim 1754 BC Akkadian Code of Hammurabi stele 1750 BC Akkadian Agushaya Hymn Late 18th century BC Hittite Anitta text 29 1700 BC Akkadian Atra Hasis 30 1700 BC Egyptian Westcar Papyrus 31 1650 BC Egyptian Ipuwer Papyrus 1650 BC Sumerian Dialogue between a Man and His GodLate Bronze Age 1600 BC to 1201 BC approximate dates shown 1600 BC Hittite Code of the Nesilim 1600 BC Akkadian Ḫulbazizi Eridu Genesis 32 and Enuma Anu Enlil 1600 BC Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus 33 1550 BC Egyptian Book of the Dead 34 Instruction of Any King Neferkare and General Sasenet the Tale of the Doomed Prince the Litany of Re Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 35 36 and the Ebers Papyrus 1550 BC Akkadian Bullussa rabi s Hymn to Gula 1550 BC Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa 1500 BC Akkadian Poor Man of Nippur 37 1500 BC Hittite military oath 1500 BC 1300 BC Ugaritic Baal Cycle 1500 BC 1200 BC Ugaritic Legend of Keret 38 1500 BC 1000 BC Sanskrit Rig Veda 39 40 41 1500 BC Akkadian Dynasty of Dunnum 42 and Chronicle of Early Kings 1450 BC Egyptian The Taking of Joppa 1450 BC Akkadian Assyrian law 43 1425 BC Egyptian Amduat 1400 BC Akkadian Marriage of Nergal and Ereshkigal Autobiography of Kurigalzu and Amarna letters 1350 BC Ugaritic Tale of Aqhat 44 1350 BC Akkadian Surpu 1330 BC Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten 1300 BC Egyptian Instruction of Amenemope Papyrus Anastasi I 1300 BC Akkadian Ludlul bel nemeqi the Dream of Kurigalzu The Hemerology for Nazi Maruttas Iqqur Ipus and Summa izbu 1274 BC Akkadian Adad narari Epic 1240 BC Egyptian Papyrus of Ani Book of the Dead 1200 BC 900 BC Akkadian version and younger stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh 13 1200 BC Akkadian Tukulti Ninurta Epic 1200 BC Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers 45 Iron Age edit See also Sanskrit literature Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity 12th to 8th centuries BC 1200 BC The Yajurveda Atharvaveda and Samaveda 1100 BC Akkadian Summa sinnistu qaqqada rabat 1050 BC Egyptian Story of Wenamun 1050 BC Akkadian Sakikku SA GIG Diagnostic Omens by Esagil kin apli 46 1050 BC Akkadian Alamdimmu 1050 BC The Babylonian Theodicy of Saggil kinam ubbib 46 1010 BC Akkadian Royal Inscription of Simbar Sipak 1000 BC Chinese Classic of Poetry Shijing 1000 BC Akkadian Dialogue of Pessimism Chronicle P Maglu Bit rimki Zu buru dabbeda Advice to a Prince Asakku marsutu the Great Prayer to Samas the MUL APIN the Sag gig ga mes and Sep lemutti 900 BC Akkadian Epic of Erra 900 BC Vedic Sanskrit AranyakaClassical Antiquity edit Further information Ancient Greek literature Syriac literature Latin literature Indian literature Ancient Hebrew writings Avesta Chinese literature Telugu literature and Tamil literature See also 7th century BC in poetry 6th century BC in poetry 5th century BC in poetry 4th century BC in poetry 3rd century BC in poetry 2nd century BC in poetry and 1st century BC in poetry 9th century BC edit Chinese Classic of Changes I Ching Akkadian Ninurta Paqidat s Dog Bite Enuma Elis 47 8th century BC edit Greek Trojan War cycle including the Iliad and the Odyssey Sanskrit Brahmanas Brihadaranyaka Upanishad Isha Upanishad Chandogya Upanishad Aitareya Upanishad Taittiriya Upanishad Akkadian The Chronicle of the Market Prices The Hymn to Ninurta as Savior The Mis pi7th century BC edit Vedic Sanskrit Shulba Sutra containing geometry related to fire altar construction Manava Sulbasutra Baudhayana sutra Shatapatha Brahmana Commentary on the Vedas Nirukta technical treatise on etymology lexical category and the semantics of Sanskrit words Kausitaka Upanishad Greek Hesiod The Theogony and Works and Days Archilochus Alcman Semonides of Amorgos Solon Mimnermus Stesichorus Paleo Hebrew alphabet Ketef Hinnom amulets the oldest found Biblical text amulets with the Priestly Blessing which are recorded in the Book of Numbers Chinese Classic of Documents Shujing authentic portions Akkadian The Dynastic Chronicle The Eclectic Chronicle The Marduk Prophecy6th century BC edit Sanskrit Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Book on Surgery and