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Sushruta

January 01, 1970

Sushruta (Sanskrit: सुश्रुत, lit. 'well heard', IAST: Suśruta[3]) is the listed author of the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium), a treatise considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of Ayurveda.[4] The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the impressive chapters on surgery have led to the false impression that this is its main topic. The translator G. D. Singhal dubbed Suśruta "the father of plastic surgery" on account of these detailed accounts of surgery.[5][6][7][8]

Maharshi
Sushruta
Sketch of Sushruta
Bornc. mid 1st millennium BCE
Kingdom of Kashi[2]
Known forAuthor of Sushruta Samhita
Academic work
Discipline
InstitutionsBanaras University[1]

It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors collectively called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text.[9]

The Compendium of Suśruta locates its author in Varanasi, India.[10]

Authorship edit

Rao in 1985 suggested that the author of the original "layer" was "elder Sushruta" (Vrddha Sushruta), although this name appears nowhere in the early Sanskrit literature. The text, states Rao, was redacted centuries later "by another Sushruta, then by Nagarjuna, and thereafter Uttara-tantra was added as a supplement".[11] It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text.[9]

Date edit

The early scholar Rudolf Hoernle proposed that some concepts from the Suśruta-Saṃhitā could be found in the Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa, which he dates to the 600 BCE. [citation needed] However, during the last century, scholarship on the history of Indian medical literature has advanced substantially, and firm evidence has accumulated that the Suśruta-saṃhitā is a work of several historical layers. Its composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE, completed in its present form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long, final chapter, the "Uttaratantra". It is likely that the Suśruta-saṃhitā was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala, a contributor to the Charaka Samhita that wrote between the fourth and fifth centuries CE.[12] Additionally, several ancient Indian authors used the name "Suśruta", resulting in potential misattribution.[12]

Citations edit

In 1907, an influential translator of the ancient Indian epic The Mahabharata, named Bhishagratna, argued that Suśruta was one of the sons of the ancient sage Vishvamitra.[13] Bhisagratna also asserted that Sushruta was the name of the clan to which Vishvamitra belonged.[13] In Chapter 7 of the five-volume History of Indian Medical Literature, published in 1999, physician-scholar Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld covers a variety of theories on Suśruta's identity and the Sushruta Samhita's publication history.[14]

The name Suśruta is listed as one of ten Himalayan sages in a treatise on medicinal garlic that was included in the sixth century CE Bower Manuscripts.[15]

Followers edit

Sushruta attracted a number of disciples who were known as Saushrutas and required to study for six years before beginning hands-on surgical training. Before starting their training, they took a solemn oath to devote themselves to healing and to do no harm to others, often compared to Hippocratic Oath. After the students had been accepted by Sushruta, he would instruct them in surgical procedures by having them practice cutting on vegetables or dead animals to perfect the length and depth of an incision. Once students had proven themselves capable with vegetation, animal corpses, or with soft or rotting wood – and had carefully observed actual procedures on patients – they were then allowed to perform their own surgeries. These students were trained by their master in every aspect of the medical arts, including anatomy.[16][17]

Sushruta on medicine and physicians edit

 
Ancient poster by Sushruta, given in Sushruta Samhita showing surgical instruments, in which most of them still continue to exist today.

Sushruta wrote the Sushruta Samhita as an instruction manual for physicians to treat their patients holistically. Disease, he claimed (following the precepts of Charaka), was caused by imbalance in the body, and it was the physician's duty to help others maintain balance or to restore it if it had been lost. To this end, anyone who was engaged in the practice of medicine had to be balanced themselves. Sushruta describes the ideal medical practitioner, focusing on a nurse, in this way:

That person alone is fit to nurse, or to attend the bedside of a patient, who is cool-headed and pleasant in his demeanor, does not speak ill of anyone, is strong and attentive to the requirements of the sick, and strictly and indefatigably follows the instructions of the physician. (I.34)[18]