Medicine Kapila Samkhya sutra Kapilanyayabhasa Kapila Gita Dṛṣṭantara Yoga Kanada Vaiseṣika Sutra Book on Atomism Kashyapa Samhhita Book on Medicine Pratishakhyas Greek Sappho Ibycus Alcaeus of Mytilene Aesop s Fables Akkadian The autobiography of Adad guppi The Abnu sikinsu The Nabonidus Chronicle The Verse Account of Nabonidus Cyrus Cylinder5th century BC edit Sanskrit Paṇini Aṣṭadhyayi Kenopanishad Apastamba Apastamba Dharmasutra Apastambha Smriti Avestan Yasht Chinese Spring and Autumn Annals Chunqiu 722 481 BC chronicles of the state of Lu Confucius Analects Lunyǔ Classic of Rites Lǐji Commentaries of Zuo Zuǒzhuan Mozi Mozi book Mozǐ Sun Tzu The Art of War Sunzǐ Bingfǎ Greek Pindar Odes Herodotus The Histories of Herodotus Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War Aeschylus The Suppliants The Persians Seven Against Thebes Oresteia Sophocles Oedipus Rex Oedipus at Colonus Antigone Electra and other plays Euripides Alcestis Medea Heracleidae Hippolytus Andromache Hecuba The Suppliants Electra Heracles Trojan Women Iphigeneia in Tauris Ion Helen Phoenician Women Orestes Bacchae Iphigeneia at Aulis Cyclops Rhesus Aristophanes The Acharnians The Knights The Clouds The Wasps Peace The Birds Lysistrata Thesmophoriazusae The Frogs Ecclesiazousae Plutus Hebrew date of the extant text of the Torah4th century BC edit Sanskrit Katha Upanishad Prashnopanishad Mundaka Upanishad Maṇḍukya Upanishad Bhadrabahu Kalpa Sutra Chankaya Arthshastra Chanakya Neeti Salihotra Shalihotra Samhita treatise on veterinary medicine Vyasa Mahabharata Puranas Brahma Sutras Jaimini Mimamsa Sutras Jaimini Sutras Ashvamedhika Parva Valmiki Ramayana Bhasa Svapnavasavadattam Pancaratra Pratijna Yaugandharayaanam Pratimanataka Abhishekanataka Balacharita Karnabharam Dutaghaṭotkaca Charudatta Madhyamavyayoga and Urubhanga Hebrew Book of Job beginning of Hebrew wisdom literature Chinese Laozi or Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi Zhuangzi book Mencius Mencius Shang Yang The Book of Lord Shang Shang jun shu Persian DNa inscription Greek Xenophon Anabasis Cyropaedia Oeconomicus Memorabilia Hellenica Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Metaphysics Organon Physics Historia Animalium De Partibus Animalium De Motu Animalium De Mundo De Caelo Poetics Politics Magna Moralia Eudemian Ethics Plato Euthyphro Apology Crito Theaetetus Parmenides Symposium Phaedrus Protagoras Gorgias Meno Republic Timaeus Critias Laws Menexenus Phaedo Lysis Alcibiades I Alcibiades II Hippias minor Epinomis Minos Hipparchus Ion Euclid Elements Menander Dyskolos Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants Egyptian The Famine Stela3rd century BC edit Avestan Avesta Etruscan Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis Linen Book of Zagreb Sanskrit Pingala Chandaḥsastra Moggaliputta Tissa Kathavatthu Katyayana Varttikakara Sulbasutras Vishnu Sharma Panchatantra Vedanga Jyotisha Bharata Muni Natya Shastra A theoretical treatise on classical Indian dance and drama Elu Sri Lankan Prakrit Sihalattakatha or Hela Atuwa Pali commentaries of Buddhist teachings that were translated into Sinhalese after the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka 48 Tamil 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD Sangam poems Tolkappiyam grammar book Korakkar 3rd century BC Siddhar Physician Philosopher Bogar 3rd century BC Siddhar Physician Yogi Agattiyam Telugu Bhattiprolu Inscriptions 3rd Century BC Hebrew Ecclesiastes Greek Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica Callimachus 310 305 240 B C lyric poet Manetho Aegyptiaca Theocritus lyric poet Latin Lucius Livius Andronicus c 280 260 BC c 200 BC translator founder of Roman drama Gnaeus Naevius c 264 201 BC dramatist epic poet Titus Maccius Plautus c 254 184 BC dramatist composer of comedies Poenulus Miles Gloriosus and other plays Quintus Fabius Pictor 3rd century BC historian Lucius Cincius Alimentus 3rd century BC military historian and antiquarian Egyptian The Demotic Chronicle The Oracle of the Potter Akkadian The Crimes and Sacrileges of Nabu suma iskun The Religious Chronicle2nd century BC edit Sanskrit Patanjali Founder of Yoga School of Philosophy Mahabhaṣya Treatise on grammar and linguistics Patanjalatantra medical text Yoga sutras Badrayana Founder of Vedanta School of Philosophy Brahma Sutras Manu Manusmriti Laws of Manu Avestan Vendidad Chinese Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Shǐji Aramaic Book of Daniel Hebrew Sirach Greek Polybius The Histories Book of Wisdom Septuagint Latin Terence 195 185 BC 159 BC comic dramatist The Brothers The Girl from Andros Eunuchus The Self Tormentor Quintus Ennius 239 BC c 169 BC poet Marcus Pacuvius c 220 BC 130 BC tragic dramatist poet Statius Caecilius 220 BC 168 166 BC comic dramatist Marcius Porcius Cato 234 BC 149 BC generalist topical writer Gaius Acilius 2nd century BC historian Lucius Accius 170 BC c 86 BC tragic dramatist philologist Gaius Lucilius c 160s BC 103 2 BC satirist Quintus Lutatius Catulus 2nd century BC public officer epigrammatist Aulus Furius Antias 2nd century BC poet Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus 130 BC 87 BC public officer tragic dramatist Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis 2nd century BC comic dramatist satirist Lucius Cassius Hemina 2nd century BC historian Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi 2nd century BC historian Manius Manilius 2nd century BC public officer jurist Lucius Coelius Antipater 2nd century BC jurist historian Publius Sempronius Asellio 158 BC after 91 BC military officer historian Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus 2nd century BC jurist Lucius Afranius 2nd amp 1st centuries BC comic dramatist Titus Albucius 2nd amp 1st centuries BC orator Publius Rutilius Rufus 158 BC after 78 BC jurist Quintus Lutatius Catulus 2nd amp 1st centuries BC public officer poet Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus 154 BC 74 BC philologist Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius 2nd amp 1st centuries BC historian Valerius Antias 2nd amp 1st centuries BC historian Lucius Cornelius Sisenna 121 BC 67 BC soldier historian Quintus Cornificius 2nd amp 1st centuries BC rhetorician Pali Tipitaka 49 1st century BC edit See also Middle Persian literature Pali Sri Lanka Pali Tripiṭaka Written under the patronage of King Vattagamani of Anuradhapura in Aluhihare Matale Latin Cicero Catiline Orations Pro Caelio Dream of Scipio Julius Caesar Gallic Wars Civil War Virgil Eclogues Georgics and Aeneid Lucretius On the Nature of Things Livy History of Rome Ab Urbe Condita 1st century AD edit Sanskrit Sabara Sabara bhaṣyam Gunadhara Kasayapahuda Asvaghoṣa Buddhacharita Acts of the Buddha Saundarananda Sutralankara Chinese Ban Gu Book of Han Hanshu Greek Plutarch Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans Josephus The Jewish War Antiquities of the Jews Against Apion The books of the New Testament of the Christian Bible and the Didache Latin see Classical Latin Tacitus Germania Ovid Metamorphoses also Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto written during his exile Pliny the Elder Natural History Petronius Satyricon Seneca the Younger Phaedra Dialogues Statius Thebaid also Silvae and unfinished Achilleid Egyptian The Oracle of the Lamb2nd century edit Sanskrit Asvaghoṣa Buddhacharita Acts of the Buddha Pahlavi Yadegar e Zariran Memorial of Zarer Visperad Drakht i Asurig The Babylonian Tree Greek Arrian Anabasis Alexandri Marcus Aurelius Meditations Epictetus and Arrian Enchiridion Ptolemy Almagest Athenaeus The Banquet of the Learned Pausanias Description of Greece Longus Daphnis and Chloe Lucian True History The Shepherd of Hermas Latin see Classical Latin Apuleius The Golden Ass Lucius Ampelius Liber Memorialis Suetonius Lives of the Twelve Caesars Tertullian Apologeticus3rd century edit Avestan Khordeh Avesta Zoroastrian prayer book Pahlavi Mani Shabuhragan Manichaean holy book Chinese Chen Shou Records of Three Kingdoms Sanguo Zhi Zhang Hua Bowuzhi Greek Plotinus Enneads Latin see Late Latin Distichs of Cato Hebrew Mishnah Pali Sri Lanka DipavaṃsaLate Antiquity edit See also 4th century in poetry and 5th century in poetry 4th century edit Latin see Late Latin Augustine of Hippo Confessions On Christian Doctrine Faltonia Betitia