Legacy edit

See also: Sushruta Samhita § Reception

Sushruta's medical prowess is exhibited through his writings on rhinoplasty, involving nasal reconstructions using skin from the patient's forehead or cheek, often for criminals punished with amputations. Based on reports in the October 1794 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine, published in London, Indians maintained Sushruta's surgical practices until the late 18th century.[19]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Bath, Khushbir; Aggarwal, Sourabh; Sharma, Vishal (2019). "Sushruta: Father of plastic surgery in Benares". Journal of Medical Biography. 27 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1177/0967772016643463. PMID 27885151. S2CID 6074657.
  2. ^ Compendium of Suśruta
  3. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1237.
  4. ^ Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044824-5. OCLC 708372480.[page needed]
  5. ^ Susruta; Singh, K. P; Singh, L. M; Singhal, G. D; Udupa, K. N (1972). Susruta-samhita (in Sanskrit). Allahabad: G.D. Singhal. OCLC 956916023.[page needed]
  6. ^ Singhal, G.D.; Dwivedi, R.N. (1976). Toxicological Considerations in ancient Indian surgery. Ancient Indian Surgery Series ;7. Singhal Publications. hdl:2027/mdp.39015019929879. OCLC 581768392.[page needed]
  7. ^ Champaneria, Manish C.; Workman, Adrienne D.; Gupta, Subhas C. (July 2014). "Sushruta: Father of Plastic Surgery". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 73 (1): 2–7. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5. PMID 23788147.
  8. ^ Kansupada, K. B.; Sassani, J. W. (1997). "Sushruta: the father of Indian surgery and ophthalmology". Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 93 (1–2): 159–167. doi:10.1007/BF02569056. PMID 9476614. S2CID 9045799.
  9. ^ a b Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). ISBN 978-9069801247.[page needed]
  10. ^ Singh, Vibha (2017). "Sushruta: The father of surgery". National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery. 8 (1): 1–3. doi:10.4103/njms.NJMS_33_17. PMC 5512402. PMID 28761269.
  11. ^ Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005 Reprint (Original: 1985), pp 94-98, Popular Prakashan
  12. ^ a b Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. E. Forsten. pp. 333–357. ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.
  13. ^ a b Bhishagratna, Kunjalal (1907). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text. Calcutta: Calcutta. pp. ii (introduction).
  14. ^ Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). History of Indian Medical Literature. Vol. 1A. Groningen: Egbert Forsten Publishing. pp. 333–357. ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7. OCLC 165833440.
  15. ^ Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda. London etc.: Penguin. pp. 149–160. ISBN 978-0140448245.
  16. ^ "Sushruta". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  17. ^ HS Shukla, M Tewari. "Sushruta:'The Father of Indian Surgery'". Indian Journal of Surgery. 67: 2.
  18. ^ Lal Bhishagratna, Kaviraj Kunja (1907–1916). THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA (PDF).
  19. ^ Davidson, Terence M. (January 1979). "The source book of plastic surgery. Edited by Frank McDowell, 509 pp, illus, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1977. $49.95". Head & Neck Surgery. 1 (3): 281–282. doi:10.1002/hed.2890010313.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sushruta.
  • Sutrasthana, Nidanasthana, Sharirasthana, Cikitsasthana, Kalpasthana, Uttaratantra: English translation, proofread, correct spelling, interwoven glossary
  • The Suśruta Project, a Canadian research project at the University of Alberta aimed at establishing a new Sanskrit text of the Suśrutasaṃhitā based on recently discovered medieval manuscripts in Nepal