Proba Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi A Virgilian Cento Concerning the Glory of Christ Apicius De re coquinaria On the Subject of Cooking Pervigilium Veneris Vigil of Venus Sanskrit Asanga Dharma dharmata vibhaga Distinguishing Phenomena and Pure Being Mahayanasaṃgraha Summary of the Great Vehicle Vasubandhu Verses on the Treasury of the Abhidharma Pancaskandhaprakaraṇa Explanation of the Five Aggregates Pancaskandhaprakaraṇa Explanation of the Five Aggregates Vyakhyayukti Proper Mode of Exposition Vadavidhi Rules for Debate Dharmadharmatavibhagavṛtti Commentary on Distinguishing Elements from Reality Madhyantavibhagabhaṣya Commentary on Distinguishing the Middle from the Extremes Mahayanasutralaṃkarabhaṣya Commentary on the Ornament to the Great Vehicle Discourses Dignaga Pramaṇa samuccaya Compendium of Valid Cognition Hetucakra The wheel of reason Haribhadra Anekantajayapataka The Victory Banner of Anekantavada Relativism Dhurtakhyana The Rogue s Stories Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya An Array of Views on Yoga Ṣaḍdarsanasamuccaya Compendium of Six Philosophies Syriac Aphrahat Ephrem the Syrian Aramaic Jerusalem Talmud Pali Sri Lanka Mahavaṃsa5th century edit Armenian Movses Khorenatsi historian History of Armenia Chinese Bao Zhao Fu on the Ruined City 蕪城賦 Wu cheng fu Fan Ye Book of the Later Han 後漢書 Houhanshu Sanskrit Kalidasa speculated Abhijnanasakuntalam अभ ज ञ न श क न तलम The Recognition of Shakuntala Meghaduta म घद त Cloud Messenger Vikramōrvasiyam व क रम र वश यम Urvashi Won by Valour play Pujyapada Iṣṭopadesa Divine Sermons Sarvarthasiddhi Attainment of Higher Goals Jainendra Vyakaraṇa Jainendra Grammar Samadhitantra Method of SelfContemplation Dasabhaktyadisangraha Collection of Ten Adorations Sabdavataranyasa Arrangement of Words and their Forms Aryabhata Aryabhatiya Kamandaka Nitisara The Elements of Polity Bodhidharma Two Entrances and Four Practices Treatise on Realizing the Nature Refuting Signs Treatise Bhartṛhari Vakyapadiya Treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistic philosophy Satakatraya The three hundred poems of moral values Siddhasena Nyayavatara Sanmati sutra Kalyan Mandir stotra Sarvanandi Lokavibhaga Text on Jain Cosmology Tamil 50 Tirukkural Sacred verses Silappatikaram The Tale of the Anklet Pahlavi Matigan i Hazar Datistan The Thousand Laws of the Magistan Frahang i Oim evak Pahlavi Avestan dictionary Pali Sri Lanka Buddhaghosa Visuddhimagga The Path of Purification Latin see Late Latin Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus De Re Militari Augustine of Hippo The City of God Paulus Orosius Seven Books of History Against the Pagans Jerome Vulgate Prudentius Psychomachia Consentius s grammar Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite De Coelesti Hierarchia Perὶ tῆs Oὐranias Ἱerarxias On the Celestial Hierarchy Mystical Theology Socrates of Constantinople Historia Ecclesiastica Greek Nonnus Dionysiaca6th century edit Latin Boethius De consolatione philosophiae The Consolation of Philosophy 524 Aramaic Babylonian Talmud Sanskrit Varahamihira Pancasiddhantika Treatise on the Five Astronomical Canons Brihat Samhita Great Compilation Encyclopedic Work Yativṛṣabha Tiloya Panatti Book on Cosmology and Mathematics Virahanka Prabhakara Triputipratyaksavada Doctrine of Triple Perception Dharmakirti Saṃbandhaparikṣhavrtti Analysis of Relations Pramaṇaviniscaya Ascertainment of Valid Cognition Nyayabinduprakaraṇa Drop of Logic Hetubindunamaprakaraṇa Drop of Reason Saṃtanantarasiddhinamaprakaraṇa Proof of Others Mindstreams Vadanyayanamaprakaraṇa Reasoning for Debate Prasastapada Padartha dharma saṅgraha Collection of Properties of Matter Bhaviveka Heart of the Middle Wisdom Lamp Udyotakara Nyayavarttika Work on logic Gaudapada Mandukya Karika Sinhalese Wansaththppakasini Sinhalese translation of the Pali Mahavaṃsa 51 Sigiriya Poems Poems written by visitors to the citadel of Sigiriya Pali Sri Lanka Cuḷavaṃsa Irish Early Irish literature Dallan Forgaill Amra life of St Columba See also edit nbsp Literature portalEarly Medieval literature List of languages by first written accounts List of years in literature List of oldest