January 01, 1970
sushruta, sanskrit, well, heard, iast, suśruta, listed, author, samhita, compendium, treatise, considered, most, important, surviving, ancient, treatises, medicine, considered, foundational, text, ayurveda, treatise, addresses, aspects, general, medicine, impr. Sushruta Sanskrit स श र त lit well heard IAST Susruta 3 is the listed author of the Sushruta Samhita Sushruta s Compendium a treatise considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of Ayurveda 4 The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine but the impressive chapters on surgery have led to the false impression that this is its main topic The translator G D Singhal dubbed Susruta the father of plastic surgery on account of these detailed accounts of surgery 5 6 7 8 MaharshiSushrutaSketch of SushrutaBornc mid 1st millennium BCE Kingdom of Kashi 2 Known forAuthor of Sushruta SamhitaAcademic workDisciplineMedicineDentistryObstetrics and gynaecologyInstitutionsBanaras University 1 It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors collectively called Susruta who contributed to this text 9 The Compendium of Susruta locates its author in Varanasi India 10 Contents 1 Authorship 2 Date 3 Citations 4 Followers 5 Sushruta on medicine and physicians 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksAuthorship editRao in 1985 suggested that the author of the original layer was elder Sushruta Vrddha Sushruta although this name appears nowhere in the early Sanskrit literature The text states Rao was redacted centuries later by another Sushruta then by Nagarjuna and thereafter Uttara tantra was added as a supplement 11 It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors called Susruta who contributed to this text 9 Date editThe early scholar Rudolf Hoernle proposed that some concepts from the Susruta Saṃhita could be found in the Satapatha Brahmaṇa which he dates to the 600 BCE citation needed However during the last century scholarship on the history of Indian medical literature has advanced substantially and firm evidence has accumulated that the Susruta saṃhita is a work of several historical layers Its composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE completed in its present form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long final chapter the Uttaratantra It is likely that the Susruta saṃhita was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala a contributor to the Charaka Samhita that wrote between the fourth and fifth centuries CE 12 Additionally several ancient Indian authors used the name Susruta resulting in potential misattribution 12 Citations editIn 1907 an influential translator of the ancient Indian epic The Mahabharata named Bhishagratna argued that Susruta was one of the sons of the ancient sage Vishvamitra 13 Bhisagratna also asserted that Sushruta was the name of the clan to which Vishvamitra belonged 13 In Chapter 7 of the five volume History of Indian Medical Literature published in 1999 physician scholar Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld covers a variety of theories on Susruta s identity and the Sushruta Samhita s publication history 14 The name Susruta is listed as one of ten Himalayan sages in a treatise on medicinal garlic that was included in the sixth century CE Bower Manuscripts 15 Followers editSushruta attracted a number of disciples who were known as Saushrutas and required to study for six years before beginning hands on surgical training Before starting their training they took a solemn oath to devote themselves to healing and to do no harm to others often compared to Hippocratic Oath After the students had been accepted by Sushruta he would instruct them in surgical procedures by having them practice cutting on vegetables or dead animals to perfect the length and depth of an incision Once students had proven themselves capable with vegetation animal corpses or with soft or rotting wood and had carefully observed actual procedures on patients they were then allowed to perform their own surgeries These students were trained by their master in every aspect of the medical arts including anatomy 16 17 Sushruta on medicine and physicians edit nbsp Ancient poster by Sushruta given in Sushruta Samhita showing surgical instruments in which most of them still continue to exist today Sushruta wrote the Sushruta Samhita as an instruction manual for physicians to treat their patients holistically Disease he claimed following the precepts of Charaka was caused by imbalance in the body and it was the physician s duty to help others maintain balance or to restore it if it had been lost To this end anyone who was engaged in the practice of medicine had to be balanced themselves Sushruta describes the ideal medical practitioner focusing on a nurse in this way That person alone is fit to nurse or to attend the bedside of a patient who is cool headed and pleasant in his demeanor does not speak ill of anyone is strong and attentive to the requirements of the sick and strictly and indefatigably follows the instructions of the physician I 34 18 Legacy editSee also Sushruta Samhita Reception Sushruta s medical prowess is exhibited through his writings on rhinoplasty involving nasal reconstructions using skin from the patient s forehead or cheek often for criminals punished with amputations Based on reports in the October 1794 edition of The Gentleman s Magazine published in London Indians maintained Sushruta s surgical practices until the late 18th century 19 See also editVagbhata CharakaReferences edit Bath Khushbir Aggarwal Sourabh Sharma Vishal 2019 Sushruta Father of plastic surgery in Benares Journal of Medical Biography 27 1 2 3 doi 10 1177 0967772016643463 PMID 27885151 S2CID 6074657 Compendium of Susruta Monier Williams Monier 1899 A Sanskrit English Dictionary Oxford Clarendon Press p 1237 Wujastyk Dominik 2003 The Roots of Ayurveda Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 044824 5 OCLC 708372480 page needed Susruta Singh K P Singh L M Singhal G D Udupa K N 1972 Susruta samhita in Sanskrit Allahabad G D Singhal OCLC 956916023 page needed Singhal G D Dwivedi R N 1976 Toxicological Considerations in ancient Indian surgery Ancient Indian Surgery Series 7 Singhal Publications hdl 2027 mdp 39015019929879 OCLC 581768392 page needed Champaneria Manish C Workman Adrienne D Gupta Subhas C July 2014 Sushruta Father of Plastic Surgery Annals of Plastic Surgery 73 1 2 7 doi 10 1097 SAP 0b013e31827ae9f5 PMID 23788147 Kansupada K B Sassani J W 1997 Sushruta the father of Indian surgery and ophthalmology Documenta Ophthalmologica Advances in Ophthalmology 93 1 2 159 167 doi 10 1007 BF02569056 PMID 9476614 S2CID 9045799 a b Meulenbeld Gerrit Jan 1999 A History of Indian Medical Literature Groningen Brill all volumes 1999 2002 ISBN 978 9069801247 page needed Singh Vibha 2017 Sushruta The father of surgery National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 8 1 1 3 doi 10 4103 njms NJMS 33 17 PMC 5512402 PMID 28761269 Ramachandra S K Rao Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine historical perspective Volume 1 2005 Reprint Original 1985 pp 94 98 Popular Prakashan a b Meulenbeld Gerrit Jan 1999 A History of Indian Medical Literature E Forsten pp 333 357 ISBN 978 90 6980 124 7 a b Bhishagratna Kunjalal 1907 An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita based on Original Sanskrit Text Calcutta Calcutta pp ii introduction Meulenbeld Gerrit Jan 1999 History of Indian Medical Literature Vol 1A Groningen Egbert Forsten Publishing pp 333 357 ISBN 978 90 6980 124 7 OCLC 165833440 Wujastyk Dominik 2003 The Roots of Ayurveda London etc Penguin pp 149 160 ISBN 978 0140448245 Sushruta World History Encyclopedia Retrieved 15 May 2021 HS Shukla M Tewari Sushruta The Father of Indian Surgery Indian Journal of Surgery 67 2 Lal Bhishagratna Kaviraj Kunja 1907 1916 THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA PDF Davidson Terence M January 1979 The source book of plastic surgery Edited by Frank McDowell 509 pp illus Williams amp Wilkins Baltimore 1977 49 95 Head amp Neck Surgery 1 3 281 282 doi 10 1002 hed 2890010313 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sushruta Sutrasthana Nidanasthana Sharirasthana Cikitsasthana Kalpasthana Uttaratantra English translation proofread correct spelling interwoven glossary The Susruta Project a Canadian research project at the University of Alberta aimed at establishing a new Sanskrit text of the Susrutasaṃhita based on recently discovered medieval manuscripts in Nepal Portals nbsp Medicine nbsp India nbsp Biography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sushruta amp oldid 1211809860, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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