documents List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Biblical manuscriptReferences edit Grimbly Shona 2000 Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Taylor amp Francis p 216 ISBN 978 1 57958 281 4 The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC when the Sumerians started to write down their long epic poems Why Has No One Ever Heard of the World s First Poet Literary Hub 2017 06 22 Retrieved 2019 01 19 Biggs Robert D 1974 Inscriptions from Tell Abu Ṣalabikh PDF Oriental Institute Publications University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 62202 9 Two fragmentary Akkadian versions survive from the 15th century BCE and from the end of the second millennium BCE Its great antiquity and popularity is evidenced by the large number of manuscripts of it that have survived Beaulieu in Clifford 2007 4 Mogens Herman Hansen Kobenhavns universitet Polis centret 2002 A comparative study of six city state cultures an investigation Kgl Danske Videnskabernes Selskab pp 40 ISBN 978 87 7876 316 7 Retrieved 2 June 2011 Jeremy A Black Jeremy Black Graham Cunningham Eleanor Robson 13 April 2006 The Literature of Ancient Sumer Oxford University Press pp 325 ISBN 978 0 19 929633 0 Retrieved 2 June 2011 Toby A H Wilkinson Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge London New York 2001 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 The World s Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids Smithsonian com Retrieved 11 September 2017 Miguel Angel Borras Centre de Cultura Contemporania de Barcelona 2000 Joan Goodrick Westenholz The Foundation Myths of Mesopotamian Cities Divine Planners and Human Builder in La fundacion de la ciudad mitos y ritos en el mundo antiguo Edicions UPC pp 48 ISBN 978 84 8301 387 8 Retrieved 3 June 2011 Samuel Noah Kramer 1964 The Sumerians their history culture and character University of Chicago Press pp 218 ISBN 978 0 226 45238 8 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Jones Mark 2006 Criminals of the Bible Twenty Five Case Studies of Biblical Crimes and Outlaws FaithWalk Publishing p 6 ISBN 978 1 932902 64 8 The Sumerian code of Urukagina was written around 2400 BC Allen James P Der Manuelian Peter eds 2005 The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts Writings from the ancient world Atlanta Soc of Biblical Literature ISBN 978 1 58983 182 7 a b Stephanie Dalley ed 2000 Myths from Mesopotamia Creation the Flood Gilgamesh and Others Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 953836 2 Eccles Sir John Carew 1989 Evolution of the Brain Creation of the Self Routledge p 115 ISBN 978 0 415 03224 7 The Epic of Gilgamesh written in Sumer about 2200 BC Miriam Lichtheim 2006 The Old and Middle Kingdoms University of California press p 23 ISBN 9780520248427 OCLC 889165092 Thorkild Jacobsen 1997 The Harps that once Sumerian poetry in translation pp 386 Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 07278 5 Sumerian Literature Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Sumerian Creation Myth Debate Between Bird and Fish Lament for Ur Nabnitu Lu Di IRA via www alibris com Samuel Noah Kramer April 1979 From the poetry of Sumer creation glorification adoration University of California Press pp 25 ISBN 978 0 520 03703 8 Retrieved 10 June 2011 Sallaberger Walther Schrakamp Ingo 2015 Part I Philological data for a historical chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium History amp philology Turnhout pp 1 133 ISBN 978 2 503 53494 7 OCLC 904661061 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link John H Walton 30 July 2009 The Lost World of Genesis One Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate InterVarsity Press pp 34 ISBN 978 0 8308 3704 5 Retrieved 28 May 2011 a b c d e James P Allen 2015 Middle Egyptian Literature Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 08743 9 Dalley Stephanie ed 2000 Etana pp 189ff Myths from Mesopotamia Creation The Flood Gilgamesh and Others Oxford University Press ISBN 0199538360 Nils P Heessel 1999 2015 Summa alu The Encyclopedia of Ancient History John Wiley amp Sons doi 10 1002 9781444338386 wbeah21308 ISBN 9781444338386 Simpson 1972 p 177 Parkinson 2002 pp 46 50 313 Parkinson 2002 pp 46 50 313 Dalley Stephanie 2000 Myths from Mesopotamia Creation the Flood Gilgamesh and Others Oxford University Press p 45 ISBN 9780199538362 Mitchell T 1988 The Bible in the British Museum The British Museum Press p 70 Sasson Jack 2015 From the Mari Archives An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters University Park United States Penn State University Press Kloekhorst Alwin 2020 The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle CTH 8 A Case for Anitta Journal of Cuneiform Studies 72 Bottero Jean 2000 Ancestor of the West Writing Reasoning and Religion in Mesopotamia Elam and Greece Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226067155 p 40 Lichtheim M 1973 Ancient Egyptian Literature University of California Press p 215 Thorkild Jacobsen 1994 Hess Richard S Tsumuro David Toshio eds I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood Ancient Near Eastern Literary and Linguistic Approaches to Genesis Eisenbraun s p 129 ISBN 978 0931464881 Retrieved 30 July 2015 Allen James P 2005 The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt New York New Haven The Metropolitan Museum of Art Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 10728 9 LCCN 2005016908 Taylor John H British Museum eds 2010 Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead journey through the afterlife published to accompany the exhibition at the British Museum from 4 November 2010 to 6 March 2011 London The British Museum Press ISBN 978 0 7141 1993 9 Imhausen Annette 2007 Katz Victor J ed The Mathematics of Egypt Mesopotamia China India and Islam A Sourcebook Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 11485 9 Rossi 2007 Corinna Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 69053 9 Noonan John T 1987 Bribes University of California Press p 4 ISBN 978 0 520 06154 5 The Poor Man of Nippur dates from about 1500 BC Wilfred G E Watson Nicolas Wyatt eds 1 January 1999 Handbook of Ugaritic Studies BRILL pp 203 ISBN 978 90 04 10988 9 OCLC 1025426965 The poem of Keret is one of the three major literary works which gifted Canaanite poets of the Late Bronze Age ca 1500 1200 BCE bequeathed serendipitously to 20th century civilization Flood Gavin D 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press Anthony David W 2007 The Horse The Wheel And Language How Bronze Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World Princeton University Press Thapar Romila Witzel Michael Menon Jaya Friese Kai Khan Razib 2019 Which of us are Aryans rethinking the concept of our origins New Delhi Aleph ISBN 978 93 88292 38 2 Thorkild Jacobsen 1978 The treasures of darkness a history of Mesopotamian religion Yale University Press pp 167 168 231 Perhaps it was brought east with the Amorites of the First Dynasty of Babylon Scholz Susanne 2021 Sacred Witness Rape in the Hebrew Bible Fortress Press ISBN 9781506482033 E book edition Arnold Bill T Beyer Bryan eds 2002 Readings from the ancient Near East primary sources for Old Testament study Encountering biblical studies Grand Rapids Mich Baker Academic ISBN 978 0 8010 2292 0 Miriam Lichtheim Ancient Egyptian Literature vol 2 1980 p 203 a b Alan Lenzi 2008 The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 8 2 137 169 doi 10 1163 156921208786611764 Frahm Eckert 2010 Counter texts Commentaries and Adaptations Politically Motivated Responses to the Babylonian Epic of Creation in Mesopotamia the Biblical World and Elsewhere Orient 45 5 Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Vol 4 Nos 3 amp 4 July Dec 2011 pp 1 58 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Ajahn Sujato A Practical Guide to Reading The Suttas March 2018 YouTube Zvelebil Kamil 1973 The Smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India Leiden Brill ISBN 9789004035911 International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications Volume 11 Issue 7 July 2021 682 PDF International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 11 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ancient literature amp oldid 1193110819, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.